Bibliotheca Polyglotta

▪ YRʕ_1 ‘to be a coward, be chickenhearted’ ↗yariʕa (with ³yarāʕ ‘coward’)
▪ YRʕ_2 ‘reed; reed pen, (writing) pen’ ↗¹yarāʕ (n.un. ¹yarāʕaẗ, obs. also ^†‘reed pipe, clarinet’)
▪ YRʕ_3 ‘glowworm, firefly’ ↗²yarāʕ (n.un. ²yarāʕaẗ, obs. also ‘Cicindela; mosquito, gnat’)

Other values, now obsolete, include (Hava1899) :

▪ ^†YRʕ_4 ‘young calf’ : ^†yarʕ
▪ ^†YRʕ_5 ‘ostrich’ : ^†yarāʕaẗ

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▪ [gnrl] : The root √YRʕ displays an amazing variety of values for which it seems difficult to find a common denominator. We may distinguish 5 main ideas, of which only [v1] and [v2] may be connected (see next paragraph).
▪ Nöldeke1910 (NBSS) 206 thought [v1] *‘cowardness’ was fig. use based on [v2] ‘reed, cane’, a cowardly person being as weak and submissive as reed bowing under the wind. – Cf., however, verbal cognates for [v1] given in DRS 7 (see below, section COGN).
▪ [v1] : DRS lists yariʕa ‘to be a coward, be chickenhearted’ twice : once in entry DRS 10 (2012) #YRʕ-4 (without mentioning any cognates), and earlier in DRS 7 (1997) #WRʔ/ʕ~YRʔ/ʕ-1 where it is listed as cognate with (Ug), Hbr items as well as Ar parallels from √WRʕ meaning ‘to fear, shy away from s.th.’, perh. also with another group, #WRʔ/ʕ~YRʔ/ʕ-2 (see below, section COGN), about the belonging of which the authors express some doubt (»?«).
▪ [v2] = DRS #YRʕ-3 : ¹yarāʕ ‘reed; reed pen, (writing) pen’ : etymology obscure.
▪ [v3] = DRS #YRʕ-2 : ²yarāʕ ‘glowworm, firefly’, ^†²yarāʕaẗ ‘Cicindela; mosquito, gnat’ : cognates in Aram, but elso without furthur etymology.
▪ ^†[v4] = DRS #YRʕ-5 : ^†yarʕ ‘young calf’: prob. metathesis of likewise obsol. ^†yaʕr ‘goat, goat thrown into a pit to attrack lions or wolves’ which has cognates in Hbr and Te as well as outside Sem, all (accord. to MilitarevKogan2005 SED II #248) from AfrAs *w/yaʕr‑ / *w/yarʕ‑ ‘(young of) ungulate’ (≙ OrelStolbova1994 HSED #1112 AfrAs *ʕor‑ ‘goat’).
▪ ^†[v5] ^†yarāʕaẗ ‘ostrich’: etymology obscure; prob. related to [v1] (ostrich as *‘coward’) or [v2] (likening the ostrich’s long neck to a ‘reed’).

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▪ [gnrl] DRS 10 (2012) #YRʕ-1 Hbr yᵉrīʕā, TargAram yərīʕtā, Syr yārīʕtā ‘toile de tente, étoffe de tente’.¹ -2 yarrīʕā, Ar yarāʕ ‘ver luisant; sorte de cousin (insecte)’. -3 yarāʕaẗ ‘roseau pour écrire (taillé ou encore non taillé)’; yarāʕaẗ ‘clarinette’. -4 Ar yariʕa ‘être poltron’. -5 yarʕ ‘veau’.
▪ [v1] DRS 7 (1997) #WRʔ/ʕ~YRʔ/ʕ-1 Ug *yrʔ, Hbr yārēʔ ‘craindre’, *yāraʕ ‘trembler, manquer de courage’, EmpAram yrʕ ‘faire tort à’, JudPalAram yaraʕ ‘désespérer’, Ar wariʕa ‘être pieux, craignant Dieu, faible, peureux’, waraʕ ‘crainte pieuse, piété’, waraʕa ‘s’abstenir des choses illicites’, warraʕa, ʔawraʕa ‘détourner des choses illicites’, yariʕa ‘être peureux, poltron’, yarāʕ, waraʕ ‘poltron; faible, petit’, HispAr *wāriʕ ‘chaste’.² -?2 Ar waraʔa ‘repousser, pousser violemment’,³ warraʕa ‘ramener (le troupeau) de l’abreuvoir’, wāraʕa ‘discuter’, warraʕa, ʔawraʕa, tawarraʕa ‘repousser, s’interposer’; HispAr warraʕ ‘effrayer’, tawarraʕ ‘craindre’, ʕOmAr warraʕ ‘ramener (bêtes, gens)’, Sab hwrʕ ‘intimider, arrêter, repousser; (faire) revenir’, Mhr həwrā ‘faire revenir, ramener (bêtes, gens); tenir à l’écart (les mauvais esprits)’, Ḥrs awrā ‘ramener (le bétail) au soir’, Te wära ‘menacer, battre’; ? wärʕ ‘eau bénite, magique’, wärʕa ‘asperger (d’eau bénite, magique)’; ? Tña wəruʕ ‘vaniteux’. -3-6 [...].
▪ ^†[v4] : if metathesis of ^†yaʕr ‘goat, goat thrown into a pit to attrack lions or wolves’, then compare (with MilitarevKogan2005 SED II #248), Hbr yaʕᵃrā ‘kid’ and Te warʕe ‘mountain-goat’ ; outside Sem : Eg (Med) ʕr ‘goat’, (WCh) Montol Gerka ur, Kulere war ‘he-goat’, (ECh) Lele ōrē ‘goats’, (NOmot) Male wari ‘goat’ [...].

1. Hbr > Aram – Nöldeke ZDMG 26 :647. 2. (ad #1 and #2) On trouve aussi en Ar, s. ↗√ʕWR, les valeurs ici relevées s. 1 et 2. – EmpAram: lecture incertaine. – Perh. related to ↗Rʕʕ ‘casser en morceaux’; […] for Ar see esp. Nöldeke[1910] NBSS 206 : »Täuschend ist noch die Ähnlichkeit von WRʕ ‘scheu’ in mancherlei Formen und Bedeutungsnuancen mit ↗yarāʕ oder yarāʕaẗ ‘Feigling’ […], denn da haben wir das bekannte Wort, das ‘Rohr’ bedeutet und das als Bild für dem schwachen, feigen Menschen gebraucht wird. […] Wenn das Abstraktum yaraʕ ‘Feigheit’ (Qāmūs) echt ist, so ist es erst von yarāʕ in dieser Bedeutung gebildet.« 3. See also ↗WRʔ~WRY.

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▪ [v1] : Kogan2015: 315 #76: Ug yrʔ ‘to be afraid’, Hbr yrʔ ‘to fear’ : »There is no immediate etymological parallel to protCan *yrʔ ‘to be afraid,’ which, at least in Hbr, has become the basic verb with this meaning. Hypothetical cognates (DRS 483, 615‒616) involve either metathesis (Ar wʔr ‘to frighten’) or consonantal variation (↗wrʕ ‘to fear’).«

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