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Aristoteles: Categoriae
    Click to Expand/Collapse Option Complete text
Click to Expand/Collapse OptionTitle
Click to Expand/Collapse OptionChapter I
Click to Expand/Collapse OptionChapter II
Click to Expand/Collapse OptionChapter III
Click to Expand/Collapse OptionChapter IV
Click to Expand/Collapse OptionChapter V: De substantia
Click to Expand/Collapse OptionChapter VI: De quantitate
Click to Expand/Collapse OptionChapter VII: De relativis ved ad aliquid
Click to Expand/Collapse OptionChapter VIII: De quali et qualitate
Click to Expand/Collapse OptionChapter IX: De facere et pati
Click to Expand/Collapse OptionChapter X: De oppositis
Click to Expand/Collapse OptionChapter XI
Click to Expand/Collapse OptionChapter XII: De priore
Click to Expand/Collapse OptionChapter XIII: De his quae simul sunt
Click to Expand/Collapse OptionChapter XIV: De motu
Click to Expand/Collapse OptionChapter XV: De habere
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(13) Κινήσεως δέ ἐστιν εἴδη ἕξ·  γένεσις, φθορά, αὔξησις, (14) μείωσις, ἀλλοίωσις, κατὰ τόπον μεταβολή.  αἱ μὲν οὖν ἄλλαι (15) κινήσεις φανερὸν ὅτι ἕτεραι ἀλλήλων εἰσίν·  οὐ γάρ ἐστιν ἡ (16) γένεσις φθορὰ οὐδέ γε ἡ αὔξησις μείωσις οὐδὲ ἡ κατὰ τόπον (17) μεταβολή†, ὡσαύτως δὲ καὶ αἱ ἄλλαι· 
       
(14,1) DE MOTU: Motus uero sunt species sex:  generatio, corruptio, crementum, (2) diminutio, commutatio, secundum locum translatio.  Alii quidem motus (3) manifestum est quoniam a se inuicem diuersi sunt;  neque enim est (4) generatio corruptio, nec crementum diminutio nec secundum locum (5) translatio; similiter autem et caeterae. 
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There are six sorts of movement:  generation, destruction, increase, diminution, alteration, and change of place.  It is evident in all but one case that all these sorts of movement are distinct each from each.  Generation is distinct from destruction, increase and change of place from diminution, and so on. 
(18) ἐπὶ δὲ τῆς ἀλλοιώσεως ἔχει (19) τινὰ ἀπορίαν, μήποτε ἀναγκαῖον ᾖ τὸ ἀλλοιούμενον κατά τινα τῶν (20) λοιπῶν κινήσεων ἀλλοιοῦσθαι.  τοῦτο δὲ οὐκ ἀληθές ἐστιν·  σχεδὸν (21) γὰρ κατὰ πάντα τὰ πάθη ἢ τὰ πλεῖστα ἀλλοιοῦσθαι συμβέβη(22)κεν ἡμῖν οὐδεμιᾶς τῶν ἄλλων κινήσεων κοινωνοῦσιν·  οὔτε (23) γὰρ αὔξεσθαι ἀναγκαῖον τὸ κατὰ πάθος κινούμενον οὔτε (24) μειοῦσθαι, ὡσαύτως δὲ καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἄλλων,  ὥσθ’ ἑτέρα ἂν (25) εἴη παρὰ τὰς ἄλλας κινήσεις ἡ ἀλλοίωσις·  εἰ γὰρ ἦν ἡ (26) αὐτή, ἔδει τὸ ἀλλοιούμενον εὐθὺς καὶ αὔξεσθαι ἢ μειοῦσθαι (27) ἤ τινα τῶν ἄλλων ἀκολουθεῖν κινήσεων·  ἀλλ’ οὐκ ἀνάγκη.  (28) ὡσαύτως δὲ καὶ τὸ αὐξόμενον ἤ τινα ἄλλην κίνησιν κι(29)νούμενον ἀλλοιοῦσθαι· 
               
(6) In commutatione uero est aliqua dubitatio, ne forte necesse sit quod (7) commutatur secundum aliquem reliquorum motuum commutari.  Hoc autem non (8) est uerum;  paene enim secundum omnes passiones uel multas commutari (9) nobis contingit nullo aliorum motuum communicante;  nam neque crescere (10) necesse est quod secundum passionem mouetur nec diminui, similiter (11) autem et in aliis:  quare diuersus erit motus ab aliis commutationibus  (12) (nam si idem esset, oporteret omne quod commutatur mox aut crescere (13) aut minui aut aliquem aliorum motuum consequi;  sed non est (14) necesse).  Similiter autem et quod crescit uel secundum quemlibet (15) alterum motum mutatur. 
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But in the case of alteration it may be argued that the process necessarily implies one or other of the other five sorts of motion.  This is not true,  for we may say that all affections, or nearly all, produce in us an alteration which is distinct from all other sorts of motion,  for that which is affected need not suffer either increase or diminution or any of the other sorts of motion.  Thus alteration is a distinct sort of motion;  for, if it were not, the thing altered would not only be altered, but would forthwith necessarily suffer increase or diminution or some one of the other sorts of motion in addition;  which as a matter of fact is not the case.  Similarly that which was undergoing the process of increase or was subject to some other sort of motion would, if alteration were not a distinct form of motion, necessarily be subject to alteration also. 
ἀλλ’ ἔστι τινὰ αὐξανόμενα ἃ οὐκ (30) ἀλλοιοῦται·  οἷον τὸ τετράγωνον γνώμονος περιτεθέντος ηὔ(31)ξηται μέν, ἀλλοιότερον δὲ οὐδὲν γεγένηται·  ὡσαύτως δὲ καὶ (32) ἐπὶ τῶν ἄλλων τῶν τοιούτων.  ὥσθ’ ἕτεραι ἂν εἴησαν αἱ κι(33)νήσεις ἀλλήλων. 
       
(16) Sed sunt quaedam quae crescunt et non commutantur,  ut quadratum (17) circumposito gnomone creuit quidem sed commutatum non est;  similiter (18) autem et in aliis huiusmodi.  Quare a se inuicem motus isti diuersi (19) sunt. 
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But there are some things which undergo increase but yet not alteration.  The square, for instance, if a gnomon is applied to it, undergoes increase but not alteration,  and so it is with all other figures of this sort.  Alteration and increase, therefore, are distinct. 
(15b1) Ἔστι δὲ ἁπλῶς μὲν κίνησις ἠρεμίᾳ ἐναντίον·  ταῖς δὲ (2) καθ’ ἕκαστα, γενέσει μὲν φθορά, αὐξήσει δὲ μείωσις·  (3) τῇ δὲ κατὰ τόπον μεταβολῇ ἡ κατὰ τόπον ἠρεμία μά(4)λιστα ἔοικεν ἀντικεῖσθαι,  καὶ εἰ ἄρα ἡ εἰς τὸν ἐναντίον (5) τόπον μεταβολή,  οἷον τῇ κάτωθεν ἡ ἄνω, τῇ ἄνωθεν ἡ (6) κάτω. 
         
(20) Simpliciter autem motus quieti contrarius est;  singulis uero motibus, (21) generationi quidem corruptio, diminutio uero cremento,  secundum locum (22) translationi secundum locum quies.  Maxime autem uidetur opponi in (23) contrarium locum permutatio,  ut de eo quod est deorsum ad id quod est (24) sursum et de eo quod est sursum ad id quod est deorsum. 
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Speaking generally, rest is the contrary of motion.  But the different forms of motion have their own contraries in other forms; thus destruction is the contrary of generation, diminution of increase,  rest in a place, of change of place.  As for this last, change in the reverse direction would seem to be most truly its contrary;  thus motion upwards is the contrary of motion downwards and vice versa. 
τῇ δὲ λοιπῇ τῶν ἀποδοθεισῶν κινήσεων οὐ ῥᾴδιον (7) ἀποδοῦναι τί ποτέ ἐστιν ἐναντίον,  ἔοικε δὲ οὐδὲν εἶναι αὐτῇ (8) ἐναντίον,  εἰ μή τις καὶ ἐπὶ ταύτης τὴν κατὰ τὸ ποιὸν ἠρε(9)μίαν ἀντιθείη <ἢ> τὴ<ν> εἰς τὸ ἐναντίον τοῦ ποιοῦ μεταβολή<ν>,  (10) καθάπερ καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς κατὰ τόπον μεταβολῆς τὴν κατὰ (11) τόπον ἠρεμίαν ἢ τὴν εἰς τὸ ἐναντίον τόπον μεταβολήν,  —ἔστι (12) γὰρ ἡ ἀλλοίωσις μεταβολὴ κατὰ τὸ ποιόν·— 
         
(25) Reliquo uero de his qui assignati sunt motui non est facile assignare (26) quid sit contrarium,  uidetur autem neque esse aliquid ei contrarium,  (27) nisi quis opponat secundum qualitatem quietem secundum qualitatem (28) translationi quae in contrarium,  quemadmodum etiam in ea quae est (29) secundum locum translatione secundum locum quietem uel in contrarium (30) locum translationem  (est enim commutatio translatio secundum (31) qualitatem). 
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In the case of that sort of motion which yet remains, of those that have been enumerated, it is not easy to state what is its contrary.  It appears to have no contrary,  unless one should define the contrary here also either as ’rest in its quality’ or as ’change in the direction of the contrary quality’,  just as we defined the contrary of change of place either as rest in a place or as change in the reverse direction.  For a thing is altered when change of quality takes place; 
ὥστε ἀντίκει(13)ται τῇ <κατὰ τὸ ποιὸν κινήσει ἡ> κατὰ τὸ ποιὸν ἠρεμία (14) <ἢ> ἡ εἰς τὸ ἐναντίον τοῦ ποιοῦ μεταβολή,  οἷον τὸ λευκὸν γί(15)γνεσθαι τῷ μέλαν γίγνεσθαι·  ἀλλοιοῦται γὰρ εἰς τὰ ἐναντία (16) τοῦ ποιοῦ μεταβολῆς γιγνομένης. 
     
(32) Quare opponitur ei secundum qualitatem quies uel in contrarium (33) qualitatis translatio,  ut album fieri quod est nigrum;  commutatur (34) enim, in contrarium qualitatis facta translatione. 
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therefore either rest in its quality or change in the direction of the contrary may be called the contrary of this qualitative form of motion.  In this way becoming white is the contrary of becoming black;  there is alteration in the contrary direction, since a change of a qualitative nature takes place. 
 
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