Complete text |
EtymArab |
ʔ |
bāʔ |
tāʔ |
ṯāʔ |
ǧīm |
ḥāʔ |
ḫāʔ |
dāl |
ḏāl |
rāʔ |
zāy |
sīn |
šīn |
ṣād |
ḍād |
ṭāʔ |
ẓāʔ |
ʕayn |
ġayn |
fāʔ |
qāf |
kāf |
lām |
mīm |
nūn |
hāʔ |
wāw |
yāʔ |
► Lemmata arranged after root, along the Arabic alphabet (see column to the left); roots in BOLD capitals
► Preliminary Bibliography (incl. list of abbreviated references)
► For some sample entries (work in progress!), see, e.g., External links: ► ʔaṯara, u, i (ʔaṯr, ʔaṯāraẗ), vb. I, to transmit, pass along, report, relate (s.th., ʕan from, or based on the authority of, s.o.):.
► BP#1336ʔaṯṯara, vb. II, to affect, influence (fī or ʕalà s.o., s.th.), act (fī or ʕalà upon), produce an effect, make an impression, have influence (fī or ʕalà on); to induce (phys.):.
► taʔaṯṯara, vb. V, to be impressed, be influenced; to let o.s. be impressed, be impressible; to be moved, be touched (bi‑ or li‑ by, also min); to be excited, be stimulated; to be affected (bi‑ by, said of materials, e.g., iron by acid); to be induced (phys.); to follow in s.o.’s (DO) tracks, follow s.o.’s example, emulate s.o.; to pursue, follow up (a question, a problem); to perceive, feel (s.th.):.
► BP#4307ʔaṯarī, adj., archeologic(al); n., pl. ‑ūn, archeologist (also ʔāṯārī); old, ancient, antique | ʕālim ʔ. archeologist; luġaẗ ʔ.iyyaẗ dead language; ṣarḥ ʔ. historic castle:.
► BP#2257ʔiṯrᵃ, prep., immediately after, right after:.
► ʔaṯāraẗ, n.f., remainder, remnant; faint trace, vestige:.
► maʔṯaraẗ, var. maʔṯuraẗ, pl. maʔāṯirᵘ, n., exploit, feat, glorious deed; pl. maʔāṯirᵘ memorable events, achievements (handed down from the past) :.
► BP#1020taʔṯīr, n., action, effect, influence, impression (fī, ʕalà on); effectiveness, efficacy; induction (phys.): vn. II.
► taʔṯīrī, adj., produced by induction, inductive, inductional, induced (phys.): nsb-adj from taʔṯīr.
► BP#4160taʔaṯṯur, n., being influenced; agitation, emotion, feeling; excitability, sensitivity; (pl. ‑āt) feeling, sensation, perception | sarīʕ al-t. easily impressed, impressible, sensitive:.
► taʔaṯṯurī, adj.: al-maḏhab al-t. the impressionistic movement: nsb-adj of taʔaṯṯur.
► taʔaṯṯuriyyaẗ, n.f., impressionism: n.abstr. in ‑iyyaẗ coined from taʔaṯṯur.
► maʔṯūr, adj., transmitted, handed down | qawl m., kalimaẗ m.aẗ proverb; maʔṯūrāt šaʕbiyyaẗ folklore:.
► BP#2360muʔaṯṯir, adj., affecting, acting upon; affective; impressive; moving, touching, pathetic; (pl. ‑āt) influencing factor, influence, effect:.
► mutaʔaṯṯir, adj., under the influence (bi‑) of; (following) as a result or effect (bi‑ of):.
► For other values attached to root √ ʔṮR cf. ↗ʔaṯir and ↗ʔaṯīr.
► ʔaṯaraẗ, n.f., selfishness, egoism:.
► ʔaṯīr, adj., favored, preferred, in favor (ʕind with s.o.); select, exquisite, noble; see also ʔaṯīr.:.
► ʔīṯār, n., preference; altruism; predilection; love, affection:.
► ʔīṯāriyyaẗ, n.f., altruism:.
► ĭstiʔṯār, n., arrogation of a monopoly; monopolization; complete absorption, demand, claim; presumption, presumptuousness; exclusive power:.
► For other items of √ʔṮR cf. ↗ʔaṯar and ↗ʔaṯīr
► maʔdubaẗ, pl. maʔādibᵘ, n., banquet, formal dinner: n.loc.
► ʔādib, n., host: lexicalized PA I.
► ʔaduba, u (ʔadab), vb. I, to be well-bred, well-mannered, cultured, urbane, have refined tastes: denominative from ʔadab ?
► ʔaddaba, vb. II, to refine, educate; to discipline, punish, chastise: causative of I.
► taʔaddaba, vb. V, to receive a fine education; to be well-bred, well-educated, cultured, have refined tastes; to show o.s. polite, courteous, civil, urbane; to behave properly or decently, maintain good manners; to educate o.s., refine one's tastes; to let o.s. be guided:.
► BP#2030ʔadabī, adj., moral, ethic(al); literary: nsb-adj | šaǧāʕaẗ ʔadabiyyaẗ moral courage; wāǧib ʔ. moral obligation, ʔadabiyyan wa-māddiyyan morally and physically, al-falsafaẗ al-ʔadabiyyaẗ ethics, moral science, al-qism al-ʔ. humanities division (higher education)
ʔadabiyyāt, n.pl., literature, belles-lettres; the humanities: n.abstr. in ‑iyyaẗ from ʔadab.
► ʔadabḫānaẗ, pl. ‑āt, n., toilet, water closet: from ʔadab and ḫānaẗ (< Pers) ↗s.v.
► BP#3204ʔadīb, pl. ʔudabāʔᵘ, adj./n., cultured, refined, educated; well-bred, well-mannered, civil, urbane; a man of culture and refined tastes; man of letters, writer, author: PP/adj. formation from ʔadab.
► ʔadībaẗ, pl. ‑āt, n., authoress, writer: f. of ʔadīb.
► maʔdubaẗ, pl. maʔādibᵘ, n., banquet, formal dinner: from the vb. ↗ʔadaba ‘to invite, entertain’ rather than from ʔadab.
► C taʔdīb, n., education; discipline; punishment, chastisement; disciplinary punishment | maǧlis al-t. disciplinary board
► taʔdībī, adj., disciplinary; punitive, retaliatory: nsb-adj from taʔdīb.
► taʔaddub, n., good breeding, good manners, civility, politeness, courteousness, tact: vn. V.
► ʔādib, n., host: lexicalized PA I from the vb. ↗ʔadaba ‘to invite, entertain’ rather than from ʔadab.
► muʔaddib, pl. ‑ūn, n. educator; teacher in a Koranic school (Tun.): nominalized PA II.
► muʔaddab, adj., well-bred, well-mannered, civil, urbane: PP II.
► mutaʔaddib, adj., polite, well-bred: PA V; pl. ‑ūn : n., educated people: nominalized PP V.
► ʔiḏnī, adj.: sanad ʔ. promissory note, bill payable to order of s.o.: nsb-adj.
► ʔāḏin, n., door-keeper, porter: lexicalized PA I (*‘the one who gives permission to enter’).
► maʔḏūn, adj., authorized; licensed, legally allowed or recognized: PP I; n., holder of diploma; slave with limited legal rights (Isl.Law); = m. šarʕī, official authorized by the cadi to perform civil marriages (Isl.Law): lexicalized nominalized PP I (*person who has been authorized).
► maʔḏūniyyaẗ, n.f., leave, furlough (mil.Syr.); license, franchise (Syr.).
► For other values cf. ↗ʔuḏn and ↗ʔaḏān.
► maʔḏanaẗ, var. miʔḏanaẗ, pl. maʔāḏinᵘ, n., minaret: n.loc./instr., from ↗ʔaḏān.
► muʔaḏḏin, n., muezzin, announcer of the hour of prayer: PA II, from vb. II, from ↗ʔaḏān.
For other values of ʔḎN, cf. ↗ʔuḏn and ↗ʔiḏn.
► C BP#4457ʔaḏān, n., call to prayer:.
► ʔuḏayn, n., auricle (anat.): dimin.
► ʔuḏaynaẗ, n.f., little ear; ear lobe: dimin.f.
► maʔḏanaẗ, var. miʔḏanaẗ, pl. maʔāḏinᵘ minaret: n.loc. of ↗ʔaḏān.
► ʔīḏān, n., declaration, proclamation, announcement; advance notice; imminence, threat, menace: vn. IV.
► muʔaḏḏin, n., muezzin, announcer of the hour of prayer: PA II, from vb. II, from ↗ʔaḏān.
► For other values of ʔḎN ↗ʔiḏn.
Cf. also
► ʔarraḫa, vn. II, to write the history of s.th.
► muʔarriḫ, n., historiographer, historian, chronicler, annalist: PA II, from ↗ʔarraḫa_2.
► muʔarraḫ, adj., dated: PP II, from ↗ʔarraḫa _1.
► ʔarraḫa, vn. II, to write the history of s.th. – See also ↗taʔrīḫ.
► BP#1013tārīḫī, adj., historic(al): nsb-adj.
► muʔarriḫ, n., historiographer, historian, chronicler, annalist: PA II, from ↗ʔarraḫa.
► BP#1955ʔarḍī, adj., terrestrial, of the earth; soil-, land- (in compounds); situated on or near the ground, on the ground flor; ground (adj.); earthly; undergrund, subterranean: nsb-adj.
► BP#4488ʔarḍiyyaẗ, pl. ‑āt, n., floor, ground (also, e.g., of a printed fabric); background (of a painting and fig.); flooring, floor covering; ground floor, first floor (tun.); storage, warehouse charges; groundwork, foundation, fasis earth:.
For ► ʔarḍī šawkī ‘artichoke’ and ► ʔaraḍ ‘termite; woodworm’, see the respective entries.
► ʔasr, n., (leather) strap, thong; capture: perhaps the etymon proper; BP#2268captivity: vn. I | šiddat al-ʔasr, n., vigor, energy
► BP#664ʔusraẗ, pl. ʔusar, ‑āt, n., family; dynasty; clan, kinsfolk, relatives: see ↗s.v..
► BP#2268bi-ʔasrihī, adv., entirely, completely, altogether, ǧāʔū bi-ʔasrihim all of them came, they came one and all: lit., as a coherent body, held together by some bond; cf. also ↗ʔusraẗ.
► ʔisār, n., (leather) strap, thong: the etymon proper, or derived from ʔasara ?; captivity; captivation, enthrallment: vn. I | waqaʕa fī ʔisārih, vb., to be subjected to s.th., fall into the clutches of s.th.
► BP#1292ʔasīr, pl. ʔusarāʔᵘ, ʔasrà, ʔasārà, n., prisoner, captive, prisoner of war: pseudo-PP; see also ↗s.v..
► ʔasīraẗ, pl. ‑āt, female prisoner, slave girl: f. of ʔasīr, pseudo-PP.
► ʔāsir, adj., winning, captivating, fascinating: PA I; n., captor: nominalized PA I.
► maʔsūr, adj., captivated, fascinated, enthralled: PP I.
► baḥḥara, vb. II, to travel by sea, make a voyage: denom.
► ʔabḥara, vb. IV, to travel by sea, make a voyage; to embark, go on board; to put to sea, set sail, sail, depart (ship); to go downstream, be sea-bound (ship on the Nile): denom.
► tabaḥḥara, vb. V, to penetrate deeply, delve (fī into); to study thoroughly (fī a subject): denom., from baḥr in the sense of ‘person whose knowledge is comparable to the sea’, lit. *‘to delve into (a sea of knowledge)’? DRS suggests another etymology, unrelated to baḥr, see ↗ √BḤR.
► ĭstabḥara, vb. X, = V.
al-baḥrayn, n., the Bahrein Islands; (State of) Bahrein: n.loc.
BP#3264baḥrānī, adj., of the Baḥrein Islands; al-baḥārinaẗ, the inhabitants of the Bahrein Islands: nsb-adj from (al)-baḥrayn.
► BP#1874baḥrī, adj., sea…, marine; maritime; nautical; naval; navigational; (in Eg.) northern, baḥriyyaẗ (with foll. genit.) north of: nsb-adj; (pl. ‑ūn, aẗ), n., sailor, seaman, mariner: nominalized nisba adj.
► BP#4032baḥriyyaẗ, n.f., marine; navy: abstr. in iyyaẗ.
► baḥraẗ, pond, pool: n.un. (?).
► baḥḥār, pl. ‑ūn, baḥḥāraẗ, n., seaman, mariner, sailor: n.prof.; pl. baḥḥāraẗ crew (of a ship, of an airplane).
► BP#3535buḥayraẗ, pl. ‑āt, baḥāʔirᵘ, n., lake: dimin.; (tun.) vegetable garden, truck garden: meaning transferred from ‘lake’ to *‘place with a small lake, pond = garden’? DRS suggests another etymology, unrelated to baḥr, see ↗ √BḤR.
► ʔibḥār, n., navigation, seafaring: vn. IV.
► tabaḥḥur, n., deep penetration, delving (fī into a subject), thorough study (fī of): vn. V.
► mutabaḥḥir, adj., thoroughly familiar (fī with); profound, erudite, searching, penetrating: PA V.
For other items from the root, cf. ↗√BḤR and ↗baḥira.
For other values of the root cf. ↗√BḪR and ↗baḫūr.
► mibḫaraẗ, pl. mabāḫirᵘ (also ‑āt), n., censer; thurible; fumigator: n.instr.
For other values of the root, cf. ↗√BḪR and ↗buḫār.
► buḫārī, adj., steam, steam-driven: nsb-adj | ḥammām b., n., steam bath; ʕaǧalaẗ buḫāriyyaẗ, n., motorcycle.
► ʔabḫarᵘ, adj., suffering from halitosis: elat. formation.
► tabḫīr, n., fumigation: vn. II.
► tabaḫḫur, n., evaporation, vaporization: vn. V.
► BP#6798bāḫiraẗ, n.f., steamer, steamship: properly a PA I, f.
► buwayḫiraẗ, n.f., small steamboat: dimin. of bāḫiraẗ.
For other values of the root, ↗√BḪR and ↗baḫūr.
► bišr, n., joy: deverbative or itself the etymon of the verbs?
► bušr, n., glad tidings: deverbative, or itself the etymon of the verbs?
► bušrà, pl. bušrayāt, n., glad tidings, good news: a loan from Aram?
► bašīr, pl. bušarāʔᵘ, n., bringer of glad tidings, messenger, herald, harbinger, forerunner, precursor; evangelist (Chr.): ?
► bišāraẗ, pl. bašāʔirᵘ, n., good news, glad tidings; annunciation, prophesy; gospel; pl. good omens, propitious signs: possibly < Aram.
► bušāraẗ, n.f., gift to a bringer of glad tidings:.
► tabšīr, n., announcement (of glad tidings); preaching of the Gospel; evangelization, missionary activity: vn. II.
► tabšīrī, adj./n., missionary: nsb-adj from tabšīr.
► tabāšīrᵘ, n.pl., foretokens, prognostics, omens, first signs or indications, heralds (fig.); beginnings, dawn: pl. of tabšīr.
► mubaššir, pl. ‑ūn, n., announcer, messenger (of glad tidings); evangelist (Chr.); preacher; missionary (Chr.): lexicalized PA II.
► mustabšir, adj., happy, cheerful: lexicalized PA X.
For the semantic complexes ‘scrape, peel; skin’ (bašaraẗ, mibšaraẗ, mabšūr) as well as ‘pursuit, practice’ and ‘directness, immediateness’ (bāšara, mubāšaraẗ, mubāšir) see ↗BŠR_2.
► BP#3786bašaraẗ, n.f., outer skin, epidermis, cuticle; skin; complexion: the proper etymon?
► bašarī, adj., epidermal, skin (adj.): nsb-adj from bašaraẗ | ṭabīb b. dermatologist.
► mibšaraẗ, pl. mabāširᵘ, n., skraper, grater: n.instr.
► BP#1150mubāšaraẗ, n.f., pursuit practice; direct, physical cause (Isl.Law): vn. III; mubāšaratan, adv., immediately, directly: temporal acc. of vn. III, giving adv. of time.
► mabšūr: ǧubnaẗ m.aẗ shredded cheese: PP I.
► BP#912mubāšir, adj., direct; immediate; live (broadcast): PA III, properly *‘having skin-to-skin contact’; – (pl. ‑ūn) practitioner, pursuer, operator; director; manager (Eg.); court usher (Syr.): nominalized PA III.
For bašar ‘man, mankind’, BP#1120bašarī ‘human’, and BP#2953bašariyyaẗ ‘mankind’ ↗bašar.
For the theme ‘(to announce) good news’ cf. ↗BŠR_1.
For the semantic complexes ‘scrape, peel; skin’ (bašaraẗ, mibšaraẗ, mabšūr) as well as ‘pursuit, practice’ and ‘directness, immediateness’ (bāšara, mubāšaraẗ, mubāšir) ↗BŠR_2.
For all items connected to the value ‘(to announce) good news’ ↗BŠR_1.
► bašarī, adj., epidermal, skin (adj.): nsb-adj from bašaraẗ | ṭabīb b. dermatologist.
► mibšaraẗ, pl. mabāširᵘ, n., skraper, grater: n.instr.
► BP#1150mubāšaraẗ, n.f., pursuit practice; direct, physical cause (Isl.Law): vn. III; mubāšaratan, adv., immediately, directly: temporal acc. of vn. III, giving adv. of time.
► mabšūr, adj.: ǧubnaẗ m.aẗ shredded cheese: PP I.
► BP#912mubāšir, adj., direct; immediate; live (broadcast): PA III, properly *‘having skin-to-skin contact’; – (pl. ‑ūn) practitioner, pursuer, operator; director; manager (Eg.); court usher (Syr.): nominalized PA III.
For bašar ‘man, mankind’, BP#1120bašarī ‘human’, and BP#2953bašariyyaẗ ‘mankind’ ↗bašar.
For the theme ‘(to announce) good news’ cf. ↗BŠR_1.
▪ EALL (Gutas, “Greek Loanwords”): a loan from Grk palátion that goes back to Latin palatium.
▪ Shahîd (EALL, “Latin Loanwords”) also mentions Lat. palatium ‘town, inhabited area’, but adds that this etymology is uncertain.
[v2]
► bunduqī, Venetian sequin: nsb-adj from (al-) Bunduqiyyaẗ ‘Venice’.
► bunduqānī, pl. ‑ūn, banādiqaẗ, n., a Venitian: extended nsb-adj, from (al-) Bunduqiyyaẗ ‘Venice’ + ‑ān suff.loc.<
For other items of the same root, cf. ↗√BHR.
▪ DRS 2 (1994)#BHM: BHM_2, for which Sem *bahīmat‑ ‘animal, cattle’ can be reconstructed, »dépend vraisemblablement de [BHM_]1, même si, comme le pense Jeffery1938, Ar bahīmaẗ est un empr. à l’Hbr.«
▪ »Une reconstruction de la forme proto-Sem reste problématique« (is it BHM or BHN?).
▪ Assigning Ar buhmaẗ ‘obscurité, ténèbres; bloc de pierre’ to BHM_2 ‘animal, cattle’ seems not really plausible; why not to BHM_1 ‘unable to speak, dumb, mute’? – SG
Cf. also
► bahmaẗ, n.f., lamb, sheep.
▪ Jeffery1938: 74: »Fraenkel, Fremdw, 14, noted that it was an early loan word, and suggested that it came from the Aram bāḇâ which is in very common use in the Rabbinic writings. D. H. Müller, however (WZKM, i, 23), on the ground that bābā occurs very rarely in Syr and that the root is entirely lacking in Hbr, Eth, and Sab, suggested that it was an early borrowing from Mesopotamia (cf. Zimmern, Akkad. Fremdw, 30), and may have come directly into Ar. It occurs commonly in the old poetry, which confirms the theory of early borrowing, and it is noteworthy that from some Mesopotamian source it passed into mPers (Frahang, Glossary, p. 103; Herzfeld, Paikuli, Glossary, 151).«
▪ Schall1982, Retsö2006 (EALL, “Aramaic/Syriac Loanwords"): via Aram bāḇā from Akk bāb-um ‘gate’
► bayḍaẗ, n. un., pl. ‑āt, egg; testicle; helmet; main part, substance, essence: n.un. | b. al-dīk (the egg of a rooster, i.e.) an impossible or extraordinary thing; b. al-balad a man held in high esteem in his Community; fī b. al-nahār in broad day light; b. al-ṣayf the hottest part of the summer; b. al-ʔislām the territory or pale of Islam; al-difāʕ ʕan b. al-dīn, b. il-waṭan defense of the faith, of the country; b. al-ḫidr a woman secluded from the outside world, a chaste, respectable woman
► bayḍī, bayḍawī and bayḍāwī, adj., egg-shaped, oviform, oval, ovate: nsb-adj. from bayḍ.
► buyayḍaẗ and buwayḍaẗ, n.f., pl. ‑āt, small egg, ovule; ovum (biol.)
► BP#3703bayāḍ, n., white, whiteness; whitewash; — (pl. ‑āt) barren, desolate, uncultivated land, wasteland; gap, blank space (in a manuscript); blank; leucoma (med.); linen, pl. ‑āt linen goods, linens; (syr.) milk, butter, and eggs | b. al‑bayḍ white of egg, albumen; b. al‑ʕayn the white of the eye; b. al‑nahār daylight, (acc.) by day, during the daytime; bayāḍa yaumihī wa-sawāda laylih by day and by night; b. al-waǧh fine character, good reputation; samak b. a Nile fish (eg.); ʕalà b. blank, free from writing, printing or marks, uninscribed; labisa, irtadà al-b. to dress in white
► bayūḍ, n., pl. buyuḍ, bīḍ (egg-) laying
► BP#564ʔabyaḍᵘ, f. bayḍāʔᵘ, pl. bīḍ white; bright; clean, shiny, polished; blameless, noble, sincere (character); empty, blank (sheet of paper); pl. al-bīḍān the white race; al-ʔ. white of egg, albumen | ʔarḍ bayḍāʔᵘ harren, uncultivated land, wasteland; ṯawraẗ bayḍāʔᵘ peaceful, bloodless revolution; al-ḫayṭ al-ʔ. first light of dawn; al-ḏahab al-ʔ. platinum; bi’l-silāḥ al-ʔ. with cold steel; ṣaḥīfatuhū bayḍāʔᵘ his reputation is good; he has noble deeds to his credit, he has a noble character; ṣuḥuf bayḍāʔᵘ noble, glorious deeds; ʔukḏūbaẗ bayḍāʔᵘ white lie, fib; al-mawt al-ʔ. natural death; yad bayḍāʔᵘ beneficent hand, benefaction
► al-Bayḍāʔ (short for al-Dār al-b.) n.prop., Casablanca:.
► bayḍāwī, adj., from Casablanca, a resident of C.: nsb-adj from [al-Dār] al-Bayḍāʔ.
► mabīḍ, mibyaḍ, n., ovary (med.): n.loc.
► tabyīḍaẗ, n.f., fair copy: n.un. from vn. II.
► ĭbyiḍāḍ, n., leukemia (med.): vn. IX.
► bāʔiḍ, adj., pl. bawāʔiḍᵘ, (egg-) laying: PA I (from bāḍa).
► mubayyiḍ, n., pl. ‑ūn, whitewasher; bleacher; tinner; copyist, transcriber (of fair copy): PA II.
► mubayyaḍaẗ, n.f., fair copy: n.un. from PP II.
For other items of ṮQF cf. ↗ṯaqufa ‘to be skillful, smart, clever’.
► BP#519ṯaqāfaẗ, n.f., culture, refinement; education; (pl. ‑āt) culture, civilization: vn. I.
► BP#629ṯaqāfī, adj., educational; intellectual; cultural: nsb-adj. of preceding. | mulḥaq ṯ., n., cultural attaché.
► taṯqīf, n., cultivation of the mind; training, education; instruction: vn. II.
► muṯāqafaẗ, n.f., fencing, art or sport of fencing, swordplay, swordsmanship: vn. III.
► taṯaqquf, n., culturedness, culture, refinement, education: vn V.
► BP#1973muṯaqqaf, n., educated; trained; cultured: PP II.
For other items of ṮQF cf. ↗ṯaqifa ‘to find, meet’.
► BP#629ṯaqāfī, adj., educational; intellectual; cultural | mulḥaq ṯ. cultural attaché:.
► taṯqīf, n., cultivation of the mind; training, education; instruction :.
► taṯaqquf, n., culturedness, culture, refinement, education:.
► BP#1973muṯaqqaf, n., educated; trained; cultured:.
► ṯalaǧa, u, vb. I: ṯalaǧat il-samāʔ it snowed, was snowing: denominative.
► ṯaliǧa, a, vb. I: to be delighted, be gladdened (soul, heart; bi‑ by): denominative.
► ṯallaǧa, vb. II, to cool with ice; to freeze, turn into ice: caus., denom.
► ʔaṯlaǧa, vb. IV: ʔaṯlaǧat il-samāʔ it snowed, was snowing; to cool, moisten: caus., denom. | ʔ. ṣadrahū to delight, please, gratify s.o.:.
► taṯallaǧa, vb. V, to become icy, turn into ice, congeal:.
► ṯalǧī, adj., snowy, snow (in compounds); icy, glacial, ice (in compounds): nsb-adj.
► ṯaliǧ, adj., icy:.
► ṯallāǧ, pl. ‑ūn, n., ice vendor: n.prof.
► BP#3758ṯallāǧaẗ, pl. ‑āt, n., iceberg, ice floe; refrigerator, icebox; cold-storage plant:.
► maṯlaǧaẗ, pl. matāliǧᵘ, n., icebox, refrigerator; cold-storage plant : n.loc.
► taṯlīǧ, n., deepfreezing: lexicalized vn. II.
► maṯlūǧ, adj., PPI, snow-covered; iced, icy; ‑āt, n., frozen food; iced beverages :.
► muṯallaǧ, adj., iced; icy, ice-cold; deepfrozen: PP II; – (pl. ‑āt), n., iced drink; ice cream: nominalized and lexicalized PP II.
► ṯamara, u, vb. I, to bear fruit:.
► ʔaṯmara, vb. IV, = I.; to have as a result (ʕan s.th.), result in:.
► ĭstaṯmara, vb. X, to profit, benefit (from); to exploit, utilize; to invest profitably (money): autobeneficial, denominative from ṯamar, or deverbal from IV.
► BP#803ĭstiṯmār, n., exploitation (also pol.-econ.), utilization, profitable use; (pl. ‑āt) investment (of money, capital): vn. X, in v2 a calque for Engl investment.
► BP#2465ĭstiṯmārī, adj., investment- (in compounds): vn. X, in v2 a calque for Engl investment.
► muṯmir, adj., fruitful, productive, profitable, lucrative: PA IV, denominative from ṯamar, i.e. producing fruits.
► BP#2263mustaṯmir, pl. ‑ūn, n., exploiter (pol.econ.); beneficiary; investor: PA X.
► ṯany, n., 1 bending; folding; 2 turning away, dissuasion, keeping, prevention: vn. I.
► ṯiny, pl. ʔaṯnāʔ, n., 1 fold, pleat, plait, crease (in cloth); 2 bend, twist | ṯinyan baʕda ṯinyin from time to time: perhaps the real etymon (?).
► BP#706ʔaṯnāʔᵃ, prep., during; within; in; in the course of: lexicalized acc.pl. of ṯiny, indicating temporal use.
► ṯanyaẗ, pl. ‑āt, n., fold, pleat, plait, crease (in cloth); turn-up, cuff (of trousers and sleeves), hem of a garment: n.un. of ṯany (?).
► ṯaniyyaẗ, pl. ṯanāyā, n., 1 middle incisor, front tooth; 2 fold, plait; crease (of trousers); 3 a) narrow pass; b) mountain trail | BP#4703fī ṯanāyā in, inside, among, between, frequently only a fuller, rhetorically more elegant expression for ‘in’; ṭallāʕ al-ṯanāyā, n., one with high-flung aspirations:.
► ṯanawī, adj., dualist: nsb-adj.
► ṯanawiyyaẗ, n.f., dualism: abstr. in ‑iyyaẗ.
► ṯunāʔᵘ, and maṯnà, adj., two at a time; ṯunāʔᵃ, adv., as a pair or duo, two and two:.
► BP#2152ṯunāʔī, adj., 1 a) twofold, double, dual, binary, bi-; b) bilateral; c) biradical (gram.); – (‑āt), n., 2 a) pair, a group of two; b) duet, duo (mus.) | ṯ. al-buʕd, adj., two-dimensional; ʕalāqāt t.iyyaẗ bilateral relations: nsb-adj from ṯunāʔ (?).
► ṯunāʔiyyaẗ, n.f., 1 dualism: abstr. in ‑iyyaẗ; 2 duet, duo (mus.): short for qiṭʕaẗ ṯ. ‘(musical) piece for two’, nsb-adj in the f., lexicalized as n.
► BP#653ĭṯnāni, f. ĭṯnatāni, num., two:.
► ĭṯnā ʕašarᵃ, f. ĭṯnatā ʕašraẗᵃ, num., twelve:.
► BP#1347(yawm) al ĭṯnayn, n., Monday:.
► BP#80al-ṯānī, num.ord., 1 the second; 2 the next; 3 (coll.) the other (one) | ṯānī ĭṯnayn, n., the second of a pair, pendant, companion piece, match:.
► BP#2403ṯāniyaẗ, pl. ṯawānin, det. al-ṯawānī, n.f., second (time unit): calque from Fr seconde (?).
► BP#1455ṯānawī, adj., 1 secondary; 2 minor | ʔumūr ṯ.iyyaẗ matters of secondary importance, minor matters; madrasaẗ ṯ.iyyaẗ secondary school: nsb-adj from ṯānin.
► BP#4147ṯānawiyyaẗ, pl. ‑āt, n.f., 1 secondary school: short for madrasaẗ ṯ., nsb-adj in the f., lexicalized as n.; 2 secondary importance: abstr. in ‑iyyaẗ.
► taṯniyaẗ, n.f., 1 a) repetition; b) doubling, gemination; c) (gram.) dual; d) second sequel (e.g., of a collection of short stories); 2 plaiting, pleating; 3 ↗ṯanāʔ. | t. al-ĭštirāʕ Deutoronomy: vn. II.
► ĭnṯināʔ, n., 1 bending, flection; 2 flexibility, foldability: vn. VII.
► ĭnṯināʔaẗ, pl. ‑āt, n., bend, flexure, curve: n.un. of vn. VII ĭnṯināʔ.
► BP#2093ĭstiṯnāʔ, n., exception, exclusion: vn. X.
► BP#3465ĭstiṯnāʔī, adj., exceptional | ʔaḥwāl ĭ.iyyaẗ emergencies: nsb-adj from vn. X ĭstiṯnāʔ.
► maṯniyy, adj., 1 a) folded; b) plaited, pleated; 2 doubled: PP I.
► muṯannan, def. al-muṯannà, adj., 1 double, twofold; 2 in the dual (gram.): PP II.
► mustaṯnan, def. al-mustaṯnà, adj., excepted, excluded (min from): PP X.
For other values cf. ↗ĭṯnān ‘two’ and ↗ṯanāʔ ‘praise’.
For other values cf. ↗ṯanà ‘to fold, bend’ and ↗ĭṯnān ‘two’.
► ṯanawī, adj., dualist: nsb-adj.
► ṯanawiyyaẗ, n.f., dualism: abstr. in ‑iyyaẗ.
► ṯunāʔᵘ, and maṯnà, adj., two at a time; ṯunāʔᵃ, adv., as a pair or duo, two and two:.
► BP#2152ṯunāʔī, adj., 1 a) twofold, double, dual, binary, bi-; b) bilateral; c) biradical (gram.); – (‑āt), n., 2 a) pair, a group of two; b) duet, duo (mus.) | ṯ. al-buʕd, adj., two-dimensional; ʕalāqāt t.iyyaẗ bilateral relations: nsb-adj from ṯunāʔ (?).
► ṯunāʔiyyaẗ, n.f., 1 dualism: abstr. in ‑iyyaẗ; 2 duet, duo (mus.): short for qiṭʕaẗ ṯ. ‘(musical) piece for two’, nsb-adj in the f., lexicalized as n.
► ĭṯnā ʕašarᵃ, f. ĭṯnatā ʕašraẗᵃ, num., twelve:.
► BP#1347(yawm) al ĭṯnayn, n., Monday:.
► BP#80al-ṯānī, num.ord., 1 the second; 2 the next; 3 (coll.) the other (one) | ṯānī ĭṯnayn, n., the second of a pair, pendant, companion piece, match:.
► BP#2403ṯāniyaẗ, pl. ṯawānⁱⁿ, det. al-ṯawānī, n.f., second (time unit): calque from Fr seconde (?).
► BP#1455ṯānawī, adj., 1 secondary; 2 minor | ʔumūr ṯ.iyyaẗ matters of secondary importance, minor matters; madrasaẗ ṯ.iyyaẗ secondary school: nsb-adj from ṯānin.
► BP#4147ṯānawiyyaẗ, pl. ‑āt, n.f., 1 secondary school: short for madrasaẗ ṯ., nsb-adj in the f., lexicalized as n.; 2 secondary importance: abstr. in ‑iyyaẗ.
► taṯniyaẗ, n.f., 1 a) repetition; b) doubling, gemination; c) (gram.) dual; d) second sequel (e.g., of a collection of short stories) | t. al-ĭštirāʕ Deutoronomy: vn. II. – For other values cf. ↗ṯanà ‘to fold, bend’ and ↗ṯanāʔ ‘praise’.
► maṯniyy, adj., doubled: PP I. – For other values cf. ↗ṯanà ‘to fold, bend’.
► muṯannan, def. al-muṯannà, adj., 1 double, twofold; 2 in the dual (gram.): PP II.
– For other values cf. ↗ṯanà ‘to fold, bend’ and ↗ṯanāʔ ‘praise’.
► C BP#1031ṯawraẗ, n.f., excitement, agitation; outbreak, outburst, fit (of fury, of despair, etc.); eruption (of a volcano); (pl. ‑āt) ↗ṯawraẗ :
► BP#3379ṯawrī, adj., revolutionary: nsb-adj from ↗ṯawraẗ.
► ṯawrawī, adj., revolutionary: nisba formation from ↗ṯawraẗ.
► ṯawarān, n., agitation, excitation, flare-up, eruption, outbreak, outburst; dust whirl: vn. I.
► maṯār, n., incentive, stimulus, motive, spur, occasion, cause:.
► BP#2587ʔiṯāraẗ, n.f., excitation, stirring up, kindling; agitation, incitement; provocation, (a)rousing, awakening; irritation, stimulation: vn. IV.
► ṯāʔir, adj., excited, agitated, raving, furious, mad; rebellious; fury, rage; (pl. ṯuwwār), n., insurgent, rebel, revolutionary: PA I; see also ↗ṯawraẗ.
► ṯāʔiraẗ, pl. ṯawāʔirᵘ, n., tumult; excitement, agitation; fury, rage: nominalized PA I, f.
► BP#2193muṯīr, adj., exciting; provocative; stimulative, irritative: PA IV; n., excitant, irritant, stimulant; germ, agent; pl. ‑āt stimulants: nominalisation of PA IV.
Cf. also ↗ṯawr.
For other items of the root ↗√ṮWR.
► ǧūd, n., openhandedness, liberality, generosity: an important cultural concept, see s.v. (↗ǧūd). – Perhaps the etymon proper?
► ǧawd, n., heavy rains: another candidate for the position of the etymon proper.
► BP#2378ǧūdaẗ, n.f., (also ǧawdaẗ) goodness, excellence; good quality (of commodities, products):.
► BP#488ǧayyid, pl. ǧiyād, adj., good, perfect, faultless; outstanding, excellent, firstrate; good (as an examination degree): explained by some as a fayʕil form, i.e., from *ǧaywid.
► ʔaǧwadᵘ, adj., better: elat.
BP#5414ǧawād, pl. ʔaǧwād, ʔaǧāwidᵘ, ʔaǧāwīdᵘ, ǧūd, adj., openhanded, liberal, generous, magnanimous: ints. | ĭbn al-ʔaǧwād noble man.
► ǧawād, pl. ǧiyād, ʔaǧyād, ʔaǧāwīdᵘ, n., horse; race horse, racer; charger, steed: nominalization of the preceding, or an item in its own right?
► taǧwīd, n., art of reciting the Koran, Koran reading (in accordance with the established rules of pronunciation and intonation): vn. II. See also s.v. (↗taǧwīd).
► ʔiǧādaẗ, n.f., good, excellent performance or accomplishment, etc.; improvement, amelioration: vn. IV.
► muǧawwid, n., Koran reciter: PA II.
► muǧīd, n., adept, efficient, proficient: PA IV.
For other (obsolete) items see ↗ǦWD.
For ‘neck’ see ↗ǧīd (ǦYD).
► BP#1370ḥarāraẗ, n.f., heat; warmth; fever heat, fever; temperature; ardor, fervor (of emotion), passion; eagerness, enthusiasm, zeal; vehemence, violence, intensity; burning (of the skin): vn. I.
► ḥurayraẗ, pl. ‑āt, n., calorie: neologism, dim.f.
► BP#4041ḥarārī, adj, thermal, thermic, thermo-, heat (used attributively); caloric: neolog., nsb-adj from ḥarāraẗ | waḥdaẗ ḥarāriyyaẗ, n., calorie.
► ḥarāriyyaẗ, pl. ‑āt, n., calorie: neolog., f. nsb-adj from ḥarāraẗ.
► ḥarār, pl. ḥarāʔirᵘ, n.f., hot wind:…
► ḥarrānᵘ, f. ḥarrà, pl. ḥirār, ḥarārà, adj., thirsty; passionate, fervent, hot (fig.): ints. | zafraẗ ḥarrà, n., a fervent sigh; dumūʕ ḥarrà, n.pl., hot tears.
► ʔaḥarrᵘ, adj., hotter, warmer: elat. | ʔaḥarr al-tahānī, n., warmest congratulations; ʕalà ʔaḥarr min al-ǧamr, adv., on pins and needles, on tenterhooks, in greatest suspense or excitement.
► miḥarr, n., heating system, heating installation: neolog., n.instr.
► BP#2459ḥārr, adj., hot; warm; ardent, glowing, fervent, passionate: PA I.
► maḥrūr, adj., hot-tempered, hot-headed, fiery, passionate, furious: PP I.
► ḥarrara, vb. II, to mercerize (cotton yarn or fabrics to achieve a silky lustre). – For other meanings see ↗ḥurr.
► ḥarīrī, adj., silken, silky, of silk: nsb-adj.
► ḥarāʔirī, adj., silken, silk (in compounds), of silk: nsb-adj from pl.; silk weaver: n.prof., nominalized nisba adj.
► ḥarrār, n., silk weaver: n.prof.
For realisations of these values in MSA, cf.
1. ‘good, good thing’ ↗ḪYR.
2. ‘to pierce, perforate, make a hole’ ↗ḪRT, ↗ḪRQ.
3. ‘to split, mince, chop, throw into disorder, confuse, spoil’ ↗ḪRBṬ, ↗ḪRBQ, (?↗ḪRDL,) ↗ḪRṬ, ↗ḪRQ, ↗ḪRM.
4. ‘nose; to snore, murmur, bubble, gurgle; rhinoceros; trunk (of elephant)’ ↗ḪRː (ḪRR), ↗ḪRḪR, ↗ḪRṬṬ, ↗ḪRṬM.
5. ‘excrement, feces’ ↗ḪRʔ, ↗ḪRY.
6. ‘(to become) destroyed, ruined’ ↗ḪRB.
▪ ḪRF_1 ‘to talk foolishly’ ↗ḫaraf
▪ ḪRF_2 ‘autumn, fall; lamb’ ↗ḫarīf, ↗ḫarūf
For ḪRF_2 cf. ibid 10 (2012) s.v. ḪRP-2: Akk ḫarāpu (also ḫarābu) ‘être précoce’ [CAD ‘to be early’], ḫarp‑ ‘précoce’ [CAD ḫarpu ‘early’], ḫarpū (pl.) ‘autumn’ [CAD ḫarpū plurale tantum 1. (OA only) ‘(early) harvest’, 2. ‘summer’], ? Ug ḫrpnt ‘autumn’, Hbr ḥoręp‑ ‘autumn, autumn and winter’ [BDB ḥoräp̄ ‘harvest-time, autumn’], Ar ḫarīf ‘autumn, autumn rain’, ḫarāf ‘temps de la récolte des fruits’, YemAr ḫarīf ‘année (en cours)’, Maġr ḫrīf ‘arrière-saison, automne’, ḫrəf ‘passer de saison, cesser de donner des fruits’, Sab Qat ḫrf ‘autumn’, Qat ‘autumn harvest, year’, Mhr ḫarf, Jib ḫorf ‘période des pluies de mousson (de juin au début de septembre)’, Soq ḥorf, Hars ḫōref ‘autumn’, Gz ḫarif ‘l’année en cours’. – Akk ḫurāp‑ ‘mouton de l’année’ [CAD ḫurāpu adj. ‘spring (lamb/kid)’, from OB on], Ug ? ḫrpt ‘brebis (?)’, Syr ḥūrpā ‘brebis d’un an’, Ar ḫarūf ‘agneau, jeune mouton mâle, jeule poulain’, Min ḫrf ‘mouton (?)’. – [CAD ḫurpu ‘early crop’] Ar ḫarīf ‘cueilli (fruit), feuille d’automne, feuille tombée’ [BDB ‘freshly gathered fruit’], YemAr taḫarraf ‘to harvest’, Mhr ḫayref ‘mûrir, fleurir’, Jib ḫerf ‘produire des fruits’, Soq ḥorf ‘fruit, récolte’, Ḥars ḫōref ‘cueillir’. – ḫerefōt ‘petit lièvre’.
► BP#2982ḫamr, n.m. & f., wine; pl. ḫumūr, alcoholic beverages, liquor: ↗s.v..
► ḫamraẗ, n.f., wine: ↗ ḫamr.
► ḫamrī, adj., golden brown, reddish brown, bronze-coloured: ↗ ḫamr.
► ḫamriyyaẗ, n.f., wine poem, bacchanalian verse: ↗ ḫamr.
► ḫumār, n., aftereffect of intoxication, hang-over: ↗ ḫamr.
► ḫamīr, 1 adj., leavened (dough); ripe, mature, mellow; leaven; 2 n., leavened bread
► ḫamīraẗ, pl. ḫamāʔirᵘ, n., 1 leaven; ferment; barm, yeast; enzyme (chem.); 2 (fig.) starter, nucleus, basis (from which s.th. greater develops): according to Jeffery1938 directly of Aram origin, e.g. Syr ḥᵃmīrā ‘leaven’.
► ḫammār, n., wine merchant, keeper of a wineshop: ↗ ḫamr.
► ḫammāraẗ, n.f., wineshop, tavern; bar: ↗ ḫamr.
► ḫimmīr, n., winebibber, drunkard, tippler, sot: ↗ ḫamr.
► taḫmīr, n., leavening, raising (of dough); fermenting, fermentation
► ĭḫtimār, n., (process of) fermentation
► maḫmūr, adj., drunk, intoxicated, inebriated: ↗ ḫamr.
► muḫtamir, adj., 1 fermenting, fermented; 2 alcoholic: PA VIII; 2 ↗ ḫamr.
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#2058: The common Sem ancestor is to be reconstructed as *ḫaym‑ ‘tent; hut, cabin’. The cognates in Berb, Eg, and ECh make the authors suggest a common etymon in AfrAs *q̇am‑ / *q̇ayam‑ ‘tent, house’.
► ḫayyām, n., tentmaker: n.prof.
► BP#1249 muḫayyam, pl. ‑āt, n., camping ground, camp, encampment: n.loc. II.
► daḫan, n., smoke, fume, vapor: alongside with duḫ(ḫ)ān another candidate for the position of the etymon proper.
► duḫnaẗ, n.f., 1 smoke color; 2 a kind of incense (Calamus aromaticus) :.
► daḫīnaẗ, pl. daḫāʔinᵘ, n., cigarette: pseudo-PP.
► daḫāḫinī (eg., tun.), n., tobacconist: nsb-adj.
► madḫanaẗ, pl. madāḫinᵘ, n., chimney, smokestack, funnel : n.loc.
► BP#2333tadḫīn, n., 1 fumigation; smoking (e.g., of fish); 2 (tobacco) smoking: vn. II.
► dāḫinaẗ, pl. dawāḫinᵘ, n., chimney, smokestack, funnel: a neologism, lit. a f. PA I, meaning ‘the smoking one’.
► mudaḫḫin, pl. ‑ūn, n., smoker : PA II.
► mudaḫḫan, adj., smoked (foodstuff): PP II.
► ḏabḥ, n., slaughtering, slaughter: vn. I.
► ḏibḥ, n., sacrificial victim, blood sacrifice:.
► ḏibḥaẗ, var. ḏubḥaẗ, n.f., angina (med.); diphtheria: probably related to the complex of ‘slaughtering’ via the idea of ‘cutting the throat’. | ḏ. ṣadriyyaẗ / fuʔādiyyaẗ, n., angina pectoris (med.).
► ḏabbāḥ, adj., slaughtering, killing, murdering: ints.; n., slaughterer, butcher: n.prof.
► ḏabīḥ, adj., slaughtered : quasi-PP.
► ḏabīḥaẗ, pl. ḏabāʔiḥᵘ, n., slaughter animal; sacrificial victim, blood sacrifice: f. of quasi-PP; sacrifice, immolation; offering, oblation: transferred from the object to the act of sacrificing.
► maḏbaḥ, pl. madābiḥᵘ, n., slaughterhouse; altar (Chr.): n.loc.
► maḏbaḥaẗ, n.f., massacre, slaughter, carnage, butchery: n.loc.f.
► BP#3722ḏarrī, adj., atomic: nsb-adj
► ḏurayraẗ, pl. ‑āt, n., subatomic particle, smallest structural unit of the atomic nucleus (phys.): dimin. of ḏarraẗ.
► BP#1002ḏikr, n.: vn. I. – See also ↗s.v..
► ḏukraẗ, n.f., reputation, repute, renown:.
► BP#960ḏikrà, pl. ḏikrayāt, n., remembrance, recollection, memory; pl. reminiscences, memoirs | ḏ. sanawiyyaẗ annual celebretion or commemoration ceremony:.
► taḏkār, tiḏkār, n., remembrance; reminder, memento; memory, commemoration; souvenir, keepsake; memorial day:.
► BP#3570taḏkiraẗ reminder; memento; (mostly pronounced taḏkaraẗ), pl. taḏākirᵘ, n., message, note; slip, paper, permit, pass; card; ticket; admission ticket | t. barīd postcard; t. ʔiṯbāt al-šaḫṣiyyaẗ, n., identity card:.
► taḏkarǧī ticket seller, ticket clerk; (streetcar) conductor: n.prof., made of taḏkār + (Turk.) ‑ǧī.
► BP#4411taḏkīr, n., reminding, reminder, memento: vn. II.2
► muḏākaraẗ, pl. ‑āt, n., negotiation, consultation, conference; deliberation (of a court; Syr.); (Mor.) conversation; learning, memorizing, memorization; study: vn. III.
► taḏakkur, n., memory, remembrance, recollection: vn. V.
► ĭstiḏkār, n., memorizing, memorization, committing to memory: vn. X.
► BP#1306ḏākiraẗ, n.f., memory (human and computer): PA I, f. (*‘the remembering one’).
► BP#2003maḏkūr, adj., mentioned; said, above-mentioned; worthy of mention; celebrated: PP I.
► BP#2270muḏakkiraẗ, pl. ‑āt, n., reminder; note; remark; notebook; memorandum, memorial, aide-mémoire, (diplomatic) note; ordinance, decree; treatise, paper, report (of a learned society, = Fr. mémoires); official report (concerning an incident); official notice; pl. reminiscences, memoirs: PP II.
► ḏakarī, adj., male: nsb-adj
► muḏakkar, adj., masculine (gram.): PP II.
► ḏanabī, adj., caudal, tail (in compounds); appendaged, appendant, dependent: nsb-adj.
► ḏunayb, n., petiole, leafstalk (bot.): dimin.
► muḏannab, n., comet: nominalized PP II.
► BP#1594ḏahāb, n., going; passing, passage, falling away, decrease, dwindling, loss, disappearance; leave, departure; trip, journey; outward-bound trip or journey (as opposed to ʔiyāb return trip; railroad); opinion, view (ʔilà ʔan that): vn. I | ḏ-an ʔiyāban there and back; back and forth, up and down; taḏkaraẗ ḏ. wa-ʔiyāb round-trip ticket.
► ḏuhūb, n., going: vn. I | ḏ. wa-maʔāb coming and going; fī ǧīʔaẗ wa-ḏ. coming and going, in a state of fluctuation, having its ups and downs.
► BP#2488maḏhab, pl. maḏāhibᵘ, n., going, leave, departure; way out, escape; manner followed, adopted procedura or policy, road entered upon; opinion, view, belief; ideology; teaching, doctrine; movement, orientation, trend (also pol.); school; mazhab, orthodox rite of fiqh (Isl. Law); religious creed, faith, denomination: vn. I | m-uhū fī ‘l-ḥayāẗ his philosophy of life, his Weltanschauung; al-m. al-tārīḫī historism; m. al-rūḥiyyaẗ spiritualism; al-m. al-riwāqī stoicism; al-m. al-sulūkī behaviourism; al-m. al-ʔiṣlāḥī reformism; al-m. al-ṭabīʕī naturalism; al-m. al-ʕaqāʔidī dogmatism; m. al-laḏḏaẗ hedonism; m. al-miṯāliyyaẗ idealism; al-m. al-māddī the materialistic ideology, materialism; al-m. al-wāqiʕī realism; ḏahaba m-an baʕīdan to go very far, be very extensive.
► BP#4026maḏhabī, adj., denominational, confessional; doctrinaire; following or representing a particular doctrine; sectarian: nsb-adj from maḏhab.
► maḏhabiyyaẗ, n.f., doctrinaire attitude, devotion to an ideology; sectarianism: n.abstr. in ‑iyyaẗ from maḏhab.
► ḏāhib: ḏ. al-lawn, adj., faded, colorless, discolored: PA I.
► maḏhūb bihī and maḏhūb al-ʕaql, adj., out of one’s mind, demented: PP I.
► ḏahhaba, vb. II, to gild (* s.th.): caus. denom.
► BP#1692ḏahabī, adj., golden, of gold; precious, excellent, apposite (e.g., advice, saying, etc.): nsb-adj | ʔāyaẗ ḏ-iyyaẗ golden word, maxim, epigram.
► ḏahabiyyaẗ, pl. ‑āt, dahabeah, a long light-draft houseboat, used on the Nile:….
► muḏahhab, adj., gilded: PP II.
► muḏhab, adj., gilded: PP IV.
► tamaḏhaba, vb. II, to follow, adopt, embrace (<~a teaching, a religion, etc.): denom.
► BP#4026maḏhabī, adj., denominational, confessional; doctrinaire; following or representing a particular doctrine; sectarian: nsb-adj.
► maḏhabiyyaẗ, n.f., doctrinaire attitude, devotion to an ideology; sectarianism: n.abstr. in ‑iyyaẗ from maḏhab.
► ʔiḏāʕī, adj., radio, television, TV (in compounds): nsb-adj | ḥadīṯ ʔ., n., radio talk; radio interview; maḥaṭṭaẗ ʔiḏāʕiyyaẗ, n., radio station.
► taḏyīl, n., addition of a supplement, of an extension: vn. II.
► muḏayyal, adj., extended (by an addition, supplement, etc.): PP II.
► raḥb, adj., wide, spacious, roomy; unconfined: this (or ruḥb, or raḥab) may be the proper etymon from which all the other items derive. | r. al-ṣadr, adj., generous, magnanimous; broad minded, open-minded, liberal; frank, candid, open hearted; carefree; r. ṣadr, n., generosity, magnanimity; open-mindedness, broad-mindedness, liberality; frankness, candor; r. al-bāʕ, adj., generous, open handed, liberal; r. al-ḏirāʕ, adj., dto.
► ruḥb, n., vastness, wideness, spaciousness, unconfinedness: this (or raḥb, or raḥab) may be the proper etymon from which all the other items derive. | ʔatà ʕalà ’l-r. wa’l-saʕaẗ, vb., to be welcome; wajada r~an wa-saʕatan, vb., to meet with a friendly reception.
► raḥab, n., vastness, wideness, spaciousness, unconfinedness: this (or raḥb, or ruḥb) may be the proper etymon from which all the other items derive. | r. al-ṣadr, n., magnanimity, generosity; lightheartedness.
► BP#4753raḥbaẗ, raḥabaẗ, pl. raḥabāt, riḥāb, n., wide area, wide space; large square; courtyard, inner court (e.g., of a mosque); pl. riḥāb, wideness, vastness; generosity, magnanimity, big-heartedness; sacred precinct, protected area: f. formation of raḥb; the pl. riḥāb may be, originally, a sg. (cf. Hbr rəḥôb ‘broad, open place, plaza’). | riḥāb al-kawn and riḥāb al-faḍāʔ, n.pl., vastness of outer space; ʔanā fī riḥābika, I am under your protection, in the realm of your generosity! (spoken at the grave of a saint); nazala fī riḥābihī ḍayfan, he came to him as a guest; riḥāb al-ǧāmiʕaẗ, n.pl., university grounds, campus.
► raḥīb = raḥb : ints. formation.
► raḥābaẗ, n.f., wideness, vastness, spaciousness, unconfinedness | r. al-ṣadr, n., magnanimity, generosity.
► BP#1072marḥaban bika, adv., welcome!: ↗s.v..
► tarḥāb, n., welcome, greeting:. | qābalahū bi-t., vb. III, to receive s.o. with open arms.
► BP#2889tarḥīb, n., welcoming, welcome, greeting: vn. II.
► tarḥībī, adj.: nsb-adj from tarḥīb | kalimaẗ tarḥībiyyaẗ, n., welcoming speech, word of welcome.
▪ Arab lexicographers derive it from ↗√RḤB ‘ample, wide’ as a vn. or n.loc. »You say marḥaban and marḥaban bi-ka meaning ‘Thou hast come to, or found, ampleness, spaciousness, or roominess’, or ‘alight you, or abide you in ampleness, etc.’, for such we have for thee, the word being put in the acc. because of a verb understood; or ‘thou hast alighted in an ample […] space’, ‘welcome to ampleness [etc.]’« (Lane iii 1867). – Cf. Hbr märḥāb ‘broad, roomy place’, which is also used figuratively »of freedom from distress and anxiety« (BDB1906).
▪ Another theory traces it back to Syr mār ḥūbā ‘The Lord is (full of) love’, allegedly a greating among Aramaic-speaking Christians.
▪ A third explanation sees it as an Arabized form of Pers mehr-bān, an adj. signifying (accord. to Steingass) ‘benevolent, benficient, kind, affectionate, friendly, compassionate, favouring, loving; […] a friend’.
► tarḥāb, n., welcome, greeting:. | qābalahū bi-t., vb. III, to receive s.o. with open arms.
► BP#2889tarḥīb, n., welcoming, welcome, greeting: vn. II.
► tarḥībī, adj.: nsb-adj from tarḥīb | kalimaẗ tarḥībiyyaẗ, n., welcoming speech, word of welcome.
▪ For the root itself cf. √RḤM.
For other values, now obsolete, cf. "DISC" below.
Other notions attached to √RML and found in ClassAr include:
▪ RML_4 †‘to weave (thinly, a mat of palm-leaves, or the like)’: †ramala u (raml), vb. I, ? hence also: ‘to ornament with jewels, precious stones, gems, etc.’
▪ RML_5 † ‘to have little rain’: †ramila a (ramal), vb. I, in ramilat al-sanaẗ : perhaps fig. use of ‘to run short (of provision), become poor’, but it may also be denom. from ramal, pl. ʔarmāl, n., ‘weak rain, little rain’. Connected to RML_1 ‘sand’ ?
▪ RML_6 † ‘to lengthen, make long, wide (rope, cord)’: one of the many values of ʔarmala (vb. IV); cf. also †ramal ‘redundance, excess (in a thing)’.
▪ RML_7 †ramal ‘(black/white) lines, or streakes, upon the legs of the wild cow’; †rumlaẗ, pl. rumal, ʔarmāl ‘diversity of colours upon the legs of the wild bull; black line, or streak (upon the back and thighs of a gazelle)’; ʔarmalᵘ ‘(= ʔablaqᵘ) black and white’. – Connected to RML_1 ‘sand’ ?
▪ RML_8 †ʔurmūlaẗ ‘stump of (the plant, tree, called) ʕarfaǧ, stock, stem’.
▪ Also from RML_1 ‘sand’ or, more precisely, the denom./caus. vb.s II rammala ‘to put sand into s.th. (food)’ (and hence contaminate) and IV ʔarmala ‘to become sandy; cleave to the sand’ are such specialised meanings as (II) ‘to smear (with blood)’ (probably < ‘sprinkle blood on s.th. like sand’), ‘to adulterate, corrupt, render unsound (speech)’ (<… like contaminating food by put sand into it) and (IV) ‘to be smeared with blood (arrow, the claws of a lion, etc.)’. – The value ‘geomancy’ derives from the fact that a kind of divination was practised by means of figures or lines in the sand.
► rammala, vb. II, to sprinkle with sand (s.th., so as to blot it): denom.
► ramlī, adj., sandy, sabulous; sand (in compounds): nsb-adj | sāʕaẗ ramliyyaẗ, n., sandglass, hourglass.
► rammāl, n., geomancer: n.prof., lit. ‘the thrower of sand, sand man’.
► mirmalaẗ, n.f., sandbox: n.loc./instr.
▪ ‘to grow, increase’, most probably attached to a Sem root *ZKW/Y, and
▪ ‘to be(come) clean, pure’, attached to Sem *ḎKW/Y.
Both roots and their values are preserved in MSA. Sem *ḎKW/Y, however, has also gone into Hbr and Aram and taken on a specialized religious-ethical meaning there (initial Sem *Ḏ‑ became Z‑ in both—a regular sound change in Hbr, but probably under Akk influence in Aram; there are however also Aram forms with initial ḏ‑). From there, and with the technical religious sense of ‘moral purity’, the word(s) passed into Ar, coming on top of the values ‘growth’ (√ZKW/Y) and ‘brightness, sharpness, clarity’ (√ḎKW/Y) that already existed there from Sem times. This made √ZKW/Y a homonymous root although, from an etymological point of view, it should have been √ḎKW/Y rather than √ZKW/Y.
► zakiyy, pl. ʔazkiyāʔᵘ, adj., pure; chaste; guiltless, blameless, sinless; (also = ḏakiyy, e.g. rāʔiḥaẗ zakiyyaẗ, n., delightful odor).
► zakāʔ, n., 1 (moral) purity, integrity, honesty, righteousness; 2 ↗zakā / zakiya : vn. I.
► BP#4006zakāẗ ↗s.v..
► ʔazkà, purer; more befitting, more appropriate; better; (also = ʔaḏkà, e.g., ʔazkà rāʔiḥaẗ, the most delightful odor): elat.
► tazkiyaẗ, n.f., purification, chastening; pronouncement of s.o.’s integrity or credibility; attestation of (a witness’) honorable record (Isl. Law): vn. II.
► zakāʔ, n., 1 growth: vn.; 2 for another meaning ↗zakā.
► suʔl, n., demand, request, wish:…
► suʔlaẗ, n.f., demand, request, wish: n.un., from suʔl.
► BP#267suʔāl, pl. ʔasʔilaẗ, n., question; request; inquiry; demand, claim: lexicalized vn. I.
► saʔʔāl, adj., given to asking questions, inquisitive, curious: ints.
► saʔūl, adj., given to asking questions, inquisitive, curious: ints.
► BP#738masʔalaẗ, pl. masāʔilᵘ, n., question; issue, problem; affair, matter, case; request: lexicalized vn. I.
► musāʔalaẗ, n.f., questioning, interrogation: vn. III.
► tasawwul, n., begging, beggary: vn. V.
► BP#2176tasāʔul, pl. ‑āt, n., questions, doubts; self-questioning: vn. VI.
► BP#4273sāʔil, pl. ‑ūn, suʔʔāl, saʔalaẗ, adj., asking: PA I; n., questioner; petitioner; beggar: nominalized PA I.
► BP#354masʔūl, adj. official; responsible, answerable, accountable: PP I; pl. al-masʔūlūn, n., the bearers of responsibility; the functionaries: nominalized PP I.
► C BP#794masʔūliyyaẗ, pl. ‑āt, n., responsibility, duty: abstr. in ‑iyyaẗ, from masʔūl.
► mutasawwil, n., beggar: nominalized PA V.
► BP#4116mutasāʔil, adj., asking o.s., wondering: PA VI.
► sabtī, pl. ‑ūn, adj./n., Sabbatarian (Chr.): nsb-adj.
► subāt lethargy; slumber, sleep:.
► subātī, adj., lethargic: nsb-adj from subāt.
► musbit, adj., lethargic, inactive, motionless: PA IV.
► saḫiyy, pl. ʔasḫiyāʔᵘ, adj., liberal, openhanded, generous; giving generously, being lavish: ints./pseudo-PP.
► saḫāwaẗ, n.f., generosity: a vn. I (of saḫuwa, ū).
► sakkara, vb. II, to sugar, sprinkle with sugar; to candy, preserve with sugar: denominative.
► sukkarī, adj., sugar (adj.), sugary, like sugar, saccharine: nsb-adj.; pl. sukkariyyāt confectionery; sweetmeats, candy | maraḍ al-bawl al-s. and al-maraḍ al-s. diabetes (med.).
► sukkariyyaẗ, n.f., sugar bowl : nominalized nsb-adj. f.
► musakkarāt, n.f.pl., confectionery, sweetmeats, candy : nominalized PP II, denominative.
Not from √SN but often easily confused with it because of similarity in rasm and/or non-visibility of weak radicals:
▪ SN_2 ‘sleep, slumber’ (sinaẗ) ↗wasina (√WSN)
▪ SN_3 ‘tooth; to sharpen, whet’ ↗sinaẗ (√SNː/SNN)
▪ SN_4 ‘custom, habit, (Prophetic) tradition’ ↗sunnaẗ (√SNː/SNN)
ClassAr shows many more values (cf. Lane):
▪ †SNː (SNN)_4 ‘spearhead, iron head, to pierce with a spear’ (sinn, sinān)4
▪ †SNː (SNN)_5 ‘ploughshare, iron thing with which the ground is ploughed up’ (sinnaẗ)5
▪ †SNː (SNN)_6 ‘alike, equal, matching, in age’ (sinn)6
▪ †SNː (SNN)_7 ‘to tend well, pasture, render fat (camels, cattle); to send to the pasturage, make run quickly’ (sanna, vb. I) 7
▪ †SNː (SNN)_8 ‘to pour (e.g., water on s.o.)’ (sanna, vb. I; ĭstanna, vb. VIII, ‘to pour forth’, e.g., with tears, etc.)
▪ †SNː (SNN)_9 ‘to throw down on the face’ (sanna, vb. I) 8
▪ †SNː (SNN)_10 ‘to form, fashion, shape, make long; to plaster (pottery with clay)’ (sanna, vb. I) 9
▪ †SNː (SNN)_11 ‘to become altered for the worse, or stinking’ (sunna, vb. I, pass.)
▪ †SNː (SNN)_12 ‘nature, natural disposition, temper’ (sunnaẗ)
▪ †SNː (SNN)_13 ‘(handsome long) face’ (sunnaẗ) 10
▪ †SNː (SNN)_14 ‘black line, or streak, on the back of the ass’ (sunnaẗ)
▪ †SNː (SNN)_15 ‘sort of Medinan dates’ (sunnaẗ, sinnaẗ)
▪ †SNː (SNN)_16 ‘(middle part of) way, road’ (sanan)
▪ †SNː (SNN)_17 ‘camels lifting the front legs simultaneously, leaping, springing, or bounding, in their running’ (sanan ; cf. also ĭstanna, vb. VIII, ‘to frisk, be brisk, lively, sprightly, to run (in such a fashion)’11
▪ †SNː (SNN)_18 ‘elevated sands, shaped like a rope’ (sanīnaẗ)
▪ †SNː (SNN)_19 ‘(gentle) wind’ (sanīnaẗ)
▪ †SNː (SNN)_20 ‘wild bull’ (sinn)
▪ †SNː (SNN)_21 ‘she-bear, she-lynx’ (sannaẗ, sinnaẗ)
▪ †SNː (SNN)_22 ‘swallow’ (sunn)
▪ †SNː (SNN)_23 ‘flies’ (sinān)
► sanna, u (sann), vb. I, 1 to sharpen, whet, hone, grind; 2 to mold, shape, form; 3 to prescribe, introduce, enact, establish (a law, a custom) | ~ qānūnan, vb., to enact, or pass, a law
► sannana, vb. II, 1 to sharpen, whet, hone, grind; 2 to indent, jag, notch
► ʔasanna, vb. IV, 1 to grow teeth, cut o.’s teeth, teethe; 2 to grow old, to age; to be advanced in years
► ĭstanna, vb. VIII, 1 to clean and polish o.’s teeth with the siwāk; 2 a to take, follow (a course or way); 2 b to prescribe, introduce, enact, establish (a law, a custom) | ~ sunnata Muḥammad, vb., to follow the Sunna of Mohammed
► sann, n., prescription, introduction, enactment, issuance (of laws)
► BP#2441sinn, pl. ʔasnān, ʔasinnaẗ, ʔasunn, n.f., 1 tooth (also, e.g., of a comb; of a saw blade); jag; cog, sprocket, prong; tusk (of an elephant, of a boar, etc.); fang (of a snake, etc.); point, tip (of a nail), nib (of a pen) | ~ al-fīl, n., ivory. — 2 BP#1083 (pl. ʔasnān) age (of a person) | ~ al-rušd, n., legal age, majority; ~ al-murāhaqaẗ, n., age of puberty; ~ al-ṭufūlaẗ, n., early childhood; ṣaġīr al ~, adj., young; kabīr al ~, adj., old; ṭaʕana fī ’l-~, vb., to be advanced in years, be aged; taqaddamat bihī al ~, vb., to grow older, to age; to be advanced in years. — 3 (eg.) coarse flour, seconds
► ʔasnānī, adj., dental (phon.)
► BP#1725C sunnaẗ, pl. sunan, n., habitual practice, customary procedure or action, norm, usage sanctioned by tradition; al-~, or ~ al-nabiyy, n., the Sunna of the Prophet, i.e., his sayings and doings, later established as legally binding precedents (in addition to the Law established by the Koran) | ʔahl al ~, n., the Sunnites, the orthodox Muslims; ~ al-ṭabīʕaẗ, n., law of nature
► BP#1811sunnī, adj., Sunnitic; (pl. ‑ūn), n., Sunnite, Sunni
► sanan, n., customary practice, usage, habit, rule
► sinān, pl. ʔasinnaẗ, n., spearhead
► sanūn, n., tooth powder
► sannān, pl. ‑ūn, n., grinder, sharpener (of knives, shears)
► ʔasannᵘ, adj., older, farther advanced in years
► misann, pl. ‑āt, masānnᵘ, n., whetstone, grindstone; razor strop
► tasnīn, n., clothing of teeth (children), teething
► masnūn, adj., 1 prescribed (as Sunna), sanctioned by law and custom; 2 sharpened, whetted, honed; tapered; pointed (e.g., mustache, features); 3 stinking, fetid (mire)
► musannan, adj., 1 toothed, serrated, dentate, denticulate, indented, jagged; 2 pointed, sharp; sharp-featured (countenance); ʕaǧalaẗ ~aẗ, n., cogwheel; ~ al-ʔaṭrāf, adj., deckle-edged (paper)
► musannanaẗ, pl. ‑āt, cogwheel
► musinn, pl. ‑ūn, masānnᵘ, adj., old, aged, advanced in years; dār al-~īn, n.f., home for the aged, old folks home
BP#2441[v1] (pl. ʔasnān, ʔasinnaẗ, ʔasunn) n.f., tooth (also, e.g., of a comb; of a saw blade); jag; cog, sprocket, prong; tusk (of an elephant, of a boar, etc.); fang (of a snake, etc.); point, tip (of a nail), nib (of a pen) – WehrCowan1979.
BP#1083[v2] (pl. ʔasnān) n., 1 age (of a person). — (belonging here?) 2 (EgAr) coarse flour, seconds – WehrCowan1979.
[v2]
▪ Apprently no direct cognates in other Sem langs.
▪ Any connection to the notion of ‘change’ lying at the basis of ↗sanaẗ ‘year’ ?
[v2]
▪ The explanation, put forward by ClassAr lexicographers (see above, section “CONCISE”), of [v2] ‘age’ depending on [v1] ‘tooth’ because the length of the teeth indicates the age does not sound very convincing. Compared to this etymology, the idea, quoted in Nişanyan’s Sözlük, of sunnaẗ ‘custom, habit’ going back to the Arab tribes’ custom/habit of sharpening young boys’ teeth at a certain age, looks as if there could be some truth to it. If so, it can serve as a semantic link not only between ‘custom, habit’ and ‘tooth’, but also between ‘age’ and ‘tooth’. — Further research needed.
▪ The value given as ‘coarse flower, seconds’ by WehrCowan1979 and listed as [v2]-2 above, is given as ‘bran’ in BadawiHinds1986 and listed as a completely separate item, distinguished from all other values (‘tooth’, ‘age’, ‘custom, habit; sunna’). It is not clear whether it belongs to the notion of ‘(advanced) age’ (coarse flower = old flower?; cf. also ʕēš il-sinn ‘bran bread (prescribed for diabetics)’: = bread for people of advanced age?) or has an etymology and semantic history in its own right.
[v1] ‘tooth; to sharpen’
► sinn al-fīl, n., ivory.
sanna, u (sann), vb. I, to sharpen, whet, hone, grind; to mold, shape, form: denom. from sinn ‘tooth’. – For other meanings see ↗sunnaẗ.
► sannana, vb. II, to sharpen, whet, hone, grind; to indent, jag, notch: caus. denom. (to make sharp like teetch, make look like teeth).
► ʔasanna, vb. IV, to grow teeth, cut o.’s teeth, teethe: denom. – For other meanings see below, [v2].
► ĭstanna, vb. VIII, to clean and polish o.’s teeth with the siwāk : denom., autobenef. – For other meanings see ↗sunnaẗ.
► ʔasnānī, adj., dental (phon.): nsb-adj, from ʔasnān, pl. of sinn ‘tooth’.
► sinān, pl. ʔasinnaẗ, n., spearhead: cf. notes to section "DETAILS" above.
► sanūn, n., tooth powder.
► sannān, pl. ‑ūn, n., grinder, sharpener (of knives, shears): n.prof.
► misann, pl. ‑āt, masānnᵘ, n., whetstone, grindstone; razor strop: n.instr.
► tasnīn, n., clothing of teeth (children), teething: vn. II, used as techn.term.
► masnūn, adj., 1 sharpened, whetted, honed; tapered; pointed (e.g., mustache, features): PP I. — (belonging here?) 2 stinking, fetid (mire): lit., *‘sharp, biting’ odour? — For other meanings see ↗sunnaẗ.
► musannan, adj., toothed, serrated, dentate, denticulate, indented, jagged; pointed, sharp; sharp-featured (countenance): PP II. | ʕaǧalaẗ ~aẗ, n., cogwheel; ~ al-ʔaṭrāf, adj., deckle-edged (paper).
► musannanaẗ, pl. ‑āt, cogwheel: PP II f., used as term.techn. in mechanics.
[v2] ‘age, to grow older’
► sinn al-rušd, n., legal age, majority.
► sinn al-murāhaqaẗ, n., age of puberty.
► sinn al-ṭufūlaẗ, n., early childhood.
► ṣaġīr al sinn, adj., young.
► kabīr al sinn, adj., old.
► ṭaʕana fī ’l-sinn, vb. I, to be advanced in years, be aged.
► taqaddamat bihī al sinn, vb. V, to grow older, to age; to be advanced in years.
► ʔasanna, vb. IV, to grow old, to age; to be advanced in years: denom. from sinn ‘(old, advanced) age)’. – For other meanings see above, [v1].
► ʔasannᵘ, adj., older, farther advanced in years: elat. formation.
► musinn, pl. ‑ūn, masānnᵘ, adj., old, aged, advanced in years: PA IV. | dār al-~īn, n.f., home for the aged, old folks home.
► sanna, u (sann), vb. I, to prescribe, introduce, enact, establish (a law, a custom): denom. from sunnaẗ, or is the latter deverb. from sanna ? | ~ qānūnan, vb., to enact, or pass, a law. – For other meanings see ↗sinn [v1].
► ĭstanna, vb. VIII, to take, follow (a course or way); to prescribe, introduce, enact, establish (a law, a custom): t-stem of I, denom. from sann or sunnaẗ. | ~ sunnaẗa Muḥammad, vb., to follow the Sunna of Mohammed. – For other meanings see ↗sinn [v1].
► sann, n., prescription, introduction, enactment, issuance (of laws): vn. I.
► BP#1811sunnī, adj., Sunnitic; (pl. ‑ūn), n., Sunnite, Sunni: nsb-adj, from sunnaẗ.
► sanan, n., customary practice, usage, habit, rule.
► masnūn, adj., prescribed (as Sunna), sanctioned by law and custom: PP I. – For other meanings see ↗sinn [v1].
▪ Of the same rasm سنة but not to be confused with sanaẗ ‘year’: ↗sunnaẗ ‘custom, habit; (the Prophet’s) tradition’ (√SNː/SNN), sinaẗ ‘slumber, doze’ (↗wasina, √WSN), as well as some items in ClassAr.
▪ …
▪ Of the same rasm سنة but not to be confused with sanaẗ ‘year’: ↗sunnaẗ ‘custom, habit; (the Prophet’s) tradition’ (√SNː/SNN), sinaẗ ‘slumber, doze’ (↗wasina, √WSN); in ClassAr also †sannaẗ ‘she-bear; she-lynx’ and †sinnaẗ ‘double-edged axe; ploughshare; coin, money’ (both √SNː/SNN; values given as in Steingass1884 / Wahrmund1887).
► sanawī, adj., annual, yearly; sanawiyyan, adj., annually, yearly, in one year, per year, per annum: nsb-adj.
► musānahatan, adv., annually, yearly: acc.adv. of PP III, from ↗√SNH, with additional H.
► BP#989ṣaddaqa, vb. II, to deem (s.o., s.th.) credible, accept (s.th.) as true, give credence (DO to s.o., to s.th.), believe, trust; to consider or pronounce s.th. to be true, right, correct or credible; to believe (bi‑ in); to give one’s consent, to consent, assent, agree (ʕalà to s.th.), approve (of s.th.), grant, license, sanction, certify, confirm, substantiate, attest, ratify; (officially) to certify (ʕalà the correctness of a translation, signature, or copy):.
► ṣādaqa, vb. III, to treat as a friend; to maintain one’s friendship (DO with s.o.); to be or become friends (with), befriend (s.o.): associative, denom. from ṣadīq; to give one’s consent, to consent, assent, agree (ʕalà to s.th.), approve (of), grant, license, sanction, certify, confirm, substantiate; (officially) to certify (ʕalà see II):.
► ʔaṣdaqa, vb. IV, to fix a (bridal) dower (‑hā for a woman): denom. from ṣadāq ?
► taṣaddaqa, vb. V, ↗ṣaqadaẗ ‘alms’.
► BP#1637ṣidq, n., truth, trueness, truthfulness; sincerity, candor; veracity, correctness (of an allegation); efficiency: vn. I.
► ṣadaqaẗ, n.: ↗s.v..
► ṣadāq, ṣidāq, pl. ṣuduq, ʔaṣdiqaẗ, n., (bridal) dower; – (pl. ʔaṣdiqaẗ) marriage contract (tun.):.
► BP#2206ṣadāqaẗ, pl. ‑āt , n., friendship: n.abstr., from ṣadīq.
► BP#398ṣadīq, pl. ʔaṣdiqāʔᵘ, ṣudaqāʔᵘ, ṣudqān, n., friend; adj., friendly, connected by bonds of friendship: pseudo-PA / ints.
► ṣadūq, adj., veracious, truthful, honest, sincere: ints.
► ṣiddīq, adj., strictly veracious, honest, righteous, upright; al-~, epithet of the first Caliph, Abū Bakr: ints., but see also ↗s.v..
► BP#4628ʔaṣdaqᵘ, adj., truer, sincerer; more reliable; more truthful: elat.
► miṣdāq, n., confirmation, corroboration, substantiation; touchstone, criterion: n.instr. (?).
► BP#3519miṣdāqiyyaẗ, n.f., credibility: abstr. in iyyaẗ, from miṣdāq.
► taṣdīq, n., belief, faith (bi‑ in); consent, assent, agreement (ʕalà to), approval, sanctioning, licensing, certification, confirmation, attestation, ratification; (official) certification: vn. II.
► muṣādaqaẗ, consent, assent, agreement, concurrence (ʕalà in); approval, sanctioning, certification, confirmation, attestation, ratification; (official) certification: vn. III.
► taṣāduq, n., legalization, authentication (ʕalà of a document): vn. VI.
► BP#1392ṣādiq, adj., true, truthful, veracious, sincere, candid; reliable; accurate, true, genuine, faithful, authentic: PA I.
► muṣaddiqaẗ, certificate, certification, attestation: lexicalized PA II.f.
► muṣaddaq, credible, believable, reliable, trustworthy: lexicalized PP II.
► taṣaddaqa, vb. V, to give alms (ʕalà to s.o.); to give as alms, donate (bi‑ s.th., ʕalà to s.o.): denom.
► ṣalaba, i (ṣalb), vb. I, to crucify: denominative from ṣalīb.
► ṣallaba, vb. II, to crucify; to make the sign of the cross; to cross o.s.; to cross, fold (one’s arms): denominative from ṣalīb.
► ṣalb, n., crucifixion: vn. I.
► BP#4955ṣalībī, adj., in al-ḥurūb al-ṣalībiyyaẗ the crusades: nsb-adj from ṣalīb; al-ṣalībiyyūn the crusaders: nominalized nsb-adj.
► ṣalībiyyaẗ, n.f., pl. ‑āt crusade: n.abstr. in ‑iyyaẗ from ṣalīb.
► ṣalbūt, n., (representation of the) crucifixion, crucifix:.
► muṣallab, n., crossing, interjunction (of roads): n.loc. II.
► ḍiyāfaẗ, n.f., hospitable reception, entertainment as guest, accomodation; hospitality:.
► miḍyāf, adj., hospitable; n., hospitable host :.
► maḍāfaẗ, n.f., hostel, guesthouse, inn: n.loc.
► maḍyafaẗ, n.f., guest room; guesthouse: n.loc.
► BP#382ʔiḍāfaẗ, n.f., addition, apposition; subjunction, annexation, appending, attachment, augmentation, supplementation; assignment, allocation; ascription, attribution (ʔilà to): vn. IV, metaph. use; genitive construction (gram.): specialised meaning | ʔ. ʔilà ʔaǧal limitation (of a legal transaction; Isl. Law):.
► BP#2419ʔiḍāfī, adj., additional, supplementary, auxiliary, contributory, extra; secondary, subsidiary, tributary, accessory, incidental, side-, by (in compounds); relative (philos.): nsb-adj from ʔiḍāfaẗ.
► ʔiḍāfiyyaẗ, n.f., relativity (philos.): n.abstr. in ‑iyyaẗ from ʔiḍāfaẗ.
► BP#1956muḍīf, n., host: lexicalized PA IV.
► muḍīfaẗ, n.f., hostess; air hostess, stewardess: lexicalized PA IV, f.
► muḍāf, adj., added, subjoined, adjoined, apposed: PP IV; construct state (gram.): nominalized PP IV.
► ẓahīr, pl. ẓahāʔirᵘ, n., (mor.) decree, edict, ordinance: *‘the published one’ – For other meanings ↗ẓahr.
► BP#1507ẓuhūr, n., appearance; appearance, entry on the stage (theat.); visibility, conspicuousness; pomp, splendor, show, ostentation, window-dressing: vn. I | ḥubb al-ẓ. ostentatiousness, love of pomp; ʕīd al-ẓ., n., Epiphany (Chr.); badaʔa fī ‘l-ẓ., vb., to become visible, come into view.
► bayna ẓahrān ayhim, adv., in their midst, among them: ?.
► ẓihāraẗ, n.f., outside, right side (of a garment); blanket (e.g., of a mule):.
► ʔaẓharᵘ, adj., more distinct, more manifest, clearer: elat.
► BP#1831maẓhar, pl. maẓāhirᵘ, n., (external) appearance, external make-up, guise; outward bearing, comportment, conduct, behavior; exterior, look(s), sight, view; semblance, aspect; bearer or object of a phenomenon, object in which s.th. manifests itself; phenomenon; symptom (med.); pl. manifestations, expressions: n.loc. | maẓāhir al-ḥayāẗ, n.pl., manifestations of life (biol.); fī ‘l-m., adv., externally, in outward appearance, outwardly.
► BP#2723muẓāharaẗ, pl. ‑āt, n., (public) demonstration, rally: vn. III. – For another meaning ↗ẓahr.
► BP#3598ʔiẓhār, n., presentation, exposition, demonstration, exhibition, disclosure, exposure, revelation, announcement, declaration, manifestation, display; developing (phot.): vn. IV.
► taẓāhur, n., dissimulation, feigning, pretending, pretension; hypocrisy, dissemblance; (pl. ‑āt) (public) demonstration, rally: vn. VI.
► BP#3596taẓāhuraẗ, pl. ‑āt, n., (public) demonstration: n.vic. of vn. VI.
► BP#1832ẓāhir, adj., (of God) mastering, knowing (ʕalà s.th.); visible, perceptible, distinct, manifest, obvious, conspicuous, clear, patent, evident, apparent; external, exterior, outward; seeming, presumed, ostensible, alleged; outside, exterior, surface; outskirts, periphery (of a city); (gram.) substantive; (pl. ẓawāhirᵘ) external sense, literal meaning (specif., of Koran and Prophetic Tradition): PA I. | ẓāhiran, adv., externally, outwardly; seemingly, presumedly, ostensibly, allegedly; ẓ. al-lafẓ the literal meaning of an expression; al-ẓ. ʔanna, it seems, it appears that…; ḥasab al-ẓ., adv., in outward appearance, externally, outwardly; fī ‘l-ẓ., adv., apparently, obviously, evidently; fī ‘l-ẓ. and fī ‘l-ẓ. al-ʔamr, adv., seen outwardly, externally; outwardly; min al-ẓ., adv., from outside :.
► ẓāhirī, adj., outer, outside, external, exterior, outward; superficial; appararent, seeming (in contrast with ḥaqīqī real); Zahiritic, interpreting the Koran according to its literal meaning: nsb-adj from ẓāhir.
► BP#1057ẓāhiraẗ, pl. ẓawāhirᵘ, n., phenomenon, outward sign or token, external symptom or indication: PA I, f. | ẓawāhir al-ḥayāẗ, n.pl., biological phenomena (biol.); ʕilm al-ẓawāhir al-ǧawwiyyaẗ, n., meteorology; satara ‘l-ẓawāhir, vb., to keep up appearances.
► ẓāhirātī, adj., phenomenological | al-falsafaẗ al-ẓāhirātiyyaẗ, n., phenomenology (philos.): nsb-adj from ẓāhirāt, a pl. of ẓāhiraẗ.
► BP#3944mutaẓāhir, pl. ‑ūn, n., demonstrator: PA VI.
► For other items of the root cf. ↗√ẒHR, ↗ẓahr, ↗ẓuhr.
► ẓahara, a (ẓuhūr), vb. I, to ascend, climb, mount; to gain the upperhand, to triumph (ʕalà over), get the better (ʕalà of), overcome, overwhelm, conquer, vanquish (ʕalà s.o.); to get (ʕalà s.th.) into one’s power; to gain or have knowledge (ʕalà of), come to know (ʕalà s.th.), become acquainted (ʕalà with); to know (ʕalà s.th.); to learn, receive information (ʕalà about); to be cognizant (ʕalà of); to learn (ʕalà s.th.) : denom. from ẓahr (*‘to get on top of s.th.’), or from ẓuhr (*‘to rise above s.th. like the sun at noon’)? – For other meanings ↗ẓahara ‘to appear, seem, become visible, evident’.
► ẓahhara, vb. II, to endorse (a bill of exchange): denom. (‘to back s.o.’)
► ẓāhara, vb. III, to help, assist, aid, support (s.o.): benefactive (*‘to lend one’s support to s.o., back s.o.’).
► ʔaẓhara, vb. IV, to grant victory (ʕalà over), render victorious; to acquaint (s.o. ʕalà with s.th.), initiate (s.o. ʕalà into s.th.), give knowledge or information (ʕalà about), inform, enlighten, explain; to let (s.o.) in on s.th. (ʕalà), make (s.o.) realize (ʕalà s.th.); to show, reveal (ʕalà s.th.): (caus., semantics not clear, may also be from ↗ẓahara ‘to appear, seem, become visible’ or from ↗ẓuhr ‘noon, midday’). – For other meanings of the vb. ↗ẓahara.
► taẓāhara, vb. VI, to help one another, make common cause (ʕalà against): reciprocal (to support/back each other). – For other meanings ↗ẓahara.
► ĭstaẓhara, vb. X, to seek help, assistance, or support (bi‑ with), appeal for help, for assistance (bi‑ to s.o.): properly, *‘to ask for s.o.’s backing, support’. – For other meanings ↗ẓuhr and ↗ẓahara
► ẓihrī: nabaḏa hū (ṭaraḥa-hū) ẓihriyyan, vb., to pay no attention to s.th., not to care about s.th., disregard s.th.: a nsb-adj?
► ẓahīr, n., helper, assistant, aid, supporter; partisan, backer; back (in soccer): lit., *‘the one who lends s.o. his/her support/backing’. – For another meaning ↗ẓahara.
► bayna ẓahrān ayhim, adv., in their midst, among them: ?.
► taẓhīr, n., endorsement, transfer by endorsement (of a bill of exchange; fin.): vn. II., denom.
► ẓihār, n., pre-Islamic form of divorce, consisting in the words of repudiation, ‘you are to me like my mother’s back’ (ʔanti ʕalayya ka-ẓahri ʔummī): vn. III, denom.
► muẓāharaẗ, n.f., assistance, support, backing: vn. III. – For another meaning ↗ẓahara.
► muẓahhir, pl. ‑ūn, n., endorser (of a bill of exchange; fin.): PA II.
► For other items of the root cf. ↗√ẒHR, ↗ẓuhr, ↗ẓahara.
► BP#4925ẓahīraẗ, n.f., noon, midday, midday heat: ints.f.
► For other items of the root cf. ↗√ẒHR, ↗ẓahr, ↗ẓahara.
The author of the present entry thinks option (2) is the most probable.▪ eC7 ʕašā (to fail to see, be blinded to) Q 43:36 wa-man yaʕšu ʕan ḏikri ’l-raḥmāni ‘and whoever is blind to the remembrance of the Lord of Mercy’. – ʕišāʔ (the first part of the night marked by the disappearing of the twilight, evening) 12:16 wa-ǧāʔū ʔabā-hum ʕišāʔan yabkūna ‘and they came to their father after nightfall weeping’, (night prayer) 24:58 ṣalāẗi ’l-ʕišāʔi ‘the night prayer’. – ʕašiyy (evening) 38:18 yusabbiḥna bi’l-ʕašiyyi wa-bi’l-ʔišrāqi ‘to sing the praises at evening and sunrise’. – ʕašiyyaẗ (one evening) 79:46 lam yalbaṯū ʔillā ʕašiyyaẗan ʔaw ḍuḥā-hā ‘they had not tarried but an evening or the mid-morning following’.
► ʕaṭan, det. ‑à, n., gift, present: could be regarded as etymon but is probably already a specialisation.
► BP#2149ʕaṭāʔ, pl. ʔaʕṭiyaẗ, n., gift, present; (pl. ‑āt) offer, tender; bid (at an auction or on invitation of tenders); bid with cost estimate (com.); vn. I | qaddama ~an, vb., to make an offer or tender, submit a written bid.
► ʕaṭiyyaẗ, pl. ʕaṭāyā, n., gift, present: nominalized pseudo-PP.f.
► miʕṭāʔ, adj.m.f., very liberal, generous (person); productive, yielding well (land): ints.
► muʕāṭāẗ, n., exercise, practice, pursuit (of an activity): vn. III.
► BP#2215ʔiʕṭāʔ, n., donation; presentation, grant(ing), award(ing): vn. IV.
► BP#3612taʕāṭin, det. ‑ī, pursuit, practice (of an activity), handling: vn. VI.
► ĭstiʕṭāʔ, n., begging, mendicity: vn. X.
► muʕṭin, det. ‑ī, n., giver, donor: nominalized PA IV.
► BP#3030muʕṭan, det. ‑à, adj., given: PP IV; (pl. ‑āt), n., given quantity (math.); pl. al-muʕṭayāt, n., the given facts, data, factors: nomin. PP IV.
► mustaʕṭin, det. ‑ī, n., beggar: nominalized PA X.
► BP#515ʕilm, n., knowledge, learning, lore; cognizance, acquaintance; information; cognition, intellection, perception, knowledge; BP#548(pl. ʕulūm) science; pl. al-ʕulūm the (natural) sciences. – For compounds etc. ↗s.v.
► BP#545ʕilmī, adj., scientific; erudite (book); learned (society): nsb-adj from ↗ʕilm.
► ʕilmiyyaẗ, n.f., scientific nature (of s.th.); scientificalness: n.abstr. from ↗ʕilm.
► BP#3467ʕalam, pl. ʔaʕlām, n., sign, token, mark, [etc.]: ↗ʕalam.
► ʕalīm, pl. ʕulamāʔᵘ, adj., knowing; cognizant, informed; learned, erudite; al-ʕ. the Omniscient (one of the attributes of God): ints.
► ʕallām, adj., knowing thoroughly, completely familiar (with): ints.
► BP#4161ʕallāmaẗ, adj., most erudite, very learned:; n., eminent scholar:.
► BP#1552ʕalāmaẗ, pl. ‑āt, n., mark, sign, token [etc.]: ↗ʕalam.
► ʔuʕlūmaẗ, pl. ʔaʕālīmᵘ, n., road sign, signpost, guidepost: ↗ʕalam.
► tiʕlāmaẗ, adj., most erudite, very learned: ↗s.v...
► BP#2288maʕlam, pl. maʕālimᵘ, n., place, abode, locality, spot [etc.]: ↗ʕalam.
► maʕlamaẗ, pl. ‑āt, n., encyclopedia: n.loc.
► BP#388taʕlīm, pl. ‑āt, taʕālīmᵘ, n., information, advice, instruction, direction; teaching, instruction; training, schooling, education; apprenticeship: vn. II, caus.; pl. ‑āt instructions, directions, directives; information, announcements | t. muḫtaliṭ coeducation; t. ʕālin higher education, academic studies; fann al-t. pedagogy, pedagogics; t. al-bāliġīn and t. al-kibār adult education; t. šaʕbī public education:.
► BP#1400taʕlīmī, adj., instructional; educational; didactic: nsb-adj from taʕlīm.
► BP#571ʔiʕlām, n., notification, advice; information; communication; notice: vn. IV, lexicalized | maʕhad al-ʔ., institute of communication; wazīr al-ʔ., minister of information; wasāʔil al-ʔ., communications media, the media:.
► BP#1075ʔiʕlāmī, adj., information, communication (in compounds): nsb-adj from ʔiʕlām.
► BP#3199taʕallum, n., learning, studying, study; education: vn. V.
► ĭstiʕlām, n., inquiry (ʕan about); (pl. ‑āt) information: vn. X | maktab al-ĭ. information office, information desk:.
► BP#869ʕālim, adj., knowing; familiar, acquainted (bi‑ with), cognizant (bi‑ of); n., expert, connoisseur, professional; (pl. ʕulamāʔᵘ), adj., learned, erudite; n., scholar, savant, scientist: PA I, later lexicalized | ʕ. ṭabīʕī physicist, natural scientist; al-ʕulamāʔ al-muḫtaṣṣūn the specialists, the experts:.
► ʕālimaẗ, n.f., woman of learning, woman scholar: PA I; (eg., pronounced ʕalmaẗ) singer, chanteuse, belly dancer: ↗s.v..
► ʕālimiyyaẗ, n.f., learnedness, scholarliness, erudition, rank or dignity of a ʕālim; rank of scholarship, conferred by diploma, of the Great Mosque in Tunis and of AI-Azhar in Cairo: n.abstr. from ʕālim.
► BP#3600ʔaʕlamᵘ, adj., having more knowledge; more learned; el. formation from ʕālim | ăllāhu ʔ. God knows best:.
► BP#2631maʕlūm, adj., known; fixed, determined, given; of course! certainly! sure! no doubt! (as an affirmative reply); known quantity (math.); al-m. the active voice (gram.): PP I; — (pl. maʕālīmᵘ) fixed sum, fixed rate (money); fixed income; tax, duty, fee; sum, amount, cost(s) | m. al-ḥayawānāt impost on livestock (Tun.):.
► BP#412maʕlūmaẗ, n.f., known fact, a given fact; given quantity (math.); pl. ‑āt knowledge, information; data, facts, details (which one has, or has received, ʕan about): n.u. of PP I | ǧamʕ al-m.āt data gathering:.
► BP#4695maʕlūmātī, adj., informatics, information science: nsb-adj from maʕlūmāt, pl. of maʕlūmaẗ.
► maʕlūmiyyaẗ, n.f., fact or state of being known, notoriety (of s.th.): n.abstr. in ‑iyyaẗ from maʕlūm.
► BP#899muʕallim, pl. ‑ūn, n., teacher, instructor; master (of a trade, etc.): nominalized PA II | m. al-ĭʕtirāf father-confessor, confessor:.
► muʕallimaẗ, pl. ‑āt, n., woman teacher, woman instructor: nominalized PA II, f.
► muʕallam, adj., taught, instructed, trained, schooled: PP II; m. ʕalayh designated, marked | m. ʕalayh bi’l-ʔaḥmar PP II of ↗ʕalima, from ↗ʕilm.
► mutaʕallim, adj., educated; able to read and write, literate: PA V; n., an educated person: nominalization.
► BP#93ʕālam n.: ↗s.v..
► BP#308ʕālamī, adj.: ↗ʕālam.
► ʕālamiyyaẗ, n. ↗ʕālam.
► BP#4288ʕalmānī, var. ʕā̆lmānī, adj./n.: ↗s.v..
For other compounds look up the second word.
ṭālib ʕilm, n., student:.
kulliyyaẗ al-ʕulūm, n., the Faculty of Science (of a university):.
► BP#377ʕalima, a (ʕilm), vb. I, to know, have knowledge, be cognizant, be aware (bi‑ of s.th.), be informed, be familiar, be acquainted (with s.th.); to perceive, discern (bi‑ or DO s.th.), find out, learn, come to know; to distinguish, differentiate (min from): vn. I.
► BP#3450ʕallama, vb. II, to teach, instruct, brief; to train, school, educate: caus. I, denom. – For other meanings ↗ʕalam.
► ʔaʕlama, vb. IV, to let know, tell, notify, advice, apprise, inform (bi‑, of or about s.th.), acquaint: caus. of I.
► BP#1179taʕallama, vb. V, to learn, study; to know: pseudo-pass. of II.
► ĭstaʕlama, vb. X, to inquire, ask, query (ʕan about), inform o.s. (ʕan about), gather information: autoben., t-stem of IV.
► BP#545ʕilmī, adj., scientific; erudite (book); learned (society): nsb-adj.
► ʕilmiyyaẗ, n.f., scientific nature (of s.th.); scientificalness: n.abstr. in ‑iyyaẗ.
► ʕalīm, pl. ʕulamāʔᵘ, adj., knowing; cognizant, informed; learned, erudite; al-ʕ. the Omniscient (one of the attributes of God): ints. (possessing much ʕilm)
► ʕallām, adj., knowing thoroughly, completely familiar (with): ints.
► BP#4161ʕallāmaẗ, adj., most erudite, very learned: ints.; n., eminent scholar: nominalized and lexicalized.
► tiʕlāmaẗ, adj., most erudite, very learned: ↗s.v.
► maʕlamaẗ, pl. ‑āt, n., encyclopedia: n.loc. (place where ʕilm can be found).
► BP#388taʕlīm, pl. ‑āt, taʕālīmᵘ, n., information, advice, instruction, direction; teaching, instruction; training, schooling, education; apprenticeship: vn. II, caus., denom.; pl. ‑āt instructions, directions, directives; information, announcements | t. muḫtaliṭ coeducation; t. ʕālin higher education, academic studies; fann al-t. pedagogy, pedagogics; t. al-bāliġīn and t. al-kibār adult education; t. šaʕbī public education:.
► BP#1400taʕlīmī, adj., instructional; educational; didactic: nsb-adj from taʕlīm.
► BP#571ʔiʕlām, n., notification, advice; information; communication; notice: vn. IV, lexicalized | maʕhad al-ʔ., institute of communication; wazīr al-ʔ., minister of information; wasāʔil al-ʔ., communications media, the media:.
► BP#1075ʔiʕlāmī, adj., information, communication (in compounds): nsb-adj from ʔiʕlām.
► BP#3199taʕallum, n., learning, studying, study; education: vn. V.
► ĭstiʕlām, n., inquiry (ʕan about); (pl. ‑āt) information: vn. X | maktab al-ĭ. information office, information desk:.
► BP#899muʕallim, pl. ‑ūn, n., teacher, instructor; master (of a trade, etc.): nominalized PA II | m. al-ĭʕtirāf father-confessor, confessor:.
► muʕallimaẗ, pl. ‑āt, n., woman teacher, woman instructor: nominalized PA II, f.
► mutaʕallim, adj., educated; able to read and write, literate: PA V; n., an educated person: nominalization.
For other items of ʕLM cf. ↗ʕalam, ↗ʕalima, ↗ʕālim, ↗ʕālimaẗ, ↗ʕālam, ↗ʕalmānī.
For other items of ʕLM ↗ʕalima, ↗ʕilm, ↗ʕālim, ↗ʕālimaẗ, ↗ʕālam, ↗ʕalmānī.
► BP#308ʕālamī, adj., worldly, secular, world (adj.); international; world-wide, worldfamous, enjoying world-wide renown
► ʕālamiyyaẗ, n.f., internationality: n.abstr. in ‑iyyaẗ.
► BP#4288ʕalmānī, var. ʕā̆lmānī, adj., laic, lay; (pl. ‑ūn) layman (in distinction from the clergy):.
► BP#4288ʕalmāniyyaẗ, n.f., secularism: n.abstr. in ‑iyyaẗ.
► BP#2842ʕawlamaẗ, n.f., globalization: neologism, calqued from ʕālam.
► BP#281ʕumr (ʕamr in oaths), pl. ʔaʕmār, n., life, duration of life, life span, lifetime; age (of a person) | la-ʕamrī upon my life! la-ʕamru ’llāhi by the everlasting existence of God! by the Eternal God! ḏāt al-ʕumrayn amphibian (n.); ʕumruhū ʕišrūna sanatan he is twenty years old.
► BP#4721ʕumrī, adj., age-related, age-based, age group: nsb-adj from ʕumr.
► ʕamraẗ, n.f., 1 headgear (e.g., turban); 2 (eg.) repair, repair work:.
► BP#4852ʕumraẗ, n.f., pilgrimage to Mecca (the so-called ‘minor hadj’ which, unlike the hadj proper, need not be performed at a particular time of the year and whose performance involves fewer ceremonies):
► ʕumrà, donation for life (Isl. Law): el.f.
► ʕamāraẗ, n.f., (naval) fleet:.
► BP#2892ʕimāraẗ, pl. ‑āt, ʕamāʔirᵘ, n., building, edifice, structure; real estate, tract lot; al-ʕ., fann al-ʕ., or handasaẗ al-ʕ., architecture, art of building: vn. I.
► ʕumrān, n., inhabitedness, populousness, thriving, flourishing, prosperity (as opposed to ↗ḫarāb); luxuriance, lushness; civilization; construction of houses; building trade, architecture: vn. I.
► BP#4095ʕumrānī, adj., civilized; populous and flourishing (country, region); civilizational, serving or concerning the development of civilization; constructional, construction (in compounds), architectonic, architectural: nsb-adj from ʕumrān | taḫṭīṭ ʕ., n., architectural planning.
► ʕammāriyyaẗ, n.f., camel-borne sedan and the virgin riding in it into battle:
► ʔaʕmarᵘ, adj., more inhabited, more populated, more populous; more cultivated, more civilized; more flourishing, more thriving: elat.
► miʕmār, n., builder, architect; mason:
► miʕmārī, adj., architectonic, architectural: nsb-adj from miʕmār; — (pl. ‑ūn), n., builder, architect; mason: nominalized nisba | muhandis m., n., builder, architect; al-fann al-m., n., art of building, architecture.
► taʕmīr, n., building, construction, erection; restoration, repair, overhauling, refurbishing, reconditioning; renovation of old buildings; development (of an area); reconstruction (eg., of a country’s industry); filling, filling-up; (tun.) filling out (of a form): vn. II
► taʕmīraẗ, n.f., filling, fllling-up: vn. II, n.vic.
► BP#2592ʔiʕmār, n., construction, building, development: vn. IV.
► BP#3055ĭstiʕmār, n., colonizing, colonization, foundation of colonies; colonialism (pol.), colonial rule: vn. X | al-ĭ. al-jadīd, n., neo-colonialism:
► BP#4561ĭstiʕmārī, adj., colonial; colonizer: nsb-adj from ĭstiʕmār.
► ĭstiʕmāriyyaẗ, n.f., colonialism (pol.): n.abstr. in iyyaẗ, coined from ĭstiʕmār.
► ʕāmir, adj., inhabited; peopled, populated, populous; full, filled, filled up; jammed, crowded, filled to capacity (bi‑ with); amply provided, splendidly furnished; civilized; cultivated (land); flourishing, thriving, prosperous: PA I; al-ʕāmir is a frequent epithet of castles, palaces, etc., of ruling houses | ʕ. bi’l-ʔamal, adj., full of hope; ʕ. al-jayb, adj., with a full pocket; ʕ. al-ḏimmaẗi li obliged to s.o., committed to s.o.; ʕ. al-nafs bi , adj., obsessed by, possessed by; ʔumm ʕ., n., hyena (zool.); nuhūd ʕāmiraẗ, n.pl., voluptuous bosoms :
► BP#4930maʕmūr, adj., inhabited, populated, populous: PP I; al-m. or al-maʕmūraẗ, n., the (inhabited) world | fī kull ʔanḥāʔ al-m.(aẗ), adv., all over the world, throughout the world.
► muʕammir, pl. ‑ūn, adj./n., colonist; colonizer: PA II.
► muʕammar, pl. ‑ūn, adj., senior (in sports): PP II from ʕumr.
► mustaʕmir, adj., colonial, imperialistic: PA X; — (pl. ‑ūn), n., settler, colonist; colonizer; foreign conqueror, invader; imperialist: nominalized PA X.
► mustaʕmaraẗ, pl. ‑āt, n., colony, settlement: nominalized PP X. | m. mustaqillaẗ, n., dominion :
For ʕamara ‘to live long’:
▪ BDB1906: Hbr ʕāmrî ‘Omri, king of Israel’, Ar n.pr. ʕumar, ʕamr, ʕāmir, etc.
► BP#281ʕumr (ʕamr in oaths), pl. ʔaʕmār, n., life, duration of life, life span, lifetime; age (of a person) | la-ʕamrī upon my life! la-ʕamru ’llāhi by the everlasting existence of God! by the Eternal God! ḏāt al-ʕumrayn amphibian (n.); ʕumruhū ʕišrūna sanatan he is twenty years old.
► BP#4721ʕumrī, adj., age-related, age-based, age group: nsb-adj from ʕumr.
► ʕumrà, donation for life (Isl. Law): el.f.
► ʕamraẗ, n.f., (eg.) repair, repair work:. – For another meaning see s.v..
► BP#2892ʕimāraẗ, pl. ‑āt, ʕamāʔirᵘ, n., building, edifice, structure; real estate, tract lot; al-ʕ., fann al-ʕ., or handasaẗ al-ʕ., architecture, art of building: vn. I.
► ʕumrān, n., inhabitedness, populousness, thriving, flourishing, prosperity (as opposed to ↗ḫarāb); luxuriance, lushness; civilization; construction of houses; building trade, architecture: vn. I.
► BP#4095ʕumrānī, adj., civilized; populous and flourishing (country, region); civilizational, serving or concerning the development of civilization; constructional, construction (in compounds), architectonic, architectural: nsb-adj from ʕumrān | taḫṭīṭ ʕ., n., architectural planning.
► ʔaʕmarᵘ, adj., more inhabited, more populated, more populous; more cultivated, more civilized; more flourishing, more thriving: elat.
► miʕmār, n., builder, architect; mason:
► miʕmārī, adj., architectonic, architectural: nsb-adj from miʕmār; — (pl. ‑ūn), n., builder, architect; mason: nominalized nisba | muhandis m., n., builder, architect; al-fann al-m., n., art of building, architecture.
► taʕmīr, n., building, construction, erection; restoration, repair, overhauling, refurbishing, reconditioning; renovation of old buildings; development (of an area); reconstruction (eg., of a country’s industry); filling, filling-up; (tun.) filling out (of a form): vn. II
► taʕmīraẗ, n.f., filling, fllling-up: vn. II, n.vic.
► BP#2592ʔiʕmār, n., construction, building, development: vn. IV.
► BP#3055ĭstiʕmār, n., colonizing, colonization, foundation of colonies; colonialism (pol.), colonial rule: vn. X | al-ĭ. al-jadīd, n., neo-colonialism:
► BP#4561ĭstiʕmārī, adj., colonial; colonizer: nsb-adj from ĭstiʕmār.
► ĭstiʕmāriyyaẗ, n.f., colonialism (pol.): n.abstr. in iyyaẗ, coined from ĭstiʕmār.
► ʕāmir, adj., inhabited; peopled, populated, populous; full, filled, filled up; jammed, crowded, filled to capacity (bi‑ with); amply provided, splendidly furnished; civilized; cultivated (land); flourishing, thriving, prosperous: PA I; al-ʕāmir is a frequent epithet of castles, palaces, etc., of ruling houses | ʕ. bi’l-ʔamal, adj., full of hope; ʕ. al-jayb, adj., with a full pocket; ʕ. al-ḏimmaẗi li obliged to s.o., committed to s.o.; ʕ. al-nafs bi , adj., obsessed by, possessed by; ʔumm ʕ., n., hyena (zool.); nuhūd ʕāmiraẗ, n.pl., voluptuous bosoms :
► BP#4930maʕmūr, adj., inhabited, populated, populous: PP I; al-m. or al-maʕmūraẗ, n., the (inhabited) world | fī kull ʔanḥāʔ al-m.(aẗ), adv., all over the world, throughout the world.
► muʕammir, pl. ‑ūn, adj./n., colonist; colonizer: PA II.
► muʕammar, pl. ‑ūn, adj., senior (in sports): PP II from ʕumr.
► mustaʕmir, adj., colonial, imperialistic: PA X; — (pl. ‑ūn), n., settler, colonist; colonizer; foreign conqueror, invader; imperialist: nominalized PA X.
► mustaʕmaraẗ, pl. ‑āt, n., colony, settlement: nominalized PP X. | m. mustaqillaẗ, n., dominion.
For other items of √ʕMR cf. ↗ʕumraẗ, ↗ʕamraẗ, ↗ʕamāraẗ, and ↗ʕammāriyyaẗ.
► ʕamara, u, i (ʕamr, ʕumr), vb. I, to live long, be longevous: denom.?
► BP#4721ʕumrī, adj., age-related, age-based, age group: nsb-adj.
► ʕumrà, donation for life (Isl. Law): el.f.
► muʕammar, pl. ‑ūn, adj., senior (in sports): PP II from ʕumr.
Cf. also ↗ʕamVra.
► BP#4561ĭstiʕmārī, adj., colonial; colonizer: nsb-adj.
► ĭstiʕmāriyyaẗ, n.f., colonialism (pol.): n.abstr. in ‑iyyaẗ, coined from ĭstiʕmār.
► tafāʔala, vb. VI, to regard as a good omen, as an auspicious beginning; to be optimistic: denom.
► BP#3721tafāʔul, n., optimism: vn. VI.
► BP#4971mutafāʔil, adj., optimistic; n., optimist: PA VI.
Apart from this value, Lane vi (1877) has also
▪ †FRT_2: as in farita a ‘to become weak in o.’s intellect, after having possessed ample intelligence’
▪ †FRT_3: farata i u (fart) ‘to act vitiously, or unrighteously; to commit adultery, fornication’, to which according to some also belongs (al-) fartanā ‘fornicatress, adultress, female slave’, obviously a loanword (from ?) but related by many lexicographers to √FRT (though others say it is from √FRTN), from which is also the invective ibn al-fartanā ‘son of the female slave that is a fornicatrice; low, ignoble, mean, sordid’
▪ †FRT_4: firt, var. fitr ‘space measured by the extension of the thumb and forefinger’
► fusḥaẗ, n.f., 1 wideness, ampleness, spaciousness, roominess; 2 extensive possibilities, ample opportunities, wide scope for action; 3 (time) margin, enough time; — 4 (pl. fusaḥ, ‑āt) free, open, or empty, space; 5 holidays, vacation; 6 walk, promenade, stroll, ride, drive, outing, excursion:…
► fasḥaẗ, n.f., pl. ‑āt, 1 (eg.) anteroom, vestibule, hallway, entrance hall; 2 (eg., also syr.) open space between houses; 3 courtyard:…
► BP#4091fasīḥ, n., pl. fisāḥ, wide, ample, spacious, roomy, broad:.
► ĭnfisāḥ, n., 1 wideness, ampleness; 2 extension, expansion, dilation: vn. VII.
► munfasaḥ, n., 1 wideness, ampleness; 2 plane, surface: n.loc. VII.
For other meanings ↗fasaḫa.
fasḫ, n., (jur.) cancellation, abolishment, abolition, rescission, revocation, abrogation, annulment, nullification, invalidation, diasolving, voiding, vacating: lexicalized vn. I. – Lane vi 1877: »In the traditional language of the philosophers, al-fasḫ signifies †the transmigration of the rational soul of a human being from his body to (some one of) the inanimate, not increasing, bodies, such as the minerals, or metals, and the simple elements, or to a plant [sources given].«
► fasḫī, adj., abolitionary, revocatory, abrogative, nullifying: nsb-adj from fasḫ.
► fasḫaẗ, n.f., (wood) splinter, chip, sliver:.
mutafassiḫ, adj., degenerate(d): PA V.
For other items of √FṢḤ cf. ↗fasiḫa and ↗fasīḫ.
For other items of √FṢḤ cf. ↗fasiḫa and ↗fasīḫ.
► faṣīḥ pl. fuṣaḥāʔᵘ, fiṣāḥ, fuṣuḥ, adj., 1 pure, good Arabic (language), literary; 2 skillful in using the correct literary language; 3 clear, plain, distinct, intelligible (language, speech); 4 fluent, eloquent: quasi-PP, adj. formation.
► faṣāḥaẗ, n.f., 1 purity of the language; 2 fluency, eloquence: vn. I.
► ʔafṣaḥᵘ, f. fuṣḥà, adj., 1 of purer language; 2 more eloquent: elat. | (al-ʕarabiyyaẗ, al-luġaẗ) al-fuṣḥà, adj./n. f., classical Arabic.
► ʔifṣāḥ, n., 1 flawless literary Arabic style; 2 frank statement, open word (ʕan about), open declaration: vn. IV.
► mufṣiḥ, adj., 1 clear, plain, distinct, intelligible; 2 cloudless, sunny, bright (day): PA IV; [v2] shows the closest affinity to what may be the etymon proper, namely †faṣaḥa, a (faṣḥ), ‘to appear in all its splendour (dawn)’.
► fiṣḥ, faṣḥ n., pl. fuṣūḥ, 1 Easter (Chr.); 2 Pesach, Passover (Jud.): interpreted by some as belonging together with faṣuḥa; but this is probably wrong, cf. ↗fiṣḥ, incl. deriv. ʔafṣaḥa, vb. IV, 1 to celebrate Easter (Chr.); 2 to celebrate Passover (Jud.).
► ʔifṣāḥ, n., 1 flawless literary Arabic style; 2 frank statement, open word (ʕan about), open declaration: vn. IV.
► mufṣiḥ, adj., 1 clear, plain, distinct, intelligible; 2 cloudless, sunny, bright (day): PA IV; [v2] shows the closest affinity to what may be the etymon proper, namely †faṣaḥa, a (faṣḥ), ‘to appear in all its splendour (dawn)’.
In addition to these values, ClassAr has also:
▪ QRW_3 ‘to approach s.o.; to betake o.s., wend o.’s way, turn to’
▪ QRW_4 ‘back’ (n.)
▪ QRW_5 ‘manner, mode; custom’
▪ QRW_6 ‘to collect, store’
▪ QRW_7 ‘hydrocele, hernia, orchiocele/scrotal hernia’.
Partial overlap with ↗QRY.
Not related but loanword: ↗qayrawān ‘caravan’.
In addition to these values, ClassAr has also:
▪ †QRY_4 ‘to flow together; place where water (or juice etc.) flows together; bassin, reservoir, pool, trough, cup’
▪ †QRY_5 ‘(kind of auspicious bird); hence good omen; generous person’
▪ †QRY_6 ‘to collect, store’
▪ †QRY_7 ‘to travel across the country, perambulate (in search or pursuit of s.th.)’
▪ †QRY_8 ‘to follow with o.’s eyes, observe’
▪ There is also partial overlapping with ↗QRW.
Not related but loanword:
↗qayrawān ‘caravan’.
► qiran, det. al-qirà, n., hospitable reception, entertainment (of a guest): vn. I; meal served to a guest: synekd. use of vn. I.
► BP#665qaryaẗ ↗s.v.
► qarawī: ↗qaryaẗ; from Kairouan, inhabitant of K.; a member of al-Qarawiya College in Fès (Morocco): nsb-adj.
► qarawiyyaẗ: ↗qaryaẗ
► miqran, det. al-miqrà, adj., very hospitable: ints.
► miqrāʔ, adj., very hospitable: ints.
► qārin, det. al-qārī, n., villager: PA I (?)
Is also qariyyaẗ, pl. qarāyā, n., yard (naut.) related ?
► qarawī, adj., village-, country- (in compounds), rustic, rural; peasant (adj.): nsb-adj; (pl. ‑ūn) villager, rustic, countryman, inhabitant of the country: nominalized nisba.
► qarawiyyaẗ, n.f., countrywoman, peasant woman: nominalized nisba.