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Etymological Dictionary of Arabic
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ḥaḍāraẗ حَضارة , pl. ‑āt
meta
ID 216 • Sw – • NahḍCon • BP 1412 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ḤḌR
gram
n.f.
engl
1 civilization; 2 culture; – 3 settledness, sedentariness – WehrCowan1976.
conc
▪ Originally, ḥaḍāraẗ is a vn. of ḥaḍara and meant as such the process of ʻsettling, becoming sedentary’ or the resulting state of ʻsettledness, sedentariness’, i.e., [v3]. From this developed the nations of [v1] ʻcivilisation’ and [v2] ʻculture’ in general, contrasting at first nomadic existence in the desert with life in civilized regions.
▪ »La notion de ʻcivilisation’ au sens où on l’entend en Europe, oscille, chez le grand sociologue du xivᵉ siècle, Ibn Ḫaldūn, entre trois termes: ḥaḍāraẗ est la ʻculture sédentaire’ (éd. 1958, I, LXXX), ↗tamaddun ʻl’urbanisation’ (calqué sur le grec polis ʻville’) – le terme (éd. 1958, I, p. 297) est déjà dans aš-Šahrazûrî, au xᵐᵉ siècle; mais le mot-clef, c’est ↗ʕumrān: ʻpopulation, sédentarisation, organisation sociale, civilisation’ (éd. 1958, p. ex et LXXVI). De nos jours, ʕumrān ne semble plus guère employé; il ne figure, ni dans les Besonderheiten de Wehr (1934-A), ni dans le glossaire de l’ALA [Académie de la Langue Arabe] (1957), qui citent tous deux les deux autres termes, ainsi que leurs équivalents madaniyyaẗ et tamadyun. En 1902-1906, Ǧurǧī Zaydān publie son “Histoire de la Civilisation islamique” (Tārīḫ al-tamaddun al-islāmī) et en 1956 (à Beyrouth), Georges Wahbaẗ sa “Crise de la civilisation arabe” (Azmaẗ al-tamaddun al-ʕarabī). En 1928, paraissent “Les problèmes de la civilisation moderne” (Muʕḍilāt al-madaniyyaẗ al-ǧadīdaẗ), par Ismāʕīl Maẓhar. Quant à ḥaḍāraẗ, le plus fréquent aujourd’hui, il figure dans de nombreux titres: Ḥaḍārat al-ʔIslām “La civilisation de l’Islam”, par Gamīl Mudawwar, Beyrouth, 1888; Al-Ḥaḍāraẗ al-islāmiyyaẗ “La civilisation islamique”, par Aḥmad Zakī, Le Caire, 1910; Al-Islām wa’l-ḥaḍāraẗ al-ʕarabiyyaẗ “L’Islam et la Civilisation arabe”, par Md. Kurd ʕAlī, Le Caire, 1934-1936; Ḥaḍāraẗ fī ṭarīq al-zawāl “Une civilisation sur la voie du déclin”, par Anīs Furayḥa, Beyrouth, 1957. Pour dire ʻcivilisé’, on a le choix entre madanī, tamaddunī, mutamaddin ou mutamadyin et ḥaḍarī ou mutaḥaḍḍir« – Monteil1960: 215-16.
▪ …
hist
▪ …
cogn
▪ ↗ḥaḍara.
▪ …
disc
▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ …
west
–
deriv
►ḥaḍḍara, vb. II, 1–3 ↗s.v.; 4 to settle (s.o.), make s.o. sedentary; 5 to civilize (s.o., s.th.): D-stem, caus.
►taḥaḍḍara, vb. V, 1 ↗ḥaḍḍara; 2a to become settled, be sedentary in a civilized region; b to be civilized, be in a state of civilization; c to become urbanized, become a town dweller: Dt-stem, refl./self-ref.

►BP#1969ḥaḍārī, adj., 1 civilizational; 2 cultural: nisba formation, from ḥaḍāraẗ
►taḥaḍḍur, n., civilized way of life: vn. V.
►BP#1094ḥāḍir, adj., 1–3 ↗s.v.; 4 (pl. ḥuḍḍār, ḥaḍaraẗ) settled, sedentary, resident, village or town dweller, not nomadic; 5 n., ↗s.v.: PA I.
►ḥāḍiraẗ, pl. ḥawāḍirᵘ, n.f., 1 capital city, metropolis; 2 city (as a center of civilization)
►mutaḥaḍḍir, adj., civilized: PA V.

For other values attached to the root, see ↗ḥaḍara, ↗ḥuḍūr, ↗ḥāḍir, ḥaḍḍara, ↗ĭḥtaḍara, ↗ḥaḍar, ↗ḥaḍraẗ, ↗ḥaḍīraẗ, ↗maḥḍar, ↗muḥāḍaraẗ.
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