Bibliotheca Polyglotta

(γενῶν εἴδη) Μετὰ δὴ ταῦτα δεῖ νοεῖν ὅτι πυρός τε γένη πολλὰ γέγονεν, οἷον φλὸξ τό τε ἀπὸ τῆς φλογὸς ἀπιόν, ὃ κάει μὲν οὔ, φῶς δὲ τοῖς ὄμμασιν παρέχει, τό τε φλογὸς ἀποσβεσθείσης ἐν τοῖς διαπύροις καταλειπόμενον αὐτοῦ· κατὰ ταὐτὰ δὲ ἀέρος, τὸ μὲν εὐαγέστατον ἐπίκλην αἰθὴρ καλούμενος, ὁ δὲ θολερώτατος ὁμίχλη τε καὶ σκότος, ἕτερά τε ἀνώνυμα εἴδη, γεγονότα διὰ τὴν τῶν τριγώνων ἀνισότητα. τὰ δὲ ὕδατος διχῇ μὲν πρῶτον, τὸ μὲν ὑγρόν, τὸ δὲ χυτὸν γένος αὐτοῦ. τὸ μὲν οὖν ὑγρὸν διὰ τὸ μετέχον εἶναι τῶν γενῶν τῶν ὕδατος ὅσα σμικρά, ἀνίσων ὄντων, κινητικὸν αὐτό τε καθ’ αὑτὸ καὶ ὑπ’ ἄλλου διὰ τὴν ἀνωμαλότητα καὶ τὴν τοῦ σχήματος ἰδέαν γέγονεν· τὸ δὲ ἐκ μεγάλων καὶ ὁμαλῶν στασιμώτερον μὲν ἐκείνου καὶ βαρὺ πεπηγὸς ὑπὸ ὁμαλότητός ἐστιν, ὑπὸ δὲ πυρὸς εἰσιόντος καὶ διαλύοντος αὐτὸ τὴν ὁμαλότητα ἀποβάλλει, ταύτην δὲ ἀπολέσαν μετίσχει μᾶλλον κινήσεως, γενόμενον δὲ εὐκίνητον, ὑπὸ τοῦ πλησίον ἀέρος ὠθούμενον καὶ κατατεινόμενον ἐπὶ γῆν, τήκεσθαι μὲν τὴν τῶν ὄγκων καθαίρεσιν, ῥοὴν δὲ τὴν κατάτασιν ἐπὶ γῆν ἐπωνυμίαν ἑκατέρου τοῦ πάθους ἔλαβεν. πάλιν δ’ ἐκπίπτοντος αὐτόθεν τοῦ πυρός, ἅτε οὐκ εἰς κενὸν ἐξιόντος, ὠθούμενος ὁ πλησίον ἀὴρ εὐκίνητον ὄντα ἔτι τὸν ὑγρὸν ὄγκον εἰς τὰς τοῦ πυρὸς ἕδρας συνωθῶν αὐτὸν αὑτῷ συμμείγνυσιν· ὁ δὲ συνωθούμενος ἀπολαμβάνων τε τὴν ὁμαλότητα πάλιν, ἅτε τοῦ τῆς ἀνωμαλότητος δημιουργοῦ πυρὸς ἀπιόντος, εἰς ταὐτὸν αὑτῷ καθίσταται. καὶ τὴν μὲν τοῦ πυρὸς ἀπαλλαγὴν ψῦξιν, τὴν δὲ σύνοδον ἀπελθόντος ἐκείνου πεπηγὸς εἶναι γένος προσερρήθη. τούτων δὴ πάντων ὅσα χυτὰ προσείπομεν ὕδατα, τὸ μὲν ἐκ λεπτοτάτων καὶ ὁμαλωτάτων πυκνότατον γιγνόμενον, μονοειδὲς γένος, στίλβοντι καὶ ξανθῷ χρώματι κοινωθέν, τιμαλφέστατον κτῆμα χρυσὸς ἠθημένος διὰ πέτρας ἐπάγη· χρυσοῦ δὲ ὄζος, διὰ πυκνότητα σκληρότατον ὂν καὶ μελανθέν, ἀδάμας ἐκλήθη. τὸ δ’ ἐγγὺς μὲν χρυσοῦ τῶν μερῶν, εἴδη δὲ πλείονα ἑνὸς ἔχον, πυκνότητι δέ, τῇ μὲν χρυσοῦ πυκνότερον ὄν, καὶ γῆς μόριον ὀλίγον καὶ λεπτὸν μετασχόν, ὥστε σκληρότερον εἶναι, τῷ δὲ μεγάλα ἐντὸς αὑτοῦ διαλείμματα ἔχειν κουφότερον, τῶν λαμπρῶν πηκτῶν τε ἓν γένος ὑδάτων χαλκὸς συσταθεὶς γέγονεν· τὸ δ’ ἐκ γῆς αὐτῷ μειχθέν, ὅταν παλαιουμένω διαχωρίζησθον πάλιν ἀπ’ ἀλλήλων, ἐκφανὲς καθ’ αὑτὸ γιγνόμενον ἰὸς λέγεται. τἆλλα δὲ τῶν τοιούτων οὐδὲν ποικίλον ἔτι διαλογίσασθαι τὴν τῶν εἰκότων μύθων μεταδιώκοντα ἰδέαν· ἣν ὅταν τις ἀναπαύσεως ἕνεκα τοὺς περὶ τῶν ὄντων ἀεὶ καταθέμενος λόγους, τοὺς γενέσεως πέρι διαθεώμενος εἰκότας ἀμεταμέλητον ἡδονὴν κτᾶται, μέτριον ἂν ἐν τῷ βίῳ παιδιὰν καὶ φρόνιμον ποιοῖτο. ταύτῃ δὴ καὶ τὰ νῦν ἐφέντες τὸ μετὰ τοῦτο τῶν αὐτῶν πέρι τὰ ἑξῆς εἰκότα δίιμεν τῇδε. τὸ πυρὶ μεμειγμένον ὕδωρ, ὅσον λεπτὸν ὑγρόν τε διὰ τὴν κίνησιν καὶ τὴν ὁδὸν ἣν κυλινδούμενον ἐπὶ γῆς ὑγρὸν λέγεται, μαλακόν τε αὖ τῷ τὰς βάσεις ἧττον ἑδραίους οὔσας ἢ τὰς γῆς ὑπείκειν, τοῦτο ὅταν πυρὸς ἀποχωρισθὲν ἀέρος τε μονωθῇ, γέγονεν μὲν ὁμαλώτερον, συνέωσται δὲ ὑπὸ τῶν ἐξιόντων εἰς αὑτό, παγέν τε οὕτως τὸ μὲν ὑπὲρ γῆς μάλιστα παθὸν ταῦτα χάλαζα, τὸ δ’ ἐπὶ γῆς κρύσταλλος, τὸ δὲ ἧττον, ἡμιπαγές τε ὂν ἔτι, τὸ μὲν ὑπὲρ γῆς αὖ χιών, τὸ δ’ ἐπὶ γῆς συμπαγὲν ἐκ δρόσου γενόμενον πάχνη λέγεται. τὰ δὲ δὴ πλεῖστα ὑδάτων εἴδη μεμειγμένα ἀλλήλοις - σύμπαν μὲν τὸ γένος, διὰ τῶν ἐκ γῆς φυτῶν ἠθημένα, χυμοὶ λεγόμενοι - διὰ δὲ τὰς μείξεις ἀνομοιότητα ἕκαστοι σχόντες τὰ μὲν ἄλλα πολλὰ ἀνώνυμα γένη παρέσχοντο, τέτταρα δὲ ὅσα ἔμπυρα εἴδη, διαφανῆ μάλιστα γενόμενα, εἴληφεν ὀνόματα αὐτῶν, τὸ μὲν τῆς ψυχῆς μετὰ τοῦ σώματος θερμαντικὸν οἶνος, τὸ δὲ λεῖον καὶ διακριτικὸν ὄψεως διὰ ταῦτά τε ἰδεῖν λαμπρὸν καὶ στίλβον λιπαρόν τε φανταζόμενον ἐλαιηρὸν εἶδος, πίττα καὶ κίκι καὶ ἔλαιον αὐτὸ ὅσα τ’ ἄλλα τῆς αὐτῆς δυνάμεως· ὅσον δὲ διαχυτικὸν μέχρι φύσεως τῶν περὶ τὸ στόμα συνόδων, ταύτῃ τῇ δυνάμει γλυκύτητα παρεχόμενον, μέλι τὸ κατὰ πάντων μάλιστα πρόσρημα ἔσχεν, τὸ δὲ τῆς σαρκὸς διαλυτικὸν τῷ κάειν, ἀφρῶδες γένος, ἐκ πάντων ἀφορισθὲν τῶν χυμῶν, ὀπὸς ἐπωνομάσθη.

Post haec sciendum est multa esse (39)ignis generata: flammam videlicet: et quod ab ea est accensum, quod urit quidem, lumen (40) vero nullum oculis affert, quodve extincta flamma intra illa quae accensa fuerant, remanet. (41) Similiter aeris genus aliud purissimum agilissimumque, quem aetherem nuncupant: aliud (42) turbulentissimum, caligine nubibusque obscurum: aliasque species sine nomine esse putan(43)dum est, propter ipsam triangulorum inaequilitatem. Aquae genera duo sunt praecipua. Unum (44) humidum, alterum fusile. Humidum quidem, quia generibus aquae parvis et inaequali(45)bus constat, facile a se ipso et ab alio propter inaequilitatis conditionem et figurae speciem (46) moveri solet. Quod autem ex grandioribus aequalibusque et lenibus est compositum, sta(47)bilius illo. Et grave propter lenem aequilitatem compactum est, sed propter ignis pene(48)trantis dissolventisque impetum aequilitate amissa motus fit particeps: factumque agile mo(49)bileque, a proximo aere pulsum extensumque per terram duo quaedam patitur: nam et lique(50)scit et in terram decidit. primum illud molis, purgatio, hoc fluxus cognominatur. Rursus (51) igne hinc evolante, quippe cum non fiat in vacuum exitus, proximus aer pulsus mobilem (52) adhuc molem humidam in ignis sedes impellit, ipsique ipsam commiscet. Moles denique com(53)pulsa, iterumque lenem aequalitatem adepta, cum ignis inaequalitatis artifex iam abierit, in (54) idem secum coacervat: atque ignis abscessum frigefactionem, copulam vero congressumque (1) igni abeunte factum conglutinationem gelidamque rigiditatem vocamus. Ex his vero (2) quas aquas fusiles appellavimus, quod ex tenuissimis lenissimisque fit densissimum, unifor(3) me, splendidum, flavumque, preciosissima res est, aurum florescens per terram compa(4)ctum est. Auri autem ramus propter densitatem durissimus et nigro preaterea colore suf(5)fulus, adamas appellatur. Sed quod auro proximas habet partes, pluresque una species (6) continet, auro quoque densius, et terrenae partis paucae tenuisque, particeps, adeo aspe(7)rius duriusque sit, verum ex eo quod intervalla intrinsecus habet magna, levius est, hoc (8) genus nitentium concretarumque aquarum unum est, atque aes nominatur. At quando (9) terrena pars huic immixta propter vetustatem a ceteris partibus eius secernitur, ad ex(10)tremamque emissa superficiem per se ipsa aspectui patet, rubigo iam nascitur. Cetera ge(11)neris eiusdem verisimilibus rationibus assequi, haudquaquam laboriosum est. Quod (12) si quis remittendi studii gratia rationibus eorum quae semper sunt intermissis considera(13)verit verisimiles de generatione probationes, atque eiusmodi consideratione sine poeniten(14)tiae accessione delectetur, moderatum in vita prudentemque ludum consequetur. His uti(15)que nunc ita concessis, deinceps quae de eisdem probabilia videbuntur, ita percurrenda (16) videntur. Igni saepe miscetur aquae pars tenuis, atque humida fluidaque, sic ideo nominata, (17) quia lubrica circunfluit: mollis quoque ob eam causam, quia eius bases minus fir(18)mae stabilesque quam terrae, facile cedunt atque labuntur. Haec quando ab igni destitua,(19) ab aere quoque deseritur, fit lenior, et alienis expressis cogitur in se ipsam: atque ita com(20)pacta, si supra terram id contigerit, grando fit: si in terra, glacies: quae quidem tunc fiunt (21) cum riget cohaerescitque maxime gelu. cum vero minus congelatur, si supra terram acci(22)dit, nix: sin in terra ex rore crassior facta, pruina. Verum quando plurimae aquae species (23) invicem commiscentur, universum aliud genus a terra per arbores stillans, liquor hu(24)morque vocatur. Liquores vero singuli propter mixtiones dissimilitudinem nacti multa (25) quidem alia sine nomine faciunt genera, sed quatuor igneae species evidentes et perspi(26)cuae maxime, fortitae sunt nomina. Quod enim animam simul cum corpore calefacit, vi(27)num dicitur. Quod vero lene est, discernitque visum, ideoque aspectu splendidum, atque ni(28)tens, et pingue nobis apparet, uncta et olearia species est, pix, gummi, et oleum ceteraque (29)id genus. At quod oris angustos meatus ad penetralia usque naturae perfundit, hac vi (30) dulcedinem adhibens, mel communiter nuncupatur. Denique quod carnem dissolvit uritque (31) et spumeum est ex omnibus secretum liquoribus, succus vocatur.

[Kinds of fire:—(i) flame; (ii) light; (iii) red heat. Kinds of air:—(i) æther; (ii) mist. There are also other kinds without names. Kinds of water:—(i) liquid; (ii) fusile. The former is mobile; the latter is solid, but melts when heated,—congealing again as it cools. Of the fusile kind are (1) gold, (2) adamant, (3) copper. The phenomenon of rust. To natural science the student of the eternal may turn for recreation.] In the next place we have to consider that there are divers kinds of fire. There are, for example, first, flame; and secondly, those emanations of flame which do not burn but only give light to the eyes; thirdly, the remains of fire, which are seen in red-hot embers after the flame has been extinguished. There are similar differences in the air; of which the brightest part is called the aether, and the most turbid sort mist and darkness; and there are various other nameless kinds which arise from the inequality of the triangles. Water, again, admits in the first place of a division into two kinds; the one liquid and the other fusile. The liquid kind is composed of the small and unequal particles of water; and moves itself and is moved by other bodies owing to the want of uniformity and the shape of its particles; whereas the fusile kind, being formed of large and uniform particles, is more stable than the other, and is heavy and compact by reason of its uniformity. But when fire gets in and dissolves the particles and destroys the uniformity, it has greater mobility, and becoming fluid is thrust forth by the neighbouring air and spreads upon the earth; and this dissolution of the solid masses is called melting, and their spreading out upon the earth flowing. Again, when the fire goes out of the fusile substance, it does not pass into a vacuum, but into the neighbouring air; and the air which is displaced forces together the liquid and still moveable mass into the place which was occupied by the fire, and unites it with itself. Thus compressed the mass resumes its equability, and is again at unity with itself, because the fire which was the author of the inequality has retreated; and this departure of the fire is called cooling, and the coming together which follows upon it is termed congealment. Of all the kinds termed fusile, that which is the densest and is formed out of the finest and most uniform parts is that most precious possession called gold, which is hardened by filtration through rock; this is unique in kind, and has both a glittering and a yellow colour. A shoot of gold, which is so dense as to be very hard, and takes a black colour, is termed adamant. There is also another kind which has parts nearly like gold, and of which there are several species; it is denser than gold, and it contains a small and fine portion of earth, and is therefore harder, yet also lighter because of the great interstices which it has within itself; and this substance, which is one of the bright and denser kinds of water, when solidified is called copper. There is an alloy of earth mingled with it, which, when the two parts grow old and are disunited, shows itself separately and is called rust. The remaining phenomena of the same kind there will be no difficulty in reasoning out by the method of probabilities. A man may sometimes set aside meditations about eternal things, and for recreation turn to consider the truths of generation which are probable only; he will thus gain a pleasure not to be repented of, and secure for himself while he lives a wise and moderate pastime. Let us grant ourselves this indulgence, and go through the probabilities relating to the same subjects which follow next in order. [From water of the liquid kind are formed (1) hail or ice, (2) snow, (3) hoar-frost, (4) juices in general and four in particular,—i. e. (a) wine, (b) oil, (c) honey, (d) vegetable acid.] Water which is mingled with fire, so much as is fine and liquid (being so called by reason of its motion and the way in which it rolls along the ground), and soft, because its bases give way and are less stable than those of earth, when separated from fire and air and isolated, becomes more uniform, and by their retirement is compressed into itself; and if the condensation be very great, the water above the earth becomes hail, but on the earth, ice; and that which is congealed in a less degree and is only half solid, when above the earth is called snow, and when upon the earth, and condensed from dew, hoar-frost. Then, again, there are the numerous kinds of water which have been mingled with one another, and are distilled through plants which grow in the earth; and this whole class is called by the name of juices or saps. The unequal admixture of these fluids creates a variety of species; most of them are nameless, but four which are of a fiery nature are clearly distinguished and have names. First, there is wine, which warms the soul as well as the body: secondly, there is the oily nature, which is smooth and divides the visual ray, and for this reason is bright and shining and of a glistening appearance, including pitch, the juice of the castor berry, oil itself, and other things of a like kind: thirdly, there is the class of substances which expand the contracted parts1 of the mouth, until they return to their natural state, and by reason of this property create sweetness;—these are included under the general name of honey: and, lastly, there is a frothy nature, which differs from all juices, having a burning quality which dissolves the flesh; it is called opos (a vegetable acid).

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