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ā ī ū ṛ ṝ ḷ
ḹ ’ ṃ ḥ ṅ ñ
ṭ ḍ ṇ ṣ ś ź
š č ǰ γ    
Note on the transliteration:
The transliteration system of the BP/TLB is based on the Unicode/UTF-8 system. However, there may be difficulties with some of the letters – particularly on PC/Windows-based systems, but not so much on the Mac. We have chosen the most accepted older and traditional systems of transliteration against, e.g, Wylie for Tibetan, since with Unicode it is possible, in Sanskrit and Tibetan, etc., to represent one sound with one letter in almost all the cases (excepting Sanskrit and Tibetan aspirated letters, and Tibetan tsa, tsha, dza). We thus do not use the Wylie system which widely employs two letters for one sound (ng, ny, sh, zh etc.).
 
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Nāgārjuna: Mūlamadhyamakakārikā
    Click to Expand/Collapse Option Complete text
Click to Expand/Collapse OptionTitle
Click to Expand/Collapse OptionPreface
Click to Expand/Collapse OptionChapters I-V
Click to Expand/Collapse OptionChapters VI-X
Click to Expand/Collapse OptionChapters XI-XV
Click to Expand/Collapse OptionChapters XVI-XX
Click to Expand/Collapse OptionChapters XXI-XXV
Click to Expand/Collapse OptionChapters XXVI-XXVII
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  svayaṃ kṛtaṃ parakṛtaṃ dvābhyāṃ kṛtam ahetukam |
duḥkham ity eka icchanti tac ca kāryaṃ na yujyate || 1 || 
中論觀苦品第十二(十偈)  自作及他作 共作無因作
如是說諸苦 於果則不然 
  kha cig sdug bsngal bdag gis byas | | gzhan gyis byas dang gnyi gas byas | |
rgyu med pa las ’byung bar ’dod | | de ni bya bar mi rung ngo | | 
[Chapter] 12: An Analysis of Sorrow (dukkha) (suffering)  1. Some say:
Sorrow (dukkha) is produced by oneself (i), or by another (ii), or by both [itself and another] (iii), or from no cause at all (iv);
But [to consider] that [sorrow (dukkha)] as what is produced is not possible. 
Investigation of Anguish  Some assert that anguish arises from being made by self, made by other, by both, without cause. To do that is not suitable. 
   
(20) ＊中論 觀苦品第十二 十偈  (21)有人説曰 (22)自作及他作 共作無因作(23)如是説諸苦 於果則不然(24)有人言。苦惱自作。或言他作。或言亦自作亦(25)他作。或言無因作。於果皆不然。於果皆不(26)然者。衆生以衆縁致苦。厭苦欲求滅。不(27)知苦惱實因縁有四種謬。 
   
   
   
svayaṃ kṛtaṃ yadi bhavet pratītya na tato bhavet |
skandhān imān amī skandhāḥ saṃbhavanti pratītya hi || 2 || 
苦若自作者 則不從緣生
因有此陰故 而有彼陰生 
gal te bdag gis byas gyur na | | (5)de phyir brten nas ’byung mi ’gyur | |
gang phyir phung po ’di dag la | | brten nas phung po de dag ’byung | | 
2. If it were produced by itself (i.e. self-causation), it would not exist dependent on something else.
Certainly those “groups of universal elements” (skandhas) exist presupposing these “groups.” 
If it were made by self, therefore it would not be contingently arising, because those aggregates arise contingently on these aggregates. 
 
是故説於果皆(28)不然何以故(29)苦若自作者 則不從縁生(16c1)因有此陰故 而有彼陰生(2)若苦自作。則不從衆縁生。自名從自性(3)生。是事不然。何以故。因前五陰有後五陰(4)生。是故苦不得自作。問曰。若言此五陰作(5)彼五陰者。則是他作。答曰。是事不然。 
 
 
 
yady amībhya ime ’nye syur ebhyo vāmī pare yadi |
bhavet parakṛtaṃ duḥkhaṃ parair ebhir amī kṛtāḥ || 3 || 
若謂此五陰 異彼五陰者
如是則應言 從他而作苦 
gal te ’di las de gzhan zhing | | gal te de las ’di gzhan na | |
sdug bsngal gzhan gyis byas ’gyur zhing | | gzhan de dag gis de byas ’gyur | | 
3. If these were different from those, or if those were different from these,
Sorrow (dukkha) would be produced by something other than itself (i.e. other-causation), because those would be made by these others. 
If that were other than this and if this were other than that, anguish would be made by other and that would be made by those others. 
 
何以(6)故(7)若謂此五陰 異彼五陰者(8)如是則應言 從他而作苦(9)若此五陰與彼五陰異。彼五陰與此五陰(10)異者。應從他作。如縷與布異者。應離縷(11)有布。若離縷無布者。則布不異縷。如是(12)彼五陰異此五陰者。則應離此五陰有彼(13)五陰。若離此五陰無彼五陰者。則此五陰(14)不異彼五陰。是故不應言苦從他作。問曰(15)自作者。是人人自作苦。自受苦。 
 
 
 
svapudgalakṛtaṃ duḥkhaṃ yadi duḥkhaṃ punar vinā |
svapudgalaḥ sa katamo yena duḥkhaṃ svayaṃ kṛtam || 4 || 
若人自作苦 離苦何有人
而謂於彼人 而能自作苦 
gal te gang zag bdag gis ni | | (6)sdug bsngal byas na gang bdag gis | |
sdug bsngal byas pa’i gang zag ni | | sdug bsngal ma gtogs gang zhig yin | | 
4. If sorrow (dukkha) is made through one’s own personality (i) (svapudgala), then one’s own personality would be without sorrow (dukkha);
Who is that “own personality” by which sorrow (dukkha) is self-produced (i)? 
If anguish were made by one’s own person, who would that person be who has made anguish by himself, but is not included in the anguish? 
 
答曰(16)若人自作苦 離苦何有人(17)而謂於彼人 而能自作苦(18)若謂人自作苦者。離五陰苦。何處別有人。(19)而能自作苦。應説是人。而不可説。是故苦(20)非人自作。若謂人不自作苦。他人作苦與(21)此人。者是亦不然。 
 
 
 
parapudgalajaṃ duḥkhaṃ yadi yasmai pradīyate |
pareṇa kṛtvā tad duḥkhaṃ sa duḥkhena vinā kutaḥ || 5 || 
若苦他人作 而與此人者
若當離於苦 何有此人受 
gal te gang zag gzhan las ni | | sdug bsngal ’byung na gzhan zhig gis | |
sdug bsngal de byas gang sbyin de | | sdug bsngal ma gtogs ji ltar rung | | 
5. If sorrow (dukkha) were produced by a different personality (ii) (parapudgala),
How would he, to whom is given that sorrow (dukkha) by another after he had produced it, be without sorrow (dukkha)? 
If anguish arose from another person, how could it be suitable for there to be [someone] not included in the anguish, who has been given it by another who made the anguish? 
 
何以故(22)若苦他人作 而與此人者(23)若當離於苦 何有此人受(24)若他人作苦。與此人者。離五陰無有此(25)人受。 
 
 
 
parapudgalajaṃ duḥkhaṃ yadi kaḥ parapudgalaḥ |
vinā duḥkhena yaḥ kṛtvā parasmai prahiṇoti tat || 6 || 
苦若彼人作 持與此人者
離苦何有人 而能授於此 
gal (7)te gang zag gzhan sdug bsngal | | ’byung na gang gis de byas nas | |
gzhan la ster ba’i gang zag gzhan | | sdug bsngal ma gtogs gang zhig yin | | 
6. If sorrow (dukkha) is produced by a different personality, who is that different personality
Who, while being without sorrow (dukkha), yet makes and transmits that [sorrow (dukkha)] to the other? 
If anguish arose [from] another person, who would that other person be who, having made it, gives it to someone else, but is not included in the anguish? 
 
復次(26)苦若彼人作 持與此人者(27)離苦何有人 而能授於此(28)若謂彼人作苦授與此人者。離五陰苦。何(29)有彼人作苦持與此人。若有者應説其(17a1)相。 
 
 
 
svayaṃ kṛtasyāprasiddher duḥkhaṃ parakṛtaṃ kutaḥ |
paro hi duḥkhaṃ yat kuryāt tat tasya syāt svayaṃ kṛtam || 7 || 
自作若不成 云何彼作苦
若彼人作苦 即亦名自作 
bdag gis byas par ma grub pas | | sdug bsngal gzhan gyis ga la byas | |
gzhan gyis sdug bsngal gang byed pa | | de ni de yi (8a1)bdag byas ’gyur | | 
7. It is not established that sorrow (dukkha) is self-produced (i), [but] how is [sorrow (dukkha)] produced by another (ii)?
Certainly the sorrow (dukkha), which would be produced by another (ii), in his case would be self-produced (i’). 
Since it is not established as made by self, how can anguish have been made by other? [For] whatever anguish is made by other, that has been made by his self. 
 
復次(2)自作若不成 云何彼作苦(3)若彼人作苦 即亦名自作(4)種種因縁彼自作苦不成而言他作苦。是亦(5)不然。何以故。此彼相待故。若彼作苦於彼(6)亦名自作苦。自作苦先已破。汝受自作苦不(7)成故。他作亦不成。 
 
 
 
na tāvat svakṛtaṃ duḥkhaṃ na hi tenaiva tat kṛtam |
paro nātmakṛtaś cet syād duḥkhaṃ parakṛtaṃ katham || 8 || 
苦不名自作 法不自作法
彼無有自體 何有彼作苦 
re zhig sdug bsngal bdag byas min | | de nyid kyis ni de ma byas | |
gal te gzhan bdag ma byas na | | sdug bsngal gzhan byas ga la ’gyur | | 
8. Sorrow (dukkha) is not self-produced (i), for that which is produced is certainly not produced by that [personality].
If the “other” (para) is not produced by the individual self (ātma), how would sorrow (dukkha) be that produced by another? 
Anguish is not made [by] self; that is not made by that itself. If it is not made by an other self, how can anguish be made by other? 
 
復次(8)苦不名自作 法不自作法(9)彼無有自體 何有彼作苦(10)自作苦不然。何以故。如刀不能自割。如是(11)法不能自作法。是故不能自作。他作亦不(12)然。何以故。離苦無彼自性。若離苦有彼自(13)性者。應言彼作苦。彼亦即是苦。云何苦自(14)作苦。問曰。若自作他作不然。應有共作。 
 
 
 
syād ubhābhyāṃ kṛtaṃ duḥkhaṃ syād ekaikakṛtaṃ yadi |
parākārāsvayaṃkāraṃ duḥkham ahetukaṃ kutaḥ || 9 || 
若此彼苦成 應有共作苦
此彼尚無作 何況無因作 
gal te re res byas gyur na | | sdug bsngal gnyis kas byas par ’gyur | |
bdag (2)gis ma byas gzhan ma byas | | sdug bsngal rgyu med ga la ’gyur | | 
9. Sorrow (dukkha) could be made by both [self and the “other”] (iii) if it could be produced by either one.
[But] not produced by another, and not self-produced (iv) —how can sorrow (dukkha) exist without a caused 
If it is made by each, anguish would be made by both. Not made by self, not made by other, how can anguish have no cause? 
 
答(15)曰(16)若此彼苦成 應有共作苦(17)此彼尚無作 何況無因作(18)自作他作猶尚有過。何況無因作。無因多(19)過。如破作作者品中説。 
 
 
 
na kevalaṃ hi duḥkhasya cāturvidhyaṃ na vidyate |
bāhyānām api bhāvānāṃ cāturvidhyaṃ na vidyate || 10 || 
非但說於苦 四種義不成
一切外萬物 四義亦不成 
sdug bsngal ’ba’ zhig rnam pa bzhi | | yod ma yin par ma zad kyi | |
phyi rol dngos po dag la yang | | rnam pa bzhi po yod ma yin | | 
10. Not only are the four [causal] interpretations not possible in respect to sorrow (dukkha),
[but also] none of the four [causal] interpretations is possible even in respect to external things (bhava). 
Not only does anguish alone not have the four aspects, external things too do not have the four aspects. 
 
復次(20)非但説於苦 四種義不成(21)一切外萬物 四義亦不成(22)佛法中雖説五受陰爲苦。有外道人。謂苦(23)受爲苦。是故説。不但説於苦四種義不成。(24)外萬物。地水山木等。一切法皆亦不成 
 
 
 
duḥkhaparīkṣā nāma dvādaśamaṃ prakaraṇaṃ || 
 
bdag gis byas pa dang gzhan gyis byas pa brtag pa zhes bya ba ste rab (3)tu byed pa bcu gnyis pa’o || 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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