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Eusebius: Chronica
    Click to Expand/Collapse Option Complete text
Click to Expand/Collapse OptionIntroduction
Click to Expand/Collapse OptionChaldeans
Click to Expand/Collapse OptionChaldeans
Click to Expand/Collapse OptionLydians
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THE GREEKS 
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According to the historians of their ancient times. 
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The kings of the Athenians 
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The kings of the Argives 
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The kings of the Sicyonians 
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The kings of the Lacedaemonians 
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The kings of the Corinthians 
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Who ruled the sea, and for how long 
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The individual Olympiads of the Greeks 
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The early kings of the Macedonians 
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The kings of the (?) Macedonians, Thessalians, Syrians and Asians after Alexander 
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Dates of the Greeks 
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The Sicyonians and their kings are said to be the most ancient of the Greeks.  The first king to rule Sicyon was Aegialeus, at the same time as Ninus and Belus, who are the first recorded kings of the Assyrians and of Asia.  The Peloponnese was originally called Aegialeia, after this Aegialeus. 
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Inachus is said to have been the first king of the Argives, 235 years after the start of the Sicyonian kingdom.  (173) Cecrops, called Diphyes ("two-formed") was the first king of the Athenians, about 300 years after the start of the Argive kingdom, and 533 years after the start of the Sicyonian kingdom. 
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This chronicle will start with the earliest rulers, and first it will give a full list of the kings of the Sicyonians.  There is considerable disagreement amongst the older writers who composed chronicles of Greek history; but, as far as possible, we will copy the accounts which are agreed by most writers. 
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The chronographer Castor lists the dates of the Sicyonian kings in his chronicle; and then he provides a summary of them, as follows: “We will provide a list of the kings of Sicyon, starting with Aegialeus, the first king, and ending with Zeuxippus.  These kings reigned for a total of 959 years.  After the kings, six priests of [Apollo] Carneius were appointed; this priesthood lasted for 33 years.  Then Charidemus was appointed priest; but he could not bear the expense, and went into exile.” 
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That is what Castor wrote.  The exact succession of the Sicyonian kings is reckoned as follows. 
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The kings of the Sicyonians 
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1. Aegialeus, for 52 years.  The Peloponnese was originally called Aegialeia, after this Aegialeus.  He is said to have started to rule Sicyon in the 15th year of Belus, the first king of the Assyrians.  According to legend, [Belus] was the son of Poseidon and Libya. 
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2. Europs, for 45 years.  He reigned at the same time as Ninus, the son of Belus. 
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3. Telchin, for 20 years.  He reigned at the same time as Semiramis. 
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4. Apis, for 25 years.  The Peloponnese was then called Apia, after this Apis. 
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5. Thelxion, for 52 years. 
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6. Aegydrus, for 34 years. 
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7. Thurimachus, for 45 years.  During his reign, Inachus became the first king of the Argives. 
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8. (175) Leucippus, for 53 years. 
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9. Messapus, for 47 years.  During his reign Egypt was ruled by Joseph, as the Hebrews record. 
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10. Eratus, for 46 years. 
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11. Plemnaeus, for 48 years. 
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12. Orthopolis, for 63 years. 
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13. Marathonius, for 30 years.  During his reign, Cecrops Diphyes became the first king of Attica. 
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14. Marathus, for 20 years.  During his reign, Moses led the Hebrews out of Egypt, as will be shown in due course. 
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15. Echyreus, for 55 years.  During his reign, Danaus became king of the Argives. 
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16. Corax, for 30 years. 
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17.Epopeus, for 35 years. 
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18. Laomedon, for 40 years. 
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19. Sicyon, for 45 years.  During his reign, the kingdom of the Argives came to an end, after lasting for 540 years. 
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20. Polybus, for 40 years. 
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21. Inachus, for 40 years. 
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22. Phaestus, for 8 years. 
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23. Adrastus, for 4 years. 
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24. Polypheides, for 31 years.  During his reign, Troy was captured. 
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25. Pelasgus, for 20 years.  During his reign, Aeneias was king of the Latins. 
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26. Zeuxippus, for 31 years. 
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In all, there were 26 kings of Sicyon, who reigned for 959 years.  After Zeuxippus, there were no more kings, and instead there were priests of [Apollo] Carneius. 
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1. The first priest was Archelaus, for one year. 
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2. Automedon, for one year. 
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3. Theoclytus, for four years. 
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4. Euneus, for six years. 
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5. Theonomus, for nine years. 
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6. (177) Amphigyes, for (?) twelve years. 
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7. Lastly, Charidemus for one year.  He could not bear the expense, and went into exile.  He was priest (?) 352 years before the first Olympiad [i.e.  1128 B.C.]. 
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The total duration of the kings and priests of the Sicyonians was 998 years. 
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After the rulers of the Sicyonians, it will be fitting to give a summary of the kings of the Argives, as far as can be established from the ancient histories.  Castor mentions them in these words. 
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Castor, about the kings of the Argives: 
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Next we will list the kings of the Argives, starting with Inachus and ending with Sthenelus the son of Crotopus.  These kings reigned for a total of 382 years, until Sthenelus was driven out by Danaus, who seized control of Argos.  The descendants of Danaus ruled Argos for 162 years, ending with Eurystheus, the son of Sthenelus, the son of Perseus.  After Eurystheus, the descendants of Pelops ruled Argos for (?) 105 years, starting with Atreus, and ending with Penthilus, Tisamenus and Cometes (?) the son of Orestes, in whose time occurred the invasion of the Heracleidae.  The dates of each of the Argive kings are as follows. 
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The kings of the Argives 
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1. Inachus, for 50 years.  The country was called Inachia, after this Inachus.  He began to rule the Argives at the time of Thurimachus, who was the seventh king of the Sicyonians. 
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2. Phoroneus, for 60 years.  In his reign, Ogygus founded Eleusis. 
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3. Apis, for 35 years.  The country was then called Apia, after this Apis.  During his reign, Joseph governed the Egyptians, as recorded by the Hebrews. 
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4. Argus, the son of Zeus and Niobe, for 70 years.  The name of the country was changed to Argeia, after this Argus. 
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5. Criasus, for 54 years. 
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6. Phorbas, for 35 years.  During his reign, Cecrops Diphyes became king of the Athenians. 
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7. (179) Triopas, for 46 years.  During his reign, Moses led the Hebrews out of Egypt. 
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8. Crotopus, for 21 years. 
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9. Sthenelus, for 11 years.  In all, these kings reigned for 382 years.  Danaus drove out Sthenelus, and ruled Argos, as did his descendants after him.  The succession of kings, and their dates, are as follows. 
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10. Danaus, for 50 years. 
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11. Lynceus, for 41 years. 
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12. Abas, for 23 years. 
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13. Proetus, for 17 years. 
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14. Acrisius, for 31 years. 
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In all, there were rulers of Argos for a period of 544 years, until the end of Danaidae. 
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After Acrisius, the Argives began to be ruled from Mycenae, when the descendants of Pelops took over the kingdom, in the time of Eurystheus the son of Sthenelus.  Pelops was the first ruler of the Peloponnese, and he organised the Olympic games. 
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After Acrisius, when the Argives began to be ruled from Mycenae: 
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Eurystheus was king for 45 years. 
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Then the sons of Pelops, Atreus and Thyestes, for 65 years. 
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After them, Agamemnon, for 30 years.  In the 18th year of his reign, Troy was captured. 
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Aegisthus, for 17 years. 
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Orestes, Tisamenus, Penthilus and Cometes for 58 years, until the return of the Heracleidae, when they conquered the Peloponnese.  From the return of the Heracleidae until the migration of the Ionians, there are (?) 60 years.  From the migration of the Ionians until the first Olympiad [776 B.C.], there are 267 years. 
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Next it will be fitting to provide a list of the kings of Athenians, by summarising the accounts of some of the ancient historians. 
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- Ogygus is said to have been the first [king] of the Athenians; (181) the Greeks relate that their great ancient flood happened in his reign.  Phoroneus the son of Inachus, king of the Argives, is said to have lived at the same time.  Plato mentions this in the Timaeus [ 22 ], as follows: “When he wished to introduce them to ancient history, so that they could discuss the antiquity of this city, he started his account with the old stories about Phoroneus and Niobe, and then what happened after the flood.” Ogygus lived in the time of Messapus, the ninth king of Sicyon, and Belochus, the eighth king of the Assyrians. 
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After Ogygus, because of the great destruction caused by the flood, Attica remained without a king for 190 years, until the time of Cecrops.  The number of years is reckoned from the kings of the Argives, who began before Ogygus.  From the end of the reign of Phoroneus, king of the Argives, in whose time Ogygus' flood is said to have happened, until Phorbas, in whose time Cecrops became king of Attica, is a period of 190 years.  From Cecrops until the first Olympiad, there are counted seventeen kings, and twelve archons for life; in this time, the marvellous myths of the Greeks are said to have occurred.  The Greeks count the kings of Attica from [Cecrops], because they do not know for certain the dates of any earlier kings.  Castor explained this in the summary of this history, as follows. 
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Castor, about the kings of the Athenians: 
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We will now list the kings of the Athenians, starting with Cecrops, called Diphyes, and ending with Thymoetes.  The total duration of the reigns of all these kings, called Erechtheidae, was 450 years.  - After them, Melanthus of Pylus, son of Andropompus, became king, (183) followed by his son Codrus.  The total duration of their two reigns was (?) 58 years.  [When the kings came to an end, they were replaced by archons who ruled for life], starting with (?) Medon son of Codrus, and ending with Alcmaeon son of Aeschylus.  The total duration of the rule of the archons for life was 209 years.  The next archons held power for 10 years each; there were seven of these archons, and altogether they ruled for 70 years.  Then the archons started to hold power for one year each, starting with Creon and ending with Theophemus, in whose time the history and glorious achievements of our country came to a complete end. 
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That is what Castor wrote.  Now we will provide a list of each of the kings. 
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The kings of the Athenians 
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1. Cecrops Diphyes, for 50 years.  In his reign lived Prometheus, Epimetheus and Atlas.  He started to rule the Athenians in the time of Triopas, the seventh king of the Argives, and Marathonius, the thirteenth king of Sicyon.  At this time, Moses was prominent amongst the Hebrews, as we will show in due course.  Also in his reign, the flood of Deucalion is said to have engulfed Thessaly, just as fire devastated the land of Ethiopia in the time of Phaethon. 
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2. Cranaus, an aboriginal, for 9 years. 
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3. Amphictyon, the son of Deucalion and son-in-law of Cranaus, for (?) 10 years.  The deeds of the Danaidae are said to have occurred in his reign. 
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4. Erichthonius, the son of Hephaestus, who is called Erechtheus by Homer, for 50 years.  The Idaean Dactyls lived in his reign. 
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5. Pandion, the son of Erichthonius, for 40 years.  The rape of Core [Persephone], and what is related about Triptolemus, occurred in his reign. 
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6. (185) Erechtheus the son of Pandion, for 50 years.  The deeds of Perseus occurred in his reign. 
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7. Cecrops, the brother of Erechtheus, for 40 years.  The deeds of Dionysus occurred in his reign. 
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8. Pandion, the son of Erechtheus, for 25 years.  Afterwards Pandion went into exile, and became king of Megara.  The deeds of Europa, Cadmus and the Sparti occurred in his reign. 
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9. Aegeus, the son of Pandion, for 48 years.  The deeds of the Argonauts and the Centaurs occurred in his reign; and Heracles held the athletic games. 
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10. Theseus, the son of Aegeus, for 30 years.  In his reign, Minos established laws. 
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11. Menestheus, the son of Peteus, son of Orneus son of Erechtheus, for 23 years.  In his reign, Troy was captured. 
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12. Demophon, the son of Theseus, for 33 years.  The deeds of Odysseus and Orestes occurred in his reign; and Aeneias was king of Lavinium. 
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13. Oxyntes, the son of Demophon, for 12 years.  In his reign, the Amazons burnt down the temple at Ephesus. 
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14. Apheidas, the son of Oxyntes, for one year. 
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15. Thymoetes, the brother of Apheidas, for 8 years. 
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16. Melanthus of Pylus, the son of Andropompus, for 37 years.  In his reign the Heracleidae returned and occupied the Peloponnese. 
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17. Codrus, the son of Melanthus, for 21 years.  In his reign, the Ionians were driven out of Achaea, and took refuge in Athens. 
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Archons of the Athenians, who held power for life 
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18. Medon, the son of Codrus, for 20 years. 
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19. Acastus, the son of Medon, for 36 years.  - In his reign occurred the migration of the Ionians, (187) including Homer, so they say.  At the same time, Solomon built the temple at Jerusalem, as will be shown in due course. 
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20. Archippus, the son of Acastus, for 19 years. 
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21. Thersippus, the son of Archippus, for 41 years. 
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22. Phorbas, the son of Thersippus, for 30 years. 
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23. Megacles, the son of Phorbas, for 30 years. 
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24. Diognetus, the son of Megacles, for 28 years.  At this time, Lycurgus was in his prime. 
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25. Pherecles, the son of Diognetus, for 19 years. 
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26. Ariphron, the son of Pherecles, for 20 years.  At this time, the kingdom of the Assyrians came to an end, and Sardanapallus was killed. 
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27. Thespieus, the son of Ariphron, for 27 years.  At this time, Lycurgus established laws for the Spartans. 
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28. Agamestor, the son of Thespieus, for 17 years. 
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29. Aeschylus, the son of Agamestor, for 23 years.  In his twelfth year, the first Olympiad was held, in which Coroebus won the stadion contest. 
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The total duration of the Athenian rulers, from Cecrops down to the first Olympiad [776 B.C.], was 780 years; from Ogygus to the first Olympiad, there were 970 years.  From this time onwards, it is convenient to calculate dates according to the Olympiads. 
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30. After Aeschylus, Alcmaeon ruled the Athenians, for 2 years. 
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(189) After Alcmaeon, the Athenians decided to appoint archons for ten years each: 
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Charops, for ten years. 
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Aesimides, for ten years. 
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Cleidicus, for ten years. 
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Hippomenes, for ten years. 
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Leocrates, for ten years. 
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Apsander, for ten years. 
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Eryxias, for ten years. 
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After this, they decided to appoint archons for one year each.  The first annual archon was Creon, in the 24th Olympiad [684-681 B.C.].  From that time onwards, an archon was appointed for each year; but it is not necessary to list their names. 
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This concludes the summary of the dates of the ancient rulers of the Athenians, as related by the older and more reliable historians.  We have set down the dates and events before the capture of Troy, which are not reliably recorded, as well as we can from the different accounts.  Nor are the events from the capture of Troy until the first Olympiad accurately recorded.  However Porphyrius, in the first book of his Philosophical History, gives a summary in the following words: 
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"Apollodorus says that there are 80 years from the capture of Troy [1183 B.C.] until the expedition of the Heracleidae to the Peloponnese [1103 B.C.]; there are 60 years from the return of the Heracleidae until the settling of Ionia [1043 B.C.]; there are 159 years from then until Lycurgus [884 B.C.]; and there are 108 years from Lycurgus until the first Olympiad [776 B.C.].  Altogether, there are 407 years from the capture of Troy until the first Olympiad.” 
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Next, it will be fitting to give an account of the Olympiads as they are recorded by the Greeks. 
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(191) Olympiads of the Greeks 
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First Olympiad: in which Coroebus of Elis won the stadion race.  From this time onwards, the dates of the Greeks seem to have been accurately recorded; before then, the dates are supplied according to the whim of each writer. 
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About the institution of the Olympic Games 
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It is necessary to say a little about the origin of the games.  Some writers, who trace back the institution of the games to the earliest times, say that they had been held before Heracles, by one of the Idaean Dactyls; and then by Aethlius, as a challenge for his sons (from his name, the competitors were called athletes); and then by his son Epeius; and then Endymion, Alexinus and Oenomaus were each in charge of the sacred festival.  Then Pelops held the games in honour of his father Zeus; and next, Heracles the son of Alcmene.  There were ten generations (or, according to some, only three complete festivals) from Heracles until the time of Iphitus. 
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Iphitus was a citizen of Elis, who was concerned about the condition of Greece, and wished to rid the cities of their wars.  He sent envoys from the whole of the Peloponnese to consult [the god] about release from the wars which gripped them.  The god gave this response to the Peloponnesians: 
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You who dwell in the Peloponnese, gather round the altar; 
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Make sacrifice, and obey the instructions of the prophets. 
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He added these words to the Eleans: 
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Elean servants of the gods, who maintain your ancestral rites, 
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Protect your homeland, and desist from war. 
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Lead the Greeks in mutually just friendship, 
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Until the gathering comes in the year of good will. 
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(193) As a result of this, Iphitus proclaimed the truce [which had been fixed by Heracles at the summer solstice; they no longer fought against each other,] and he organised the games together with Lycurgus, who happened to be his relative because they were both descended from Heracles.  On this occasion, the only contest was the stadion race; later the other contests were added in their turn. 
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Aristodemus of Elis relates that the victors in the athletic contests began to be registered in the 27th Olympiad after Iphitus.  Before then, no-one had thought to record the athletes' names.  In the 28th Olympiad Coroebus of Elis won the stadion race, and he was the first victor to be registered.  This was then established as the first Olympiad, from which the Greeks calculate their dates. 
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Polybius says the same as Aristodemus; but Callimachus says that thirteen Olympiads passed after Iphitus without victors being registered; and Coroebus was the victor in the 14th Olympiad.  Many writers state that the institution of the games by Heracles the son of Alcmene occurred (?) 419 years before what is counted as the first Olympiad.  The Eleans hold the games every fifth year, with a gap of four years in between them. 
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The Greek Olympiads, from the first Olympiad up until the 247th, when Antoninus the son of Severus was emperor of the Romans: 
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1st Olympiad [776 B.C.] - Coroebus of Elis was the victor in the stadion race.  The stadion race was the only contest for the first thirteen Olympiads. 
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2nd [772 B.C.] - Antimachus of Elis, stadion race  [At this time] Romulus and Remus were born. 
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3rd [768 B.C.] - Androclus of Messenia, stadion race 
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(195) 4th [764 B.C.] - Polychares of Messenia, stadion race 
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5th [760 B.C.] - Aeschines of Elis, stadion race 
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6th [756 B.C.] - Oebotas of Dyme, stadion race 
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7th [752 B.C.] - Diocles of Messenia, stadion race 
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8th [748 B.C.] - Anticles of Messenia, stadion race 
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9th [744 B.C.] - Xenocles of Messenia, stadion race 
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10th [740 B.C.] - Dotades of Messenia, stadion race 
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11th [736 B.C.] - Leochares of Messenia, stadion race 
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12th [732 B.C.] - Oxythemis of Coroneia, stadion race 
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13th [728 B.C.] - Diocles of Corinth, stadion race 
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14th [724 B.C.] - Desmon of Corinth, stadion race  A double race was added, which was won by Hypenus of Elis. 
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15th [720 B.C.] - Orsippus of Megara, stadion race  A long race was added, and the runners were naked; the winner was Acanthus of Laconia. 
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16th [716 B.C.] - Pythagoras of Laconia, stadion race 
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17th [712 B.C.] - Polus of Epidaurus, stadion race 
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18th [708 B.C.] - Tellis of Sicyon, stadion race  A wresting contest was added, and the winner was Eurybatus of Laconia.  A pentathlon contest was also added, and the winner was Lampis of Laconia. 
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19th [704 B.C.] - Menus of Megara, stadion race 
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20th [700 B.C.] - Atheradas of Laconia, stadion race 
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21st [696 B.C.] - Pantacles of Athens, stadion race 
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22nd [692 B.C.] - Pantacles for a second time 
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23rd [688 B.C.] - Icarius of Hyperesia, stadion race  A boxing contest was added, and the winner was Onomastus of Smyrna.  It was Onomastus who established the rules of boxing. 
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24th [684 B.C.] - Cleoptolemus of Laconia, stadion race 
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25th [680 B.C.] - Thalpis of Laconia, stadion race  A race was added for chariots drawn by four horses, and the winner was Pagon of Thebes. 
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(197) 26th [676 B.C.] - Callisthenes of Laconia, stadion race  Philombrotus of Laconia won the pentathlon at three Olympic games.  The Carneia, a contest for citharodes, was held for the first time at Sparta. 
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27th [672 B.C.] - Eurybus of Athens, stadion race 
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28th [668 B.C.] - Charmis of Laconia, stadion race  Charmis trained on a diet of dried figs.  These games were held by the inhabitants of Pisa, because Elis was preoccupied by a war against Dyme. 
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29th [664 B.C.] - Chionis of Laconia, stadion race  Chionis could leap a distance of 22 feet. 
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30th [660 B.C.] - Chionis for a second time  The inhabitants of Pisa defected from Elis, and supervised these and the following 22 games. 
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31st [656 B.C.] - Chionis of Laconia for a third time, stadion race 
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32nd [652 B.C.] - Cratinus of Megara, stadion race  At these games, Comaeus was the third of his brothers to win the boxing contest. 
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33rd [648 B.C.] - Gylis of Laconia, stadion race  At these games, a pancratium contest was added, and the winner was Lygdamis of Syracuse.  Lygdamis was massive; he measured out the stadion with his feet, in only six hundred paces.  A horse race was added, and the winner was Craxilas of Thessaly. 
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34th [644 B.C.] - Stomas of Athens, stadion race 
.  . 
.  . 
35th [640 B.C.] - Sphaerus of Laconia, stadion race  The double race was won by Cylon of Athens, who later attempted to set himself up as tyrant. 
.  . 
.  . 
(199) 36th [636 B.C.] - Phrynon of Athens, stadion race  Phrynon was [later] killed in single combat with Pittacus. 
.  .  . 
.  .  . 
37th [632 B.C.] - Eurycleidas of Laconia, stadion race  A stadion race for boys was added, and the winner was Polynices of Elis.  A wrestling contest for boys was added, and the winner was Hipposthenes of Laconia, who won the men's wrestling contest five times in a row, starting from the next-but-one Olympic games. 
.  .  . 
.  .  . 
38th [628 B.C.] - Olyntheus of Laconia, stadion race  A pancratium contest for boys was added, but only on this one occasion.  The winner was Deutelidas of Laconia. 
. 
. 
39th [624 B.C.] - Rhipsolaus of Laconia, stadion race 
. 
. 
40th [620 B.C.] - Olyntheus of Laconia for a second time, stadion race 
.  . 
.  . 
41st [616 B.C.] - Cleondas of Thebes, stadion race  A boxing contest for boys was added, and the winner was Philotas of Sybaris. 
. 
. 
42nd [612 B.C.] - Lycotas of Laconia, stadion race 
. 
. 
43rd [608 B.C.] - Cleon of Epidaurus, stadion race 
. 
. 
44th [604 B.C.] - Gelon of Laconia, stadion race 
. 
. 
45th [600 B.C.] - Anticrates of Epidaurus, stadion race 
.  . 
.  . 
46th [596 B.C.] - Chrysamaxus of Laconia, stadion race  The boys' stadion race was won by Polymnestor of Miletus, who chased and caught a hare while he was tending goats. 
. 
. 
47th [592 B.C.] - Eurycles of Laconia, stadion race 
.  . 
.  . 
48th [588 B.C.] - Glycon of Croton, stadion race  Pythagoras of Samos was excluded from the boys' boxing contest and was mocked for being effeminate, but he went on to the men's contest and defeated all his opponents. 
. 
. 
49th [584 B.C.] - Lycinus of Croton, stadion race 
.  . 
.  . 
(201) 50th [580 B.C.] - Epitelidas of Laconia, stadion race  [At this time] the seven wise men were identified. 
. 
. 
51st [576 B.C.] - Eratosthenes of Croton, stadion race 
. 
. 
52nd [572 B.C.] - Agis of Elis, stadion race 
. 
. 
53rd [568 B.C.] - Hagnon of Peparethus, stadion race 
.  . 
.  . 
54th [564 B.C.] - Hippostratus of Croton, stadion race  Arichion of Phigaleia was (?) strangled and died, while winning the pancratium contest for the third time, and though dead he was crowned as victor, because his opponent had already conceded defeat, after his leg was broken by Arichion. 
.  . 
.  . 
55th [560 B.C.] - Hippostratus for a second time  [At this time] Cyrus became king of the Persians. 
. 
. 
56th [556 B.C.] - Phaedrus of Pharsalus, stadion race 
. 
. 
57th [552 B.C.] - Ladromus of Laconia, stadion race 
. 
. 
58th [548 B.C.] - Diognetus of Croton, stadion race 
. 
. 
59th [544 B.C.] - Archilochus of Corcyra, stadion race 
. 
. 
60th [540 B.C.] - Apellaeus of Elis, stadion race 
. 
. 
61st [536 B.C.] - Agatharchus of Corcyra, stadion race 
.  .  . 
.  .  . 
62nd [532 B.C.] - Eryxias of Chalcis, stadion race  Milon of Croton won the wrestling contest.  He won six times at the Olympic games, six times at the Pythian games, ten times at the Isthmian games, and nine times at the Nemean games. 
. 
. 
63rd [528 B.C.] - Parmenides of Camarina, stadion race 
. 
. 
64th [524 B.C.] - Menander of Thessaly, stadion race 
.  . 
.  . 
65th [520 B.C.] - Anochas of Tarentum, stadion race  A race in full armour was added, and the winner was Damaretus of Heraea. 
. 
. 
66th [516 B.C.] - Ischyrus of Himera, stadion race 
.  . 
.  . 
67th [512 B.C.] - Phanas of Pellene, stadion race  Phanas was the first to win all three races, the stadion race, the double race and the race in full armour. 
. 
. 
68th [508 B.C.] - Isomachus of Croton, stadion race 
. 
. 
69th [504 B.C.] - Isomachus for a second time 
. 
. 
(203) 70th [500 B.C.] - Nicasias of Opus, stadion race 
. 
. 
71st [496 B.C.] - Tisicrates of Croton, stadion race 
. 
. 
72nd [492 B.C.] - Tisicrates for a second time 
. 
. 
73rd [488 B.C.] - Astyalus of Croton, stadion race 
. 
. 
74th [484 B.C.] - Astyalus for a second time 
. 
. 
75th [480 B.C.] - Astyalus for a third time 
. 
. 
76th [476 B.C.] - Scamander of Mytilene, stadion race 
. 
. 
77th [472 B.C.] - Dandes of Argos, stadion race 
. 
. 
78th [468 B.C.] - Parmenides of Poseidonia, stadion race 
. 
. 
79th [464 B.C.] - Xenophon of Corinth, stadion race 
.  .  . 
.  .  . 
80th [460 B.C.] - Torymmas of Thessaly, stadion race  The wrestling contest was won by Amesinas of Barce, who trained by wrestling with a bull while he was tending cattle.  He even brought the bull to Pisa to help his training. 
. 
. 
81st [456 B.C.] - Polymnastus of Cyrene, stadion race 
. 
. 
82nd [452 B.C.] - Lycus of Larissa, stadion race 
. 
. 
83rd [448 B.C.] - Crisson of Himera, stadion race 
. 
. 
84th [444 B.C.] - Crisson for a second time 
. 
. 
85th [440 B.C.] - Crisson for a third time 
. 
. 
86th [436 B.C.] - Theopompus of Thessaly, stadion race 
.  . 
.  . 
87th [432 B.C.] - Sophron of Ambracia, stadion race  During this [Olympiad], the Peloponnesian war began. 
. 
. 
88th [428 B.C.] - Symmachus of Messenia, stadion race 
. 
. 
89th [424 B.C.] - Symmachus for a second time 
. 
. 
90th [420 B.C.] - Hyperbius of Syracuse, stadion race 
. 
. 
91st [416 B.C.] - Exagentus of Acragas, stadion race 
. 
. 
92nd [412 B.C.] - Exagentus for a second time 
.  .  . 
.  .  . 
93rd [408 B.C.] - Eubatus of Cyrene, stadion race  The pancratium contest was won by Polydamas of Scotussa, a massive man who, when he was with Ochus amongst the Persians, killed lions and fought without weapons against armed men; he even brought chariots charging at full speed to a halt.  A race was added for chariots drawn by a pair of horses, and the winner was Euagoras of Elis. 
. 
. 
94th [404 B.C.] - Crocinas of Larissa, stadion race 
. 
. 
95th [400 B.C.] - Minon of Athens, stadion race 
.  .  . 
.  .  . 
96th [396 B.C.] - Eupolemus of Elis, stadion race  A contest for trumpeters was added, and the winner was Timaeus of Elis.  (205) A contest for heralds was added, and the winner was Crates of Elis. 
. 
. 
97th [392 B.C.] - Terinaeus [of ...], stadion race 
.  . 
.  . 
98th [388 B.C.] - Sosippus of Delphi, stadion race  The wrestling contest was won by Aristodemus of Elis, whom no-one could grasp round the middle. 
.  . 
.  . 
99th [384 B.C.] - Dicon of Syracuse, stadion race  A race was added for chariots drawn by four foals, and the winner was Eurybatus of Laconia. 
. 
. 
100th [380 B.C.] - Dionysodorus of Tarentum, stadion race 
. 
. 
101st [376 B.C.] - Damon of Thurii, stadion race 
. 
. 
102nd [372 B.C.] - Damon for a second time 
. 
. 
103rd [368 B.C.] - Pythostratus of Ephesus, stadion race 
.  . 
.  . 
104th [364 B.C.] - Phocides of Athens, wrestling  These games were held by the inhabitants of Pisa. 
. 
. 
105th [360 B.C.] - Porus of Cyrene, stadion race 
. 
. 
106th [356 B.C.] - Porus for a second time 
. 
. 
107th [352 B.C.] - Micrinas of Tarentum, stadion race 
. 
. 
108th [348 B.C.] - Polycles of Cyrene, stadion race 
. 
. 
109th [344 B.C.] - Aristolochus of Athens, stadion race 
. 
. 
110th [340 B.C.] - (?) Anticles of Athens, stadion race 
. 
. 
111th [336 B.C.] - Cleomantis of Cleitor, stadion race 
.  . 
.  . 
112th [332 B.C.] - Eurylas of Chalcis, stadion race  [At this time] Alexander captured Babylon, and killed Dareius. 
.  . 
.  . 
113th [328 B.C.] - Cliton of Macedonia, stadion race  Ageus of Argos, [victor in] the long race, returned to Argos and announced his own victory on the same day. 
.  . 
.  . 
114th [324 B.C.] - Micinas of Rhodes, stadion race  [At this time] Alexander died, and his empire was split between many rulers; Ptolemy became king of Egypt and Alexandria. 
. 
. 
115th [320 B.C.] - Damasias of Amphipolis, stadion race 
. 
. 
116th [316 B.C.] - Demosthenes of Laconia, stadion race 
. 
. 
117th [312 B.C.] - Parmenides of Mytilene, stadion race 
.  . 
.  . 
118th [308 B.C.] - Andromenes of Corinth, stadion race  - Antenor of Athens or Miletus, undisputed [victor in] the pancratium, was victor at all the major games, undefeated in each of three age (207) groups. 
. 
. 
119th [304 B.C.] - Andromenes of Corinth, stadion race 
.  . 
.  . 
120th [300 B.C.] - Pythagoras of Magnesia-on-Maeander, stadion race  Ceras of Argos, [victor in] wrestling, tore the hooves off a cow. 
. 
. 
121st [296 B.C.] - Pythagoras for a second time 
. 
. 
122nd [292 B.C.] - Antigonus of Macedonia, stadion race 
. 
. 
123rd [288 B.C.] - Antigonus for a second time 
. 
. 
124th [284 B.C.] - Philomelus of Pharsalus, stadion race 
. 
. 
125th [280 B.C.] - Ladas of Aegium, stadion race 
. 
. 
126th [276 B.C.] - Idaeus or Nicator of Cyrene, stadion race 
. 
. 
127th [272 B.C.] - Perigenes of Alexandria, stadion race 
. 
. 
128th [268 B.C.] - Seleucus of Macedonia, stadion race 
.  . 
.  . 
129th [264 B.C.] - Philinus of Cos, stadion race  A new race for two-foal chariots was introduced, and the first winner was Philistiachus [Bilistiche of Macedonia]. 
. 
. 
130th [260 B.C.] - Philinus for a second time 
.  . 
.  . 
131st [256 B.C.] - Ammonius of Alexandria, stadion race  A one-foal race was introduced, and the first winner was Hippocrates [of Thessaly]. 
. 
. 
132nd [252 B.C.] - Xenophanes of Amphissa in Aetolia, stadion race 
.  . 
.  . 
133rd [248 B.C.] - Simylus of Neapolis, stadion race  [At this time] the Parthians revolted against the Macedonians; their first king was Arsaces, from whom the kings are called the Arsacids. 
. 
. 
134th [244 B.C.] - Alcides of Laconia, stadion race 
.  . 
.  . 
135th [240 B.C.] - Eraton of Aetolia, stadion race  Cleoxenus of Alexandria, [victor in] boxing, won without injury at all the major games. 
. 
. 
136th [236 B.C.] - Pythocles of Sicyon, stadion race 
. 
. 
137th [232 B.C.] - Menestheus of [?] Barcyla, stadion race 
. 
. 
138th [228 B.C.] - Demetrius of Alexandria, stadion race 
. 
. 
139th [224 B.C.] - Iolaidas of Argos, stadion race 
. 
. 
140th [220 B.C.] - Zopyrus of Syracuse, stadion race 
. 
. 
141st [216 B.C.] - Dorotheus of Rhodes, stadion race 
. 
. 
142nd [212 B.C.] - Crates of Alexandria, stadion race 
. 
. 
(209) Caprus of Elis won both the wrestling and the pancratium competitions, like Heracles; so he was acclaimed as “second after Heracles". 
. 
. 
143rd [208 B.C.] - Heracleitus of Samos, stadion race 
. 
. 
144th [204 B.C.] - Heracleides of Salamis in Cyprus, stadion race 
.  .  . 
.  .  . 
145th [200 B.C.] - Pyrrhias of Aetolia, stadion race  Moschus of Colophon, [victor in] boys' boxing, was the only boy to have won the boxing competition at all the major games.  A boys' pancratium competition was introduced, and the first winner was Phaedimus of Alexandria. 
. 
. 
146th [196 B.C.] - Micion of Boeotia, stadion race 
.  . 
.  . 
147th [192 B.C.] - Agemachus of Cyzicus, stadion race  Cleitostratus of Rhodes, [victor in] wrestling, overcame his opponents by grasping their necks. 
. 
. 
148th [188 B.C.] - Arcesilaus of Megalopolis, stadion race 
. 
. 
149th [184 B.C.] - Hippostratus of Seleuceia in Pieria, stadion race 
. 
. 
150th [180 B.C.] - Onesicritus of Salamis, stadion race 
. 
. 
151st [176 B.C.] - Thymilus of Aspendus, stadion race 
. 
. 
152nd [172 B.C.] - Democritus of Megara, stadion race 
. 
. 
153rd [168 B.C.] - Aristander of Antissa in Lesbos, stadion race 
. 
. 
154th [164 B.C.] - Leonidas of Rhodes, three times victor in the stadion race 
. 
. 
155th [160 B.C.] - Leonidas for a second time 
.  . 
.  . 
156th [156 B.C.] - Leonidas for a third time  Aristomenes of Rhodes was the third after Heracles to win both the wrestling and the pancratium competitions. 
. 
. 
157th [152 B.C.] - Leonidas, victor in the stadion race for a fourth time, was the first and only man to win 12 Olympic crowns over four Olympiads. 
. 
. 
158th [148 B.C.] - Othon of Syracuse, stadion race 
. 
. 
159th [144 B.C.] - Alcimus of Cyzicus, stadion race 
. 
. 
160th [140 B.C.] - Agnodorus of Cyzicus, stadion race 
. 
. 
161st [136 B.C.] - Antipater of Epirus, stadion race 
. 
. 
162nd [132 B.C.] - Damon of Delphi, stadion race 
. 
. 
163rd [128 B.C.] - Timotheus of Tralles, stadion race 
. 
. 
164th [124 B.C.] - Boeotus of Sicyon, stadion race 
. 
. 
(211) 165th [120 B.C.] - Acusilaus of Cyrene, stadion race 
. 
. 
166th [116 B.C.] - Chrysogonus of Nicaea, stadion race 
. 
. 
167th [112 B.C.] - Chrysogonus for a second time 
. 
. 
168th [108 B.C.] - Nicomachus of Philadelphia, stadion race 
. 
. 
169th [104 B.C.] - Nicodemus of Lacedaemon, stadion race 
. 
. 
170th [100 B.C.] - Simmias of Seleuceia-on-Tigris, stadion race 
. 
. 
171st [96 B.C.] - Parmeniscus of Corcyra, stadion race 
.  . 
.  . 
172nd [92 B.C.] - Eudamus of Cos, stadion race  Protophanes of Magnesia-on-Maeander was the fourth after Heracles to win both the wrestling and the pancratium competitions. 
. 
. 
173rd [88 B.C.] - Parmeniscus of Corcyra again, stadion race 
. 
. 
174th [84 B.C.] - Demostratus of Larissa, stadion race 
.  . 
.  . 
175th [80 B.C.] - Epaenetus of Argos, boys' stadion race  There was no stadion race for adults this year, because Sulla had summoned all the athletes to Rome. 
. 
. 
176th [76 B.C.] - Dion of Cyparissus, stadion race 
. 
. 
177th [72 B.C.] - Hecatomnos of Elis, stadion race 
.  .  . 
.  .  . 
178th [68 B.C.] - Diocles [?] Hypopenus, stadion race  Stratonicus of Alexandria, son of Corragus, was the fifth after Heracles to win both the wrestling and the pancratium competitions; at the Nemean games, he won four crowns on the same day in the boys' and youths' competitions, [though he attended the competitions without a horse.  He achieved this through the favour of his friends or the kings, and therefore he was regarded as disqualified]. 
. 
. 
179th [64 B.C.] - Andreas of Lacedaemon, stadion race 
. 
. 
180th [60 B.C.] - Andromachus of Ambracia, stadion race 
. 
. 
181st [56 B.C.] - Lamachus of Tauromenium, stadion race 
.  . 
.  . 
182nd [52 B.C.] - Anthestion of Argos, stadion race  (213) Marion of Alexandria, son of Marion, was the sixth after Heracles to win both the wrestling and the pancratium competitions. 
.  . 
.  . 
183rd [48 B.C.] - Theodorus of Messene, stadion race  [At this time] Julius Caesar was emperor of the Romans. 
.  . 
.  . 
184th [44 B.C.] - Theodorus for a second time  [At this time] Augustus became emperor of the Romans. 
. 
. 
185th [40 B.C.] - Ariston of Thurii, stadion race 
. 
. 
186th [36 B.C.] - Scamander of Alexandria Troas, stadion race 
. 
. 
187th [32 B.C.] - Ariston of Thurii again, stadion race 
. 
. 
188th [28 B.C.] - Sopater of Argos, stadion race 
. 
. 
189th [24 B.C.] - Asclepiades of Sidon, stadion race 
. 
. 
190th [20 B.C.] - Auphidius of Patrae, stadion race 
. 
. 
191st [16 B.C.] - Diodotus of Tyana, stadion race 
. 
. 
192nd [12 B.C.] - Diophanes of Aeolis, stadion race 
. 
. 
193rd [8 B.C.] - Artemidorus of Thyateira, stadion race 
. 
. 
194th [4 B.C.] - Demaratus of Ephesus, stadion race 
. 
. 
195th [1 A.D.] - Demaratus for a second time 
. 
. 
196th [5 A.D.] - Pammenes of Magnesia-on-Maeander, stadion race 
. 
. 
197th [9 A.D.] - Asiaticus of Halicarnassus, stadion race 
.  . 
.  . 
198th [13 A.D.] - Diophanes of Prusa [by Mt. Olympus], stadion race Aristeas of Stratoniceia or (?) Maeander was the seventh after Heracles to win both the wrestling and the pancratium competitions.  [At this time] Tiberius became emperor of the Romans. 
.  . 
.  . 
199th [17 A.D.] - Aeschines Glaucias of Miletus, stadion race  The four-horse race which had been stopped a long time ago was reinstated, and the winner was Tiberius Caesar. 
. 
. 
200th [21 A.D.] - Polemon of Petra, stadion race 
. 
. 
201st [25 A.D.] - Damasias of Cydonia, stadion race 
. 
. 
202nd [29 A.D.] - Hermogenes of Pergamum, stadion race 
. 
. 
203rd [33 A.D.] - Apollonius of Epidaurus, stadion race 
.  .  .  . 
.  .  .  . 
204th [37 A.D.] - Sarapion of Alexandria, stadion race  Neicostratus of Aegae was the eighth and last after Heracles to win both the wrestling and the pancratium competitions.  (215) Only eight men between Heracles and our times have achieved this, because after these games the inhabitants of Elis would not award the crown even to those who were capable of it.  [At this time] Gaius became emperor of the Romans. 
.  . 
.  . 
205th [41 A.D.] - Eubulidas of Laodiceia, stadion race  [At this time] Claudius became emperor of the Romans. 
. 
. 
206th [45 A.D.] - Valerius of Mytilene, stadion race 
. 
. 
207th [49 A.D.] - Athenodorus of Aegium, stadion race 
.  . 
.  . 
208th [53 A.D.] - Athenodorus for a second time  [At this time] Nero became emperor of the Romans. 
. 
. 
209th [57 A.D.] - Callicles of Sidon, stadion race 
. 
. 
210th [61 A.D.] - Athenodorus of Aegium [(?) for a third time], stadion race 
.  .  . 
.  .  . 
211th [65 A.D.] - These games were not held [at the usual time] because Nero postponed them until his visit to Greece.  They were held two years later, and Tryphon of Philadelphia won the stadion race.  Nero was awarded the crown in the contests for heralds, performers of tragedy and citharodes; and also in the races for chariots drawn by foals, full-grown horses and ten foals. 
.  . 
.  . 
212th [69 A.D.] - Polites of Ceramus, stadion race  [At this time] Vespasianus became emperor of the Romans. 
. 
. 
213th [73 A.D.] - Rhodon of Cyme, or Theodotus, stadion race 
.  . 
.  . 
214th [77 A.D.] - Straton of Alexandria, stadion race  [At this time] Titus became emperor of the Romans. 
.  . 
.  . 
215th [81 A.D.] - Hermogenes of Xanthus, stadion race  [At this time] Domitianus became emperor of the Romans. 
. 
. 
216th [85 A.D.] - Apollophanes Papis of Tarsus, stadion race 
. 
. 
217th [89 A.D.] - Hermogenes of Xanthus for a second time, stadion race 
. 
. 
218th [93 A.D.] - Apollonius of Alexandria, or Heliodorus, stadion race 
.  . 
.  . 
219th [97 A.D.] - Stephanus of Cappadocia, stadion race  [At this time] Nerva became emperor of the Romans, and after him Trajanus [became emperor]. 
. 
. 
220th [101 A.D.] - Achilleus of Alexandria, stadion race 
. 
. 
221st [105 A.D.] - Theonas Smaragdus of Alexandria, stadion race 
.  . 
.  . 
222nd [109 A.D.] - Callistus of Side, stadion race  The horse races were reintroduced. 
. 
. 
(217) 223rd [113 A.D.] - Eustolus of Side, stadion race 
.  . 
.  . 
224th [117 A.D.] - Isarion of Alexandria, stadion race  [At this time] Hadrianus became emperor of the Romans. 
. 
. 
225th [121 A.D.] - Aristeas of Miletus, stadion race 
. 
. 
226th [125 A.D.] - Dionysius Sameumys of Alexandria, stadion race 
. 
. 
227th [129 A.D.] - Dionysius for a second time 
. 
. 
228th [133 A.D.] - Lucas of Alexandria, stadion race 
.  . 
.  . 
229th [137 A.D.] - Epidaurus Ammonius of Alexandria, stadion race  [At this time] Antoninus Pius became emperor of the Romans. 
. 
. 
230th [141 A.D.] - Didymus (?) Clydeus of Alexandria, stadion race 
. 
. 
231st [145 A.D.] - Cranaus of Sicyon, stadion race 
.  . 
.  . 
232nd [149 A.D.] - Atticus of Sardis, stadion race  Socrates entered both the wrestling and the pancratium competitions, but he was banned by the inhabitants of Elis, in favour of Dionysius of Seleuceia. 
. 
. 
233rd [153 A.D.] - Demetrius of Chios, stadion race 
. 
. 
234th [157 A.D.] - Eras of Chios, stadion race 
.  . 
.  . 
235th [161 A.D.] - Mnasibulus of Elateia, stadion race  [At this time] Marcus Antoninus Pius and Lucius Verus became emperors of the Romans. 
. 
. 
236th [165 A.D.] - Aeithales of Alexandria, stadion race 
. 
. 
237th [169 A.D.] - Eudaemon of Alexandria, stadion race 
. 
. 
238th [173 A.D.] - Agathopus of Aegina, stadion race 
.  . 
.  . 
239th [177 A.D.] - Agathopus for a second time  [At this time] Commodus became emperor of the Romans. 
. 
. 
240th [181 A.D.] - Anubion Pheidus of Alexandria, stadion race 
. 
. 
241st [185 A.D.] - Heron of Alexandria, stadion race 
. 
. 
242nd [189 A.D.] - Magnus [Libycus] of Cyrene, stadion race 
.  . 
.  . 
243rd [193 A.D.] - Isidorus [Artemidorus] of Alexandria, stadion race  [At this time] Pertinax, and then Severus, became emperors of the Romans. 
. 
. 
244th [197 A.D.] - Isidorus for a second time 
. 
. 
245th [201 A.D.] - Alexander of Alexandria, stadion race 
.  .  . 
.  .  . 
246th [205 A.D.] - Epinicus Cynas of Cyzicus, stadion race  (219) 247th [209 A.D.] - Satornilus of Gortyn in Crete, stadion race  [At this time] Antoninus, called Caracalla, became emperor of the Romans. 
. 
. 
248th [213 A.D.] - Heliodorus Trosidamas of Alexandria, stadion race 
.  . 
.  . 
249th [217 A.D.] - Heliodorus for a second time  The record of the Olympiads which we have found ends at this point.1  
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It will be fitting to add here lists of the kings of the Corinthians, kings of the Spartans, rulers of the sea and the early kings of the Macedonians.  I will set down in order their names and their dates, taking them from the Historical Library of Diodorus, who gives a very accurate account of them. 
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The kings of the Corinthians - from the books of Diodorus 
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After thoroughly investigating that, it remains to tell how Corinth and Sicyon were settled by the Dorians.  Almost all the nations in the Peloponnese, except the Arcadians, were uprooted by the return of the Heracleidae.  In their division of the land, the Heracleidae picked out Corinth and the surrounding area; they sent for Aletes, and awarded the territory to him.  Aletes became a distinguished king and increased the power of Corinth; he reigned for 38 years. 
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After the death of Aletes, his descendants ruled the land, the eldest son succeeding in every case, until the tyrant Cypselus, who [came to power] 447 years after the return of the Heracleidae. 
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The first of them to become king was Ixion, for 38 years. 
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(221) Then Agelas was king for 37 years. 
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Then Prymnis, for 35 years. 
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Then Bacchis, also for 35 years.  Bacchis was the most distinguished of the kings up to his time; so that the kings after him called themselves Bacchidae instead of Heracleidae. 
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Then Agelas, for 30 years. 
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Eudemus, for 25 years. 
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Aristomedes, for 35 years. 
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When Aristomedes died, his son Telestes was still a child; and so the direct succession was interrupted by his uncle and guardian Agemon, for 16 years. 
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Then Alexander was king, for 25 years. 
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Telestes, who earlier had been deprived of his father's kingdom, killed Alexander, and ruled for 12 years. 
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Automenes ruled for one year, after Telestes was killed by his relatives. 
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The Bacchidae, descendants of Heracles who were more than 200 in number, seized power and jointly governed the city; each year they chose one of their number to be president, in place of the king.  They governed the city for 90 years, until they were suppressed by the tyrant Cypselus. 
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The kings of the Corinthians are as follows: 
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1. Aletes - for 35 years 
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2. Ixion - for 37 years 
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3.Agelas - for 37 years 
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4. Prymnis - for 35 years 
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5. Bacchis - for 35 years 
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6. Agelas - for 30 years 
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7. Eudemus - for 25 years 
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8. Aristomedes - for 35 years 
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9. Agemon - for 16 years 
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10. Alexander - for 25 years 
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11. Teletes - for 12 years 
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12. Automenes - for one year 
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13. After which there were annual presidents. 
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The kings of the Spartans - from the books of Diodorus 
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It happens that it is difficult to establish the dates between the Trojan war and the first Olympiad, because at that time there were no annual magistrates either at Athens or at any other city.  Therefore we will take the kings of the Spartans as an example. 
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According to Apollodorus of Athens, there were 308 years from the destruction of Troy [1183 B.C.] until the first Olympiad [776 B.C.].  - 22380 of those years passed before the expedition of the Heracleidae [1103 B.C.]; (223) the rest are covered by the reigns of the kings of the Spartans - Procles, Eurysthenes and their descendants.  We will set down the order of [the kings of] each family up until the first Olympiad. 
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Eurysthenes began his reign in the 80th year after the Trojan war, and he was king for 42 years. 
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After him, Agis reigned for one year. 
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Echestratus for 31 years. 
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After him, Labotas reigned for 37 years. 
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Dorystus for 29 years. 
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They were followed by Agesilaus, who reigned for 44 years. 
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Archelaus for 60 years. 
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Teleclus for 40 years. 
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Alcamenes for 38 years.  In the tenth year of his reign, the first Olympiad was established, in which Coroebus of Elis won the stadion race. 
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Procles was the first king of the other family, for (?) 49 years. 
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After him, Prytanis reigned for 49 years. 
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Eunomius for 45 years. 
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And then Chariclus reigned for 60 years. 
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Nicander for 38 years. 
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Theopompus for 47 years.  The first Olympiad occurred in the tenth year of this reign. 
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In summary, there were 80 years from the capture of Troy until the expedition of the Heracleidae, and then these kings of the Spartans: 
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1. Eurysthenes - for 42 years 
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2. Agis - for one year 
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3. Echestrates - for 37 years 
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4. Labotas - for 37 years 
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5. Dorystus - for 29 years 
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6. (225) Agesilaus - for 44 years. 
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7. Archelaus - for 60 years 
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8. Teleclus - for 40 years 
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9. Alcamenes - for 37 years.  In his tenth year, the first Olympiad was established. 
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In total, 325 years. 
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The kings from the other family were: 
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1. Procles - for 51 years 
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2. Prytanis - for 49 years 
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3. Eunomius - for 45 years 
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4. Charicles - for 60 years 
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5. Nicander - for 38 years 
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6. Theopompus - for 47 years.  In his tenth year, the first Olympiad was established. 
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In total, 290 years. 
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The Thalassocracies, who ruled the sea - in brief, from the writings of Diodorus 
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After the Trojan war, the sea was controlled by: 
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1. The Lydians and Maeones - for 92 years 
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2. The Pelasgians - for 85 years 
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3. The Thracians - for 79 years 
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4. The Rhodians - for 23 years 
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5. The Phrygians - for 25 years 
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6. The Cypriots - for 33 years 
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7. The Phoenicians - for 45 years 
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8. The Egyptians - for [..] years 
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9. The Milesians - for [..] years 
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10. [The Carians - for .. years] 
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11. The Lesbians - for [..] years 
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12. The Phocaeans - for 44 years 
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13. The Samians for [..] years 
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14. The Spartans - for 2 years 
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15. The Naxians - for 10 years 
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16. The Eretrians - for 15 years 
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17. The Aeginetans - for 10 years 
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Up until the time when (?) Alexander crossed over the sea. 
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After this, it will be fitting to move on to the kingdom of the Macedonians. 
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(227) The kings of the Macedonians 
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The end of the Assyrian empire, after the death of Sardanapallus the last king of the Assyrians, was followed by the Macedonian age. 
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.  .  . 
Before the first Olympiad, Caranus was moved by ambition to collect forces from the Argives and from the rest of the Peloponnese, in order to lead an army into the territory of the Macedonians.  At that time the king of the Orestae was at war with his neighbours, the Eordaei, and he called on Caranus to come to his aid, promising to give him half of his territory in return, if the Orestae were successful.  The king kept his promise, and Caranus took possession of the territory; he reigned there for 30 years, until he died in old age. 
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He was succeeded by his son Coenus, who was king for 28 years. 
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After him, Tyrimias reigned for 43 years. 
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Perdiccas for 42 years.  He wanted to expand his kingdom; so he sent [a mission] to Delphi. 
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A little further on, [Diodorus] says: 
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Perdiccas reigned for 48 years, and left his kingdom to Argaeus, who reigned for 31 years. 
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The next king was Philippus, who reigned for 33 years. 
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Aeropus for 20 years. 
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Alcetas for 18 years. 
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Amyntas for 49 years. 
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He was followed by Alexander, who reigned for 44 years. 
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Then Perdiccas was king for 22 years. 
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Archelaus for 17 years. 
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Aeropus for 6 years. 
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Then Pausanias was king for one year. 
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Ptolemy for 3 years. 
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Perdiccas for 5 years. 
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Philippus for 24 years. 
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Alexander, [who] fought against the Persians, for more than 12 years. 
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In this way the most reliable historians trace the ancestry of the Macedonian kings back to Heracles.  From Caranus, who was the first to rule all the Macedonians, until Alexander, who conquered Asia, there were 24 kings who reigned for a total of 453 years. 
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(229) The individual [kings] are as follows: 
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1. Caranus reigned for 30 years 
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2. Coenus - for 28 years 
. 
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3. Tyrimias - for 43 years 
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4. Perdiccas - for 48 years 
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5. Argaeus - for 38 years 
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6. Philippus - for 33 years 
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7. Aeropus - for 20 years 
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8. Alcetas - for 18 years.  In his time, Cyrus was king of the Persians. 
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9. Amyntas - for 42 years 
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10. Alexander - for 44 years 
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11. Perdiccas - for 23 years 
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12. Archelaus - for 24 years 
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13. Orestes - for 3 years 
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14. Archelaus - for 4 years 
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15. Amyntas - for one year 
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16. Pausanias - for one year 
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17. Amyntas - for 6 years 
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18. Argaeus - for 2 years 
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19. Amyntas - for 18 years 
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20. Alexander - for one year 
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21. Ptolemy of Alorus - for 3 years 
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22. Perdiccas - for 6 years 
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23. Philippus - for 27 years 
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24. Alexander the son of Philippus - for 12 years 
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The kings of the Macedonians, from the writings of our enemy, the philosopher Porphyrius: 
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These were the kings of Macedonia and Greece after Alexander the son of Philippus; and the Macedonian kingdom continued until its dissolution as follows. 
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.  .  . 
The Macedonians appointed Aridaeus, the son of Philippus and Philinna of Thessaly, to be king after Alexander because of their affection for the family of Philippus, although they knew that Aridaeus was the son a courtesan and he was feeble-minded.  He began to reign, as we said, in the second year of the 114th Olympiad [323 B.C.].  He is reckoned to have reigned for 7 years, because he lived up until the fourth year of the 115th Olympiad [317 B.C.]. 
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.  .  .  .  . 
(231) Alexander left two sons, Heracles the son of Barsine the daughter of Pharnabazus, and Alexander the son of Roxane the daughter of Oxyartes the Bactrian; this Alexander was born about the time of his father's death, at the start of Philippus' reign.  Olympias the mother of Alexander killed Aridaeus, but then Cassander the son of Antipater executed her and both the sons of Alexander, the one by himself and the other (the son of Barsine) by prompting Polysperchon.  Cassander cast away Olympias' body without a burial, and proclaimed himself king; and from then onwards, all the other satraps acted as kings, because the family of Alexander had been destroyed.  Cassander married Thessalonice the daughter of Philippus, and survived as king for another 19 years as king, until he died of a wasting disease.  His reign, including the year in which Olympias ruled after the death of Aridaeus, lasted from the first year of the 116th Olympiad [316 B.C.] until the third year of the 120th Olympiad [298 B.C.]. 
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.  .  .  . 
Cassander was succeeded by his sons, Philippus and Alexander and Antipater, who reigned for 3 years and 6 months after the death of their father.  The first to rule was Philippus, who died at Elateia.  Then Antipater murdered his mother Thessalonice, who favoured her other son Alexander, and fled to Lysimachus.  But Lysimachus put him to death, even though he had married one of Lysimachus' daughters. 
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.  .  . 
Alexander married Lysandra, the daughter of Ptolemy, and in the war against his younger brother called on the aid of Demetrius the son of Antigonus, who was called Poliorcetes.  But Demetrius killed Alexander, and made himself the king of the Macedonians.  - The reign of the sons of Cassander is reckoned to last from the fourth year (233) of the 120th Olympiad [297 B.C.] until the third year of the 121st Olympiad [294 B.C.]. 
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.  . 
Demetrius reigned for 6 years, from the [fourth year of the] 121st Olympiad [293 B.C.]until the first year of the 123rd Olympiad [288 B.C.], when he was deposed by Pyrrhus the king of Epirus, the 23rd in line from Achilles the son of Thetis.  Pyrrhus claimed the kingdom belonged to him after the extinction of Philippus' family, through his connection with Olympias the mother of Alexander, who was also a descendant of Pyrrhus the son of Neoptolemus. 
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.  .  . 
Pyrrhus ruled the Macedonians for seven months in the second year of the 123rd Olympiad [287 B.C.].  In the eighth month, he was replaced by Lysimachus the son of son of Agathocles, a Thessalian from Crannon who had been a bodyguard of Alexander.  Lysimachus was king of Thrace and the Chersonese, and now overran the neighbouring country of Macedonia. 
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.  .  .  . 
Lysimachus was persuaded by his wife Arsinoe to kill his own son.  He ruled Macedonia for 5 years and 6 months, from the second year of the 123rd Olympiad [287 B.C.] until the third year of the 124th Olympiad [282 B.C.].  (235) He was defeated by Seleucus Nicator, the king of Asia, at the battle of Corupedium, and lost his life in the battle.  But straight after his victory, Seleucus was murdered by Ptolemy Ceraunus, the son of Lagus and Eurydice the daughter of Antipater, even though Seleucus was his benefactor and had received him when he fled [from Lysimachus]. 
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Then Ptolemy ruled over the Macedonians, until he was killed in battle against the Galatians.  He reigned for one year and five months, which lasted from the fourth year of the 124th Olympiad [281 B.C.] until the fifth month of the first year of the 125th Olympiad [280 B.C.]. 
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.  .  .  .  . 
Ptolemy was succeeded by his brother Meleager, but the Macedonians deposed Meleager after only two months, because they considered him unfit to rule.  In his place, since no-one was left from the royal family, they appointed as king Antipater, who was the nephew of Cassander and the son of Philippus.  But he too was deposed after ruling for 45 days by Sosthenes, a commoner who considered him to be too poor a general to face the dangerous invasion of Brennus the Galatian.  The Macedonians gave Antipater the name Etesias, because the Etesian winds blow at about the time when he was king.  Sosthenes repelled Brennus, and died after being in charge of the state for two complete years. 
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.  . 
After Sosthenes, there was anarchy in Macedonia, because the followers of Antipater and Ptolemy and Aridaeus were competing for control of the state, but no-one was completely in charge.  - In the period from Ptolemy until the end of the anarchy, that is from the fourth year of the 124th Olympiad [281 B.C.] until the [first year of the] 126th Olympiad [276 B.C.], Ptolemy Ceraunus reigned for one year and five months, (237) Meleager for two months, Antipater for 45 days, Sosthenes for two years, and the rest is reckoned to have been a time of anarchy. 
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While Antipater was plotting to take over the state, Antigonus set himself up as king; he was the son of Demetrius Poliorcetes and Phila the daughter of Antipater, and was called Gonatas because he had been born and brought up at Gonni in Thessaly.  Antigonus reigned in total for 44 years; before he gained control of Macedonia, he had already been king for 10 whole years.  He was proclaimed king in the second year of the 123rd Olympiad [287 B.C.], and became king of the Macedonians in the first year of the 126th Olympiad [276 B.C.].  Antigonus subdued Greece by force; he lived for 83 years in all, and died in the first year of the 135th Olympiad [240 B.C.]. 
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.  .  . 
Antigonus was succeeded by his son Demetrius, who conquered the whole of Libya and captured Cyrene.  Eventually he gained absolute control of all his father's possessions, and ruled over them for 10 years.  He married a captive girl whom he called Chryseis, and by her he had a son Philippus, who was the first of the kings to fight against the Romans and caused the Macedonians much woe. 
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When Demetrius died, Philippus was left as a [young] orphan, and a member of the royal family, Antigonus called Phuscus, became his guardian.  Seeing that Phuscus acted honourably in his role of guardian, the Macedonians made him king, and gave him Chryseis to be his wife.  Chryeis bore him sons, but he did not bring them up, because he was holding the kingdom in trust for Philippus.  And indeed he was succeeded by Philippus, when he died. 
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.  .  .  . 
Demetrius, called the Fair, died in the second year of the [?] 130th Olympiad.  - Philippus then became king, (239) with the aforesaid Antigonus as his guardian.  Antigonus died in the fourth year of the 139th Olympiad [221 B.C.]; he had been guardian for 12 years, and lived for 42 years in all.  Philippus began to rule without a guardian in the 140th Olympiad [220 B.C.]; he reigned for 42 complete years, and died in the second year of the 150th Olympiad [179 B.C.], aged 58 years. 
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.  .  .  . 
Perseus the son of Philippus caused the death of his brother Demetrius by making accusations against him to his father.  Perseus was king for 10 years and 8 months, until the fourth years of the 152nd Olympiad [169 B.C.], when Lucius Aemilius defeated and conquered the Macedonians at Pydna.  Perseus fled to Samothrace, but then agreed to surrender to the enemy, who transferred him to Alba, where he was imprisoned and died five years later.  He was the last king of the Macedonians. 
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.  .  . 
At that time the Romans allowed the Macedonians to remain autonomous, out of respect for their glorious reputation and the greatness of their [former] empire.  But 19 years later, in the third year of the 157th Olympiad [150 B.C.], a certain Andriscus falsely claimed to be the son of Perseus, and took on the name of Philippus, from which he came to be called the false Philippus.  With the help of the Thracians he conquered Macedonia, but after ruling for a year he was defeated and fled to the Thracians, who handed him over, to be sent as a prisoner to Rome. 
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.  . 
Because the Macedonians had been ungrateful, and had co-operated with the false Philippus, the Romans made them tributary in the fourth year of the 157th Olympiad [149 B.C.].  - So from Alexander until the end, when they became tributary to the Romans, that is from the second year of 114th Olympiad [323 B.C.] (241) until the fourth year of the 157th Olympiad [149 B.C.], the kingdom of the Macedonians lasted for 43 Olympiads and two extra years, which is a total of 174 years. 
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. 
These are the kings of the Macedonians after Alexander the son of Philippus: 
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. 
Aridaeus, also called Philippus - for 7 years 
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Cassander - for 19 years 
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The sons of Cassander - for 3 years and 6 months 
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Demetrius Poliorcetes - for 6 years 
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Pyrrhus - for 7 months 
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Lysimachus - for 5 years and 5 months 
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Ptolemy Ceraunus - for 1 year and 5 months 
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Meleager - for 2 months 
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Antipater son of Lysimachus - for 45 days 
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Sosthenes - for 2 years 
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(Anarchy) - for 2 years 
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Antigonus Gonatas - for 34 years 
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Demetrius the Fair - for 10 years 
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Antigonus Phuscus - for 12 years 
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Philippus - for 42 years 
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Perseus - for 10 years and 8 months 
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(Autonomy) - for 19 years 
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The false Philippus - for 1 year 
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After that, they were subject to the Romans. 
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The kings of the Thessalians: 
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For a long time, the Thessalians and Epirus had the same rulers as the Macedonians.  They were granted independence by the Romans after Philippus was defeated by the Roman general Titus in Thessaly.  But eventually, for the same reason as the Macedonians, they were made tributary to the Romans. 
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Like the Macedonians, they were ruled by Aridaeus, also called Philippus, for seven years after the death of Alexander.  Then his successor Cassander ruled over Epirus and the Thessalians for 19 years.  After him, his son Philippus [ruled] for 4 months.  Then his brothers Antipater and Alexander [ruled] for 2 years and 6 months.  And then Demetrius the son of [Antigonus ruled] for 6 years and 6 months.  After him, Pyrrhus [ruled] for 4 years and 4 months.  Then Lysimachus the son of Agathocles [ruled] for 6 years.  (243) And Ptolemy, who was called Ceraunus, [ruled] for one year and 5 months.  Then Meleager [ruled] for 2 months.  After him, Antipater the son of Lysimachus [ruled] for 45 days.  After him, Sosthenes [ruled] for one year.  Then there was anarchy for 2 years and 2 months, after which Antigonus the son of Demetrius [ruled] for 34 years and 2 months. 
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During this time, Pyrrhus won over Antigonus' army and ruled over a few regions, but he lost control of them when he was defeated by Demetrius the son of Antigonus in a battle at Derdia.  Shortly afterwards Antigonus died, and his son Demetrius reigned for 10 years.  After him, Antigonus, the son of Demetrius who went off to Cyrene and of Olympias the daughter of Pauliclitus of Larisa, [ruled] for 9 years.  Antigonus came to the aid of the Achaeans, defeated Cleomenes the king of the Spartans in battle, and liberated Sparta.  Therefore the Achaean people honoured him like a god. 
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After him, Philippus the son of Demetrius reigned for 23 years and 9 months, until he was defeated in a battle in Thessaly by Titus the Roman general.  Then the Romans allowed the Thessalians to be autonomous, along with the rest of the Ionians [? Greeks] who had been subject to Philippus.  For the first year there was anarchy in Thessaly, but then they started to elect annual leaders from amongst the people. 
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The first to be elected was Pausanias the son of Echecrates, from Pherae.  Then Amyntas the son of Crates, from [?] Pieria; in his year, Titus returned to Rome.  Then Aeacides the son of Callas, from Metropolis.  Then Epidromas the son of Andromachus, from Larisa, for 8 months only; for the remaining 4 months of the year, the leader was Eunomus the son of Polyclitus, from Larisa.  Eunomus was leader again for the whole of the following year.  Then Aeacides the son of Callas, from Metropolis, for a second time.  Then Pravilus the son of Phaxas, from Scotussa.  - Then Eunomus (245) the son of Polyclitus, from Larisa, for a second time.  Then Androsthenes the son of Italus, from Gyrton.  Then Thrasymachus the son of Alexander, from [?] Atrax.  Then Laontomenes the son of Damothon, from Pherae.  Then Pausanias the son of Damothon.  Then Theodorus the son of Alexander, from Argos.  Then Nicocrates the son of Paxinas, from [?] Scotussa.  Then Hippolochus the son of Alexippus, from Larisa.  Then Cleomachides the son of Aeneus, from Larisa.  Then Phyrinus the son of Aristomenes, from Gomphi. 
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.  .  . 
In his year, Philippus the king of Macedonia died, and was succeeded by his son Perseus.  As we said, Philippus reigned over the Thessalians for 3 years and 9 months, but in all he reigned over the Macedonians for 42 years and 9 months.  From the start of the reign of Philippus [Aridaeus] until the death of Philippus the son of Demetrius, that is from the second year of the 114th Olympiad [323 B.C.] until the fifth month of the second year of the 150th Olympiad [179 B.C.], is a total of 144 years and five months. 
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. 
A summary of the kings of the Thessalians: 
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. 
Aridaeus, also called Philippus - for 7 years 
. 
. 
Cassander - for 19 years 
. 
. 
Philippus - for 4 months 
. 
. 
Antigonus and Alexander - for 2 years and 6 months 
. 
. 
Demetrius - for 6 years and 6 months 
. 
. 
Pyrrhus - for 3 years and 6 months 
. 
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Lysimachus - for 6 years 
. 
. 
Ptolemy, also called Ceraunus - for 1 year and 5 months 
. 
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Meleager - for 2 months 
. 
. 
Antipater - for 45 days 
. 
. 
Sosthenes - for 1 year 
. 
. 
(Anarchy) - for 2 years and 2 months 
. 
. 
Antigonus - for 33 years and 2 months 
. 
. 
(247) Demetrius - for 10 years 
. 
. 
Antigonus - for 9 years 
. 
. 
Philippus - for 23 years and 9 months 
. 
. 
And then the following [annual] leaders: Pausanias, Amyntas, Aeacides, Epidromus, Eunomus, Aeacides again, Praviles, Eunomus again, Androsthenes, Thrasymachus, Laontomenes, Pausanias, Theodorus, Nicocrates, Hippolochus, Cleomachides, Phyrinus, and Philippus. 
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(247) The kings of Asia and Syria after the death of Alexander the Great: 
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In the 6th year of Philippus Aridaeus, which was the third year of the 115th Olympiad [318 B.C.], Antigonus became the first king of Asia.  He reigned for 18 years, and lived in all for 86 years.  He was the most formidable of the kings of that period, and died in Phrygia after all the other rulers attacked him out of fear of him, in the fourth year of the 119th Olympiad [301 B.C.]. 
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His son Demetrius escaped to Ephesus, and lost control of all of Asia; he was considered to be the most resourceful of the kings in siege warfare, and so was given the name Poliorcetes ["the besieger"].  Demetrius reigned for 17 years, and lived in all for 54 years.  Starting from the first year of the 120th Olympiad [300 B.C.], he ruled jointly with his father for 2 years, which were included in the 17 years of his reign.  In the fourth year of the [123rd] Olympiad [285 B.C.] he was captured by Seleucus; after his capture, he was sent to Cilicia, and was kept in royal style as a prisoner of Seleucus until he died, in the fourth year of the 124th Olympiad [281 B.C.].  The reigns of Antigonus and Demetrius passed in this way. 
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Meanwhile, Lysimachus was ruling in Lydia opposite Thrace and Seleucus was ruling in the eastern regions and Syria.  (249) Both of them started to reign in the first year of the 114th Olympiad [324 B.C.].  No account will be given of Lysimachus' reign, but the events of Seleucus' reign will be described here. 
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After Ptolemy, the first king of the Egyptians, had marched to Old Gaza and had defeated Demetrius the son of Antigonus in battle, he set up Seleucus as king of Syria and the eastern regions.  Seleucus went up to Babylonia and defeated the barbarians there; so he was given the name Nicanor ["victor"].  He reigned for 32 years, from the first year of the 117th Olympiad [312 B.C.] until the fourth year of the 124th Olympiad [281 B.C.], and lived in all for 75 years.  Eventually, he was ambushed and killed by his friend Ptolemy, called Ceraunus. 
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Seleucus was succeeded by Antiochus, his son by Apame the Persian.  Antiochus was called Soter, and died in the [third] year of the 129th Olympiad [262 B.C.] after he had lived in all for 54 years and had reigned for 19 years, from the first year of the 125th Olympiad [280 B.C.] until the third year of the 129th Olympiad [262 B.C.]. 
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Antiochus Soter had [three] children by Stratonice the daughter of Demetrius; a son Antiochus, and two daughters Stratonice and Apame, of whom the former was married to Demetrius the king of the Macedonians, and the latter [to Magas?].  When he died, he was succeeded by Antiochus called Theos, in the fourth year of the 129th Olympiad [261 B.C.].  - After 19 years, Antiochus Theos fell ill, (251) and died at Ephesus in the third year of the [133rd] Olympiad [246 B.C.], after living in all for 40 years.  He had two sons, Seleucus called Callinicus and Antigonus, and two daughters by Laodice the daughter of Achaeus, of whom one was married to Mithridates and the other to Ariathes.  The elder son Seleucus, who as we said was called Callinicus, succeeded Antiochus and reigned for 21 years, from the third year of the 133rd Olympiad [246 B.C.] until the second year of the 138th Olympiad [227 B.C.]. 
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When he died, Seleucus was succeeded by his son, Seleucus called Ceraunus, but while he was still alive it happened that his younger brother Antigonus refused to accept his position and sought power for himself.  Antigonus had help and assistance from [Alexander], the brother of his mother Laodice, who was in charge of the city of Sardis; he also had the Galatians as allies in two battles.  Seleucus won a battle in Lydia, but he was unable to capture Sardis or Ephesus, which was held by Ptolemy.  Then Seleucus fought a second battle against Mithridates in Cappadocia, where 20,000 of his men were killed by the barbarians, and he himself lost his life.  Meanwhile Ptolemy called Tryphon seized part of Syria, but his siege of Damascus and Orthosia was stopped in the third year of the 134th Olympiad [242 B.C.], when Seleucus advanced to that region. 
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Antigonus the brother of Callinicus crossed greater Phrygia, forced the inhabitants to pay tribute, and sent his generals with an army against Seleucus.  But he was handed over by his own followers to the barbarians, and after escaping with a few men, set off for Magnesia.  The next day he offered battle, and with the assistance of soldiers sent by Ptolemy, amongst others, he won a victory, and married the daughter of Zielas.  (253) However, in the fourth year of the 137th Olympiad [229 B.C.] he fought twice in the country of Lydia and was defeated, and he joined battle with Attalus in the region of Lake Coloe.  In the first year of the 138th Olympiad [228 B.C.], after a battle in Caria he was forced by Attalus to flee to Thrace, where he died. 
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Seleucus Callinicus, the brother of Antigonus, died in the next year, and was succeeded by his son Alexander, who adopted the name Seleucus, and was called Ceraunus by his army.  Seleucus had a brother called Antiochus.  After reigning for three years, Seleucus was treacherously attacked and killed by a Galatian called Nicanor, in about the first year of the 139th Olympiad [224 B.C.].  He was succeeded by his brother Antiochus, whom the army summoned from Babylon.  Antiochus was called [the Great] and reigned for 36 years, from the second year of the 139th Olympiad [223 B.C.] until the second year of the 148th Olympiad [187 B.C.].  In the latter year, he made an expedition to Susa and the eastern provinces, but was killed with all [his men] in battle with the Elymaeans; he left behind two sons, Seleucus and Antiochus. 
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Seleucus succeeded his father in the third year of the 148th Olympiad [186 B.C.], and reigned for 12 years, until the [?] first year of the 151st Olympiad [176 B.C.]; he lived in all for 60 years.  When Seleucus died, he was succeeded by his brother Antiochus called Epiphanes, who reigned for 11 years, from the third year of the 151st Olympiad [174 B.C.] until the first year of the 154th Olympiad [164 B.C.].  While Antiochus Epiphanes was still alive, his son Antiochus called Eupator was made king, when he was only twelve years old, after which his father lived for a further one year and six months.  Then Demetrius, who had been given to the Romans by his father Seleucus as a hostage, escaped from Rome to Phoenicia, and came to the city of Tripolis.  - Demetrius killed the young Antiochus along with his guardian Lysias, and made himself king in the fourth year of the 154th Olympiad [161 B.C.]; (255) he was called Soter, and reigned for 12 years, until the [?] fourth year of the 157th Olympiad [149 B.C.].  He was forced to fight for his kingdom against Alexander, who brought an army from outside with the assistance of Ptolemy and Attalus, and he was killed in a battle. 
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Alexander gained control of Syria in the [?] third year of the 157th Olympiad [150 B.C.], and ruled for 5 years.  He died in the fourth year of the 158th Olympiad [145 B.C.], in a battle near the city of Antioch against Ptolemy, who had come to the aid of Demetrius the son of Demetrius.  Ptolemy also was wounded and died in the same battle. 
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The war was carried on by this Demetrius, the son of Demetrius.  Setting out from Seleuceia, he defeated Antiochus the son of Alexander, who was based in Syria and the city of Antioch, and started to reign in the first year of the 160th Olympiad [140 B.C.].  In his second year, he collected an army and set off for Babylon and the eastern regions, to fight against Arsaces.  In the next year, which was the third year of the 160th Olympiad [138 B.C.], he was captured by Arsaces, who sent him to be held prisoner in Parthia; so he was called Nicanor ["victor"] because he had defeated Antiochus the son of Alexander, and also [?] Seripides because he was kept as a prisoner in chains.  The younger brother of Demetrius, called Antiochus, was brought up in the city of Side, from which he was given the name Sidetes.  When he heard that Demetrius had been defeated and made a prisoner, he left Side and in the fourth year of the 160th Olympiad [137 B.C.] gained control of Syria, which he ruled for nine years.  In the third year of the 162nd Olympiad [130 B.C.] he conquered the Jews, pulled down the walls of [Jerusalem] after a siege, and put their leaders to death. 
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In the fourth year of the 162nd Olympiad [129 B.C.], Arsaces attacked him with an army of 120,000 men, and schemed against him by sending his brother Demetrius, who had been kept as a prisoner, back to Syria.  But at the onset of winter Antiochus met the barbarians in a confined space; bravely attacking them, he was injured and killed, in the 35th year of his life.  (257) His young son Seleucus, who had accompanied him, was captured by king Arsaces and was kept in royal style as a prisoner. 
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Antiochus the fifth had three sons and two daughters; the first two, the daughters, were both called Laodice.  The third, called Antiochus, fell ill and died, like his sisters.  The fourth was Seleucus, who was captured by Arsaces.  The fifth was another Antiochus, who was brought up by Craterus the eunuch at Cyzicus, where he had fled with Craterus and the rest of the household of Antiochus, through fear of Demetrius.  One of the brothers had already died, along with his sister, so only Antiochus was left, the youngest of the brothers, and because of his residence at Cyzicus he was called Cyzicenus. 
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Demetrius returned [to Syria] and started his second reign in the second year of the (?) 163rd Olympiad [127 B.C.], after having been held captive for the intervening 10 years.  As soon as he returned from captivity, he turned his attention to Egypt; he advanced as far as Pelusium, but when Ptolemy Physcon confronted him Demetrius had to retreat, because his soldiers hated him and refused to obey his orders. 
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Angered by this, Ptolemy set up Alexander, a pretended son of Alexander, to be king of Asia; Alexander was called Zabinas by the Syrians, because he was thought to have been bought by Ptolemy to take on this role. 
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Demetrius was defeated in a battle at Damascus, and fled to Tyre, but was refused entry into the city.  While trying to escape by boat, he was seized and killed, in the first year of the 164th Olympiad [124 B.C.]; he had reigned for 3 years before his captivity, and for another 4 years after his return. 
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Demetrius was succeeded by his son Seleucus, who died soon afterwards as a result of his mother's accusations.  His younger brother Antiochus came to power in the second year of the 164th Olympiad [123 B.C.], and in the third year he defeated Zabinas, who killed himself with poison because he could not endure the defeat.  Antiochus reigned for 11 years, until the fourth year of the 166th Olympiad [113 B.C.]; the one year of his brother Seleucus' reign is also included in this total.  (259) He was given the names Grypus ["hook-nose"] and Philometor.  But when faced with an attack by Antiochus Cyzicenus whom we mentioned earlier, who was his half-brother by the same mother as well as his nephew on his father's side, Grypus gave up his kingdom and retired to Aspendus; from which he was given the name Aspendius, as well as Grypus and Philometor. 
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Antiochus Cyzicenus started to reign in the first year of the 167th Olympiad [112 B.C.], after Antiochus [Grypus] retired to Aspendus.  But in the second year of the same Olympiad [111 B.C.], Antiochus returned from Aspendus, and took control of Syria, while Cyzicenus remained in control of Coele [Syria].  After the kingdom had been split between them in this way, Grypus remained as king until the fourth year of the 170th Olympiad [97 B.C.].  He lived for another 15 years after his return, so that his reign lasted in all for 26 years: 11 years on his own, and 15 years after the kingdom had been split in two. 
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Cyzicenus ruled from the first year of the 167th Olympiad [112 B.C.], and died in the first year of the 171st Olympiad [96 B.C.], after reigning for 18 years and living in all for 50 years.  The manner of his death was as follows.  After Antiochus Grypus died at the time which was stated above, his son Seleucus came with an army and captured many cities.  Antiochus Cyzicenus brought an army from Antioch, but was defeated in a battle; his horse carried him off towards the enemy, and when they were about to capture him, he drew his sword and killed himself.  So Seleucus gained control of the whole kingdom, and captured Antioch. 
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But the surviving son of Cyzicenus began a war against Seleucus.  When their armies met at the city called Mopsuestia in Cilicia, the victory went to Antiochus.  - Seleucus fled to the city, but when he learnt that the inhabitants intended to burn him alive, (261) he hastened to commit suicide.  His two brothers Antiochus and Philippus who were called the Didymi ["twins"], appeared with an army and captured the city by force; then they avenged their brother's death by destroying the city.  However they were confronted by the son of Cyzicenus, and defeated in a battle; while escaping from the battle, Antiochus the brother of Seleucus rode his horse recklessly and fell headlong into the river Orontes, where he was caught by the current and died. 
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And then two others began to fight over the kingdom: Philippus, the brother of Seleucus and son of Antiochus Grypus, and Antiochus, the son of Antiochus Cyzicenus.  Starting from the (?) third year of the 171st Olympiad [94 B.C.], they fought against each other for possession of Syria with substantial armies, each controlling part of the country.  Antiochus was defeated and fled to the Parthians.  Later he surrendered to Pompeius, in the hope of being restored to Syria.  But Pompeius, who had received a gift of money from the inhabitants of Antioch, ignored Antiochus and allowed to city to be autonomous. 
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Then the inhabitants of Alexandria sent Menelaus and Lampon and Callimander to ask Antiochus to come and rule in Egypt together with the daughters of Ptolemy, when Ptolemy Dionysus had been driven out of Alexandria.  But Antiochus fell ill, and died. 
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Philippus whom we mentioned before, the son of Grypus and of Tryphaena the daughter of Ptolemy VIII, was also deposed.  He wanted to go to Egypt, because he too had been invited by the inhabitants of Alexandria to rule there, but Gabinius, an officer of Pompeius who was the Roman governor of Syria, stopped him from going.  And so the royal dynasty in Syria came to an end with Antiochus and Philippus. 
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So the kings of Asia and Syria are as follows: 
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Antigonus was king of Asia - for 18 years 
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Demetrius Poliorcetes, king of Syria and the east - for 17 years 
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(263) Seleucus Nicator [or “Nicanor"] - for 32 years 
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Antiochus Soter - for 19 years 
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Antiochus Theos - for 15 years 
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Seleucus Callinicus - for 21 years 
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Seleucus Ceraunus - for 3 years 
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Antiochus the Great - for 36 years 
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Seleucus Philopator - for 12 years 
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Antiochus Epiphanes - for 11 years 
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Antiochus Eupator - for 1 year and 6 months 
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Demetrius Soter - for 12 years 
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Alexander - for 15 years 
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Demetrius the son of Demetrius - for 3 years 
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Antiochus Sidetes - for 9 years 
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Demetrius again - for 4 years 
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Antiochus Grypus - for 26 years 
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Antiochus Cyzicenus - for 17 years 
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Philippus the son of Grypus, with whom the kings of Syria came to an end [ - for 2 years ] 
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[ The total duration of the Macedonian rule in Syria, starting from Antigonus, was 274 years; or, starting from Seleucus Nicator, 239 years. ] 
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