hist▪ 1860 Kazimirski-I: 1. Redressé. – 2. Lance. – Cf. also vb. ṯaqafa : 1. Redresser, rendre droit (ce qui était courbé ou tortu, p. ex. une lance). – 2. Surpasser en esprit, en sagacité. – ṯaqifa, vb. I, [▪ …] 2. Être intélligent. – ṯaqqafa, vb. II, 1. Redresser, rendre droit; 2. Rendre intelligent; 3. Former, rendre instruit par l’enseignement des lettres.
▪ 1863 Like Kazimirski, also Lane I does not yet mention a meaning other than ‘(a spear) straightened, or made even’ for m.; so also al-Bustānī1867. But ṯaqqafa-hū, vb. II, is both ‘he straightened it, or made it even’ and, ‘hence (!): he disciplined him, or educated him well, and amended him, or improved him’, and taṯaqqafa, vb. V, is ‘he was, or became, disciplined, or educated well, and mended, or improved’ (so also al-Bustānī1867).
▪ 1887 Wahrmund-2 has ‘wohlgebildet; gut erzogen’, but not yet ‘intellectual’.