ἐπὶ μὲν οὖν τῶν πλείστων καὶ σχεδὸν ἐπὶ πάντων παρ(30)ωνύμως λέγεται,
οἷον ἀπὸ τῆς λευκότητος ὁ λευκὸς καὶ ἀπὸ (31) τῆς γραμματικῆς ὁ γραμματικὸς καὶ ἀπὸ τῆς δικαιοσύνης ὁ (32) δίκαιος, ὡσαύτως δὲ καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἄλλων.
ἐπ’ ἐνίων δὲ διὰ (33) τὸ μὴ κεῖσθαι ταῖς ποιότησιν ὀνόματα οὐκ ἐνδέχεται παρ(34)ωνύμως ἀπ’ αὐτῶν λέγεσθαι·
οἷον ὁ δρομικὸς ἢ ὁ πυκτικὸς (35) ὁ κατὰ δύναμιν φυσικὴν λεγόμενος ἀπ’ οὐδεμιᾶς ποιότητος (10b1) παρωνύμως λέγεται·
οὐ γὰρ κεῖται ὀνόματα ταῖς δυνάμεσι (2) καθ’ ἃς οὗτοι ποιοὶ λέγονται,
ὥσπερ καὶ ταῖς ἐπιστήμαις καθ’ (3) ἃς πυκτικοὶ ἢ παλαιστρικοὶ οἱ κατὰ διάθεσιν λέγονται,
—πυ(4)κτικὴ γὰρ ἐπιστήμη λέγεται καὶ παλαιστρική, ποιοὶ δὲ ἀπὸ (5) τούτων παρωνύμως οἱ διακείμενοι λέγονται.—
ἐνίοτε δὲ καὶ (6) ὀνόματος κειμένου οὐ λέγεται παρωνύμως τὸ κατ’ αὐτὴν (7) ποιὸν λεγόμενον,
οἷον ἀπὸ τῆς ἀρετῆς ὁ σπουδαῖος·
τῷ γὰρ (8) ἀρετὴν ἔχειν σπουδαῖος λέγεται, ἀλλ’ οὐ παρωνύμως ἀπὸ (9) τῆς ἀρετῆς·
οὐκ ἐπὶ πολλῶν δὲ τὸ τοιοῦτόν ἐστιν.
ποιὰ οὖν (10) λέγεται τὰ παρωνύμως ἀπὸ τῶν εἰρημένων ποιοτήτων λεγόμενα (11) ἢ ὁπωσοῦν ἄλλως ἀπ’ αὐτῶν.
(106) In pluribus quidem et paene in omnibus denominatiue dicuntur,
ut ab (107) albedine albus et a grammatica grammaticus et a iustitia iustus, (108) similiter autem et in caeteris.
In aliquibus uero propterea quod (109) qualitatibus nomina non sunt posita impossibile est ab his (110) denominatiue dici,
ut cursor uel pugillator, si secundum potentiam (111) naturalem dicitur, a nulla qualitate denominatiue dicitur;
neque (112) enim positum est nomen illis potestatibus: secundum quas isti quales (113) dicuntur,
quemadmodum etiam in disciplinis secundum quas uel (114) pugillatores uel palaestrici secundum affectionem dicuntur
(115) (pugillatoria enim disciplina dicitur et palaestrica, quales uero ab (116) his denominatiue qui ad eas sunt affecti dicuntur).
Aliquando autem et (117) posito nomine denominatiue non dicitur id quod secundum ipsam quale (118) quid dicitur,
ut a uirtute probus dicitur;
hoc enim quod habet (119) uirtutem probus dicitur sed non denominatiue a uirtute;
non est autem (120) hoc in multis.
Qualia ergo dicuntur quaecumque ex his quae dictae sunt (121) qualitatibus denominatiue dicuntur uel quolibet alio ab ipsis modo.
In most, indeed in almost all cases, the name of that which is qualified is derived from that of the quality.
Thus the terms ’whiteness’, ’grammar’, ’justice’, give us the adjectives ’white’, ’grammatical’, ’just’, and so on.
There are some cases, however, in which, as the quality under consideration has no name, it is impossible that those possessed of it should have a name that is derivative.
For instance, the name given to the runner or boxer, who is so called in virtue of an inborn capacity, is not derived from that of any quality;
for those capacities have no name assigned to them.
In this, the inborn capacity is distinct from the science, with reference to which men are called, e.g. boxers or wrestlers.
Such a science is classed as a disposition; it has a name, and is called ’boxing’ or ’wrestling’ as the case may be, and the name given to those disposed in this way is derived from that of the science.
Sometimes, even though a name exists for the quality, that which takes its character from the quality has a name that is not a derivative.
For instance, the upright man takes his character from the possession of the quality of integrity,
but the name given him is not derived from the word ’integrity’.
Yet this does not occur often.
We may therefore state that those things are said to be possessed of some specific quality which have a name derived from that of the aforesaid quality, or which are in some other way dependent on it.
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