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1. Girnār, Kālsī, Shāhbāzgaṛhī rock edicts (Māgadhī and English)

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I. THE GIRNAR ROCK 
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FIRST ROCK-EDICT: GIRNAR 
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(A) 1 iy[aṃ] dhaṃma-lipī Devānaṃpriyena 2 Priyadasinā rāña lekh[ā]pitā  (B) [i]dha na kiṃ3ci jīvaṃ ārabhitpā prajūhitavyaṃ  (C) 4 na ca samājo katavyo   (D) bahukaṃ hi dosaṃ 5 samājamhi pasati Devānaṃpriyo Priyadasi rājā  (E) 6 asti pi tu ekacā samājā sādhu-matā Devānaṃ7priyasa Priyadasino rāño   (F) pura mahānas[amhi] 8 Devānaṃpriyasa Priy[a]dasino rāño anudivasaṃ ba9hūni prāṇa-sata-sahasrāni ārabhisu sūpāthāya  (G) 10 se aja yadā ayaṃ dha[ṃ]ma-lip[ī] likhitā tī eva prā11ṇā ārabhare sūpāthāya dvo morā eko mago so pi 12 mago na dhruvo   (H) ete pi trī prāṇā pachā na ārabhisare 
(A) This rescript on morality has been caused to be written by king Devānāṁpriya Priyadarśin.  (B) Here no living being must be killed and sacrificed.  (C) And no festival meeting must be held.  (D) For king Devānāṁpriya Priyadarśin sees much evil in festival meetings.  (E) But there are also some festival meetings which are considered meritorious by king Devānāṁpriya Priyadarśin.  (F) Formerly in the kitchen of king Devānāṁpriya Priyadarśin many hundred thousands of animals were killed daily for the sake of curry.  (G) But now, when this rescript on morality is written, only three animals are being killed (daily) for the sake of curry, (viz.) two peacocks (and) one deer, (but) even this deer not regularly.  (H) Even these three animals shall not be killed in future. 
SECOND ROCK-EDICT: GIRNAR 
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(A) 1 sarvata vijitamhi Devānaṃpriyasa Piyadasino rāño 2 evamapi pracaṃtesu yathā Coḍa Pāḍā Satiyaputo Ketalaputo ā Taṃba3paṃṇī Aṃtiyako Yona-rājā ye vā pi tasa Aṃtiy[a]kas[a] sāmīp[aṃ] 4 rājāno sarvatra Devānaṃpriyasa Priyadasino rāño dve cikīcha katā 5 manusa-cīkichā ca pasu cikīchā ca  (B) osuḍhāni ca yāni m[a]nusopagān[i] ca 6 paso[pa]gāni ca yata yata nāsti sarvatrā hārāpitāni ca ropāpitāni ca  (C) 7 mūlāni ca phalāni ca yata yatra nāsti sarvata hārāpitāni ca rop[ā]pitāni ca  (D) 8 paṃthesū kūpā ca khānāpitā vrachā ca ropāpit[ā] paribhogāya pasumanusānaṃ 
(A) Everywhere in the dominions of king Devānāṁpriya Priyadarśin, and likewise among (his) borderers, such as the Choḍas, the Pāṇḍyas, the Satiyaputa, the Ketalaputa, even Tāmraparṇī, the Yona king Antiyaka, and also the kings who are the neighbours of this Antiyaka, – everywhere two (kinds of) medical treatment were established by king Devānāṁpriya Priyadarśin, (viz.) medical treatment for men and medical treatment for cattle.  (B) And wherever there were no herbs that are beneficial to men and beneficial to cattle, everywhere they were caused to be imported and to be planted.  (C) Wherever there were no roots and fruits, everywhere they were caused to be imported and to be planted.  (D) On the roads wells were caused to be dug, and trees were caused to be planted for the use of cattle and men. 
THIRD ROCK-EDICT: GIRNAR 
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(A) 1 Devānaṃpiyo Piyadasi r[ā]jā evam āha  (B) dbādasa-vāsābhisitena mayā idaṃ āñ[a]pitaṃ  (C) 2 sarvata vijite mama yutā ca rājūke ca prādesike ca paṃcasu paṃcasu vāsesu anusaṃ3y[ā]na[ṃ n]iyātu etāyeva athāya imāya dhaṃmānusasṭiya yathā añā 4 ya pi kaṃmāy[a]  (D) [s]ādhu matari ca pitari ca susrūsā mitra-saṃstuta-ñātīnaṃ bāmhaṇa 5 samaṇānaṃ sādh[u d]ānaṃ prāṇānaṁ sādhu anāraṃbho apa-vyayatā apa-bhāḍatā sādhu  (E) 6 parisā pi yute āñapayisati gaṇanāyaṃ hetuto ca vyaṃjanato ca 
(A) King Devānāṃpriya Priyadarśin speaks thus.  (B) (When I had been) anointed twelve years, the following was ordered by me.  (C) Everywhere in my dominions the Yuktas, the Rājūka, and the Prādeśika shall set out on a complete tour (throughout their charges) every five years for this very purpose, (viz.) for the following instruction in morality as well as for other business.  (D) ‘Meritorious is obedience to mother and father. Liberality to friends, acquaintances, and relatives, to Brāhmaṇas and Śramaṇas is meritorious. Abstention from killing animals is meritorious. Moderation in expenditure (and) moderation in possessions are meritorious.’  (E) The council (of Mahāmātras) also shall order the Yuktas to register (these rules) both with (the addition of) reasons and according to the letter. 
FOURTH ROCK-EDICT: GIRNAR 
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(A) 1 atikātaṃ aṃt[a]raṃ bahūni vāsa-satāni vaḍhito eva praṇāraṃbho vihiṃsa ca bhūtānāṃ ñātīsu 2 a[s]aṃpratipatī brā[m]haṇa-sramaṇānāṃ asaṃpratīpatī  (B) ta aja Devānaṃpriyasa Priyadasino rāño 3 dhaṃma-caraṇena [bhe]rī-ghoso aho dhaṃma-ghoso vimāna-darsaṇā ca hastida[sa]ṇā ca 4 agi-kh[a]ṃdhāni ca [a]ñāni ca divyāni rūpāni dasayitpā janaṁ   (C) yārise bahūhi v[āsa]satehi 5 na bhūta-puve tarise aja vaḍhite Devānaṃpriyasa Priyadasino rāño dhaṃmānusasṭiyā anāraṃ6[bh]o prāṇānaṃ avihāsā bhūtānaṃ ñātīnaṃ saṃpaṭipatī bramhaṇa-sarnaṇānaṃ saṃpaṭipatī mātari pitari 7 [s]usrusā thaira-susrusā  (D) esa añe ca bahuvidhe [dha]ṃma-caraṇe va[ḍhi]te  (E) vaḍhayisati ceva Devānaṃpriyo 8 [Pri*]ya[da]si rājā dhaṃma-[ca]raṇaṃ idaṃ  (F) putrā ca [p]otrā ca prapotrā ca Devānaṃpriyasa Priyadasino rāño 9 [pra*]vadhayisaṃti idaṃ [dha]ṃma-caraṇaṃ ava savaṭa-kapā dhaṃmamhi sīlamhi tisṭaṃto [dha]ṃmaṃ anusāsisaṃti  (G) 10 [e]sa hi sesṭe kaṃme ya dhaṃmānusāsanaṃ  (H) dhamma-caraṇe pi na [bha]vati asīlasa  (I) [ta] imamhi athamhi 11 [va]dhī ca ahīnī ca sādhu  (J) e[t]āya athāya ida[ṃ] lekhāpitaṃ imasa atha[sa] v[a]dhi yujaṃtu hīni c[a] 12 [no] locetavyā  (K) dbādasa-vāsābhisitena Devān[a]ṃpriyena Priyadasinā rāñ[ā] idam lekhapitam 
(A) In times past, for many hundreds of years, there had ever been promoted the killing of animals and the hurting of living beings, discourtesy to relatives, (and) discourtesy to Brāhmaṇas and Śramaṇas.  (B) But now, in consequence of the practice of morality on the part of king Devānāṁpriya Priyadarśin, the sound of drums has become the sound of morality, showing the people representations of aerial chariots, representations of elephants, masses of fire, and other divine figures.  (C) Such as they had not existed before for many hundreds of years, thus there are now promoted, through the instruction in morality on the part of king Devānāṁpriya Priyadarsin, abstention from killing animals, abstention from hurting living beings, courtesy to relatives, courtesy to Brāhmaṇas and Śramaṇas, obedience to mother (and) father, (and) obedience to the aged.  (D) In this and many other ways is the practice of morality promoted.  (E) And king Devānāṁpriya Priyadarśin will ever promote this practice of morality.  (F) And the sons, grandsons, and great-grandsons of king Devānāṁpriya Priyadarśin will promote this practice of morality until the æon of destruction (of the world) (and) will instruct (people) in morality, abiding by morality (and) by good conduct.  (G) For this is the best work, viz. instruction in morality.  (H) And the practice of morality is not (possible) for (a person) devoid of good conduct.  (I) Therefore promotion and not neglect of this object is meritorious.  (J) For the following purpose has this been caused to be written, (viz. in order that) they should devote themselves to the promotion of this practice, and that the neglect (of it) should not be approved (by them).  (K) This was caused to be written by king Devānāṁpriya Priyadarśin (when he had been) anointed twelve years. 
FIFTH ROCK-EDICT: GIRNAR 
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(A) 1 D[e]vānaṃpriyo Piyadasi rājā evaṃ āha  (B) kalāṇaṃ dukaraṃ  (C) y[o ādikaro] kalāṇ[a]sa so dukaraṃ karoti  (D) 2 ta mayā bahu kalāṇaṃ kataṃ  (E) t[a] mama putā ca potā ca paraṃ ca tena y[a] me [a]pacaṃ āva saṃvaṭa-kapā anuvatisare tathā 3 so sukataṃ kāsati  (F) yo tu eta desaṃ pi hāpesati so [du]kataṃ kāsati  (G) sukaraṃ hi pāpa[ṃ]  (H) atikataṃ aṃtaraṃ 4 na bhūta-pruvaṃ dhaṃma-mahāmātā nāma  (I) ta m[a]yā traidasavāsābhi[s]i[tena] dhaṃm[a]-mahāmātā katā  (J) te sava-pāsaṃḍesu vyāpatā dhāmadhisṭānāya 5 ……… [dha]mma-yutasa ca Yoṇa-K[a]ṃbo[ja] Gaṃdhārānaṃ Risṭika-P[e]teṇikānaṃ ye vā pi a[ṃ]ñ[e ā]parātā  (K) bhatamayesu vā 6 ……… [su]khā[ya dhaṃma]-yutānaṃ apar[i]godhāya vyāpatā te  (L) ba[ṃ]dhana-badhasa paṭividhānāya 7 ……… [p]rajā katābhākāresu vā thairesu vā vyāpatā te  (M) Pāṭalipute ca bāhirasu ca 8 ……… [y]e vā pi me añe ñātikā sarvata vyāpatā te  (N) yo ayaṃ dhaṃmanisrito ti va 9 ……… [t]e [dha]ṃma-mahāmātā  (O) etāya athāya ayaṃ dhaṃma-lipī likhitā 10 ……… 
(A) King Devānāṁpriya Priyadarśin speaks thus.  (B) It is difficult to perform virtuous deeds.  (C) He who starts performing virtuous deeds accomplishes something difficult.  (D) Now, by me many virtuous deeds have been performed.  (E) Therefore (among) my sons and grandsons, and (among) my descendants (who shall come) after them until the æon of destruction (of the world), those who will conform to this (duty) will perform good deeds.  (F) But he who will neglect even a portion of this (duty) will perform evil deeds.  (G) For sin is easily committed.  (H) In times past (officers) called Mahāmātras of morality (Dharma-mahāmātra) did not exist before.  (I) But Mahāmātras of morality were appointed by me (when I had been) anointed thirteen years.  (J) These are occupied with all sects in establishing morality ……… of those who are devoted to morality (even) among the Yoṇas, Kambojas, and Gandhāras, the Risṭikas and Peteṇikas, and whatever other western borderers (of mine there are).  (K) They are occupied with servants and masters ……… for the ……… happiness of those who are devoted to morality, (and) in freeing (them) from desire (for worldly life).  (L) They are occupied in supporting prisoners 6 (with money) ……… (if one has) children, or with those who are bewitched (i.e. incurably ill ?) or with the aged.  (M) They are occupied everywhere, both in Pāṭaliputra and in the outlying ……… and whatever other relatives of mine (there are).  (N) These Mahāmātras of morality ……… whether one is eager for morality ………  (O) For the following purpose has this rescript on morality been written ……… 
SIXTH ROCK-EDlCT: GIRNAR 
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(A) 1 [Devā] ……… [s]i rājā evaṃ āha  (B) atikrāt[a]ṃ aṃtara[ṃ] 2 na bhuta-pru[v] . [s] . [v] ... [l] . atha-kaṃme va paṭivedanā vā  (C) ta mayā evaṃ kataṃ  (D) 3 s[a]ve kāle bhuṃj[a]mānasa me orodhanamhi gabhāgāramhi vacamhi va 4 vinītamhi ca uyānesu ca savatra paṭivedakā sṭitā athe me [ja]nasa 5 paṭivedetha iti  (E) sarvatra ca janasa athe karomi  (F) ya ca kiṃci mukhato 6 āñapayāmi svayaṃ dāpakaṃ vā srāvāpakaṃ vā ya vā puna mahāmātresu 7 ācāyi[ke] aropitam bhavati tāya athāya vivādo nijhatī v[a s]aṃto parisāyaṃ 8 ānaṃtaraṃ paṭ[i]vedeta[v]yaṃ me sa[r]vatra sarve kāle  (G) evaṃ maya āñapitaṃ  (H) nāsti hi me to[s]o 9 usṭānamhi atha-saṃtīraṇāya va  (I) katavya-mate hi me sa[rva]-loka-hitaṃ  (J) 10 tasa ca puna esa mūle usṭanaṁ ca atha-saṃtīraṇā ca  (K) nāsti hi kaṃmataraṃ 11 sarva-loka-hitatpa  (L) ya ca kiṃci parākramāmi ahaṃ kiṃti bhūtānaṃ anaṃṇaṃ gacheyaṃ 12 idha ca nāni sukhāpayāmi paratrā ca svagaṃ ārādhayaṃtu ta  (M) etāya athāya 13 ayaṃ dha[ṃ]ma-lipī lekhāpitā kiṃti ciraṁ tisṭeya iti tathā ca me putrā potā ca prapotrā ca 14 anuvataraṃ sava-loka-hitāya  (N) dukaraṃ [t]u idaṃ añatra agena parakramena 
(A) King Devānāṁpriya Priyadarśin speaks thus.  (B) In times past neither the disposal of affairs nor the submission of reports at any time did exist before.  (C) But I have made the following (arrangement).  (D) Reporters are posted everywhere, (with instructions) to report to me the affairs of the people at any time, while I am eating, in the harem, in the inner apartment, even at the cowpen, in the palanquin, and in the parks.  (E) And everywhere I am disposing of the affairs of the people.  (F) And if in the council (of Mahāmātras) a dispute arises, or an amendment is moved, in connexion with any donation or proclamation which I myself am ordering verbally, or (in connexion with) an emergent matter which has been delegated to the Mahāmātras, it must be reported to me immediately, anywhere, (and) at any time.  (G) Thus I have ordered.  (H) For I am never content in exerting myself and in dispatching business.  (I) For I consider it my duty (to promote) the welfare of all men.  (J) But the root of that (is) this, (viz.) exertion and the dispatch of business.  (K) For no duty is more important than (promoting) the welfare of all men.  (L) And whatever effort I am making, (is made) in order that I may discharge the debt (which I owe) to living beings, (that) I may make them happy in this (world), and (that) they may attain heaven in the other (world).  (M) For the following purpose has this rescript on morality been caused to be written, (viz.) that it may last long, and that my sons, grandsons, and great-grandsons may conform to this for the welfare of all men.  (N) But it is difficult to accomplish this without great zeal. 
SEVENTH ROCK-EDICT: GIRNAR 
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(A) 1 Devānaṃpiyo Piyadasi rājā sarvata ichati save pāsaṃḍā vaseyu  (B) save te sayamaṃ ca 2 bhava-sudhim ca ichati  (C) jano tu ucāvaca-chamdo ucavaca-rago  (D) te sarvaṃ va kāsaṃti eka-desaṃ vā kasa[ṃ]ti  (E) 3 vip[ul]e tu pi dāne yasa nāsti sayame bhāva-sudhitā va kataṃñatā va daḍhabhati[t]ā ca nicā bāḍham 
(A) King Devānāṁpriya Priyadarśin desires (that) all sects may reside everywhere.  (B) (For) all these desire both self-control and purity of mind.  (C) But men possess various desires (and) various passions.  (D) Either they will fulfil the whole, or they will fulfil (only) a portion (of their duties).  (E) But even one who (practises) great liberality, (but) does not possess self-control, purity of mind, gratitude, and firm devotion, is very mean. 
EIGHTH ROCK-EDICT: GIRNAR 
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(A) 1 atikātaṃ aṃtaraṃ rājāno vihāra-yātāṃ ñayāsu  (B) eta magavyā añāni ca etārisāni 2 abhīramakāni ahuṃsu  (C) so Devānaṃpriyo Piyadasi rājā dasa-varsābhisito saṃto ayāya Saṃbodhiṃ  (D) 3 tenesā dhaṃma-yātā  (E) etayaṃ hoti bāmhaṇa-samaṇānaṃ dasaṇe ca dāne ca thairānaṃ dasaṇe c[a] 4 hiraṃṇa-paṭividhāno ca jānapadasa ca janasa daspanaṃ dhaṃmānus[a]sṭi ca dhama-paripuchā ca 5 tadopayā  (F) esā bhuya rati bhavati Devānaṃpiyasa Priyadasino rāño bhā[g]e aṃñe 
(A) In times past kings used to set out on pleasure-tours.  (B) On these (tours) hunting and other such pleasures were (enjoyed).  (C) But when king Devānāṁpriya Priyadarśin had been anointed ten years, he went to Saṁbodhi.  (D) Therefore these tours of morality (were undertaken).  (E) On these (tours) the following 3 takes place, (viz.) visiting Brāhmaṇas and Śramaṇas and making gifts (to them), visiting the aged and supporting (them) with gold, visiting the people of the country, instructing (them) in morality, and questioning (them) about morality, as suitable for this (occasion).  (F) This second period (of the reign) of king Devānāṁpriya Priyadarśin becomes a pleasure in a higher degree. 
NINTH ROCK-EDICT: GIRNAR 
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(A) 1 Devānaṃpiyo Priyadasi rājā eva āha  (B) asti jano ucāvacaṃ maṃgalaṃ karote ābādhesu vā 2 āvāha-vīvāhesu vā putra-lābhesu vā pravāsaṃmhi vā etamhī ca añamhi ca jano ucāvacaṃ maṃgalaṃ karote  (C) 3 eta tu mahiḍāyo bahukaṃ ca bahuvidham ca chudaṃ ca nirath[aṃ] ca maṃgalaṃ karote  (D) ta katavyameva tu magalaṃ  (E) apa-phalaṃ tu kho 4 etarisaṃ maṃgalaṃ  (F) ayaṃ tu mah[ā]-phale maṃgale ya dhaṃma-maṃgale  (G) ta[te]ta dāsa-bhatakamhi samya-pratipatī gurūnaṃ apaciti sādhu 5 pāṇesu sayamo sādhu bamhaṇa-samaṇānaṃ sādhu dānaṃ et[a] ca añ[a] ca etārisam dhaṃma-maṃgalaṃ nāma  (H) ta vatavyaṁ pita va 6 putena vā bhātra vā svāmikena vā idaṃ sādhu idaṃ katavya maṃgalaṃ āva tasa athasa nisṭānāya  (I) asti ca pi vutaṃ 7 sādhu dana iti  (J) na tu etārisaṃ astā dānaṃ va ana[ga]ho va yārisam dhaṃmadānaṃ va dhamanugaho va  (K) ta tu kho mitrena vā suhadayena [v]a 8 ñatikena va sahāyana va ovāditavyaṃ tamhi tamhi pakaraṇe [i]daṃ kacaṃ idaṃ sādha iti iminā sak[a] 9 svagam ārādhetu iti  (L) ki ca iminā katavyataraṃ yathā svagāradhi 
(A) King Devānāṁpriya Priyadarśin speaks thus.  (B) Men are practising various ceremonies during illness, or at the marriage of a son or a daughter, or at the birth of a son, or when setting out on a journey; on these and other (occasions) men are practising various ceremonies.  (C) But in such (cases) women are practising many and various vulgar and useless ceremonies.  (D) Now, ceremonies should certainly be practised.  (E) But ceremonies like these bear little fruit indeed.  (F) But the following practice bears much fruit, viz. the practice of morality.  (G) Herein the following (are comprised), (viz.) proper courtesy to slaves and servants, reverence to elders, gentleness to animals, (and) liberality to Brāhmaṇas and Śramaṇas; these and other such (virtues) are called the practice of morality.  (H) Therefore a father, or a son, or a brother, or a master ought to say:- ‘This is meritorious. This practice should be observed until the (desired) object is attained.’  (I) And it has been said also: ‘Gifts are meritorious.’  (J) But there is no such gift or benefit as the gift of morality or the benefit of morality.  (K) Therefore a friend, or a well-wisher, or a relative, or a companion should indeed admonish (another) on such and such an occasion: – ‘This ought to be done; this is meritorious. By this (practice) it is possible to attain heaven.’  (L) And what is more desirable than this, viz. the attainment of heaven? 
TENTH ROCK-EDICT: GIRNAR 
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(A) 1 Devānaṃpiyo Priyadasi rājā yaso va kīti va na mahāthāvah[ā] mañate añata tadātpano dighāya ca me [ja]no 2 dhaṃma-susru[ṃ]sā susrustā dhaṃma-vutaṃ ca anuvidhiyatāṃ  (B) etakāya Devānaṃpiyo Piyadasi rājā yaso va kīti va i[cha]ti  3 (C) ya[ṃ] tu kic[i] parik[a]mate Devānaṃ Priyadasi rājā ta savaṃ pāratrikāya kiṃti sakale a[pa]parisrave asa  (D) esa tu parisave ya apuṃñaṃ  (E) 4 dukaraṃ tu kho etaṃ cudakena va janena usaṭena va añatra agena parāk[r]amena savaṃ paricajitpā  (F) et[a] t[u] kho usaṭena dukaraṃ 
(A) King Devānāṁpriya Priyadarśin does not think that either glory or fame conveys much advantage, except (on account of his aim that) in the present time, and in the distant (future), men may (be induced) by him to practise obedience to morality, and that they may conform to the duties of morality.  (B) On this (account) king Devānāṁpriya Priyadarśin is desiring glory and fame.  (C) But whatever effort king Devānāṁpriya Priyadarśin is making, all that (is) for the sake of (merit) in the other (world), (and) in order that all (men) may run little danger.  (D) But the danger is this, viz. demerit.  (E) But it is indeed difficult either for a lowly person or for a high one to accomplish this without great zeal (and without) laying aside every (other aim).10  (F) But among these (two) it is indeed (more) difficult to accomplish for a high (person). 
ELEVENTH ROCK-EDICT: GIRNAR 
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(A) 1 Devinaṃpriyo Piyadasi rājā ev[a]ṃ āha  (B) nāsti etārisaṃ dānaṃ yārisaṃ dhaṃma-dānaṃ dhaṃma-saṃstavo vā dhaṃma-saṃvibhāgo [vā] dhaṃmasaṃbadho va  (C) 2 tata idaṃ bhavati dāsa-bhatakamhi samya-p[r]atipatī mātari pitara sādhu sus[r]uā mita-[sa]stuta-ñātikānaṃ bāmhaṇa-s[r]amaṇa[naṃ] sādhu dā[naṃ] 3 prāṇānaṃ anāraṃbho sādhu  (D) eta vatavyaṃ pitā va putrena va bhāt[ā] va mitasastut[a]-ñāt[i]k[e]na va āva paṭīvesiyehi ida sādhu ida ka[tav]ya[ṃ]  (E) 4 so t[a]thā karu ilokacasa āradho hoti parata ca aṃnaṃtaṃ puiñaṃ bhavati tena dhaṃma-dānena 
(A) King Devānāṁpriya Priyadarśin speaks thus.  (B) There is no such gift as the gift of morality, or acquaintance through morality, or the distribution of morality, or kinship through morality.  (C) Herein the following are (comprised), (viz.) proper courtesy to slaves and servants, obedience to mother (and) father, liberality to friends, acquaintances, and relatives, to Brāhmaṇas and Śramaṇas,(and) abstention from killing animals.12  (D) Concerning this a father, or a son, or a brother, or a friend, an acquaintance, or a relative, (or) even (mere) neighbours, ought to say : ‘This is meritorious. This, ought to be done.’  (E) If one is acting thus, the attainment of (happiness) in this world is (secured), and endless merit is produced in the other (world) by that gift of morality. 
TWELFTH ROCK-EDICT: GIRNAR 
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(A) 1 Devānaṃpiye Piyad[a]si rājā sava-pāsaṃḍāni ca [pa]vajitāni ca gharastāni ca pūjayati d[ā]nena ca vivādhāya [ca] pūjāya pūjayati ne  (B) 2 na tu tathā dānaṃ va pū[jā] va D[e]vānaṃpiyo maṃñate yathā kīti sāra-vaḍhī asa sa[va pā]saṃḍānaṃ  (C) sār[a]vaḍhī tu bahuvidhā  (D) 3 tasa tu idaṃ mūlaṃ ya vaci-gutī kiṃti ātpa-pāsaṃḍā-pūjā va para-pāsaṃḍa-garahā va no bhave aprakaraṇamhi lahukā va asa 4 tamhi tamhi prakaraṇe  (E) pūjetayā tu eva para-pāsaṃḍā tena tana prakaraṇena  (F) evaṃ karuṃ ātpa-pāsaṃḍaṃ ca vaḍhayati para-pāsaṃḍasa ca upakaroti  (G) 5 tad-aṃñathā karoto ātpa-pāsaḍaṃ ca chaṇati para-pāsaṃḍasa ca pi apakaroti  (H) yo hi koci ātpa-pāsaṃḍaṃ pūjayati para-pāsaṃḍaṃ v[a] garahati 6 savaṃ ātpa-pāsaṃḍa-bhatiyā kiṃti ātpa-pāsaṃḍam dīpayema iti so ca puna tatha karāto ātpa-pāsaṃḍa[ṃ] bāḍhataraṃ upahanāti  (I) ta samavayo eva sādhu 7 kiṃti [a]ñamaṃñasa dhaṃmam sruṇāru ca susuṃsera ca  (J) evam hi D[e]vānaṃpiyasa ichā kiṃti sava-pāsaṃḍā bahu-srutā ca asu kal[ā]ṇāgamā ca [a]su  (K) 8 ye ca tatra tata prasarimā tehi vatavyaṃ  (L) Devānaṃpiyo no tathā dānaṃ va pūjāṃ va maṃñate yathā kiṃti sāra-vaḍhī asa sarva-pāsadānaṃ  (M) bahakā ca etāya 9 atha vyāpatā dhaṃma-mahāmātā ca ithījhakha-mahāmātā ca vaca-bhūmika ca añe ca nikāyā  (N) ayaṃ ca etasa phala ya ātpa-pāsaṃḍā-vaḍhī ca hoti dhaṃmasa ca dīp[a]nā 
(A) King Devānaṁpriya Priyadarśin is honouring all sects: both ascetics and householders; both with gifts and with honours of various kinds he is honouring them.  (B) But Devānaṁpriya does not value either gifts or honours so (highly) as (this), (viz.) that a promotion of the essentials of all sects should take place.  (C) But a promotion of the essentials (is possible) in many ways.  (D) But its root is this, viz. guarding (one’s) speech (i. e) that neither praising one’s own sect nor blaming other sect should take place on improper occasions, or (that) it should be moderate in every case.  (E) But other sects ought to be duly honoured in every case.  (F) If one is acting thus, he is both promoting his own sect and benefiting other sects.  (G) If one is acting otherwise than thus, he is both hurting his own sect and wronging other sects as well.  (H) For whosoever praises his own sect or blames other sects;–all (this) out of devotion to his own sect, (i.e.) with the view of glorifying his own sect,–if he is acting thus, he rather injures his own sect very severely.  (I) Therefore concord alone is meritorious, (i.e.) that they should both hear and obey each other's morals.  (J) For this is the desire of Devānaṁpriya, (viz.) that all sects should be full of learning, and should be pure in doctrine.  (K) And those who are attached to their respective (sects) ought to be spoken to 1 (as follows).  (L) Devānaṁpriya does not value either gifts or honours so (highly) as (this), (viz.) that a promotion of the essentials of all sects should take place.  (M) And many (officers) are occupied for this purpose, (viz.) the Mahāmātras of morality, the Mahāmātras controlling women, the inspectors of cowpens, and other classes (of officials).  (N) And this is the fruit of it, (viz.) that both the promotion of one's own sect takes place, and the glorification of morality. 
THIRTEENTH ROCK-EDICT: GIRNAR 
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(A) 1 .......... ño Kaliṃga [v. j.]   (B) .......... [v. ḍh]e [sa]ta-sahasra-mātraṃ tatrā hataṃ bahu-tāvatakaṃ mata  (C) tatā pachā adh[u]nā ladhesu Kaliṃgesu tī[v]o dhaṃmavāyo  2 (D) ………. [sa]yo Devānaṃpriyasa [v. j .]  (E) .......... [va]dho va maraṇaṃ va apavāho va janasa ta bāḍham vedana-mata ca g[u]r[u]mata ca Devā[naṃpi]  (F) .. [sa]  (G) 3 .......... bāmhaṇā va samaṇā va añe ........... [s]ā mātr[i] pitari susuṃsā guru-susuṃsa mita-saṃstata-sahāya-ñātike[su ] dasa-[bha] .......... 4 .......... abhiratānaṁ va vinikhamaṇa  (H) yesaṃ vā [p .] .......... [h]āyañātikā vyasanaṃ prapuṇāti tata so pi tesa [u]paghato hāti  (I) paṭībhā[g]o cesa s[ava] ..........  (J) 5 …….. sti ime nikāyā añatra Yone[su] .......... [mh]i yatra nāsti mānusānaṃ ekataramhi pāsaṃḍamhi na nāma prasā[d]o  (K) y[ā]vata[k]o j[ano ta]d[ā] 6 .......... sra-bhago va garu-mat[o] Devānaṃ ..........  (L) .......... na ya saka camitave  (M) yā ca pi aṭaviyo D[e]vānaṃpiya[sa] pijite pāti  (N) 7 …….. cate te[sa]ṃ Devānaṃpiyasa ..........   (O) .......... sava-bhūtānāṃ achatiṃ ca sayamaṃ ca samacairaṃ c[a] mādava ca  (Q) 8 ……. [la]dh[o] .......... naṃpriyasa idha [sa]vesu [c .] .......... [Yo]na-rāja paraṃ ca tena catpāro rājāno Turamāyo ca [A]ṃt[ek]ina ca Magā ca   (R) 9 .......... idha rāja-vi(sa)yamhi [Y]o[na]Kaṃbo .......... ṃdhra-Pāriṃdesu savata Devānaṃpiyasa dhaṃmānus[a]sṭiṃ anuv[a]tare  (S) yata pi duti 10 .......... [na]ṃ dhamānusasṭiṃ ca dhamaṃ anuvidhiyare ..........  (T) [v]ijayo savathā puna vijayo pīti-raso sā  (U) ladhā sā pītī hoti dhaṃmavījayamhi  (W) 11 .......... ṃ[p]riyo  (X) etā[ya athā]ya ayaṃ dhaṃma[l] .......... [va]ṃ vijayaṃ mā vijetavyaṃ maṃñā sarasake eva vijaye chāti ca ..........  (Y) 12 .......... kik[o] c[a pā]r[alo]ki[ko] ..........  (AA) .......... ilokikā ca pāralokikā ca 
(A) .......... the Kaliṅgas ..........  (B) . . . . . . . . . . one hundred thousand in number were those who were slain there, (and) many times as many those who died.  (C) After that, now that (the country of) the Kaliṅgas has been taken, a zealous study of morality ..........  (D) .......... [the repentance] of Devānaṁpriya ..........  (E) .......... slaughter, death, and deportation of people, this is considered very painful and deplorable by Devānaṁpriya.  (F) ..........  (G) .......... Brāhmaṇas or Śramaṇas, [or] other .......... obedience to mother (and) to father, obedience to elders .......... to friends, acquaintances, companions, and relatives, [to] slaves .......... or deportation of (their) beloved ones.  (H) .......... [companions] and relatives are then incurring misfortune, this (misfortune) as well becomes an injury to those (persons).  (I) This is shared (by] all ..........  (J) .......... these classes .......... except among the Yoṇas .......... where men are not indeed attached to some sect.  (K) As many people as at that time .......... part is considered deplorable by Devānāṁ[priya].  (L) .......... what can be forgiven.  (M) And even the forests which are (included) in the dominions of Devānāṁpriya ..........  (N) They are [told] .......... of Devānāṁpriya ..........  (O) .......... towards all beings abstention from hurting, self-control, impartiality, and kindness.  (Q) .......... has been won by [Deva]nāṁpriya here and among all .......... the Yona king, and beyond him four kings, (viz.) Turamāya, Antekina, Magā ..........  (R) .......... here in the king's territory, [among] the Yonas and Kambo[jas] .......... among the [A]ndhras and Pārindas,–everywhere (people) are conforming to Devānāṁpriya’s instruction in morality.  (S) Even where the envoys .......... and the instruction in morality, are conforming to morality ..........  (T) .......... this conquest,–a conquest (won) in every respect (and) repeatedly,–causes the feeling of satisfaction.  (U) This satisfaction has been obtained (by me) at the conquest by morality.  (W) .......... [Devānā]ṁpriya.  (X) For the following purpose this [rescript] on morality .......... should not think that a [fresh] conquest ought to be made, (that), if a conquest does please them, mercy ..........  (Y) .......... in the other world.  (AA) .......... both in this world and in the other world. 
FOURTEENTH ROCK-EDICT: GIRNAR 
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(A) 1 ayaṃ dhaṃma-lipī Devānaṃpriyena Priyadasinā r[ā]ña l[e]khāpitā asti eva 2 saṃkhit[e]na asti majhamena asti vistatana  (B) na ca sarvaṃ [sa]rvata ghaṭitaṃ  (C) 3 mahālake hi vijitaṃ bahu ca likhitaṃ likhāpayisaṃ ceva  (D) asti ca eta kaṃ 4 puna puna vutaṃ tasa tasa athasa mādhūratāya kiṃti jano tathā paṭipajetha  (E) 5 tatra ekadā asamāt[a]ṃ likhita[ṃ] asa desaṃ vā sachāya [kā]raṇaṃ va 6 [a]locetpā lipikarāparadhena va 
(A) These rescripts on morality have been caused to be written by king Devānaṁpriya Priyadarsin either in an abridged {form), or of middle (size), or at full length.  (B) And the whole was not suitable everywhere.  (C) For (my) dominions are wide, and much has been written, and· I shall cause still (more) to be written.  (D) And some of this has been stated again and again because of the charm of certain topics, (and) in order that men should act accordingly.  (E) In some instances (some) of this may have been written incompletely, either on account of the locality, or because (my) motive was not liked, or by the fault of the writer. 
CONCLUSION
BELOW THE THIRTEENTH GIRNAR ROCK-EDICT, LEFT SIDE
1 t[eṣa]
2[p]i[p]ā

BELOW THE THIRTEENTH GIRNAR ROCK-EDICT, RIGHT SIDE
.......... rva-sveto 1 hasti 2 sarva-loka-sukhaharo nama 
.......... 1 of those ........
........ 2 written (?) ........

........ the entirely white 1 elephant 2 bringing indeed happiness to the whole world. 
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Enhet: Det humanistiske fakultet   Utviklet av: IT-seksjonen ved HF
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