engl▪ ʕBD_1 ‘slave; bondsman, servant; worshipper’ ↗ʕabd
▪ ʕBD_2 ‘to make passable for traffic (a road)’: ʕabbada ↗ʕabd
▪ ʕBD_3 ‘a variety of melon’: EgAr ʕabdallāwī ↗ʕabd
▪ ʕBD_4 ‘Abadan (island and town in W Iran)’: ↗ʕabbādān ♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘slave, servant, to enslave; obedience, submission, to worship, to adore; to tan camel hide, to tar a boat’. – Some scholars, apparently with no evidence save for the assumption that spiritual concepts are foreign to Arabic per se, attribute the concept of worshipping associated with some derivatives of this root to a borrowing from other Semitic languages. Al-Suyūṭī quotes Abū ’l-Qāsim’s suggestion that the sense of ‘to enslave’ is a borrowing from Nab.