Bibliotheca Polyglotta

Bṛhadāraṇyakopaniṣat

Complete text

atha hainaṃ jāratkārava ārtabhāgaḥ papraccha | yājñavalkyeti hovāca -- kati grahāḥ katy atigrahā iti | aṣṭau grahā aṣṭāv atigrahā iti | ye te 'ṣṭau grahā aṣṭāv atigrahāḥ katame ta iti ||

SECOND BRÂHMANA
1. Then Gâratkârava Ârtabhâga asked. 'Yâgñavalkya,' he said, 'how many Grahas are there, and how many Atigrahas 3?' 'Eight Grahas,' he replied,' and eight Atigrahas.' 'And what are these eight Grahas and eight Atigrahas?'

atha hainaṃ haśabda aitihyārthaḥ | athānantaramaśvala uparate prakṛtaṃ yājñavalkyaṃ jaratkārugotro jāratkārava ṛtabhāgasyāpatyamārtabhāgaḥ papraccha yājñavalkyeti hovācetyabhimukhokaraṇāya | pūrvavatpraśnaḥ kati grahāḥ katyatigrahā iti | itiśabdo vākyaparisamāptyarthaḥ | tatra nirjñāteṣu vā grahātigraheṣu praśnaḥ syādanirjñāteṣu vā | yadi tāvadgrahā atigrahāśca nirjñātāstadā tadgatasyāpi guṇasya saṃkhyāyā nijñātatvātkati grahāḥ katyatigrahā iti saṃkhyāviṣayaḥ praśno nopapadyate | athanirjñātāstadā saṃkhyeyaviṣayapraśna iti ke grahāḥ ke 'tigrahā iti praṣṭavyaṃ na tu kati grahāḥ katyatigrahā iti praśnaḥ | api ca nirjñātasāmānyakeśu viśeṣavijñānāya praśno bhavati yathā katame 'tra kaṭhāḥ katame 'tra kālāpā iti | na cātra grahātigrahā nāma padārthāḥ kecana loke prasiddhāḥ | yena viśeṣārthaḥ praśnaḥ syāt | nanu cātimucyata ityuktaṃ grahagṛhotasya hi mokṣaḥ sa muktiḥ sātimuktiriti hi dviruktam | tasmātprāptā grahā atigrahāśca | nanu tatrāpi catvāro grahā atigrahāśca nirjñātā vākcakṣuḥ prāṇamanāṃsi tatra katīti praśno nopapadyate nirjñātatvāt | na | anavadhāraṇārthatvāt | na hi catuṣṭvaṃ tatra vivakṣitamiha tu grahātigrahādarśane 'ṣṭhatvaguṇavivakṣayā katoti praśna upapadyata eva |
tasmātsa muktiḥ sātimuktiriti muktyatiktī dvirukte grahātigrahā api siddhāḥ |
ataḥ katisaṃkhyākā grahāḥ kati vātigrahā iti pṛcchati |
itara āha-aṣṭau grahā aṣṭāvatigrahā iti |
ye te 'ṣṭau grahā abhihitāḥ katame te niyamena grahītavyā iti || 1 ||

prāṇo vai grahaḥ | so 'pānenātigraheṇa gṛhītaḥ | prāṇena hi gandhāñ jighrati ||

2. 'Prâna (breath) is one Graha, and that is seized by Apâna (down-breathing) as the Atigrâha, for one smells with the Apâna.'

tatrā'ha | prāṇo vai grahaḥ prāṇa iti ghrāṇamucyate | prakaraṇāt | vāyusahitaḥ saḥ |
apāneneti gandhenetyetat |
apānasacivatvādapāno gandha ucyate |
apānopahṛtaṃ hi gandhaṃ ghrāṇena sarvo loko jighrati |
tadetaducyate 'pānena hi gandhāñjighratīti || 2 ||

vāg vai grahaḥ | sa nāmnātigraheṇa gṛhītaḥ | vācā hi nāmāny abhivadati ||

3. 'Speech (vâk) is one Graha, and that is seized by name (nâman) as the Atigrâha, for with speech one pronounces names.

jihvā vai grahaḥ | sa rasenātigraheṇa gṛhītaḥ | jihvayā hi rasān vijānāti ||

4. 'The tongue is one Graha, and that is seized by taste as the Atigrâha, for with the tongue one perceives tastes.'

cakṣur vai grahaḥ | sa rūpeṇātigraheṇa gṛhītaḥ | cakṣuṣā hi rūpāṇi paśyati ||

5. 'The eye is one Graha, and that is seized by form as the Atigrâha, for with the eye one sees forms.'

śrotraṃ vai grahaḥ | sa śabdenātigraheṇa gṛhītaḥ | śrotreṇa hi śabdāñ śṛṇoti ||

6. 'The ear is one Graha, and that is seized by sound as the Atigrâha, for with the ear one hears sounds.'

mano vai grahaḥ | sa kāmenātigraheṇa gṛhītaḥ | manasā hi kāmān kāmayate ||

7. 'The mind is one Graha, and that is seized by desire as the Atigrâha, for with the mind one desires desires.'

hastau vai grahaḥ | sa karmaṇātigraheṇa gṛhītaḥ | hastābhyāṃ hi karma karoti ||

8. 'The arms are one Graha, and these are seized by work as the Atigrâha, for with the arms one works work.'

tvag vai grahaḥ | sa sparśenātigraheṇa gṛhītaḥ | tvacā hi sparśān vedayata | ity aṣṭau grahā aṣṭāv atigrahāḥ ||

9. 'The skin is one Graha, and that is seized by touch as the Atigrâha, for with the skin one perceives touch. These are the eight Grahas and the eight Atigrahas.'

vāgvai grahaḥ | vācā hyadhyātmaparicchinnayā'saṅgaviṣayāspadayāsatyānṛtāsabhyabībhatsād ivacaneṣu vyāpṛtayā gṛhīto loko 'pahṛtastena | vāggrahaḥ sa nāmnātigrāreṇa gṛhītaḥ sa vāgākhyo graho nāmnā vaktavyena viṣayeṇātigraheṇa atigrāheṇeti daighyaṃ chāndasaṃ nāma vaktavyārthā hi vāktena vaktavyenārthena tādarthyena prayuktā vāktena vaśīkṛtā tena tatkāryamakṛtvā naiva tasyā mokṣaḥ |
ato nāmnātigrāheṇa gṛhītā vāgityucyate |
vaktavyāsaṅgena hi pravṛttā sarvānarthairyujyate |
samānamanyat |
ityete tvakparyantā aṣṭau grahāḥ sparśaparyantāścaite 'ṣṭāvatigrahā iti || 3-9 ||

yājñavalkyeti hovāca -- yad idaṃ sarvaṃ mṛtyor annaṃ kā svit sā devatā yasyā mṛtyur annam iti | agnir vai mṛtyuḥ so 'pām annam | apa punarmṛtyuṃ jayati ||

10. 'Yâgñavalkya,' he said, 'everything is the food of death. What then is the deity to whom death is food?' 'Fire (agni) is death, and that is the food of water. Death is conquered again.'

upasaṃhṛteṣu grahātigraheṣvāha punaḥ - yājñavalkyeti hovāca | yadidaṃ sarvaṃ mṛtyorannaṃ yadidaṃ vyākṛtaṃ sarvaṃ mṛtyorannaṃ sarvaṃ jāyate vipadyate ca grahātigrahalakṣaṇena mṛtyunā grastam | kāsvitkā nu syātsā devatā yasyā devatāyā mṛtyurapyannaṃ bhavet | "mṛtyuryasyopasecanam"iti śrutyantarāt | ayamabhiprāyaḥ praṣṭuḥ | yadi mṛtyormṛtyuṃ vakṣyatyanavasthā syāt | atha na vakṣyatyasmādgrahātigrahalakṣaṇānmṛtyormokṣo nopapadyate | grahātigrahamṛtyuvināśe hi mokṣaḥ yāt | sa yadi mṛtyorapi mṛtyuḥ syādbhavedgrahātigrahalakṣaṇasya mṛtyorvināśaḥ ato durvacanaṃ praśnaṃ manvānaḥ pṛcchati kāsvitsā devateti | asti tāvanmṛtyormṛtyuḥ | nanvanavasthā syāttasyāpyanyo mṛtyuriti | nānavasthā | sarvamṛtyormṛtyvantarānupapatteḥ | kathaṃ punaravagamyate 'sti mṛtyormṛtyuriti | dṛṣṭatvāt | agnistāvatsarvasya dṛṣṭo mṛtyurvināśakatvāt | so 'dbhirbhakṣyate so 'gnirapāmannam | gṛhāṇa tarhyasti mṛtyormṛtyuriti |
tena sarvaṃ grahātigrahajātaṃ bhakṣyate mṛtyormṛtyunā |
tasminbandhane nāśite mṛtyunā bhakṣite saṃsārānmokṣa upapanno bhavati |
bandhanaṃ hi grahātigrahalakṣaṇamuktaṃ tasmācca mokṣa upapadyata ityetatprasādhitam |
ato bandhamokṣāya puruṣaprayāsaḥ saphalo bhavatyato 'pajayati punarmṛtyum || 10 ||

yājñavalkyeti hovāca -- yatrāyaṃ puruṣo mriyata ud asmāt prāṇāḥ krāmanty āho neti | neti hovāca yājñavalkyaḥ | atraiva samavanīyante | sa ucchvayati | ādhmāyati | ādhmāto mṛtaḥ śete ||

11. 'Yâgñavalkya,' he said, 'when such a person (a sage) dies, do the vital breaths (prânas) move out of him or no?' 'No,' replied Yâgñavalkya; 'they are gathered up in him, he swells, he is inflated, and thus inflated the dead lies at rest.'

pareṇa mṛtyunā mṛtyau bhakṣite paramātmadarśanena yo 'sau mukto vidvānso 'yaṃ puruṣo yatra yasminkāle mriyata udūrdhvamasmādbrahmavido mriyamāṇātprāṇā vāgadayo grahā nāmādayaścātigrahā vāsanārūpā antasthāḥ prayojakāḥ kāmatnyūrdhvamutkrāmantyāhosvinneti | neti hovāca yājñavalkyo notkrāmantyatraivāsminneva pareṇā'tmanāvibhāgaṃ gacchanti viduṣi kāryāṇi karaṇāni ca svayonau parabrahmasatattave samavanīyanta ekībhāvena samavasṛjyante pralīyanta ityarthaḥ |
ūrmaya ida samudre |
tathā ca śrutyantaraṃ kalāśabdavācyānāṃ prāṇānāṃ parasminnātmani pralayaṃ darśayati -"evamevāsya paridraṣṭurimāḥ ṣoḍaśa kalāḥ puruṣāyaṇāḥ puruṣaṃ prāpyāstaṃ gacchantī"ti |
iti pareṇā'tmanāvibhāgaṃ gacchantīti darśitam |
na tarhi mṛto, nahi, mṛtaścāyaṃ yasmātsa ucchvayatyucchūnatāṃ pratipadyata ādhmāyati bāhyena vāyunā pūryate dṛtivadādhmāto mṛtaḥ śete niśceṣṭaḥ bandhananāśe muktasya na kvacidgamanamiti vākyārthaḥ || 11 ||

yājñavalkyeti hovāca -- yatrāyaṃ puruṣo mriyate | kim enaṃ na jahātīti | nāmeti | anantaṃ vai nāmānantā viśve devāḥ | anantam eva sa tena lokaṃ jayati ||

12. 'Yâgñavalkya,' he said, 'when such a man dies, what does not leave him?' 'The name,' he replied; 'for the name is endless, the Visvedevas are endless, and by it he gains the endless world.'

muktasya kiṃ prāṇā eva samavanoyanta āhosvittatprayojakamapi sarvam | atha prāṇā eva na tatprayojakaṃ sarva, prayojake vidyamāne punaḥ prāṇānāṃ prasaṅgaḥ | atha sarvameva kāmakarmādi, tato mokṣa upapadyata ityevamartha uttaraḥ praśnaḥ | yājñavalkyeti hovāca yatrāyaṃ puruṣo mriyate kimenaṃ na jahātīti | āhetaro nāmeti sarvaṃ samavanīyata ityarthaḥ | nāmamātraṃ tu na līyata ākṛtisambandhāt | nityaṃ hi nāma |
anantaṃ vai nāma |
nityatvamevā'nantyaṃ nāmnaḥ |
tadānantyādhikṛtā anantā bai viśve devā anantameva sa tena lokaṃ jayati |
tannāmānantyādhikṛtānviśvāndevānātmatvenopetya tenā'nantyadarśanenānantameva lokaṃ jayati || 12 ||

yājñavalkyeti hovāca -- yatrāsya puruṣasya mṛtasyāgniṃ vāg apyeti vātaṃ prāṇaś cakṣur ādityaṃ manaś candraṃ diśaḥ śrotraṃ pṛthivīṃ śarīram ākāśam ātmauṣadhīr lomāni vanaspatīn keśā apsu lohitaṃ ca retaś ca nidhīyate kvāyaṃ tadā puruṣo bhavatīti | āhara saumya hastam ārtabhāga | āvām evaitasya vediṣyāvo na nāv etat sajana iti | tau hotkramya mantrayāṃ cakrāte | tau ha yad ūcatuḥ karma haiva tad ūcatuḥ | atha ha yat praśaṃsatuḥ karma haiva tat praśaśaṃsatuḥ | puṇyo vai puṇyena karmaṇā bhavati pāpaḥ pāpeneti | tato ha jāratkārava ārtabhāga upararāma ||

13. 'Yâgñavalkya,' he said,' when the speech of this dead person enters into the fire, breath into the air, the eye into the sun, the mind into the moon, the hearing into space, into the earth the body, into the ether the self, into the shrubs the hairs of the body, into the trees the hairs of the head, when the blood and the seed are deposited in the water, where is then that person?'
Yâgñavalkya said: 'Take my hand, my friend. We two alone shall know of this; let this question of ours not be (discussed) in public.' Then these two went out and argued, and what they said was karman (work), what they praised was karman, viz. that a man becomes good by good work, and bad by bad work. After that Gâratkârava Ârtabhâga held his peace.

grahātigraharūpaṃ bandhanamuktaṃ mṛtyurūpaṃ tasya ca mṛtyormṛtyusadbhāvānmokṣaścopapadyate | sa ca mokṣo grahātigraharūpāṇāmihaiva pralayaḥ pradīpanirvāṇavat | yadvadgrahātigrahākhyaṃ bandhanaṃ mṛtyurūpaṃ tasya yatprayojakaṃ tatsvarūpanirdhāraṇārthamidamārabhyate | yājñavalkyeti hovāca | atra kecidvarṇayanti grahātigrahasya saprayojakasya vināśe 'pi kila na mucyate | nāmāvaśiṣṭo 'vidyayoṣarasthānīyayā svātmaprabhavayā pa mātmanaḥ paricchinno bhojyācca jagato vyāvṛtta ucchinna kāmakarmāntarāle vyavatiṣṭhate | tasya paramātmaikatvadarśane dvaitadarśanamapanetavyamityataḥ paraṃ paramātmadarśanamārabdhavyamityevamapavargākhyāmantarālāvasthāṃ parikalyottaragranthasaṃbandhaṃ kurvanti | tatra vaktavyaṃ viśīrṇeṣu karaṇeṣu videhasya paramātmadarśanaśravaṇamanananididhyāsanāni kathamiti | samavanītaprāṇasya hi nāmamātrāvaśiṣṭasyeti tairucyate | mṛtaḥ śeta iti hayuktam | na manorathenāpyetadupapādayituṃ śakyate | atha jīvannevāvidyāmātrāvaśiṣṭo bhojyādapāvṛtta iti parikalpyate tattu kiṃnimittamiti vaktavyam | samastadvaitaikatvātmaprāptinimittamiti yadyucyate tatpūrvameva nirākṛtam | karmasahitena dvaitaikatvātmadarśanena sampanno vidvānmṛtaḥ samavanītaprāṇo jagadātmatvaṃ hiraṇyagarbhasvarūpaṃ vā prāpnuyādasamavanītaprāṇo bhojyājjīvanneva vyāvṛtto viraktaḥ paramātmadarśanābhimukhaḥ syāt | na cobhayamekaprayatnaniṣpādyena sādhanena labhyam | hiraṇyagarbhaprāptisādhanaṃ cenna tato vyāvṛttisādhanam | paramātmābhimukhīkaraṇasya bhojyādvayāvṛtteḥ sādhanaṃ cenna hiraṇyagarbhaprāptisādhanam | na hi yadgatisādhanaṃ tadgatinivṛtterapi | atha mṛtvā hiraṇyagarbhaṃ prāpya tataḥ samavanītaprāṇo nāmāvaśiṣṭaḥ paramātmajñāne 'dhikriyate | tato 'smadādyarthaṃ paramātmajñānopadeśo 'narthakaḥ syāt | sarveṣāṃ hi brahmavidyā puruṣārthāyopadiśyate"tadyo yo devānām"ityādyayā śrutyā | tasmādatyantanikṛṣṭā śāstrabāhyaiveyaṃ kalpanā | prakṛtaṃ tu vartayiṣyāma | tatra kena prayuktaṃ grahātigrahalakṣaṇaṃ bandhanamityetannirdidhārayiṣayā'ha-yatrāsya puruṣasyāsamyagdarśinaḥ śiraḥpāṇyādimato mṛtasya vāgagnimapyeti vātaṃ prāṇo 'pyeti cakṣurādityamapyetīti sarvatra sambadhyate | manaścandraṃ diśaḥ śrotraṃ pṛthivīṃ śarīramākāśamātmetyatrā'tmādhiṣṭhānaṃ hṛdayākāśamucyate | sa ākāśamapyeti | oṣadhīrapiyati lomāni | vanaspatīnapiyanti keśāḥ | apsu lohitaṃ ca retaśca nidhīyata iti punarādānaliṅgam | sarvatra hi vāgādiśabdena devatāḥ parigṛhyante na tu karaṇānyevāpakrāmanti prāṅmokṣāt | tatra devatābhiranadhiṣṭhitāni karaṇāni nyastadātrādyupamānāni videhaśca kartā puruṣo 'svatantraḥ kimāśrito bhavatīti pṛcchayate-kvāyaṃ tadā puruṣo bhavatīti | kimāśritastadā puruṣo bhavatīti | yamāśrayamāśritya punaḥ kāryakaraṇasaṃghātamupādatte yena grahātigrahalakṣaṇaṃ bandhanaṃ prayujyate tatkimiti praśnaḥ | atrocyate-svabhāvayadṛcchākālakarmadaivavijñānamātraśūnyāni vādibhiḥ parikalpitāni | ato 'nekavipratipattisthānatvānnaiva jalpanyāyena vastunirṇayaḥ | atra vastunirṇayaṃ cedicchasyāhara sobhya hastasārtabhāga ha āvāmevaitasya tvatpṛṣṭasya veditavyaṃ yattadvediṣyāvo nirūpayiṣyāvaḥ | kasmāt | na nāvāvayoretadvastu sajane janasamudāye nirṇetuṃ śakyate | ata ekānta gamiṣyāvo vicāraṇāya | tau hetyādi śrutivacanam | tau yājñavalkyārtabhāgāvekāntaṃ gatvā kiṃ cakraturityucyate-tau hotkramya sajanāddeśānmantrayāñcakrāte | ādau laukikavādipakṣāṇāmekaikaṃ parugṛhya vicāritavantau |
tau ha vicārya yadūcaturapohya pūrvapakṣānsarvāneva tacchṛṇu |
karma haivā'śrayaṃ punaḥ punaḥ kāryakaraṇopādānahetuṃ tattatrocaturuktavantau |
na kevalaṃ kālakarmadaiveśvareṣvabhyupagateṣu hetuṣu yatpraśaśaṃsatustau karma haiva tatpraśaśaṃsatuḥ |
yasmānnirdhāritametatkarmaprayuktaṃ grahātigrahādikāryakaraṇopādānaṃ punaḥ punastasmātpuṇyo vai śāstravihitena puṇyena karmaṇā bhavati tadviparotena viparīto bhavati pāpaḥ pāpenetyevaṃ yājñavalkyena praśneṣu nirṇīteṣu tato 'śakyaprakampyatvādyājñavalkyasya ha jaratkārava ārtabhāga upararāma || 13 ||
iti tṛtīyādhyāye dvitīyamārtabhāgabrāhmaṇam || 2 ||

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