Bibliotheca Polyglotta

bāʔ باء

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√

R₁

The letter b of the Arabic alphabet.

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▪ The name of the second letter of the Ar alphabet, bāʔ seems to be a short “calling name” for what in other langs has been preserved, e.g., Engl beta and alphabet, from Grk bēta, second letter of the Grk alphabet, from Phoen *bēt ‘house; second letter of the Phoen alphabet’, akin to Ar ↗bayt.

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BʔR

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BʔR

“root”

▪ BʔR_1 ‘well, spring’ ↗biʔr
▪ BʔR_2 ‘…’ ↗…

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▪ DRS 2 (1994) #BʔR- 1 protSem *bi/uʔr- ‘puits, citerne’: Akk būr-, būrt-, Pun bɛʔr (pl. bhrm ?), Moab br, Hbr bᵊʔēr, bōr, oAram byrʔ, EmpAram bʔr, Nab bʔrwt (pl.), JP bī[ʔ]rā, bᵊʔērā, bērā, Syr be[ʔ]rā, Mnd bira, abira, nSyr birä, Ar biʔr, buʔraẗ, EpigSAr bʔr, Soq ʕébehor ‘puits’; Gz barbir, oHar buʔurya, TalmAram bōrā, nSyr bāra ‘fossé’; Ar biʔraẗ, buʔraẗ, baʔīraẗ ‘trésor, dépôt’; SAr brt ‘tombe’; Har buʔur, bur ‘profond’; ? Akk bērūt-, bīrūt‑ ‘souterrain’. -2 Akk bāru ‘paraître sûr, prouvé’; Hbr bēʔēr, JP bᵊʔar, bāʔēr ‘expliquer, rendre clair’. -3 Akk būr- ‘jeune taureau’, būrt-, būšt- ‘vache’; Ug bʔur (?) ‘jeune taureau’(?). -4 Akk baʔāru, bāru ‘saisir, prendre (au filet, etc.)’; Mhr Śḥr (réfléchi) biter, Soq bɛr ‘pêcher’. -5 Akk bāru ‘se soulever, provoquer une révolte’. -6 DaṯAr baʔar ‘roter’. –
▪ Outside Sem, Borg2021 #22 (b-ʔ-r) compares Ar biʔr ‘well’ to Eg bjꜣw (OK) ‘Grube, Bergwerk, Steinbruch / mining region, mine’ (Wb I 438; Faulkner 1962: 80; Ember 1913: 112; Calice 1936: 60), ~ biʔru, pl biʔrōtu (nominal component in toponym) ‘well’ (Hoch 1994: 91)
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▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl Beersheba, from Hbr bᵊʔēr šebaʕ ‘well of oath’, from bᵊʔēr ‘well’ (šebaʕ ‘oath’; see Ar ↗SBʕ). – Beirut, from Ar bayrūt, from Phoen *biʔrōt, pl. of *biʔr ‘well’.

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biʔr بِئْر , pl.‎ ʔābār , biʔār

ID 050 • Sw – • BP 3230 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BʔR

n.f.

well, spring; water pit – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Kogan2011: from protSem *biʔr‑ / *buʔr(‑at)‑ ‘(artificially constructed) well’.
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994: from AfrAs *‎‎baʔ˅r‑ / *buʔ˅r‑ ‘well, pitʼ, perh. from ‎AfrAs *buʔar‑ ‘to dig’.
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▪ Bergsträsser1928: Akk būru, Hbr bōr bʔēr, Aram ‎‎bērā, SAr bʔr ‘well, cistern’.
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#164: Akk ‎‎būr‑ , Phn bʔr, Moab br, Hbr bōr, Ar buʔr-aẗ‑ , SAr bʔr, Gur bʷər. Outside Sem: Som boor (< LEC *boH˅r) ‘pit’.

▪ Kogan2011: »a double reconstruction *biʔr‑ / *buʔr(-at)‑ has been proposed in Fronzaroli 1971: 611, 632, 640. The i -form with the meaning ‘well’ is known from Hbr bəʔēr, Syr bērā, Ar biʔr, Mhr bayr (HALOT 106, LSyr 56, Lane 145, ML 40), but not from Akk (bēru ‘well’ mentioned in AHw 122 has been differently interpreted in CAD B 266 and AHw 1548). The u -forms with the meaning ‘well’ are best represented by Akk būru, būrtu (AHw 141), perhaps with an early precedent in VE 520 (bu-rúm = Sum šu.a, Conti 1990: 146). Akk būru, būrtu also denote ‘hole, pit’ in general (CAD B 335, 342), and the same is true of Muh bʷər, Gog Zwy bur (EDG 150). Hbr bōr (several times spelled with ʔ) denotes ‘cistern, pit, grave’ but probably not ‘well’ (Rendsburg 2002: 205), whereas Ar buʔraẗ is applied specifically to a ‘(cooking) pit’ (Lane 145). The vocalic shape of Sab Min Qat bʔr ‘well’ (SD 25, LM 19, LIQ 22) is unknown. The general picture is complicated by a few forms with unexpected loss of ʔ : Sab brt ‘grave’ (SD 33), Gz barbir ‘cistern, well, pit’ (CDG 102, LLA 503), Soq ʕébehor ‘wells’ (LS 295).«
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#164: From the evidence in Sem, the authors reconstruct Sem *buʔr‑ ʻpit, well, holeʼ. The fact that these seem to have a ‎cognate in Som boor (LEC *boH˅r) ‘pit’, is reason enough for the authors to postulate AfrAs *‎‎baʔ˅r‑ / *buʔ˅r‑ ʻwell, pitʼ as the ultimate origin, adding that the noun is related to #319 ‎AfrAs *buʔar‑ ‘dig’. Ar baʔar a is the only language for which the verb is attested in ‎Sem; having cognates in WCh *buHar‑ (yabori, ḅur, ḅor, ḅuur) ‘dig’ and LEC *boH˅r‑ ‎‎(Som boor‑, Or bor‑) ‘dig’, the AfrAs origin seems quite likely, and therefore it is plausible to ‎assume also a Sem verb *b˅ʔar‑ ‘to dig (a well)’. – Cf. also the nouns a-βar ‘ditch’ and bur-‎bur ‘underground irrigation channel’ in two Berb languages (< Berb *bar‑), as well as bare ‘ditch’ ‎in a HEC idiom (< HEC *bar‑). These are assumed to originate in #218 AfrAs *bar‑ ‘ditch’. ‎‎- There is, however, also #276 *biʔir‑ ‘pit, well; dig’ > Sem *biʔr‑ ‘balk'¹, ‘well'²: ‎Akk bīru ¹², Hbr beʔēr, oAram byrʔ ², EmpAram bʔr ², (Palest) beʔērē, Ar ‎‎biʔr‑ ²; these would have cognates in ECh *biʔir‑ ‘dig’ and LEC *biHir‑ ‘bore, drill’. [It looks as ‎if the authors overlooked this connection in their lists. Their data therefore lack inner coherence.] ‎‎

▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl Beersheba, from Hbr bᵊʔēr šebaʕ ‘well of oath’, from bᵊʔēr ‘well’ (šebaʕ ‘oath’; see Ar ↗SBʕ). – Beirut, from Ar bayrūt, from Phoen *biʔrōt, pl. of *biʔr ‘well’.

► baʔara, a, vb. I, to dig a well: denom.
► buʔraẗ, n.f., pl. ‏‎buʔar, center, seat (fig.); ‎focus (phys., opt.); site; pit; abyss
► buʔarī, adj., ‏focal (phys., opt.): nsb-adj of buʔar. | ‏‎al-buʕd al-b., n., focal ‎length (phys., opt.)

BāRūD بارود

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 3Oct2022

√BāRūD, BRD

“root”

▪ BāRūD_1 ‘saltpeter; gunpodwer’ ↗bārūd

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bārūd بارود

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 3Oct2022

√BāRūD, BRD

n.

1 saltpeter; 2 gunpodwer – WehrCowan1976

▪ Rolland2014a: altération probable du nGrk purítida, même sens, dont le synonyme baroúti semble être un réemprunt via le turc barut. On peut s’interroger sur une influence éventuelle de la famille Grk de báros ‘poids, charge’, avec ung lissement sémantique de ‘charge (de poudre)’ à ‘poudre’.
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▪ DRS 2 (1994) #BRD-1-4 […]. -5 Syr bʔrwd ‘nitre’, nSyr bārūd, bārūt ‘poudre à fusil, salpêtre’; Ar bārūd ‘salpêtre, nitre’; collAr ‘poudre à fusil’; Soq barūd, Mhr bārûd ‘poudre à fusil’. -6-10 […].
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►bārūdaẗ, pl. bawāridᵘ, n.f., rifle, carbine

BāZ باز

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 3Oct2022

√BāZ (BʔZ, BWZ, BYZ)

“root”

▪ BāZ_1 ‘falcon’ ↗bāz

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bāz باز , pl. ʔabwāz, bīzān

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 3Oct2022

√BāZ, BʔZ, BWZ, BYZ

n.

falcon – WehrCowan1976

▪ Rolland2014a: from the same Phlv etymon as also Pers bāz ‘id.’, related to Av vaza ‘id.’. Probably also related to bāšaq. Deriv: bayzār ‘fauconnier’, from Pers bāz-dār ‘id.’.
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For other values attached to the root √BWZ, cf. ↗¹būz, ↗¹būzaẗ, and ↗²būzaẗ, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√BWZ.

BʔS بآس

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BʔS

“root”

▪ BʔS_1 ‘to be strong, brave’ ↗baʔs
▪ BʔS_2 ‘to be miserable, wretched’ ↗buʔs
▪ BʔS_3 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘might, power; torture, hardship, fear; poverty, sorrow; to be sad; calamity, punishment’

▪ A relation betw. the BʔS_1 and BʔS_2 seems rather unlikely. While BʔS_2 is well attested throughout Sem (and beyond), BʔS_1 has hardly any cognates (unless the Gz Te words for ‘man’ are related).
▪ BʔS_1 : Although some suggestions have been made, the etymology of this semantic complex still remains rather unclear. Orel&Stolbova1994#163 reconstruct (from only Ar baʔusa) protSem *b˅ʔuš‑ ʻto be strongʼ, and (from only 1 ECh evidence) protECh *basuʔ‑ ‘to be strong’ and posit a hypothetical AfrAs *baʔus‑ ʻto be strongʼ. Similarly Militarev&Stolbova2007 #893: protSem *bVʔuš‑, protECh *basuH‑ ‘to be strong’, protLEC *buHus‑ ‘to fill up’ / *bis‑ ‘all’, all from AfrAs *baʔus‑ ‘to be strong’. – For Sem, the Ar evidence perh. should be supplemented by Gz bəʔsa ‘to grow, grow mature, be strong, be swift’, though this may be denom. from Gz bəʔəsi ‘man, male, husband, person, someone’. Also, it may be worth considering the obsolete Ar ^†bāsa, yabīsu ‘to raise o.’s self above (people) and oppress them’ (Hava1899) as a development from an earlier *baʔasa, ip. *yabʔisu.
▪ BʔS_2 : In contrast, BʔS_2 is well attested all over Sem and also seems to have rather reliable cognates outside Sem, so that the reconstruction on an AfrAs ancestor is quite strong. Orel&Stolbova1994#160: reconstruct protSem *b˅ʔaš‑ ʻto be rotten; be poor’, protWCh *baʔas‑ ‘stink’ (n.), ‘bad’, protAg *bas‑, protLEC *baʔas‑ ‘spoiled, rotten’, and protHEC *buš‑ ‘bad’, all from AfrAs *baʔas‑ ʻto be rotten, be badʼ. Very similarly also Militarev&Stolbova2007: protSem *b˅ʔaš‑ ‘to be rotten; to be poor’, protWCh *baʔas‑ / *baHas‑ ‘stink (n.); bad’, protCCh *bas‑ / *b˅s‑ ‘anger, angry; angrily refuse to do s.th.’, protCCu (Ag) *bas‑ ‘to be bad’, protLEC *baʔas‑ ‘spoiled, rotten’, protHEC *buš‑ ‘bad’, all from AfrAs *baʔas‑ ‘to be rotten, be bad’.
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BʔS_1
▪ Leslau CDG 2006: Ar baʔusa ‘to be strong, intrepid’, Gz bəʔsa ‘to grow, grow mature, be strong, be swift’ (denom. from bəʔəsi ‘man, male, husband, person, someone’), Te bəʔəs ‘husband’.
▪ DRS 2 (1994) thinks (s.v. #BʔŠ) that the obsolete Ar ^†bāsa, ip. yabīsu ‘être hautain et injuste’ (Hava1899: ‘to raise o.’s self above people and oppress them’) is likely (»probablement«) to have developed from an earlier *baʔasa, ip. *yabʔisu.
▪ Should one also consider some of the values given (and cross-referenced with #BʔŠ) in DRS 2 (1994) #BHŚ/Š?: -1 Ar bahs ‘audace, hardiesse’, bahš ‘impétuosité’, bahaša ‘s’élancer’; -2 Ar (mérid.) bahaš ‘prendre avec une seule main’; -3 Ar bahs, bahš ‘cœur (du palmier nain)’; -4 bahaša (ʕan) ‘scruter, chercher, fureter’.
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#163: Outside Sem: (ECh) Gabri basua ‘to be strong’.
▪ Militarev&Stolbova2007 #893: Ar bʔs [u] ‘to be strong’. – Outside Sem: (ECh) Gabri basua ‘to be strong’; (LEC) Or buusa ‘to fill up’, Konso pisá ‘all’.

BʔS_2
▪ Bergsträsser1928: biʔsa (defekt. Verb; 2) Akk ibʔiš (1), Hbr bʔš a,a (1), Aram beš neḇaš (2), Gz bʔs ‑,a (2) ‘1. malodorous; 2. to be bad’.
▪ DRS 2 (1994) #BʔŠ: ‘sentir mauvais, avoir mauvais goût ; être mauvais’: Akk baʔāšu ‘être mauvais, puant’, bīš-, biʔš- ‘puant’ ; Ug bʔš? ‘être mauvais’?; Hbr bāʔaš ‘puer’, bᵊʔōš ‘puanteur’; EmpAram bʔyš, Palm byšā, JudPal bᵊʔēš ‘vilain’, Syr beʔš ‘être mauvais’; nSyr bīšā ‘mauvais’; Mnd biš ‘devenir mauvais’; Ar baʔisa ‘être malheureux, détestable, vilain’; epigrSAr bʔš ‘être mauvais, hostile’ ; Gz bəʔsa ‘être âpre, amer, mauvais, nuisible’ ; Te bəʔsä ‘être en colère’; Tña bäʔasä, Amh basä ‘être mauvais’, bäš alä ‘avoir mal’; bʷašäšä ‘dépérir’, bäššəta ‘maladie, peste’, bis ‘mauvais’ ; Hbr bāʔšāʰ ‘mauvaise herbe’, bᵊʔušīm (pl.) ‘baies sauvages aigres’ ; nHbr bᵊʔušā, JudPal bᵊʔūšā (pl. bᵊʔūšīn) ‘vigne sauvage’. ▪ Orel&Stolbova1994 160: (Sem) Hbr bʔš ʻbe rotten’. – Outside Sem: (WCh) Hs bāšī ‘stink’, others ḅāsā, basa‑n, baši‑n ‘bad’; (CCu) Agaw bas‑ən ‘be bad’, (LEC) Som baas ‘spoiled, rotten’, (HEC) Sid buša ‘bad’.
▪ Militarev&Stolbova2007: (WCh) Hs bā́šī́ ‘stink’, Diri ḅāsā ‘bad’; (CCh) Daba bàs, Gude busǝ ‘to angrily refuse to do s.th., to speak’; (CCu Agaw) Awiya (Aungi) bas‑ǝn ‘to be bad’; (LEC) Som baas, Or busaaʷa ‘spoiled, rotten’; (HEC) Sid buša ‘bad’

See above, section CONC.

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baʔs بَأْس

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BʔS

n.

1a strength, fortitude, courage, intrepidity (as vn. of baʔusa); 1b power, might; 2 harm, injury, impairment, detriment, wrong – WehrCowan1976.

▪ A relation to the complex treated s.v. ↗buʔs ‘misery, wretchedness, suffering, distress’ seems rather unlikely. While the latter is well attested throughout Sem (and beyond), the former has hardly any cognates (unless the Gz Te words for ‘man’ are related).
▪ Although some suggestions have been made, the etymology of this semantic complex of baʔs etc. still remains rather unclear. Orel&Stolbova1994#163 reconstruct (from only Ar baʔusa) protSem *b˅ʔuš‑ ʻto be strongʼ and (from only 1 ECh evidence) protECh *basuʔ‑ ‘to be strong’ and posit a hypothetical AfrAs *baʔus‑ ʻto be strongʼ. Similarly Militarev&Stolbova2007 #893: protSem *bVʔuš‑, protECh *basuH‑ ‘to be strong’, protLEC *buHus‑ ‘to fill up’ / *bis‑ ‘all’, all from AfrAs *baʔus‑ ‘to be strong’. – For Sem, the Ar evidence should perh. (or even prob.?) be supplemented by Gz bəʔsa ‘to grow, grow mature, be strong, be swift’, though this may be denom. from Gz bəʔəsi ‘man, male, husband, person, someone’.
▪ Also, it may be worth considering the obsolete Ar ^†bāsa, yabīsu ‘to raise o.’s self above (people) and oppress them’ (Hava1899) as a development from an earlier *baʔasa, ip. *yabʔisu (as considered in a note in DRS 2) .

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▪ Leslau CDG 2006: Ar baʔusa ‘to be strong, intrepid’, Gz bəʔsa ‘to grow, grow mature, be strong, be swift’ (denom. from bəʔəsi ‘man, male, husband, person, someone’), Te bəʔəs ‘husband’.
▪ DRS 2 (1994) thinks (s.v. #BʔŠ) that the obsolete Ar ^†bāsa, ip. yabīsu ‘être hautain et injuste’ (Hava1899: ‘to raise o.’s self above people and oppress them’) is likely (»probablement«) to have developed from an earlier *baʔasa, ip. *yabʔisu.
▪ Should one also consider some of the values given (and cross-referenced with #BʔŠ) in DRS 2 (1994) #BHŚ/Š?: -1 Ar bahs ‘audace, hardiesse’, bahš ‘impétuosité’, bahaša ‘s’élancer’; -2 Ar (mérid.) bahaš ‘prendre avec une seule main’; -3 Ar bahs, bahš ‘cœur (du palmier nain)’; -4 bahaša (ʕan) ‘scruter, chercher, fureter’.
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#163: Outside Sem: (ECh) Gabri basua ‘to be strong’.
▪ Militarev&Stolbova2007 #893: Ar bʔs [u] ‘to be strong’. – Outside Sem: (ECh) Gabri basua ‘to be strong’; (LEC) Or buusa ‘to fill up’, Konso pisá ‘all’.

See above, section CONC.

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► ^BP#1795lā baʔsᵃ, expr., nothing bad at all!

►baʔusa, u (baʔs), vb. I, to be strong, brave, intrepid: denom.?

buʔs بُؤْس

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BʔS

n.

misery, wretchedness, suffering, distress – WehrCowan1976.

▪ A relation to the complex treated s.v. ↗baʔs ‘strength, fortitude, courage, intrepidity’ seems rather unlikely. While the former is well attested throughout Sem (and beyond), the latter has hardly any cognates.
▪ baʔs etc. is well attested all over Sem and also seems to have rather reliable cognates outside Sem, so that the reconstruction of an AfrAs ancestor is quite well-based. The original value seems to have been ‘stink, bad odour (of rotten things)’, hence ‘rotten, wretched, bad’.
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#160: reconstruct protSem *b˅ʔaš‑ ʻto be rotten; be poor’, protWCh *baʔas‑ ‘stink’ (n.), ‘bad’, protAg *bas‑, protLEC *baʔas‑ ‘spoiled, rotten’, and protHEC *buš‑ ‘bad’, all from AfrAs *baʔas‑ ʻto be rotten, be badʼ. Very similarly also Militarev&Stolbova2007: protSem *b˅ʔaš‑ ‘to be rotten; to be poor’, protWCh *baʔas‑ / *baHas‑ ‘stink (n.); bad’, protCCh *bas‑ / *b˅s‑ ‘anger, angry; angrily refuse to do s.th.’, protCCu (Ag) *bas‑ ‘to be bad’, protLEC *baʔas‑ ‘spoiled, rotten’, protHEC *buš‑ ‘bad’, all from AfrAs *baʔas‑ ‘to be rotten, be bad’.

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▪ Bergsträsser1928: (‘¹malodorous; ²to be bad’) ²Ar biʔsa (defect. vb.), ¹Akk ibʔiš, ¹Hbr bʔš a (a), ²Syr beš (ipfv neḇaš), ²Gz bʔs – (a).
▪ DRS 2 (1994) #BʔŠ: ‘sentir mauvais, avoir mauvais goût ; être mauvais’: Akk baʔāšu ‘être mauvais, puant’, bīš-, biʔš- ‘puant’ ; Ug bʔš? ‘être mauvais’?; Hbr bāʔaš ‘puer’, bᵊʔōš ‘puanteur’; EmpAram bʔyš, Palm byšā, JudPal bᵊʔēš ‘vilain’, Syr beʔš ‘être mauvais’; nSyr bīšā ‘mauvais’; Mnd biš ‘devenir mauvais’; Ar baʔisa ‘être malheureux, détestable, vilain’; epigrSAr bʔš ‘être mauvais, hostile’ ; Gz bəʔsa ‘être âpre, amer, mauvais, nuisible’ ; Te bəʔsä ‘être en colère’; Tña bäʔasä, Amh basä ‘être mauvais’, bäš alä ‘avoir mal’; bʷašäšä ‘dépérir’, bäššəta ‘maladie, peste’, bis ‘mauvais’ ; Hbr bāʔšāʰ ‘mauvaise herbe’, bᵊʔušīm (pl.) ‘baies sauvages aigres’ ; nHbr bᵊʔušā, JudPal bᵊʔūšā (pl. bᵊʔūšīn) ‘vigne sauvage’.
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994 160: (Sem) Hbr bʔš ʻbe rotten’. – Outside Sem: (WCh) Hs bāšī ‘stink’, others ḅāsā, basa‑n, baši‑n ‘bad’; (CCu) Agaw bas‑ən ‘be bad’, (LEC) Som baas ‘spoiled, rotten’, (HEC) Sid buša ‘bad’.
▪ Militarev&Stolbova2007: (WCh) Hs bā́šī́ ‘stink’, Diri ḅāsā ‘bad’; (CCh) Daba bàs, Gude busǝ ‘to angrily refuse to do s.th., to speak’; (CCu Agaw) Awiya (Aungi) bas‑ǝn ‘to be bad’; (LEC) Som baas, Or busaaʷa ‘spoiled, rotten’; (HEC) Sid buša ‘bad’.

See above, section CONC.

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►baʔisa, a (buʔs), vb. I, to be miserable, wretched: denom.?
►biʔsa ’l‑rajulᵘ, expr., what an evil man!: defective vb.
►tabāʔasa, vb. VI, to fain misery or distress: Lt‑stem, "as if".
►ĭbtaʔasa, vb. VIII, to be sad, worried, grieved: Gt‑stem, intr.

►banātu biʔs, n.f.pl., calamities, adversities, misfortunes.
►baʔsāʔᵘ, n.f., = buʔs.
►buʔūs, n., = buʔs.
►buʔsà, pl. ʔabʔus, n.f. , = buʔs.
►bāʔis, adj., miserable, wretched

BāṬūN باطون

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 3Oct2022

√BāṬūN, BṬN

“root”

▪ BāṬūN_1 ‘concrete’ ↗bāṭūn

▪ from Fr ↗béton

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▪ lw. in Ar

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bāṭūn باطون

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 3Oct2022

√BāṬūN, BṬN

n.

concrete, béton – WehrCowan1976

▪ Rolland2014a: from Fr béton, from Lat bitumen ‘bitume’, d’origine probablement gauloise, et peut-être apparenté à betulla ‘bouleau’

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▪ loanword in Ar

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bām(i)yā باميا , var. bām(i)yaẗ بامية

ID 051 • Sw – • BP 6890 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BāMYā, BMY

n.

gumbo, okra (Hibiscus esculentus L.,¹ bot., a popular vegetable in Egypt) – WehrCowan1979.

1. NişanyanSözlük gives the Latin name as either ‘alcaea aegyptiaca’ or ‘abelmoschus esculentus’.

Rolland2014 summarizes the state of research on the word as follows: »Pour Belot,¹ le mot est d’origine grecque. Pour Rajki,² c’est un emprunt au turc bamya. Pour Nişanyan,³ le turc est un emprunt à l’arabe.« None of these sources are particularly reliable. The Engl gumbo, Fr gombo, which could be akin to bāmiyā etc., are said to go back to Africa, cf. ngombo ‘okra’ in a Central Bantu language, ki-ngombo ‘do.’ in a Bantu language from Angola.

1. Jean-Baptiste Belot, Dictionnaire arabe-français "El-faraïd", Beyrouth 1955. 2. Andras Rajki, Arabic Etymological Dictionary, online. 3. Sevan Nişanyan, Sözlerin Soyağacı, 2001.

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▪ See NUTSHELL and WESTLANG sections.
▪ …

▪ In Tu, the word is attested for the first time in Aḥmed Vefīḳ Paşa’s Luġat-ı ʕOs̱mānī (1876), where it is said to have come from the Sudan and recently have become popular – Nişanyan (24Jul2014).
▪ Engl gumbo may be akin to Ar bām(i)yā (bām(i)yaẗ, pronounced bamya). Its etymology is given by EtymOnline as »1805, from Louisiana Fr, probably ultimately from a Central Bantu dialect (compare Mbundu ngombo ‘okra’).«
▪ Fr gombo: First attested in 1757 as gombaut, 1764 gombo (Jacquin, Observationes botanicae, 2ᵉ part., p. 11 ds Roll, Flore, t. 3, p. 76). Terme des Antilles françaises issu du bantou de région angolaise ki-ngombo – http://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/gombo.

–

BTK بتك

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 20Feb2023

√BTK

“root”

▪ BTK_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ BTK_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ BTK_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to uproot, cut off at the base; to dedicate an animal to a certain idol, as was the custom in pre-Islamic Arabia, by cutting off, or slitting its ear; to be sharp’

▪ …

–

.

–

BTL بتل

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 20Feb2023

√BTL

“root”

▪ BTL_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ BTL_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ BTL_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to cut off, separate, stay away from others; to give up pleasures; to be celibate’

▪ …

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.

–

BṮː (BṮṮ) بثّ/بثث

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 20Feb2023

√ BṮː (BṮṮ)

“root”

▪ BṮː (BṮṮ)_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ BṮː (BṮṮ)_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ BṮː (BṮṮ)_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to spread, disseminate; to cause to multiply; to disclose; sorrow, worry, illness’

▪ …

–

.

–

BǦS بجس

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 20Feb2023

√BǦS

“root”

▪ BǦS_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ BǦS_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ BǦS_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to cause water to gush out; to come upon, be full of, boil over’

▪ …

–

.

–

BḤṮ بحث

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BḤṮ

“root”

▪ BḤṮ_1 ‘to scrape up (in search of s.th.); [and hence:] to look for, search for s.th., to research, investigate; to discuss’ ↗baḥaṯa
▪ BḤṮ_2 ^†‘mine’ ↗baḥṯ
▪ BḤṮ_3 ^†‘great serpent’ ↗baḥṯ

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to rummage in the dust looking for s.th., to claw the dust, to search, to seek information’

The original meaning of the root that today mostly means ‘to look for, search for s.th., to research, investigate; to discuss’ is ‘to scrape, dig up (the earth), scratch’. Cognates of a similar meaning are attested in Can and Aram, and probably also in Akk, so that one can assume a ComSem etymon *baḥaṯ‑ ‘to scrape up, stir’.

↗baḥaṯa

▪ DRS 2 (1994)#BḤṮ/Š: Akk beḫāšu ‘mélanger (?)’¹ , nHbr bāḥaš, JP Syr bᵉḥaš ‘agiter, remuer, rechercher, attiser’; Syr bᵉḥeš ‘se hâter’, bāḥūšā ‘spatule’; Talm bāḥᵃšā ‘cuiller à pot; cendres chaudes, ratissages’, biḥšā ‘creux de l’épaule’; Mand bḥaš ‘chercher, examiner’; nSyr bāḫiš, (m)berḫiš ‘agiter’, bāḫušā, bāḫüštā ‘cuiller à pot’; Ar baḥaṯa ‘gratter la terre, fouiller’; om. bḥš ‘creuser’, Syrie baḥaš ‘fouiller’.
▪ Outside Sem, Borg2021 #24 (b-ḥ-ṯ) compares Ar baḥaṯa ‘to be in quest of’ (and corresponding dialectal forms) to Eg bḥs (NK) ‘to hunt / jagen (Löwen, Elefanten, Wild)’ (Faulkner 1962: 34; DLE I 138; Wb I 469) ~ Dem wʕ rmt bḥs ‘ein Jägersmann’ (DG 121) ~ Copt ⲡⲁϩⲥ ‘prey’ (Crum 1939: 281a)
▪ …

1. Sens douteux. – But cf. CAD Akk (Ass) *beʔēšu, var. baʔāšu, beʔāšu, baḫāšu ‘to stir’.

▪ The original meaning in Ar is ‘to dig up, scrape ut the dust/earth’ (and search of s.th.). This value is still attested in ClassAr (BAH2008: ‘to rummage in the dust looking for s.th., to claw the dust, to search, to seek information’), where it also produced derivatives such as ^†buḥṯaẗ ‘a certain game (played in the dust, or earth), ʔibl ^†baḥūṯ ‘camels that scrape up the dust, or earth, with their forefeet’, baḥṯ ‘mine (in which one searches for gold and silver); great serpent (because it scrapes up the dust or earth)’, ^†baḥīṯ ‘secret (hidden in the dust and to be search for)’, ^†buḥāṯaẗ ‘dust, earth (which is scraped up from what is searched for therein)’. The modern meanings are amplifications of the earlier usage.
▪ The root is also attested, with similar meanings, in Sem. DRS thinks that the nHbr vb. is from Aram; the remaining forms, however, are probably sufficient to assume a ComSem origin (although DRS thinks the meaning of the Akk vb. is doubtful). – For the whole complex, the reader in DRS is also asked to conform the references given s.v. #BD and #BṮ. Furthermore, DRS states that »cette racine semble être, du fait de contaminations diverses (en particulier par B/MḤN/R, P/BḎR) à la base de plusieurs autres racines surtout arabes qui témoignent en outre d’échanges entre consonnes homorganiques, v. BHNS(Š), BHŚ(Š), BḤṮR, BḪṮR, BʕḎR, BʕṮR, BĠẒR, BRḤŠ; comp. aussi PḤṢ, PḤṮ (et BQṮ?).« The corresponding crossreferences in EtymArab would be ↗BḤṮR, ↗BḪTR, ↗BʕṮR, and also ↗FḤṢ.

–

baḥaṯ‑ بَحَثَ , a (baḥṯ)

ID 053 • Sw – • BP 676 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BḤṮ

vb., I

to look, search (ʕan for s.th.), seek (ʕan s.th.); to inquire (DO into s.th.); to do research (fī on, in a fielt); to investigate, examine, study, explore (DO or ʕan s.th.), look into; to discuss (DO a subject, a question) – WehrCowan1979.

The original meaning of the root that today mostly means ‘to look for, search for s.th., to research, investigate; to discuss’ is ‘to scrape, dig up (the earth), scratch’. Cognates of a similar meaning are attested in Can and Aram, and probably also in Akk, so that one can assume a ComSem etymon *baḥaṯ‑ ‘to scrape up, stir’.

▪ eC7 baḥaṯa (to dig up, to scratch up) Q 5:31 fa-baʕaṯa ’ḷḷāhu ġurāban yabḥaṯu fī ’l-ʔarḍi ‘so God sent a raven scratching up the earth’.
▪ The extended meaning ‘to seek, search, investigate’ etc. that is so prominent in MSA, is however also in common use in ClassAr, cf. Lane, who has not only ‘to scrape (as one who seeks to find a thing therein) (namely, the dust, or earth)’ but also ‘to search, seek for/after s.th. in the dust, or earth; to search, inquire into s.th., investigate, scrutinize’.
▪ The older value is still mentioned in Hava1899: baḥaṯa ‘to scrape (the earth)’ (alongside with baḥaṯa ʕan ‘to be in quest of, to search s.th.’, although it is no longer listed in Steingass1884, where only the meanings ‘mine’ and ‘large snake’ for the n. baḥṯ reminds of the earlier value.
▪ baḥṯ : The only values given in Lane for the n. baḥṯ in ClassAr, besides that of a regular vn. I, are 1 ‘mine (in which one searches for gold and silver) and 2 ‘great serpent’ (because it scrapes up the dust or earth). These are now obsolete, and nominalizations of the vn., like ‘research’, and ‘research paper, study’, have taken over.

DRS 2 (1994)#BḤṮ/Š: Akk beḫāšu ‘mélanger (?)’² , nHbr bāḥaš, JP Syr bᵉḥaš ‘agiter, remuer, rechercher, attiser’; Syr bᵉḥeš ‘se hâter’, bāḥūšā ‘spatule’; Talm bāḥᵃšā ‘cuiller à pot; cendres chaudes, ratissages’, biḥšā ‘creux de l’épaule’; Mand bḥaš ‘chercher, examiner’; nSyr bāḫiš, (m)berḫiš ‘agiter’, bāḫušā, bāḫüštā ‘cuiller à pot’; Ar baḥaṯa ‘gratter la terre, fouiller’; om. bḥš ‘creuser’, Syrie baḥaš ‘fouiller’….

2. Sens douteux. – But cf. CAD Akk (Ass) *beʔēšu, var. baʔāšu, beʔāšu, baḫāšu ‘to stir’.

▪ The original meaning in Ar is ‘to dig up, scrape ut the dust/earth’ (and search of s.th.). This value is still attested in ClassAr (BAH2008: ‘to rummage in the dust looking for s.th., to claw the dust, to search, to seek information’), where it also produced derivatives such as ^†buḥṯaẗ ‘a certain game (played in the dust, or earth), ʔibl ^†baḥūṯ ‘camels that scrape up the dust, or earth, with their forefeet’, baḥṯ ‘mine (in which one searches for gold and silver); great serpent (because it scrapes up the dust or earth)’, ^†baḥīṯ ‘secret (hidden in the dust and to be search for)’, ^†buḥāṯaẗ ‘dust, earth (which is scraped up from what is searched for therein)’. The modern meanings are amplifications of the earlier usage.
▪ The root is also attested, with similar meanings, in Sem. DRS thinks that the nHbr vb. is from Aram; the remaining forms, however, are probably sufficient to assume a ComSem origin (although DRS thinks the meaning of the Akk vb. is doubtful). – For the whole complex, the reader in DRS is also asked to conform the references given s.v. #BD and #BṮ. Furthermore, DRS states that »cette racine semble être, du fait de contaminations diverses (en particulier par B/MḤN/R, P/BḎR) à la base de plusieurs autres racines surtout arabes qui témoignent en outre d’échanges entre consonnes homorganiques, v. BHNS(Š), BHŚ(Š), BḤṮR, BḪṮR, BʕḎR, BʕṮR, BĠẒR, BRḤŠ; comp. aussi PḤṢ, PḤṮ (et BQṮ?).« The corresponding crossreferences in EtymArab would be ↗BḤṮR, ↗BḪTR, ↗BʕṮR, and also ↗FḤṢ.

–

► bāḥaṯa, vb. III, to discuss (DO with s.o., fī a question): assoc.
► tabāḥaṯa, vb. VI, to have a discussion, discuss together; to confer, have a talk (maʕa with s.o., fī about): recipr.

► ^BP#332baḥṯ, pl. buḥūṯ, ʔabḥāṯ, n., search (ʕan for), quest (ʕan of); examination, study; research; investigation, inquiry, examination; exploration; discussion; treatise; (pl. ʔabḥāṯ) study, scientific report (fī on): vn. I.
► baḥḥāṯ, pl. ‑ūn, n., scholar, research worker: ints. n.prof.
► baḥḥāṯaẗ, n.f., eminent scholar: ints. n.prof.
► mabḥaṯ, pl. mabāḥiṯᵘ, n., subject, theme, field of investigation or discussion, object of research; research, study, examination; investigation: n.loc. | al-mabāḥiṯ al-ʕāmmaẗ, n.pl., national inspection and controls (e.g., of drug traffic); secret police (Eg.)
► ^BP#3403mubāḥaṯaẗ, pl. ‑āt, n., negotiation, parley, conference, talk, discussion: vn. III.
► ^BP#1282bāḥiṯ, pl. ‑ūn, and buḥḥāṯ, n., scholar, research worker; examiner, investigator: PA I.

baḥṯ بَحْث , pl. buḥūṯ , ʔabḥāṯ

ID … • Sw – • BP 332 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BḤṮ

n.

1 search (ʕan for), quest (ʕan of). – 2 examination, study. – 3 research. – 4 investigation, inquiry, examination. – 5 exploration. – 6 discussion. – 7 treatise. – 8 (pl. ʔabḥāṯ) study, scientific report (fī on)

Apart from its function as a vn. of vb. I ↗baḥaṯa, the word is lexicalized in ClassAr only as ^†‘mine’ and ^†‘great serpent’, both derived from the original meaning of baḥaṯa, ‘to dig up, scrape up (the sand or earth, in search for s.th.)’, a mine being a place where the earth is digged up in search of minarals etc., while the serpent is so called because with its movements it scrapes up the dust (Lane).

▪ The modern meanings are all extensions and specific lexicalizations of the original vn. meaning ‘scraping, scratching (the dust or the earth).
▪ The older value is still mentioned in Hava1899: baḥaṯa ‘to scrape (the earth)’ (alongside with baḥaṯa ʕan ‘to be in quest of, to search s.th.’, although it is no longer listed in Steingass1884, where only the meanings ‘mine’ and ‘large snake’ for the n. baḥṯ reminds of the earlier value.
▪ baḥṯ : The only values given in Lane for the n. baḥṯ in ClassAr, besides that of a regular vn. I, are 1 ‘mine (in which one searches for gold and silver) and 2 ‘great serpent’ (because it scrapes up the dust or earth). These are now obsolete, and nominalizations of the vn., like ‘research’, and ‘research paper, study’, have taken over.

↗baḥaṯa

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bāḥiṯ باحِث , pl. ‑ūn , and buḥḥāṯ

ID 052 • Sw – • BP 1282 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BḤṮ

n.

scholar, research worker; examiner, investigator – WehrCowan1979.

Originally a PA from the vb. I ↗baḥaṯa, the word has become lexicalized during C20 with the meaning of ‘researcher, investigator’. In ClassAr, a bāḥiṯ is still s.o. who is ‘scraping up (dust or earth)’

↗baḥaṯa

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BḤR بحر

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021, last updated 1Oct2022

√BḤR

“root”

▪ BḤR_1 ‘sea, ocean; river; generous person; great knowledge’ : ↗baḥr
▪ BḤR_2 (TunAr) ‘vegetable garden, truck garden’ : ↗buḥayraẗ
▪ BḤR_3 ‘(poet.) meter’ : ↗baḥr (v4)
▪ BḤR_4 ^†‘to pierce (the ear of a she-camel destined to be sacrificed); she-camel having her ear slit, chosen to be sacrificed’ : obs.
▪ BḤR_5 ‘to be startled, bewildered (with fright)’ ↗baḥira
▪ BḤR_6 ‘crisis (of an illness); climax, culmination (also, e.g., of ecstasy)’ ↗buḥrān
▪ BḤR_7 ^†‘vehemence of heat in mid-summer; moon’ : obs.
▪ BḤR_8 ^†‘bottom of the womb; pure, intense red (blood)’ : obs.
▪ BḤR_9 ^†‘lyer’ : obs.

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘ocean, sea, great river, great expanse of water, lake; generous person; great knowledge; to slit an animal’s ear in ritual’

▪ …

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▪ DRS 2 (1994) #BḤR-1 Syr baḥrā, Ar baḥr, SAr bḥr, Gz bāḥr, Te bäḥar, Tña baḥri, Amh bahər, bar ‘mer, lac’; SAr bḥrt ‘citerne’; h/šbḥr ‘aménager une citerne’; Gz bāḥrəy ‘perle’; (et Amh bahrəy ‘substance, qualité’); ? Akk bērt- (?) ‘cours d’eau’. -2 Ar baḥraẗ, SAr bḥr ‘sol’, mbḥr ‘tombeau’, Gz bəḥēr ‘pays, terre’; ? MġrAr baḥḥar ‘cultiver un jardin’, baḥīraẗ ‘potager, plaine basse’. -3 Akk bēru, beḫēru ‘choisir’; Hbr bāḥar, JP bᵊḥar ‘élire’; SAr bḥr ‘élire (?)’. -?4 Ar baḥara ‘fendre (l’oreille à une chamelle consacrée)’. -5 Hbr bāḥūr ‘jeune homme complètement développé’. -6 Ar baḥira ‘être très affaibli amaigri (par la phtisie); être effrayé’, baḥir ‘qui court jusqu’à épuisement (homme, monture)’; Gz ʔabāḥrara ‘effrayer’; Te bäḥarärä, Tña baḥrärä ‘être effrayé’; Har abäḥarä ‘s’arrêter de se convulser (bête égorgée)’. -7 Ar bāḥūr ‘forte chaleur du cœur de l’été’. -8 bāḥir ‘rouge vif (sang)’. -9 bāḥir ‘fieffé menteur’.
▪ BḤR_1: Outside Sem, Borg2021 #25 (b-ḥ-r¹) compares Eg bʕr (Pyr) ‘Wasserfülle, Überschwemmung; Name eines Gewässers in Unterägypten’; ‘sea (in toponym)’ (Calice 1936: 60; Wb I 447; Hoch 1994: 92).
▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

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baḥr بَحْر , pl. biḥār , buḥūr , ʔabḥār , ʔabḥur

ID 054 • Sw –/129 • BP 507 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BḤR

n.

1 sea. – 2 large river. – 3 a noble, or great, man (whose magnanimity or knowledge is comparable to the sea). – 4 meter (poet.) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Kogan2011: from SSem *baḥr- ‘sea’, replacing the main Sem term for ‘sea’, protSem *tiham(‑at)‑ (cf. Ar Tihāmaẗ).
▪ Cf., however, Huehnergard2011, who assumes protSem *baḥr‑ ‘sea, coast’.
▪ [v3] ‘noble, or great, man’ can be thought to be figurative use (WehrCowan: person »whose magnanimity or knowledge is comparable to the sea).
▪ v4 ‘(poetical) meter’ remains unexplained in the sources but is obviously a calque from Grk rhythmós ‘measured movement, harmonious flow’ (dance, speech, music,…) (from rhéō ‘to flow’).
▪ …

▪ Unless the idea ‘wideness’ was prior to that of ‘sea’, the latter can be assumed to have served as a metaphor for ‘wideness’ (and ‘depth’?), which then could be applied both to generosity and knowledge.
▪ The fact that Gz bāḥər means ‘sea’ while bəḥēr is ‘land’, and a similar "contradiction" within the root is to be found in Ar (cf. baḥr ‘sea’ vs. baḥraẗ ‘land’, and the dimin. of both, buḥayraẗ denotes ‘(little sea >) lake’ as well as ‘(little land >) Ländchen’), made Nöldeke_Gegensinn assume that there was a »Grundbedeutung« (basic meaning), common to both, which later must have split into two. »Vielleicht ‘Niederung, Senkung’? Schwerlich ‘Fläche’ (wie bei aequor ‘Land’ und ‘Meer’).« – See, however, DISC in entry ↗√BḤR for another picture.

▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#305: Syr baḥrā, SAr bḥr, Gz bāḥr, Te bähar, Tña baḥri, Amh bahǝr. – Outside Sem: WCh Sura voγor, Ang fwor ‘rivulet’, Grk vor, voor ‘pond; rivulet’, ECh Kera vor ‘sea, river’.
▪ Leslau_EDG: SAr bḥr, Gur bahǝr.
▪ Kogan2011: Ar baḥr, Sab Min bḥr, Gz bāḥr.
▪ Outside Sem, Borg2021#25 (b-ḥ-r¹) compares Eg bʕr (Pyr) ‘Wasserfülle, Überschwemmung; Name eines Gewässers in Unterägypten’; ‘sea (in toponym)’ (Calice 1936: 60; Wb I 447; Hoch 1994: 92).

▪ Kogan2011: From SSem *baḥr‑, which seems to be the most widespread replacement in the SSem area for what probably had been the main Sem term for ‘sea’ earlier, Sem *tihām(-at)‑ (traces of which in today’s Ar only in the name for the coastal region in W Yemen, the Tihāmaẗ). (In the NWSem area, Sem *tihām(-at)‑ was replaced by *yamm‑, which later was loaned from there into Ar as ↗yamm.)
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#305: A hypothetical Sem *baḥr‑ ‘sea, lake’ is ‎probably the common ancestor of the Ar word as well as its Sem cognates. Together with reconstructed cognates outside Sem, ‎such as WCh *bʷaH˅r‑ ‘pond; rivulet’ and ECh *bʷar < *bʷaH˅r ‘sea, river’, the Sem word ‎may go back to AfrAs *boḥ˅r‑ ‘sea, lake’. – a in Sem *baḥr‑ may have developed from an ‎earlier Sem *u under the influence of the preceding labial.
▪ Huehnergard2011: from Sem *baḥr ‘sea, coast’.
▪ Ehret1995#9: Together with Cush ‎‎*bôoḥ‑ ‘to spill (intr.)’, Ar baḥr goes back to AfrAs *‑bôoḥ‑ ‘to flow’; the word is composed ‎of the AfrAs stem + an *‑r noun suffix.

–

► fī baḥri…, prep., in the course of, during (e.g., fī baḥr sanatayn in the course of two years, within two years).
► al‑ baḥr al‑ ʔabyaḍ al‑ mutawassiṭ, n., the Mediterranean (sometimes shortened to al-baḥr al-ʔabyaḍ).
► al‑ baḥr al‑ balṭīq, n., the Baltic Sea.
► al‑ baḥr al‑ ǧanūb, n., the South Seas.
► al‑ baḥr al‑ ʔaḥmar, n., the Red Sea (also baḥr al-qulzum).
► baḥr al‑ ḫazar and baḥr Qazwīn, n., the Caspian Sea (also al-baḥr al-kasbiyātī).
► baḥr al-rūm, n., the Mediterranean.
► al‑ baḥr al‑ ʔaswad, n., the Black Sea.
► baḥr al‑ ẓulumāt, n., the Atlantic.
► baḥr lūṭ and al-baḥr al-mayyit, n., the Dead Sea.
► baḥr al-nīl, n., (eg.) the Nile.
► baḥr al-hind, n., the Indian Ocean.

► baḥḥara, vb. II, to travel by sea, make a voyage: denom.
► ʔabḥara, vb. IV, to travel by sea, make a voyage; to embark, go on board; to put to sea, set sail, sail, depart (ship); to go downstream, be sea-bound (ship on the Nile): denom.
► tabaḥḥara, vb. V, to penetrate deeply, delve (fī into); to study thoroughly (fī a subject): denom., from baḥr in the sense of ‘person whose knowledge is comparable to the sea’, lit. *‘to delve into (a sea of knowledge)’? DRS suggests another etymology, unrelated to baḥr, see ↗ √BḤR.
► ĭstabḥara, vb. X, = V.

al-baḥrayn, n., the Bahrein Islands; (State of) Bahrein: n.loc.
^BP#3264baḥrānī, adj., of the Baḥrein Islands; al-baḥārinaẗ, the inhabitants of the Bahrein Islands: nsb-adj from (al)-baḥrayn.
► ^BP#1874baḥrī, adj., sea…, marine; maritime; nautical; naval; navigational; (in Eg.) northern, baḥriyyaẗ (with foll. genit.) north of: nsb-adj; (pl. ‑ūn, aẗ), n., sailor, seaman, mariner: nominalized nisba adj.
► ^BP#4032baḥriyyaẗ, n.f., marine; navy: abstr. in iyyaẗ.
► baḥraẗ, pond, pool: n.un. (?).
► baḥḥār, pl. ‑ūn, baḥḥāraẗ, n., seaman, mariner, sailor: n.prof.; pl. baḥḥāraẗ crew (of a ship, of an airplane).
► ^BP#3535buḥayraẗ, pl. ‑āt, baḥāʔirᵘ, n., lake: dimin.; (tun.) vegetable garden, truck garden: meaning transferred from ‘lake’ to *‘place with a small lake, pond = garden’? DRS suggests another etymology, unrelated to baḥr, see ↗ √BḤR.
► ʔibḥār, n., navigation, seafaring: vn. IV.
► tabaḥḥur, n., deep penetration, delving (fī into a subject), thorough study (fī of): vn. V.
► mutabaḥḥir, adj., thoroughly familiar (fī with); profound, erudite, searching, penetrating: PA V.

For other items from the root, cf. ↗√BḤR and ↗baḥira.

BḪT بخت

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 5Oct2022

√BḪT

“root”

▪ BḪT_1 ‘luck’ ↗baḫt
▪ …

▪ BḪT_1 : from Pers baḫt ‘chance, hasard’ - Rolland2014a.
▪ …

.

baḫt بَخْت

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 5Oct2022

√BḪT

n.

1 luck; 2 a kind of lottery – WehrCowan1976

▪ Rolland2014a: from Pers baḫt ‘chance, hasard’, related to Av baḫta ‘ce qui est donné, chance’, IE *bʰag- ‘partager, obtenir sa part’.
▪ See also ↗baqšīš.
▪ …

.

►qalīl al-baḫt, adj., unlucky;
►sūʔ al-baḫt, n., bad luck

►baḫīt, adj., lucky, fortunate
►mabḫūt, adj., lucky, fortunate

BḪR بخر

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BḪR

“root”

▪ BḪR_1 ‘vapor, fume; steam’ ↗buḫār ; ‘incense; francincense’ ↗baḫūr
▪ BḪR_2 ‘to sprinkle a plantation’: only in ^†bāḫir
▪ BḪR_3 ‘to cure s.o.’: only in S dialects, ^†baḫḫar

▪ BḪR_1 ‘incense; francincense’ seems to go back to *‘effluvium, evaporation’
▪ BḪR_2 ‘to sprinkle a plantation’: perhaps related to BḪR_1. – Cf. also ↗√BḤR and ↗√MḪR.
▪ BḪR_3 ‘to cure s.o.’: uncertain, perhaps delocutive, formed from bi-ḫayr ‘well, in good health’.

–

DRS 2 (1994)#BḪR–1: Ar baḫūr, SAr ʔbḫr ‘parfum, encens (?)’, Soq bḥr ‘fumer, parfumer’, Mhr ha-beḫáur ‘fumer’, Te bəkkur ‘encens’, Ar baḫar ‘mauvaise haleine’, Akk baḫāru ‘être chaud’, baḫr‑ ‘chaud’
#BḪR–2 and #BḪR–3: (only Ar).

▪ …
▪ …

–

bāḫiraẗ باخِرة , pl. bawāḫirᵘ

ID 055 • Sw – • BP 6798 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BḪR

n.f.

steamer, steamship – WehrCowan1979.

Properly a PA I, f., akin to ↗buḫār ‘vapor, fume; steam’. The word is a neologism, probably calqued from Engl steamer, presumably during the 1890s.

▪ Not yet lexicalized as an item in its own right in ClassAr (no entry in Lane).
▪ Kazimirski1860, Bustānī1867, Steingass1884, Wahrmund1887: Ø
▪ Hava1899 has bāḫiraẗ ‘steamer, steamboat’ and markib buḫārī ‘steamer’

↗buḫār

▪ ↗buḫār.
▪ The word does not appear in dictionaries of Ar before the late 1890s (the first appearance in my sources is Hava1899). It is probably calqued from Engl steamer
▪ …

–

► buwayḫiraẗ, n.f., small steamboat: dimin.

For other values of the root cf. ↗√BḪR and ↗baḫūr.

baḫūr بَخُور

ID 056 • Sw – • BP??? • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BḪR

n.

incense; frankincense – WehrCowan1979.

The value ‘incense; francincense’ seems to go back to an original meaning, *‘effluvium, evaporation’, cf. ↗buḫār.

▪ …

DRS 2 (1994)#BḪR-1: Ar baḫūr, SAr ʔbḫr ‘parfum, encens (?)’, Soq bḥr ‘fumer, parfumer’, Mhr ha-beḫáur ‘fumer’, Te bəkkur ‘encens’, Ar baḫar ‘mauvaise haleine’, Akk baḫāru ‘être chaud’, baḫr‑ ‘chaud’.

▪ …
▪ …

–

► baḫḫara, vb. II, to perfume with incense, expose to aromatic smoke; to fumigate; to disinfect: denominative. – For other meanings see ↗buḫār.
► tabaḫḫara, vb. V, to perfume o.s., or be perfumed, with incense: t-stem of II, denominative. – For other meanings see ↗buḫār.

► mibḫaraẗ, pl. mabāḫirᵘ (also ‑āt), n., censer; thurible; fumigator: n.instr.

For other values of the root, cf. ↗√BḪR and ↗buḫār.

buḫār بُخار , pl. ‑āt , ʔabḫiraẗ

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BḪR

n.

vapor, fume; steam – WehrCowan1979.

Originally probably *‘effluvium, evaporation’.

▪ …

DRS 2 (1994)#BḪR-1: Ar baḫūr, SAr ʔbḫr ‘parfum, encens (?)’, Soq bḥr ‘fumer, parfumer’, Mhr ha-beḫáur ‘fumer’, Te bəkkur ‘encens’, Ar baḫar ‘mauvaise haleine’, Akk baḫāru ‘être chaud’, baḫr‑ ‘chaud’.

buḫār seems to have preserved the original value of the root (*‘effluvium, evaporation’), while the value ‘incense; francincense’ (↗baḫūr) probably is a later specification.

–

► baḫḫara, vb. II, to vaporize, evaporate; to fumigate: denominative. – For other meanings see ↗baḫūr.
► tabaḫḫara, vb. V, to evaporate (water); to volatilize, turn into smoke or haze: t-stem of II, denominative. – For other meanings see ↗baḫūr.

► buḫārī, adj., steam, steam-driven: nsb-adj | ḥammām b., n., steam bath; ʕaǧalaẗ buḫāriyyaẗ, n., motorcycle.
► ʔabḫarᵘ, adj., suffering from halitosis: elat. formation.
► tabḫīr, n., fumigation: vn. II.
► tabaḫḫur, n., evaporation, vaporization: vn. V.
► ^BP#6798bāḫiraẗ, n.f., steamer, steamship: properly a PA I, f.
► buwayḫiraẗ, n.f., small steamboat: dimin. of bāḫiraẗ.

For other values of the root, ↗√BḪR and ↗baḫūr.

BḪʕ بخع

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 20Feb2023

√BḪʕ

“root”

▪ BḪʕ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ BḪʕ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ BḪʕ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘tendon that runs close to the neck, to cut such tendon, cut the throat; to show humility; to be docile’

▪ …

–

.

–

BḪL بخل

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BḪL

“root”

▪ BḪL_1 ‘to be niggardly, be stingy’ ↗baḫila
▪ BḪL_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to be stingy, to be covetous; to be grudging, meanness’

↗baḫila

–

↗baḫila

–

baḫil‑ بخِل , a (baḫal), and baḫul‑ بخُل , u (buḫl)

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BḪL

vb., I

to be niggardly, be stingy (bi‑ with s.th., ʕan or ʕalà with regard to s.o.), scrimp (ʕan, ʕalà s.o., bi‑ for), stint (bi‑ in, ʕan or ʕalà s.o.), withhold (ʕan, ʕalà from s.o., bi‑ s.th.) – WehrCowan1979.

Etymology unclear. If regular, baḫi/ula should go back to a vb. (WSem?) *baḫ˅l‑.

lC6 ʕAntara b. Šaddād 68,13 al-dahru yabḫalu tāratan wa-yaǧūdu ‘time/destiny is sometimes a miser, and gives generously (at other times)’, ▪ eC7 Ḥuṭayʔa 117,7 lam yabḫal wa-lam yataʕallali (Polosin 1995)
▪ eC7 Q 47:38 (to be or act in a niggardly or miserly way) hā-ʔantum hāʔulāʔi tudʕawna li-tunfiqū fī sabīli ’ḷḷāhi fa-min-kum man yabḫalu ‘here you are called upon to spend in the cause of God, but some of you will be niggardly’, 57:24 (miserliness etc) allaḏīna yabḫalūna wa-yaʔmurūna ’l-nāsa bi’l-buḫli ‘those who are miserly and urge miserliness on others’

▪ BDB1906, Zammit2002: Hbr *bāḥēl (pu.) ‘to get by greed’
▪ DRS 2 (1994)#BḪL ? : Hbr mᵉboḥälät (dans naḥᵃlā mᵉboḥälät) ‘(possession) obtenue par avarice (?)’; ? (Aram) Aysor bāḫil ‘envier’, baḫilāna ‘envieux’.

▪ DRS 2 (1994)#BḪL ? : Hbr mᵉboḥälät (dans naḥᵃlā mᵉboḥälät) ‘(possession) obtenue par avarice (?)’; ? (Aram) Aysor bāḫil ‘envier’, baḫilāna ‘envieux’. mᵉboḥälät (Prov. 20, 21 Ketib) : interprétation (fort douteuse) de Gesenius, many others against him. — See also BʕL ?
▪ Etymology unclear due to scarcity of evidence outside Ar. Some relate the root to BḤL or BʕL, but this is doubtful. The Hbr and Aram (Aysor) cognates given by BDB, Zammit and DRS do not provide sufficient evidence for reliable reconstruction. If regular, baḫi/ula should go back to a vb. (WSem?) *baḫ˅l.

–

► tabāḫala, vb. VI, to give reluctantly, grudgingly (ʕan, ʕalà to s.o., bi‑ s.th.): assoc., ‘to behave in a… way’.
► buḫl, n., avarice, cupidity, greed: vn. I.
► baḫīl, pl. buḫalāʔᵘ, adj., avaricious, greedy; n., miser, skinflint: pseudo-PA/PP, ints.
► mabḫalaẗ, n.f., cause of avarice, that which arouses avarice or greed: n.loc. (?)

*BD‑

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BD‑

2-cons. "root nucleus"

See section CONCISE below.

2-consonantal nucleus with the basic meaning(s) of ‘to cut’ (to separate, split, pierce, disperse, etc.) (DRS, s.v. BD-1), or ‘extended separation or longtime distancing as the result of the emergence of a gap’ (Gabal2012), and ‘to prowl, wander around, to disappear’ (DRS, s.v. BD-3), or ‘to appear’ (Ehret1989).

–

▪ …
▪ …

▪ DRS 2 (1994)#BD: »1 Une des séquences radicales formées d’un phonème labial et d’un phonème dental (parfois aussi ś ou š) qui entrent dans la constitution de nombreuses racines ayant pour valeur fondamentale la notion de ‘couper’, associée le plus souvent aux notions connexes de ‘séparer, fendre, percer, disperser, etc.’. Souvent aussi ces notion s’accompagnent, pour les mêmes racines et éventuellement pour les mêmes langues, de celles de ‘jaillir, suinter (à travers une brèche), poindre, germer’, parfois de celles de ‘creuser, fouiller, rechercher, examiner’. – Dans un certain nombre de cas, les racines ont leurs deux dernières radicales semblables. Mais il est plus fréquent (aussi bien pour les triconsonnes que pour les quadriconsonnes) que les radicales complémentaires soient des liquides (l ou r, plus rarement n), des semi-voyelles, parfois d’autres consonnes (palatales, vélaires, pharyngales, laryngales). Il peut s’agir soit de biconsonnes étoffées, soit de variantes par échange de consonnes de localisation voisine, soit souvent de croisement avec d’autres racines de sens voisin. (Il est à noter que d’autres séquences – palatale + dentale par exemple, v.s. GD, ou labiale + palatale ou vélaire, voir en particulier sous PQ – entrent aussi dans la constitution de racines ayant les valeurs de ‘couper’ et de ‘fendre’.) – Voir p.e. pour les racines avec BD : ↗BDː (BDD), ↗BDL, ↗BDĠ, ↗BDQ. – Mais voir aussi les renvois sous ↗BḎ, ↗BZ, ↗BṬ, ↗BṢ/Ḍ, BŚ, BŠ, ↗BT, ↗BṮ. – Pour d’autres labiales initiales, voir aux lettres M et P. — 2 Quelques-unes des racines comportant une labiale + dentale ont soit comme valeur unique, soit comme valeur associée aux précédentes, les sens de ‘mépriser, dédaigner’, parfois ‘être hautain, arrogant’. — 3 Pour une valeur ‘errer, disparaître etc.’, voir ↗ʔBD/T, BDBD, ↗BDW/Y, ↗BWD, ↗BYD.«
▪ Another series of extensions/derivations from a biconsonantal basis *BD is postulated by Ehret1989: From a reconstructed root *BD ‘to appear, emerge’, the author derives: (+ concisive *‑ʔ =) badʔ (↗badaʔa) ‘to begin, do a thing first’, (+ diffusive *‑r =) badr (↗badara) ‘to come quickly or unexpectedly on, surprise, break forth suddenly’, (+ sunderative *‑ʕ =) badʕ (↗badaʕa) ‘to produce, originate, begin’ (presumed earlier sense: ‘to bring forth from’), (+ amplificative *‑h =) badh (↗badaha) ‘to come unexpectedly, surprise’, (+ inchoative/denominative *‑w =) badw (↗badā) ‘to appear’, (+ inchoative/denominative *‑y =) bady (merged with ↗badaʔa) ‘to begin’.
▪ Gabal2012, like DRS for BD#1, assumes a basic value of ‘separation’ for the biconsonantal nucleus *BD, more specifically an ‘extended separation or longtime distancing as the result of the emergence of a gap’ (tafrīq mumtadd ʔaw ʔibʕād dāʔim yulzimuhu ḥudūṯ farāġ). Among the derivations/extension, however, Gabal also includes many values that Ehret1989 derives from what he assumes to be the basic meaning, namely ‘to appear’: ↗badaʔa ‘to start, begin’ (the final *‑ʔ adding the notion of s.th. that is slipping into the gap designated by the nuclear *BD, and thus appearing in it for the first time), ↗ʔabada ‘to last long’ (the initial *ʔ‑ underlining the persistence of the separation expressed in BD), ↗bāda (< *bayada) ‘to perish’ (*‑y‑ inserted between the two nuclear radicals to express a prolonged continuity of the gaping), ↗badara ‘to break forth suddenly’ (*‑r denoting the tendency of the unexpected ‘intruder’ into the void space to unfold and expand itself until fullness, as with the full moon, ↗badr), ↗badaʕa ‘to originate, do for the first time’ (*‑ʕ indicating newness of the intruder into the void space), ↗badala ‘to replace, exchange’ (*‑l, in itself expressing ‘independence’, when added to BD signifying together the disappearance of s.th. and its reappearance in another place), ↗badana ‘to be fat, corpulent’ (*‑n expressing a ‘soft extension, or continuity’ inside; added to *BD, it produces the notion of amassing and corpulence).

–

Opinion differs as to which 3-consonantal roots are derived from the 2-consonantal nucleus:

↗ʔBD (DRS #BD-3, Gabal2012)
↗BDː (BDD) (DRS #BD-1)
↗BDʔ (Ehret1989, Gabal2012)
BDBD (DRS #BD-3)
↗BDR (Ehret1989, Gabal2012)
↗BDʕ (Ehret1989, Gabal2012)
↗BDĠ (DRS #BD-1)
↗BDQ (DRS #BD-1)
↗BDL (DRS #BD-1, Gabal2012)
↗BDN (Gabal2012)
↗BDH (Ehret1989)
↗BDW/Y (Ehret1989, DRS #BD-3)
↗BWD (DRS #BD-3)
↗BYD (DRS #BD-3, Gabal2012)

BDː (BDD) بدّ / بدد

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BDː (BDD)

“root”

▪ BDː (BDD)_1 ‘to distribute, spread, disperse’ ↗badda
▪ BDː (BDD)_2 ‘way out, escape’ ↗budd_1
▪ BDː (BDD)_3 ‘idol, temple consecrated to an idol’ ↗budd_2
▪ BDː (BDD)_4 ‘wish, intention, desire’ (LevAr badd, bidd < *bi‑wadd, *bi‑widd) ↗wadda

Other values, now obsolete:
▪ BDː (BDD)_5 ‘beam, bar, baulk’: ClassAr badd .
▪ BDː (BDD)_6 ‘(olive) oil press’: ClassAr badd ; ‘arm of an (olive) press’: ClassAr budd .
▪ BDː (BDD)_7 ‘equal, similar’: ClassAr bidd .
▪ BDː (BDD)_8 ‘power, strength; want’: ClassAr badad .

▪ While the two values [v1] ‘to distribute, spread, disperse’ and [v2] ‘way out, escape’ may be etymologically connected, [v3] ‘idol, temple consecrated to an idol’ is with all probability borrowed from Pers, and [v4] is a dialectal contraction of the preposition ↗bi‑ and the word for ‘wish, intention, desire’, wadd or widd. The origin of the obsolete ^†[v5] is not clear; it may be related to [v1], a beam, bar, baulk being a kind of separator that creates a distance between two sides or parts. ^†[v6] is clearly a loan from Aram; but the Aram word seems to be akin to ^†[v5]. ^†[v7] is a specialisation of [v1] in the sense of ‘to distribute in equal portions ’, hence the notion of ‘equality, similarity’ of o.’s share or contribution. Etymology of [v8] unclear.
▪ BDː (BDD)_1 is thought by many to best represent the 2-consonantal nucleus ↗*BD from which a number of 3-consonantal roots derive by extension (see DISC below). The value of this nucleus is given as ‘to cut’ or ‘to separate’ by DRS and Gabal2012, and as ‘to appear, emerge’ by Ehret1989.
▪ For BDː (BDD)_1 an AfrAs background has been suggested: Orel&Stolbova1994 reconstruct AfrAs *bad‑ ʻto separateʼ.
▪ The reconstruction of AfrAs *bud‑ or *bud(˅H)‑ ((Orel&Stolbova and Militarev, respectively) ‘stick’ for BDː (BDD)_5 is rather speculative.

–

▪ [BDː (BDD)_1] DRS 2 (1994)#BDD–1. Akk buddudu ‘dissiper, gaspiller’, Hbr bōdēd ‘séparé’, lᵉ-bādād ‘seul’, nHbr bādad ‘disperser, être seul’, EmpAram bdd (?) ‘disperser, anéantir’, Syr bad ‘mélanger, troubler; se répandre, déborder (fleuve)’, Ar badida ‘se tenir les jambes écartées’, badda ‘séparer, écarter, vaincre, repousser’, baddada ‘répandre, disperser’, ʔabadda ‘distribuer par portion’, tabaddada ‘gaspiller sa santé, dépérir’, Tham *bdd ‘repousser’, Hbr bad, Ar budd, buddaẗ ‘partie, portion’, Tham mbd ‘quote-part’, SAr bd ‘contrevaleur’, bd, bdd ‘espace de temps’; ? Te bad ‘pauvreté’, Aram bādīd ‘bêche; tranchée, sillon’, Te bädäd belä ‘déborder, être répandu’, Tña bəddəd bälä ‘se lever rapidement’.
▪ [BDː (BDD)_1] Orel&Stolbova1994 (#171): Ug bd ‘to take awayʼ,³ Hbr bdd ‘to separate’, EmpAram bdd ‘to disperse’, Ḥrs abdōd, Mhr abdēd, Śḥr ɛbded. – Outside Sem, (HEC) Sid bad‑ ‘to separate’, as well as bad‑ and badda ‘to split, cut (wood)’ in 2 Omot langs. Cf. also Militarev2006 (#492): abde ‘to split, divide, separate’ in a WCh idiom.
▪ [BDː (BDD)_3]: For what Orel&Stolbova1994 and Militarev2006 assume to be cognates in- and outside Sem, cf. ↗budd_2.
▪ [BDː (BDD)_5] DRS 2 (1994)#BDD –2. Hbr bad ‘rameau, branche’, JP baddā ‘tige, perche’, Ar badd ‘poutre’.
▪ [BDː (BDD)_6] DRS 2 (1994)#BDD –3. Aram bad, Ar badd ‘pressoir à olive’, budd ‘axe de pressoir’.
▪ For the wider context cf. DISC.

3. Tropper2008: Ug bddy ‘alone (?)’.

▪ [BDː (BDD)_1] DRS 2 (1994)#BDD: 1. Les sens réunis ici semblent bien liés sémantiquement: séparation, dispersion, partage, épuisement, etc. […]. Il est possible que 2 et 3 n’en sont aussi que des dérivations […]. Le sens premier paraît être celui de ‘trancher, séparer’ commun à plusieures racines formées d’une labiale et d’une dentale, voir ↗BD. […, cf. also ↗BDĠ, ↗BDQ, ↗BDL] — 3. Ar < Aram. — Like DRS 2 (1994), also Gabal2012 assumes ‘separation’ as the basic value underlying extensions of a biconsonantal nucleus ↗BD, more specifically an ‘extended separation or longtime distancing’ as a result of the emergence of a gap’ (tafrīq mumtadd ʔaw ʔibʕād dāʔim yulzimuhu ḥudūṯ farāġ). The basic value of *BD is best represented in the unextended root BDː (BDD). — Ehret1989, who postulates a similar dependence of triradical roots on biradical nuclei, assumes ‘to appear, emerge’ as the primary value, without however connecting the geminated root BDː (BDD) to the *BD- nucleus (the only derivatives/extensions he mentions are ↗badaʔa,↗badara, ↗badaʕa, ↗badaha, and ↗badā).
▪ [BDː (BDD)_1] Orel&Stolbova1994 (#171) reconstruct Sem *bud‑ ‘to take away; to separate; to disperse’, HEC *bad‑ ‘separate’, Omot *bad‑ ‘split, cut (wood)’, to which Militarev2006 (#492) adds WCh *bad‑ ‘to split, divide, separate’, all from AfrAs *bad‑ ʻto separateʼ (with secondary *‑u‑ in Sem).
▪ [BDː (BDD)_2] budd ‘way out, escape’: not mentioned in DRS. Related to BDː (BDD)_1 ‘to distribute, spread, disperse’? Rolland2014 assumes a Sem origin but does not give details.
▪ [BDː (BDD)_3] budd ‘idol, temple consecrated to an idol’: accord. to Rolland2014 a loanword from Pers but ‘idol’ (cf. also Buddha ?). In contrast, Orel&Stolbova1994 and Militarev2006 assume a Sem (< AfrAs) origin. For details, cf. ↗budd_2.
▪ [BDː (BDD)_4] LevAr badd, bidd ‘wish, intention, desire’: contracted from *bi-wadd, *bi-widd : see ↗wadda.
▪ [BDː (BDD)_5] The sense of ^†‘pole, beam, bar, baulk’ (DRS #BDD-2) for badd does not appear in ClassAr dictionaries and is not attested in MSA (for sources, cf. DRS). The etymological origin is not clear either; it may be related to [v1], a pole, beam, bar, baulk being a kind of separator that creates a distance between two sides, or parts. – Given the Hbr and Aram cognates, Orel&Stolbova1994 reconstruct Sem *bad(d)‑ ‘pole, stick, beam’. On the evidence of what the authors think to be Berb and ECh cognates, they also assume Berb *budid‑ ‘pole of a hut’ (with secondary *u after labial and partial reduplication, hypostacized from Irjen a-budid) and ECh *b˅d˅H‑ ‘stick’ to be cognate. The common ancestor of the Sem, Berb and ECh forms is thought to be AfrAs *bud‑ ‘stick’. In StarLing, the ECh items are no longer mentioned; instead, there is given Mofu-Gudur bébeḍ < CCh *b˅-b˅ḍ‑ (< *b˅d˅H‑) ‘digging stick’, and the origin of all is modified into AfrAs *bud(˅H)‑ ‘stick’.
▪ [BDː (BDD)_6] badd as ‘pressoir, grande machine servant à presser des olives ou du raisin, moulin à huile’ is given by Dozy1881 and said to be from Aram, cf. Syr baḏā, bā̆ḏā ‘beam of an oil- or wine-press’ (PayneSmith1903). The Aram word itself seems in turn to be akin to [v5].
▪ [BDː (BDD)_7] ‘equal, similar’ (ClassAr bidd; cf. also ^†bādda, vb. III, ‘to contribute equally for the purchasing of corn, or food, to eat; to have people’s money, or property, divided into lots, or portions, and distributed in shaires among them; to divide property among a people in shares’): not mentioned in DRS; derived, as a specialization in meaning, from the notion of ‘to distribute portionwise’ in vb. I, badda.
▪ [BDː (BDD)_8] ‘power, strength; want’: no etymological suggestions available so far. Probably related to [v1].

–

badd‑, badad‑ بَدَّ/بَدَدْـ , u (badd)

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BDː (BDD)

vb., I

to distribute, spread, disperse – WehrCowan1979.

(In Militarev’s reconstruction:) from Sem *bud‑ ‘to take away; to separate; to disperse’, from AfrAs *bad‑ ‘dto.’

▪ …

▪ DRS 2 (1994)#BDD: 1. Akk buddudu ‘dissiper, gaspiller’, Hbr bōdēd ‘séparé’, lᵉ-bādād ‘seul’, nHbr bādad ‘disperser, être seul’, EmpAram bdd (?) ‘disperser, anéantir’, Syr bad ‘mélanger, troubler; se répandre, déborder (fleuve)’, Ar badida ‘se tenir les jambes écartées’, badda ‘séparer, écarter, vaincre, repousser’, baddada ‘répandre, disperser’, ʔabadda ‘distribuer par portion’, tabaddada ‘gaspiller sa santé, dépérir’, Tham *bdd ‘repousser’, Hbr bad, Ar budd, buddaẗ ‘partie, portion’, Tham mbd ‘quote-part’, SAr bd ‘contrevaleur’, bd, bdd ‘espace de temps’; ? Te bad ‘pauvreté’, Aram bādīd ‘bêche; tranchée, sillon’, Te bädäd belä ‘déborder, être répandu’, Tña bəddəd bälä ‘se lever rapidement’. — ? 2. Hbr bad ‘rameau, branche’, JP baddā ‘tige, perche’, Ar badd ‘poutre’. — 3. Aram bad, Ar badd ‘pressoir à olive’, budd ‘axe de pressoir’.
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#171: Ug bd ‘to take awayʼ,⁴ Hbr bdd ‘to separate’, EmpAram bdd ‘to disperse’, Ḥrs abdōd, Mhr abdēd, Śḥr ɛbded. – Outside Sem, (HEC) Sid bad‑ ‘to separate’, as well as bad‑ and badda ‘to split, cut (wood)’ in 2 Omot langs. Cf. also Militarev2006 (#492): abde ‘to split, divide, separate’ in a WCh idiom.

4. Tropper2008: Ug bddy ‘alone (?)’.

▪ DRS 2 (1994)#BDD: 1. Les sens réunis ici semblent bien liés sémantiquement: séparation, dispersion, partage, épuisement, etc. […] Il est possible que 2 et 3 n’en sont aussi que des dérivations […]. Le sens premier paraît être celui de ‘trancher, séparer’ commun à plusieures racines formées d’une labiale et d’une dentale, voir ↗BD. […]
▪ DRS does not explain in which way BDD-2 and BDD-3 (which seem to be etymologically the same item) may possibly be connected to BDD-1.
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994 #171 reconstruct Sem *bud‑ ‘to take away; to separate; to disperse’, HEC *bad‑ ‘separate’, Omot *bad‑ ‘split, cut (wood)’, to which Militarev2006 (#492) adds WCh *bad‑ ‘to split, divide, separate’all from AfrAs *bad‑ ʻto separateʼ (with secondary *‑u‑ in Sem).

–

► baddada, vb. II, to divide, distribute, spread, scatter, disperse: ints.; to remove, eliminate: caus.; to waste, squander, fritter away, dissipate: ints./caus.
► tabaddada, vb. V, pass. of II.
► ĭstabadda, vb. X, to be independent, proceed independently (bi‑ in, e.g., in one’s opinion, i.e., to be opinionated, obstinate, headstrong); to possess alone, monopolize (bi‑ s.th.); to take possession (bi‑ of s.o.), seize, grip, overwhelm, overcome (bi‑ s.o.; said of a feeling, of an impulse); to dispose arbitrarily, highhandedly (bi‑ of s.th.); to rule despotically, tyrannically, autocratically (bi‑ over): autobnfct./request., TŠ-stem from budd in the (obsolete) sense of ^†‘part, portion’ (*to make s.o. give his portion to o.s./the speaker, to ask for one’s portion).
► ^BP#455budd, n., way out, escape: from ‘to separate, disperse’? | ʔiḏā lam yakun buddun min ʔan… if it is inevitable that…; lā budda, adv., definitely, certainly, inevitably, without fail; by all means; lā budda min, it is necessary, inescapable, unavoidable, inevitable, lā budda lahū minhu he simply must do it, he can’t get around it; min kulli buddin, adv., in any case, at any rate.
► ʔabādīdᵘ, adj.pl., scattered: old poet. form.
► tabdīd, n., scattering, dispersal, dispersion; removal, elimination; waste, dissipation: vn. II.
► ^BP#4414ĭstibdād, n., arbitrariness, highhandedness; despotism; autocracy; absolutism: vn. X.
► ĭstibdādī, adj., arbitrary, highhanded, autocratic, despotic; authoritarian; ĭstibdādiyyāt, n.pl., arbitrary acts: nsb-adj. from vn. X.
► ĭstibdādiyyaẗ, n.f., autocracy; authoritarianism: abstr. formation in ‑iyyaẗ from vn. X.
► mubaddid, n., scatterer, disperser; squanderer, wastrel, spendthrift: nominalized PA II.
► mustabidd, adj., arbitrary, highhanded, autocratic, tyrannical, despotic: PA X; n., autocrat, tyrant, despot: nominalized PA X | ~ bi-raʔyi-hī, adj., opinionated, obstinate, headstrong; malakiyyaẗ ~aẗ, n., absolute monarchy

bidd بَدّ , var. badd

ID … • Sw – • BP 344 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BDː (BDD)

n.

(LevAr) wish, intention, e.g., bidd-ī, quasi-vb., I wish, want, will

From *bi-widd…, bi-wadd….

▪ …

↗wadda.

–

budd بُدّ (disambig.)

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BDː (BDD)

n.

▪ budd_1 ‘way out, escape’ ↗budd_1, ↗badda
▪ budd_2 ‘(temple consecrated to an) idol’ ↗budd_2

While the n. for ‘way out, escape’ (budd_1) is probably related to the vb. ↗badda ‘to distribute, spread, disperse’, budd_2 is a borrowing from Pers.

–

¹budd بُدّ

ID … • Sw – • BP 455 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BDː (BDD)

n.

way out, escape – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Etymologically probably related to ↗badda ‘to distribute, spread, disperse’.

▪ …

…

▪ Lane reports that in ClassAr dictionaries, the word is interpretated as signifying a ‘separating o.s.’, or an ‘artifice whereby one may avoid a thing or escape from it’, or the ‘avoiding a thing’. Accord. to Lane, the word is not used but in negative phrases, except by post-classical writers.
▪ The common phrase lā budda min ka-ḏā is explained by Lane as ‘there is no separating o.s. from such a thing, there is no artifice whereby one may avoid it, or escape from it; there is no avoiding it, hence: it is absolutely necessary; it is not possible to separate o.s. from it, nor is there anything that can serve in its stead’.

–

²budd بُدّ , pl. bidadaẗ , ʔabdād

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BDː (BDD)

n.

idol – WehrCowan1979.

The current opinion is that the word entered Ar as a borrowing from Pers but ‘idol’, but may ultimately (via Sogd?) be related to Indian words for Buddha. There is, however, also other research that puts it in a Sem, and even a wider AfrAs, context, see COGN and DISC below.

▪ …

▪ Against the current opinion, Orel&Stolbova1994 and Militarev2006 do not assume a Pers but a Sem < AfrAs origin. Inside Sem, they put Ar budd ‘idol’ (and bdd ‘to cause dammage’) together with Hbr bad ‘oracle priest’, Gz budā, Tña Amh Har Gur buda ‘one who causes harm by means of the evil eye’; cf. also Te bozzay ‘magician’; also Amor baddum ‘official’ seems to be related. Cf. also Hbr Aram Ar MSA *bdʔ ‘to lie, invent, talk loosely’. – As outside Sem evidence, the authors list: bádǝ̀-rà ‘sorcerer’ in a WCh lang; bǝ́bǝ́ḍé, bùbbùḍḍe ‘curse’ in some ECh idioms; Bilin bawda ‘witch-doctor; verwolf’ as well as buda ‘id.’ in two other CCush (Agaw) langs; Sa budā, Af buda ‘witch-doctor’; (LEC) Som bida, Or bawda ‘witch-doctor’; Sid bud-akko ‘who has evil eye’, as well as buda, būdo in 3 other HEC langs, meaning either ‘who has evil eye’ or ‘potter’; budo ‘witch-doctor’ in 2 Omot langs.

▪ Rolland2014: From Pers but ‘idol’¹ , IE *bʰeu‑ ‘to be, exist’. The reduplication of the final consonant is regular. The change from Pers t to Ar d is unusual but can be explained as a result of the influence of ↗budd_1 ‘way out, escape’.
▪ In contrast, Dozy1881 thinks that, »[d]ans le sens d’‘idole’, budd ne semble être rien autre chose que Bouddha «. In the same vein, Carra de Vaux states that »budd denotes the Buddha« in authors such as al-Ǧāḥiẓ, al-Masʕūdī, al-Bīrūnī, or al-Šahrastānī; »[t]he principal instance of the use of the word in the sense of ‘pagoda’ occurs in a passage in the Merveilles de l’Inde;² this sense [however] appears to be the rarest, although given as the primary sense in the LA.«³
▪ In Tu, the word appears in two forms, but (~ put) and büt (~ püt). According to Nişanyan (13Okt2014), both ultimately go back to Skr buddha. büt is attested already in Uyghur texts before 1000 CE, meaning ‘Buddha’ (some Turkic tribes had adopted Buddhism in C10-11). In contrast, the form but (~ put) is said to be taken from Pers but, from Soghd bud ‘Buddha, Buddha statue or temple’, from Skr.
▪ Neither Orel&Stolbova1994 nor Militarev2006 (in StarLing) see the Pers connection. Instead, the latter reconstructs (#1930) Sem *ba/ud‑ ‘oracle priest; pagan temple, idoleum; one who causes harm by means of the evil eye’, WCh *bad‑ (?) ‘sorcerer’, ECh *bu-buḍ‑ ‘curse’,⁴ CCush (Agaw) *baw˅d‑ ‘witch-doctor; verwolf’, SaAf *bud‑, LEC *baw˅d‑, Omot *bud‑ ‘witch-doctor’, HECush *bud‑ ‘who has evil eye; potter’.⁵ Based on the Sem and extra-Sem material, the author reconstructs AfrAs *baw˅d‑ ‘sorcerer’.

1. Steingass1892: ‘idol, image, any figure that is an object of adoration; the beloved; God (in the language of the Sūfīs; truth)’. 2. ʕAǧāʔib al-Hind, ed./trans. M. Devic, 5; Mémorial J. Sauvaget, i: 192 3. B. Carra de Vaux, art. “budd”, in EI². 4. showing reduplication and unexpected emphatic ‑ḍ‑. 5. However, the Cush and Omot forms may be Ethiopisms.

▪ Engl Buddha, which entered the language by the 1680 s, is certainly not taken from Ar budd. It may however go back, via Pali, to the same Skr word, meaning ‘awakened, enlightened’, to which also Ar budd ultimately can be traced back. The Pali word is a PP of budh ‘to awake, know, perceive’, related to Skr bodhati ‘is awake, observes, understands’ – EtymOnline.

–

ĭstibdād اِسْتِبْداد

ID 057 • Sw – • NahḍCon • BP 4414 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BDː (BDD)

n., C

1 arbitrariness, highhandedness; 2 despotism; autocracy; absolutism – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Morphologically, the word is a vn. X, derived from budd in the (obsolete) sense of ^†‘part, portion’ and thus denotes taking possession of s.th., or monopolizing it.
▪ While in classical texts the word meant ‘arbitrary and capricious’ rather than ‘illegitimate or tyrannical rule’, it has taken on, during C19, the modern sense of ‘despotism’ etc.

▪ Lane gives the meaning of the underlying vb. X in ClassAr as ‘to be(come) alone, independent of others, exclusively of others; to have none to share, or participate, with; bi‑ ‘to have or keep s.th. to o.s., exclusively, with none to share with in it; bi-raʔyi-hī ‘to follow o.’s own opinion only, with none to agree with; to be singular in o.’s opinion; bi-ʔamri-hī ‘to obtain (absolute) predominance, or control, over o.’s affair, so that people would not hear (or obey) any other’.
▪ »In the modern period, new experiences, perceptions and ideas, both at home and abroad, reshaped the theory and practice of politics in the Islamic lands. First, reports from Western lands, then the massive Western presence in the Islamic world changed Muslim perceptions of good and therefore also of bad government. [▪ …] As good government was redefined, bad government was redefined as a departure from it. [▪ … Among other terms, also] the term istibdād was revived to connote autocratic personal government. As used in classical texts, it had a connotation of arbitrary and capricious rather than of illegitimate or tyrannical rule. It was used, for example, of a ruler who took decisions and actions on his own, without consulting his religious or bureaucratic advisors. In Ar chronicles of the Mamlūk period it sometimes appears in a neutral or even in a positive sense, to indicate that one or another of contenders for power had got rid of his rivals and taken sole charge. In the 19th and 20th centuries, it came to be the term commonly used by advocates of liberal reforms to denounce the autocratic monarchs whom they wished either to restrain or to remove.«¹ Cf., e.g., ʕAbd al-Raḥmān al-Kawākibī’s Ṭabāʔiʕ al-ĭstibdād wa-maṣāriʕ al-ĭstiʕbād, which first appeared, in 1900, as a series of anonymous articles in al-Muʔayyad and which to a large extent is »a faithful rendering in Arabic of Della Tirannide (1800) by Vittorio Alfieri«. ²

1. B. Lewis, art. “ẓulm”, in EI². 2. Sylvia G. Haim, art. “al-Kawākibī”, in EI².

▪ …
▪ …

▪ vn. of ĭstabadda, vb. X, ‘to be independent, proceed independently (bi‑ in, e.g., in one’s opinion, i.e., to be opinionated, obstinate, headstrong); to possess alone, monopolize (bi‑ s.th.); to take possession (bi‑ of s.o.), seize, grip, overwhelm, overcome (bi‑ s.o.; said of a feeling, of an impulse); to dispose arbitrarily, highhandedly (bi‑ of s.th.); to rule despotically, tyrannically, autocratically (bi‑ over)’. Form X (TŠ-stem) can be understood as an autobenefactive or requestative formation, coined from budd in the (obsolete) sense of ^†‘part, portion’, i.e., *‘to make s.o. give his portion to o.s./the speaker, to ask for one’s portion’.
▪ The underlying budd is related to the vb. ↗badda ‘to distribute, spread, disperse’. The latter has preserved the original meaning of a 2-consonantal ↗*BD ‘to cut, separate’, a component to be found in many 3-consonantal roots that can be interpreted as extensions from this nucleus.

–

► ĭstibdādī, adj., arbitrary, highhanded, autocratic, despotic; authoritarian; ĭstibdādiyyāt, n.pl., arbitrary acts: nsb-adj.
► ĭstibdādiyyaẗ, n.f., autocracy; authoritarianism: abstr. formation in ‑iyyaẗ.

BDʔ بدأ

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 20Feb2023

√BDʔ

“root”

▪ BDʔ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ BDʔ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ BDʔ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to begin, initiate, the beginning, the lead; chief, exceptional person’

▪ …

–

.

–

BDR بدر

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021, last update 3Oct2022

√BDR

“root”

▪ BDR_1 ‘to come unexpectedly, by surprise’ ↗badara
▪ BDR_2 ‘full moon’ ↗badr
▪ BDR_3 ‘huge amount of money (formerly= 10,000 dirhams)’ ↗badraẗ ▪ BDR_4 ‘threshing floor’ ↗baydar
▪ BDR_ ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘full moon, sign, herald, harbinger; to give surprise, to take the initiative’

▪ BDR_1 badara ‘to come unexpectedly, by surprise’: …
▪ BDR_2 badr ‘full moon’: …
▪ BDR_3 badraẗ ‘huge amount of money (formerly= 10,000 dirhams)’: …
▪ BDR_4 baydar ‘threshing floor’: …
▪ BDR_ …

–

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #BDR-1 Ar badara ‘surprendre, arriver inopinément, précipitamment’, badāri (interj.) ‘hâte-toi!’; ThamAr bdr ‘hâte-toi!’; Gz badara ‘être véloce, prévenir’, badr ‘cursus’; Te badra ‘se hâter, précéder, rattraper, rivaliser’; bədrat ‘hâte’.(?); ? nSyr lᵊ-bádder lᵊ-baddâr ‘dehors’. -2 Akk buddur- : objet en de roseau, ‘panier (?)’. -3 Ar badr ‘pleine lune, lune’. -4 badraẗ ‘chevrette’. -5 Soq n-bdr ‘être tacheté’. -6 Amh abäddärä ‘prêter de l’argent’, bədər ‘prêt, revanche, vengeance’. -7 Har bädri : vêtement féminin de dessus.
▪ Outside Sem, Borg2021#27 (b-d-r) compares Eg ꜣbd (OK) ‘month’; ‘mois, mois lunaire’ (Faulkner 1962: 2; Meeks 2010: 42).
▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

badar- بَدَر , u

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 3Oct2022

√BDR

vb., I

1 to come unexpectedly, by surprise; 2 to escape (min s.o.; e.g., words in excitement) – WehrCowan1976

▪ …

.

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #BDR-1 Ar badara ‘surprendre, arriver inopinément, précipitamment’, badāri (interj.) ‘hâte-toi!’; ThamAr bdr ‘hâte-toi!’; Gz badara ‘être véloce, prévenir’, badr ‘cursus’; Te badra ‘se hâter, précéder, rattraper, rivaliser’; bədrat ‘hâte’.(?); ? nSyr lᵊ-bádder lᵊ-baddâr ‘dehors’. -2-7 ....
▪ …

.

►^BP#2917bādara, vb. III, 1 to come to s.o.’s mind, occur to s.o. all of a sudden, strike s.o. (idea, notion); 2 to embark, enter (ʔilà upon s.th.) or set out (ʔilà to do s.th.) without delay; 3a to rush, hurry (ʔilà to s.o., to a place); b to hurry up (bi- with s.th.); c ~ ʔilà with foll. verbal noun: to do s.th. promptly, without delay, hasten to do s.th.; 4 to fall upon s.o with (bi-), accost, assail, surprise (bi- s.o. with s.th.; e.g., ~ bi-kalām ġalīẓ, to snap rudely at s.o.); 5 to react, respond (ʔilà to s.th.): L-stem \ | ~ ʔilà ʔinǧāzi l-waʕd, vb., to set out to fulfill a promise
►tabādara, vb. VI, 1 ~ ʔilà al-ḏihn, to suggest itself strongly, be obvious; 2 to appear at first glance as if (ʔanna): Lt-stem | ~ ʔilà ḏihnī ʔanna, it occurred to me all of a sudden that …; ~ ʔilà l-fahm, to be immediately understood
►ĭbtadara, vb. VIII, 1 to hurry, rush, hasten (to); 2 to get ahead of s.o., anticipate, forestall (s.o.): Gt-stem | ~-hā qāʔilan, expr., before she could say a word he exclaimed…
►badāri, interj., hurry! quick!
►^BP#1105mubādaraẗ, pl. -āt, n.f., undertaking, enterprise: vn. III
►^BP#4525bādiraẗ, pl. bawādirᵘ, n.f., 1 herald, harbinger, precursor, forerunner, first indication, sign; 2 unforeseen act; 3 stirring, impulse, fit (e.g., of rage); 4 blunder, mistake; 5 stirrings, impulses: PA I.f | ~ ḫayr, n.f., a good, or generous, impulse

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗badr, ↗badraẗ, and ↗baydar, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√BDR.

badr بدْر , pl. budūr

ID 058 • Sw – • BP 5714 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021, last updated 3Oct2022

√BDR

n.

full moon – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #BDR-1-2 .... -3 Ar badr ‘pleine lune, lune’. -4-7 ....
▪ Outside Sem, Borg2021#27 (b-d-r) compares Eg ꜣbd (OK) ‘month’; ‘mois, mois lunaire’ (Faulkner 1962: 2; Meeks 2010: 42).
▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗badara, ↗badraẗ, and ↗baydar, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√BDR.

badraẗ بَدْرة , pl. -āt, bidār

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 3Oct2022

√BDR

n.f.

huge amount of money (formerly= 10,000 dirhams) – WehrCowan1976

▪ …

.

►badarāt al-ʔamwāl, n.pl., enormous sums of money

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗badara, ↗badr, and ↗baydar, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√BDR.

mutabādir مُتَبادِر

Sw – • NahḍCon • BP … • APD … • © SG | created 31May2023

√BDR

adj.

.

▪ …PA, VI

.

baydar بَيْدَر , pl. bayādirᵘ

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 3Oct2022

√BDR

n.

threshing floor – WehrCowan1976

▪ …

.

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗badara, ↗badr, and ↗badraẗ, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√BDR.

BDʕ بدع

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BDʕ

“root”

▪ BDʕ_1 ‘to introduce, originate, do for the first time, be the first to do s.th.’ ↗badaʕa, ‘innovation, novelty; heretical doctrine, heresy’ ↗bidʕaẗ
▪ BDʕ_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘novelty, to produce s.th. new, to ongmate, to contrive; new fashion, heresy’

▪ …

–

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #BDʕ-1 Ar badaʕa ‘produire, inventer, commencer’; Te bədʕ ‘action soudaine’. -2 Ar ʔabdaʕa ‘rendre irrévocable (un serment etc.)’. -3 ʔabdaʕa ‘terrasser qn’, ‘être épuisé, à bout de forces’, ĭbtadaʕa ‘se séparer de qn’; MġrAr bəddaʕ fī ‘torturer (au fig.)’. -4 Ar badiʕa ‘engraisser (intr.)’, bidʕ, badiʕ, badīʕ, badig ‘dodu, gros’. -5 badʕiyyaẗ ‘gilet brodé’.
▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

badaʕ- بَدَع , a (badʕ)

ID – • Sw – • BP… • APD … • © SG | 3Oct2022

√BDʕ

vb., I

1 to introduce, originate, start, do for the first time (s.th.), be the first to do s.th.; 2 to devise, contrive, invent (s.th.) – WehrCowan1976

▪ …

.

► baddaʕa, vb. II, to accuse of heresy (s.o.): D-stem, denom., from ↗bidʕaẗ.
► ʔabdaʕa, vb. IV, 1 = I; 2 to create (s.th.); 3 to achieve unique, excellent results (fī in); 4 to be amazing, outstanding (fī in s.th.)
► ĭbtadaʕa, vb. VIII, to invent, contrive, devise, think up (s.th.): Gt-stem, self-ref.
► ĭstabdaʕa, vb. X, to regard as novel, as unprecedented (s.th.): *Št-stem, declarative

► badʕ, n., 1a innovation, novelty; b creation | badʕan wa-ʕawdan, adv., repeatedly
► bidʕ, pl. ʔabdāʕ, 1 n., innovator; 2 adj., a new, original; b unprecedented, novel | lā ~, interj., no wonder!; lā ~ ʔan, expr., no wonder that …; ~ min, 1a n., s.th. else than; b adj., unlike, different from
► bidʕaẗ, pl. bidaʕ, n.f., 1 innovation, novelty; 2 heretical doctrine, heresy; 3 pl. creations (of fashion, of art) | ʔahl al-~, n., heretics
► ^BP#4393badīʕ, pl. budʕ, 1 adj., unprecedented, marvelous, wonderful, amazing, admirable, singular, unique; 2 n., creator | ʕilm al-~, n., the art or science of metaphors and (in general) of good style: quasi-PP
► badīʕaẗ, pl. badāʔiʕ, n.f., 1 an astonishing, amazing thing, a marvel, a wonder; 2 original creation: quasi-PP.f
► badīʕī, adj., rhetorical: nsb-formation, from ↗badīʕ
► ʔabdaʕᵘ, adj., 1 more amazing, more exceptional; 2 of even greater originality: elat. formation
► ^BP#1642ʔibdāʕ, n., 1 creation, fashioning, shaping; 2 a marvelous, unique achievement; 3 uniqueness, singularity, originality; 4 creative ability: vn. IV
► ʔibdāʕī, adj., romantic (lit.): nsb-formation, from ↗ʔibdāʕ
► ʔibdāʕiyyaẗ, n.f., romanticism (lit.): abstr. formation in iyyaẗ, based on ↗ʔibdāʕ
► ^BP#2455mubdiʕ, adj., 1 producing, creating; 2a creative; b creator; 3 exceptional, unique, outstanding (in an achievement, esp. of an artist): PA IV
► mubtadiʕ, n., 1a innovator; b creator; 2 heretic: PA VIII

bidʕaẗ بِدْعة , pl. bidaʕ

ID 059 • Sw – • BP??? • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BDʕ

n.f.

1 innovation, novelty; 2 heretical doctrine, heresy; 3 pl. creations (of fashion, of art) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►ʔahl al-bidʕaẗ, n., heretics

►baddaʕa, vb. II, to accuse of heresy (s.o.): D-stem, denom., from ↗bidʕaẗ.

ʔibdāʕ إِبْداع

Sw – • NahḍCon • BP 1642 • APD … • © SG | created 31May2023

√BDʕ

n.

.

▪ vn., IV

.

BDL بدل

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BDL

“root”

▪ BDL_1 ‘to replace, exchange’ ↗badala
▪ BDL_2 ‘suit (of clothes), costume’ ↗badlaẗ

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘substitute, alternative, replacement; to replace, to exchange, to alter; to trade, to barter’

▪ From protSem *√BDL ‘to change, divide, separate’ – Huehnergard2011.
▪ …

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▪ DRS 2 (1994) #BDL-1 Hbr *nibdal ‘se mettre à part; se séparer’, hibdīl ‘séparer l’un de l’autre’; nHbr bādal ‘séparer, diviser, distinguer’; TalmAram bᵊdal ‘s’abstenir de’; nHbr ʔabdālā, JP ʔabdaltā ‘séparation’; nSyr bādil ‘changer’; ? Ug bdl(m) (pl.) ‘marchands’; Ar badala, ʔabdala ‘échanger’; SAr bdlt ‘expiation’, Soq bdl ‘être changé’; Mhr hebdūl ‘changer’; Te bädlä ‘changer’; Tña bäddälä ‘faire du troc’; ? Har bädäl ‘groupe de garçons en rapport d’amitié avec un groupe de filles’. -2 Ar badila ‘avoir une douleur des articulations’; SAr bdln ‘douleur articulaire’; Tña Amh bäddälä ‘nuire, maltraiter offenser’; bädäl ‘offense’. -3 Hbr bᵊdīl ‘étain’. -4 Gz badl, badal ‘fève’.
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badal- بَدَل , u

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 3Oct2022

√BDL

vb., I

to replace (bi- s.th, by), exchange (bi- s.th. for) – WehrCowan1976

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.

► ^BP#4613baddala, vb. II, 1 to change, alter (s.th. to), convert (s.th. into); 2 to substitute (for s.th., bi- or min s.th.), exchange, give in exchange (s.th., bi- or min for); 3 to change (s.th.): D-stem, ints./caus.
► bādala, vb. III, to exchange (with s.o. s.th.): L-stem, associative
► ʔabdala, vb. IV, 1 to replace (bi- s.th. by), exchange (bi- for s.th. s.th. else); 2 to compensate (bi- s.o. for s.th. with s.th. else), give s.o. s.th. in exchange for (bi-): *Š-stem, caus.
► tabaddala, vb. V, 1 to change; 2 to be exchanged: tD-stem, intr./pass.
► tabādala, vb. VI, to exchange (s.th., also words, views, greetings): tL-stem, recipr.
► ĭstabdala, vb. X, 1 to exchange, receive in exchange, trade, barter (bi- and bi- s.th. for); 2 to replace (bi- and bi- s.th. by), substitute (bi- and bi- for s.th. s.th. else): *Št-stem, desiderative

► badal, pl. ʔabdāl, n., 1 substitute, alternate, replacement; 2 equivalent, compensation, setoff; 3 reimbursement, recompense, allowance; 4 price, rate; 5 (gram.) appositional substantive standing for an other substantive | ~ al-ǧirāyaẗ, n., allowance for food; ~ al-safariyyaẗ, n., travel allowance; ~ ĭštirāk, n., subscription rate; ~ al-tamṯīl, n., expense account, expense allowance
► badalᵃ, prep., instead of, m. place of, in lieu of
► ^BP#864badalᵃⁿ min, prep., in place of, in stead of, in lieu of
► badlaẗ, pl. -āt, bidal, n.f., 1 suit (of clothes); 2 costume | ~ al-ḥammām, n.f., bathing suit; ~ rasmiyyaẗ, n.f., uniform; ~ tašrīfātiyyaẗ, n.f., full-dress uniform
► badaliyyaẗ, n.f., compensation, smart money
► badālᵃ, prep., instead of
► badālᵃ mā, conj., instead of (being, doing, etc.)
► ^BP#1434badīl, pl. budalāʔᵘ, n., 1 substitute, alternate (ʕan or min for); 2 stand-in, double (theat.); 3 (f. -aẗ) serving as a replacement or substitute: quasi-PP I | mafrazaẗ badīlaẗ, n.f., reserve detachment (mil.)
► baddāl, n., 1 grocer; 2 money-changer: n.prof.
► baddālaẗ, n.f., 1 culvert; 2 pipeline; 3 telephone exchange, central
► mabādilᵘ, from mibḏal, 1 slipper; 2 casual clothing worn around home
► ^BP#4775tabdīl, n., change, alteration: vn. II
► mubādalaẗ, pl. -āt, n.f., exchange: vn. III | mubādalāt tiǧāriyyaẗ, n.f., commercial exchange, trade relations
► ʔibdāl, n., exchange, interchange, replacement (bi- by), substitution (bi- of); 2 change; 3 phonetic change: vn. IV
► tabaddul, n., 1 change, shift, turn; 2 transformation; 3 transmutation, conversion: vn. V
► ^BP#1602tabādul, n., (mutual) exchange: vn. VI | ~ al-salām, n., exchange of greetings; ~ al-ḫawāṭir, n., thought transference, telepathy
► ^BP#4229ĭstibdāl, n., exchange, replacement, substitution: vn. X
► mubdil: ~ al-usṭuwānāt, n., automatic record changer: PA IV
► ^BP#2734mutabādal, adj., mutual, reciprocal: PP VI

badlaẗ بدْلة , pl. -āt, bidal

ID 060 • Sw – • BP 6602 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BDL

n.f.

1 suit (of clothes); 2 costume – WehrCowan1979.

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►badlaẗ al-ḥammām, n.f., bathing suit;
►badlaẗ rasmiyyaẗ, n.f., uniform;
►badlaẗ tašrīfātiyyaẗ, n.f., full-dress uniform

BDN بدن

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 20Feb2023

√BDN

“root”

▪ BDN_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ BDN_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ BDN_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘torso, body; to be fat; to be fleshy; to be old; a camel or cow fattened for sacrifice in pre-Islamic ritual’

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BDW بدو

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BDW

“root”

▪ BDW_1 ‘desert; nomads, Bedouins’ ↗bādiyaẗ, ↗badw
▪ BDW_2 ‘to appear, show, become evident, clear, come to light, be obvious, seem’ ↗badā
▪ BDW_3 ‘whim, caprice; ill-humor’ ↗badāẗ
▪ BDW_ ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to appear, to manifest; to disclose, to show; to come to one’s mind; the open desert; to go to the desert; desert dwellers, bedouins’

▪ BDW_1: From WSem *√BDW ‘to be(come) desolate, desert’; n. *badw‑ ‘desert’ – Huehnergard2011.

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▪ DRS 2 (1994) #BDW/Y-1 Ar badā ‘s’en aller dans le désert, mener une vie nomade’, badw ‘vie bédouine’, bādiyaẗ ‘steppe, plaine semi-désertique’; Gz badwa ‘être désolé, inculte’, badw ‘désert’; Amh bäda, Te bädu, badob, Tña bado ‘désert, brousse’. -2 Ar badā ‘paraître, surgir, se manifester’; SAr bʔdm ‘publiquement’. -3 nSyr bādūwā ‘tisonnier’. -4 Har bädu ‘croupe (d’un animal)’.
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▪ Engl Bedouin ↗badw.

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bādiyaẗ بادِيَة

ID 061 • Sw – • BP 4322 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BDW

n.f.

1 desert, semidesert, steppe; 2 peasantry; 3 pl. bawādⁱⁿ, det. bawādī, nomads, Bedouins – WehrCowan1979.

▪ From WSem *√BDW ‘to be(come) desolate, desert’; n. *badw‑ ‘desert’ – Huehnergard2011.

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▪ See ↗badw.
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► tabaddà, vb. V, 1 ↗badā; 2 to live in the desert: tD-stem, denom.
► tabādà, vb. VI, to pose as a Bedouin: tL-stem, denom., imitative

► badāwaẗ, var. bidāwaẗ, n.f., 1 desert life, Bedouin life; 2 Bedouinism, nomadism
► baydāʔᵘ, n.f., desert, steppe, wilderness, wild
► bādⁱⁿ, det. al-bādī, 1 ↗badā; 2 adj., inhabiting the desert; 3 n., pl. budāẗ, Bedouins

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗badw, ↗badā and ↗badāẗ, as well as, for the whole picture, root entry ↗√BDW.

badw بدْو

ID 062 • Sw – • BP??? • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021, last updated 4Oct2022

√BDW

n.

1 desert; 2a nomads; b Bedouins – WehrCowan1979.

▪ From WSem *√BDW ‘to be(come) desolate, desert’; n. *badw‑ ‘desert’ – Huehnergard2011.

▪ …

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #BDW/Y, 1 Ar badā ‘s’en aller dans le désert, mener une vie nomade’, badw ‘vie bédouine’, bādiyaẗ ‘steppe, plaine semi-désertique’; Gz badwa ‘être désolé, inculte’, badw ‘désert’; Amh bäda, Te bädu, badob, Tña bado ‘désert, brousse’. -2-4 […]
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▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl Bedouin, from Ar badawiyyīn ‘Bedouins’, pl. of badawī ‘nomadic, Bedouin’, from badw ‘desert, nomads, Bedouins’.

► tabaddà, vb. V, 1 ↗badā; 2 to live in the desert: tD-stem, denom.
► tabādà, vb. VI, to pose as a Bedouin: tL-stem, denom., imitative

► ^BP#3441badawī, adj., 1 Bedouin, nomadic; 2 rural (as distinguished from urban); 3 a Bedouin: nsb-formation
► badawiyyaẗ, pl. -āt, n.f., Bedouin woman, Bedouin girl: f. of badawī
► badāwaẗ, var. bidāwaẗ, n.f., 1 desert life, Bedouin life; 2 Bedouinism, nomadism
► baydāʔᵘ, n.f., desert, steppe, wilderness, wild
► bādⁱⁿ, det. al-bādī, 1 ↗badā; 2 adj., inhabiting the desert; 3 n., pl. budāẗ, Bedouins
► ^BP#4322bādiyaẗ, n.f., 1 desert, semidesert, steppe; 2 peasantry; 3 pl. bawādⁱⁿ, det. bawādī, nomads, Bedouins

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗badā and ↗badāẗ, as well as, for the whole picture, root entry ↗√BDW.

badā / badaw- بدا/بدوـ , u

ID – • Sw – • BP329 • APD … • © SG | 4Oct2022

√BDW

vb., I

1 to appear, show, become evident, clear, plain or manifest, come to light; 2 to be obvious; 3 to seem good, acceptable, proper (li- to s.o.) – WehrCowan1976

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▪ DRS 2 (1994) #BDW/Y, 1 ... -2 Ar badā ‘paraître, surgir, se manifester’; SAr bʔdm ‘publiquement’. -3-4 ....
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► bādà, vb. III, to show, display, evince, manifest, reveal, declare openly: L-stem | ~ bi-’l-ʕadāwaẗ, vb., to show open hostility
► ^BP#2091ʔabdà, vb. IV, 1 to disclose, reveal, manifest, show, display, evince (s.th.); 2 to demonstrate, bring out, bring to light, make visible (s.th.); 3 to express, utter, voice (s.th.): *Š-stem, caus. | ~ raʔya-hū, vb., to express one’s opinion about; ~ raġbatan, vb., to express a wish or desire
► tabaddà, vb. V, 1 = I; 2 ↗badw: tD-stem

► ʔibdāʔ, n., expression, manifestation, declaration: vn. IV
► bādⁱⁿ, det. al-bādī, adj., 1 apparent, evident, obvious, plain, visible; 2-3 ↗badw

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗badw, ↗bādiyaẗ and ↗badāẗ, as well as, for the whole picture, root entry ↗√BDW.

badāẗ بَداة , pl. badawāt

ID – • Sw – • BP… • APD … • © SG | 4Oct2022

√BDW

n.f.

1 whim, caprice; 2 ill-humor – WehrCowan1976

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.

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗badw, ↗bādiyaẗ and ↗badā as well as, for the whole picture, root entry ↗√BDW.

BḎR بذر

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BḎR

“root”

▪ BḎR_1 ‘…’ ↗baḏr
▪ BḎR_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘seed, seedling, to sow; to disseminate; to divulge; to squander, to waste’

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▪ DRS 2 (1994) #BḎR: Ar buḏr ‘pousse, germe’: une autre valeur de la racine P/BḎ/ZR.
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baḏr بَذْر , pl. buḏūr, biḏār

ID 063 • Sw 24/131 • BP 4306 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021, laste updated 4Oct2022

√BḎR

n.coll.

1a seeds, seed; b seedling; c pl. buḏūr, pips, pits, stones (of fruit) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Kogan2011: replaces the main protSem term for ‘seed’, *ḏarʕ‑ (of which Ar ↗ZRʕ ‘to cultivate’ is a reflex).
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▪ DRS 2 (1994) #BḎR: Ar buḏr ‘pousse, germe’: une autre valeur de la racine P/BḎ/ZR.
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► baḏara, u (baḏr), vb. I, to sow, disseminate (s.th., seed, also fig. = to spread): denom.(?)
► baḏḏara, vb. II, to waste, squander, dissipate (s.th.): D-stem, ints.

► baḏraẗ, n.f., 1 a seed, a grain; 2 pip, pit, stone (of fruit); 3 germ; 4 (fig.) germ cell (of a development, and the like): n.un.
► biḏār, n., seedtime
► taḏbīr, n., waste, squandering, dissipation: vn. II
► mubaḏḏir, n., squanderer, wastrel, spendthrift: PA II

BḎL بذل

Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | created 31May2023

√BḎL

“root”

.

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ĭbtiḏāl اِبْتِذال

Sw – • NahḍCon • BP … • APD … • © SG | created 31May2023

√BḎL

n.

.

▪ vn., VIII

.

BRː (BRR) برّ/برر

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 20Feb2023

√ BRː (BRR)

“root”

▪ BRː (BRR)_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ BRː (BRR)_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ BRː (BRR)_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘open country, desert, wilderness, land (as opposed to sea); to be free of impurity, be free of guilt, be pious, be devoted; to fulfil one’s promise, wheat, goodness’

▪ From protSem *√BRR ‘to be(come) clear, pure, white’ – Huehnergard2011.
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BRʔ برء

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BRʔ

“root”

▪ BRʔ_1 ‘to create (said of God)’ ↗baraʔa
▪ BRʔ_2 ‘to be(come) free, cleared (from guilt, blame, etc.); to recover (from an illness)’ ↗bariʔa, ‘guiltless, innocent’ ↗barīʔ
▪ BRʔ_ ‘…’ ↗…

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▪ DRS 2 (1994) #BRʔ-1 Pun brʔ ‘graveur(?)’; Hbr *bērē(ʔ) ‘couper des arbres, éclaircir une forêt’; Ar tabāraʔa ‘se séparer (époux)’; Liḥ baraʔ ‘sculpter, creuserʼ. -?2 Hbr bārā ‘créer (Dieu)’; Aram bᵊrā, Mand bra, nSyr bārī, Ar baraʔa ‘créer’; SAr brʔ ‘bâtir, faire’; Soq bere, Mhr bīrū, Śḥr buri ‘mettre au monde, enfanter’; Soq bérhe ‘père’, bóreh ‘mère’, míbrhe, Śḥr embéra ‘enfant’. -3 Pun bryʔh ‘sécurité, tranquillité’; Hbr bārā ‘manger, se fortifier (malade)’, bārī ‘engraissé (animal)’; JP brʔ ‘sain, guéri’; Talm bᵊrā ‘être fort’, bārī ‘sain, fort, gras’; Syr bᵊrē ‘libre’; Ar bariʔa ‘guérir, être guéri; être innocent, absous, libéré’; DaṯAr bariyy, mibri ‘exempt’; ṮamAr bry ‘(ma?) guérison’; Liḥ barāʔat ‘guérison’; SAr bry ‘sauver; santé, abondance’; Śḥr brʔ ‘exempter’; Soq berí ‘libre, exempt’; ?Te bäräy ‘graisse (des entrailles)’.
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baraʔ- بَرَأ , a (barʔ)

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 4Oct2022

√BRʔ

vb., I

to create (s.th., said of God) – WehrCowan1976

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▪ DRS 2 (1994) #BRʔ-1 Pun brʔ ‘graveur(?)’; Hbr *bērē(ʔ) ‘couper des arbres, éclaircir une forêt’; Ar tabāraʔa ‘se séparer (époux)’; Liḥ baraʔ ‘sculpter, creuserʼ. -?2 Hbr bārā ‘créer (Dieu)’; Aram bᵊrā, Mnd bra, nSyr bārī, Ar baraʔa ‘créer’; SAr brʔ ‘bâtir, faire’; Soq bere, Mhr bīrū, Śḥr buri ‘mettre au monde, enfanter’; Soq bérhe ‘père’, bóreh ‘mère’, míbrhe, Śḥr embéra ‘enfant’. -3 […].
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.

►barʔ, n., creation
► bariyyaẗ, pl. -āt, barāyā, n.f., 1 creation (= that which is created); 2 creature
► al-bāriʔ, n., the Creator (God)

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗bariʔa and ↗barīʔ as well as, for the whole picture, root entry ↗√BRʔ.

bariʔ- بَرِئ , a (barāʔaẗ)

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 4Oct2022

√BRʔ

vb., I

1 to be or become free, be cleared (min from, esp. from guilt, blame, etc., ʔlà, toward s.o.); 2 to recover (min from an illness) – WehrCowan1976

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▪ DRS 2 (1994) #BRʔ-1-2 […]. -3 Pun bryʔh ‘sécurité, tranquillité’; Hbr bārā ‘manger, se fortifier (malade)’, bārī ‘engraissé (animal)’; JP brʔ ‘sain, guéri’; Talm bᵊrā ‘être fort’, bārī ‘sain, fort, gras’; Syr bᵊrē ‘libre’; Ar bariʔa ‘guérir, être guéri; être innocent, absous, libéré’; DaṯAr bariyy, mibri ‘exempt’; ṮamAr bry ‘(ma?) guérison’; Liḥ barāʔat ‘guérison’; SAr bry ‘sauver; santé, abondance’; Śḥr brʔ ‘exempter’; Soq berí ‘libre, exempt’; ?Te bäräy ‘graisse (des entrailles)’.
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► barraʔa, vb. II, to free, clear, acquit, absolve, exculpate (s.o., min from suspicion, blame, guilt): D-stem, caus. | ~ sāḥaẗ al-raǧul, expr., he acquitted the man
► ʔabraʔa, vb. IV, 1 to acquit, absolve, discharge, exculpate (s.o.); 2 to cause to recover, cure, heal (s.o.): *Š-stem, caus. | ~ dimmata-hū, vb., to clear s.o. or o.s. from guilt, exonerate s.o. or o.s.
► tabarraʔa, vb. V, 1 to clear o.s. (min from suspicion, from a charge), free o.s. (min from responsibility, etc.), rid o.s. (min of); 2 to declare o.s. innocent, wash one’s hands (min of); 3 to be acquitted: tD-stem, self-ref.
► ĭstabraʔa, vb. X, 1 to restore to health, cure, heal (s.o.); 2 to free o.s. (min from), rid o.s. (min of): *Št-stem, desiderative
► burʔ, var. burūʔ, n., convalescence, recovery
► ^BP#1673barīʔ, pl. ʔabriyāʔᵘ, burāʔ, birāʔ, adj., 1 free, exempt (min from), devoid (min of); 2a guiltless, innocent; 2b guileless, harmless; 3 healthy, sound: quasi-PP I
► barāʔ, adj., free, exempt (min from) | ḏimmatu-hū ~ min, expr., he is innocent of...
► ^BP#3104barāʔaẗ, n.f., 1 being free; 2 disavowal, withdrawal; 3 innocence, guiltlessness; 4 naiveté, guilelessness, artlessness; 5 (pl. -āt), license, diploma, patent: vn. I | ~ ĭḫtirāʕ, n.f., patent on an invention; ~ al-tanfīḏ, n.f., exequatur (a written authorization of a consular officer, issued by the government to which he is accredited); ~ al-ṯiqaẗ, n.f., (Tun.) credentials (dipl.); ~ al-ḏimmaẗ, n.f., 1 harmless; 2 without guilt, innocent
► tabriʔaẗ, n.f., 1 freeing, exemption; 2 acquittal, absolution, discharge, exoneration: vn. II
► mubāraʔaẗ, n.f., mubarat, divorce by mutual consent of husband and wife, either of them waiving all claims by way of compensation (Isl. Law): vn. III
► ʔibrāʔ, n., 1 acquittal, absolution, release; 2 release of a debtor from his liabilities, remission of debt (Isl. Law): vn. IV
► ĭstibrāʔ: ~ al-ḥamal, n., the ceremony of selecting and purifying the Host before Mass (Copt.-Chr.): vn. X

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗baraʔa as well as, for the whole picture, root entry ↗√BRʔ.

barīʔ بَرِيء , pl. ʔabriyāʔᵘ, burāʔ, birāʔ

ID 064 • Sw – • BP 1673 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BRʔ

adj.

1 free, exempt (min from), devoid (min of); 2a guiltless, innocent; b guileless, harmless; 3 healthy, sound – WehrCowan1979.

▪ ↗bariʔa

▪ …

▪ ↗bariʔa
▪ …

–

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗baraʔa and ↗bariʔa as well as, for the whole picture, root entry ↗√BRʔ.

BRǦ برج

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BRǦ

“root”

▪ BRǦ_1 ‘to show, play up o.’s charms (woman), adorn herself, make herself pretty (woman)’ ↗tabarraǧa
▪ BRǦ_2 ‘warship, battleship’ ↗bāriǧaẗ
▪ BRǦ_3 ‘tower; signs of the Zodiac’ ↗burǧ

Other meanings, now obsolete, include:

BRǦ_4 [= DRS #BRǦ-1] ‘to have abundant provisions, have good fare’: ^†bariǧa a (baraǧ)
BRǦ_5 [= DRS #BRǦ-2] ‘beauty of the eyes’: ^†baraǧ . – Cf. also ^†ʔabraǧᵘ (f. barǧāʔᵘ, pl. burǧ) ‘having beautiful eyes’.
BRǦ_6 ‘experienced, able sailor’: ^†bāriǧ(aẗ)
BRǦ_7 ‘rebellious, recalcitrant person’: ^†bāriǧaẗ
BRǦ_8 [= DRS #BRǦ-5] ‘butterskin’² : ^†ʔibrīǧ

BAH2008: ‘height, prominence; beauty of the eyes; tower; signs of the zodiac; fortification; (of women) to display their charm’

2. Lane: ‘the vessel, or receptacle, [generally a skin,] in which milk is churned, or beaten and agitated, or in which the butter of the milk is extracted, or fetched out, by putting water in it, and agitating it’

While both bāriǧaẗ ‘battleship’ (BRǦ_2) and burǧ ‘tower’ (BRǦ_3) traditionally have been regarded, by non-Arab etymologists, as foreign words, ClassAr lexicography as well as, recently, also Rolland derive them from the same Ar root BRǦ as also all the other values. The original meaning of the root is given as ‘to be(come) apparent, manifest, conspicuous, high, elevated’ by Lane (^†bariǧa, a, baraǧ), ‘glänzen’ (to shine, be brilliant, glare, gleam) by Fraenkel1886:235,⁴ and ‘to deal a blow’ by Rolland2015_BRǦ.

4. Cf. also Gabal2012 who gives the basic meaning of BRǦ as burūzu nāṣiʕin qawiyyin min bayni mā yaktanifu-hū fī ẓāhir al-šayʔ ‘appearance/emergence of an intensely brilliant thing, coming from inside a thing, on its surface’.

In adition to the items mentioned above, dictionaries of ClassAr still list the following:
▪ BRǦ_3 : 1 denom. ^†barraǧa, IV ^†ʔabraǧa ‘to build a tower’; 2 denom. baraǧa u ‘to appear; to ascend (stars)’, II ^†barraǧa ‘to augur s.th. by the course of the stars’
▪ BRǦ_2, 6, 7: For bāriǧ, ClassAr dictionaries give not only ‘experienced, able sailor’ but (hence?) also ‘liberal (ḫuluq disposition)’; and bāriǧaẗ is not only ‘warship, battleship’ and ‘rebellious, recalcitrant person’, but also ‘cuirasse’ and ‘man-of-war’.

▪ DRS 2 #BRG-1 Ar bariǧa ‘avoir des provisions abondantes’; ?dial. mér. baraǧ ‘payer ses dettes’; SAr brg ‘acheter, donner le prix’. -2 Ar baraǧ ‘beauté (des yeux)’. -3 Te bärräg belä ‘être épouvanté’; Amh bäräggägä ‘tressaillir’; Te bärgä ‘se mettre en route’. -4 Syr burgā ‘tour’; Ar burǧ ‘fortin’. -5 Ar ʔibrīǧ ‘outre à beurre’.

▪ ClassAr dictionaries tend to take ^†bariǧa (a, baraǧ) ‘to be(come) apparent, manifest, conspicuous, high, elevated’ (Lane) as the etymon from which all other meanings are derived. For Gabal2012, the one basic meaning is ‘appearance/emergence of s.th. intensely brilliant, coming from inside a thing, on its surface’.
▪ In a similar vein, Rolland2015_BRǦ too thinks that almost all values to be found in this root, even burǧ ‘tower’, go back to one original meaning, which he thinks is *‘to deal a blow’ (porter un coup). From this, the author says, six new values developed (and produced further derivations): 1 ‘to cut’ (couper): ^†barīǧ ‘quartier de fruit’, ^†mubarraǧ ‘festonné’, baraǧ ‘séparation des sourcils’; 2 ‘to chop, split, dissect’ (fendre): ^†burǧ ‘angle’, ^†bāriǧ ‘marin habile’, bāriǧaẗ ‘vaisseau de guerre’; 3 ‘to pierce’ (percer): ^†bariǧa ‘devenir apparent, manifeste, visible, être haut, élevé’, ^†mubarraǧ ‘voyant’; 4 ‘to be brilliant, beautiful’ (être éclatant, beau, briller): tabarraǧa ‘se faire voir dans l’éclat de sa toilette et de sa parure, se parer’, ^†baraǧ ‘éclat de l’œil qui consiste en ce que le noir de la prunelle est encadré dans le blanc bien prononcé; beau de visage; éclatant; beauté des yeux’, ^†ʔabraǧ ‘qui a de beaux yeux’, burūǧ ‘constellations remarquables; signes du Zodiaque’; 5 ‘to leave a mark’ (laisser une marque): ^†mubarraǧ ‘tacheté’; 6 ‘to beat [cream, butter]’ (briser): ʔibrīǧ ‘outre à beurre’. – Quant à une relation entre l’ensemble de vocables ci-dessus et ceux dont nous avons vu dès le début de cette étude qu’ils relevaient du parallelisme sémantique ‘manger’ > ‘être fort’: ^†bariǧa ‘faire bonne chère, manger et boire beaucoup’, ou ‘avoir des provisions de bouche en abondance’, burǧ ^† ‘force’, ^†ʔabraǧ ‘plus fort’, burǧ ‘bastion; citadelle; fort, fortin; tour’, ^†bāriǧaẗ ‘forte tête’.
▪ BRǦ_3 (DRS #BRG-4): Traditionally thought to be from Grk pýrgos, Lat burgus; but this is contested by the ClassAr lexicographers and also Rolland2015_BRǦ (while Rolland2014a still traces it back, via Aram burgā, to Grk pýrgos).
▪ BRǦ_2,6,7: For bāriǧaẗ in the sense of ‘vessel, battleship, flagship’, a Copt, an Ind and a Pers source have been suggested. Some believe also that it is the result of a fusion between the latter and burǧ < Aram burgā < Grk pýrgos. For these, the relation, if any, between bāriǧaẗ and bāriǧ ‘experienced sailor’ remains equally obscure. – In contrast, both ClassAr tradition and Rolland2015_BRǦ regard the item as derived from Ar BRǦ.

▪ BRǦ_2 : According to a number of earlier studies, bāriǧaẗ ‘warship, battleship’ may be akin to Engl barge, bark, barque.
▪ BRǦ_3 : Traditionally, burǧ is regarded to be from Lat burgus or Grk pýrgos, which are of IE origin (IE *bʰergʰ- ‘high’, > *bʰergʰ-os ‘mountain’) and therefore related to many words in Eur langs, e.g. nHGe Berg ‘mountain’, Burg ‘fortress, stronghold, castle’.

–

tabarraǧ‑ تَبَرَّجَ

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BRǦ

vb., V

to display, show, play up her charms (woman); to adorn herself, make herself pretty (woman) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ According to ClassAr dictionaries the vb. V is derived from the obsolete vb. I, ^†bariǧa (a, baraǧ) ‘to be(come) apparent, manifest, conspicuous, high, elevated’ (Lane). Rolland2015_BRǦ too thinks that almost all values to be found in the root ↗BRǦ (even ↗burǧ ‘tower’) go back to one original meaning. But he thinks this was *‘to deal a blow’ (porter un coup); in Rolland’s view, ‘to appear’, like also five other main values (see DISC in entry ↗BRǦ), is secondary.

▪ eC7 tabarraǧa ([said only of women:] to adorn themselves in an enticing way, in a lust-causing way; to expose themselves in an alluring way) Q 33:33 wa-qarna fī buyūti-kunna wa-lā tabarraǧna tabarruǧa ’l-ǧāhiliyyaẗi ’l-ʔūlà ‘stay in your houses, and do not display your finery in the way of the pagans of old’. – mutabarriǧ ([said only of women:] those who flaunt their bodies in an alluring way, display their adornment enticingly) Q 24:60 wa’l-qawāʕidu min-a ’l-nisāʔi ’llātī lā yarǧūna nikāḥan fa-laysa ʕalay-hinna ǧunāḥun ʔan yaḍaʕna ṯiyāba-hunna ġayra mutabarriǧātin bi-zīnaaẗin ‘such women as are past childbearing who have no hope of marriage, there is no blame on them if they take off their [outer] garments, without however, flaunting their charms’.

…

See section CONC above.

–

For other items of the root, see ↗BRǦ, ↗burǧ, ↗bāriǧaẗ.

burǧ بُرْج , pl. burūǧ , ʔabrāǧ

ID 065 • Sw – • BP 2615 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BRǦ

n.

tower – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Traditionally, the word is seen as one of only 17 words in the Q that, ultimately, are of Grk origin, cf., e.g., EALL (Gutas, »Greek Loanwords«): a loan from Syr būrgā that goes back to Grk πύργος pýrgos.
▪ Both the indigenous tradition and Rolland2015_BRǦ, however, do not see a need to derive the word from a foreign source; rather, they regard it as a specilisation developed from ^†bariǧa (a, baraǧ) ‘to be(come) apparent, manifest, conspicuous, high, elevated’ (Lane) or BRǦ ‘to deal a blow’ (Rolland).

▪ eC7 1 (tower, castle) Q 4:78 ʔayna-mā takūnū yudriku-kum-u ’l-mawtu wa-law kuntum fī burūǧin mušayyadaẗin ‘wherever you may be, death will overtake you, even if you are inside lofty towers’, 2 (positions of the sun, moon and planets, constellations; signs of the zodiac) Q 15:16 wa-la-qad ǧaʕalnā fī ’l-samāʔi burūǧan wa-zayyannā-hā lil-nāẓirīna ‘We have set constellations up in the sky and made it beautiful for the beholders’. Cf. also 25:61 and 85:1 (all in the pl., burūǧ).

▪ DRS 2 #BRG-4 Syr burgā ‘tour’; Ar burǧ ‘fortin’.

▪ R. Laffitte, SELEFA Séance 11/12/2014
▪ Jeffery1938: »The original meaning occurs in 4:78, but in the other passages it means the signs of the Zodiac, according to the general consensus of the Commentators, cf. as-Sijistānī, 63. – The philologers took the word to be from baraǧa ‘to appear’ (cf. Bayḍ. on 4:78; LA, iii: 33), but there can be little doubt that burūǧ represents the Grk pýrgos (Lat burgus), used of the towers on a city wall, as e.g. in Homer Od, vi: 262: pólios ḕn perì pýrgos hypsēlós. The Lat burgus (see Guidi, Della Sede, 579) is apparently the source of the Syr būrgā ⁶ ‘turret’, and perhaps of the Rabbinic bwrgyn, bwrgn ‘resting place or station for travellers’.⁷ From this sense of ‘stations (for travellers)’ it is an easy transition to ‘stations (of the heavenly bodies)’, i.e. the Zodiac. Syr būrgā is indeed used for the ‘Zodiac’ (PSm, 475), but this is late and probably under the influence of Ar usage. – It is possible that the word occurs in the meaning of ‘tower’ in a SAr inscription (D. H. Müller in ZDMG, xxx: 688), but the reading is not certain.⁸ Ibn Durayd, 229, also mentions it as occurring as a personal name in the pre-Islamic period. The probabilities are that it was a military word introduced by the Romans into Syria and NArabia,⁹ whence it passed into the Aram dialects¹⁰ and thence to Arabia. It would have been borrowed in the sg. form burǧ from which an Ar pl. was then formed.«
▪ Rolland2015_BRǦ: »Une certaine tradition étymologique¹¹ a effectivement cru voir dans burǧ ‘bastion, tour, fortin’ un emprunt au Grk πύργος [pýrgos ] ‘tour, enceinte garnie de tours’, via l’Aram burgā ‘id.’. La racine IE serait *bʰergʰ- ‘hauteur fortifiée’. La liste de probables apparentés ne se limite pas à ceux-là puisqu’on a également Hit parku- ‘haut’, Skr pur- et purî-, mPers borz ‘haut’, Kurd berz ‘haut’, Arm burg ‘pyramide’, Germ *burgs (Fr bourg, Sp burche, Engl borough, Ge Berg, etc.). Tous ces mots, dont la liste est loin d’être exhaustive, semblent bien être des cognats mais les filiations sont difficiles à établir.¹² On a certainement construit un peu partout – dans le Moyen Orient et ailleurs – des forts sur des hauteurs naturelles depuis la plus haute Antiquité.« But all this is not necessary, the author finds.
▪ Gabal2012 I:101, who defines the basic meaning of the Ar root BRǦ as ‘appearance/emergence of s.th. intensely brilliant from the inside of a thing on its surface’ (burūz nāṣiʕin qawiyyin min bayni mā yaktanifu-hū fī ẓāhir al-šayʔ), thinks that towers (of a city-wall, etc.) are called burūǧ because of the prominence, whiteness and height.

6. So Fraenkel, Fremdw, 235, against Freytag and Rodiger, who claim that it is a direct borrowing from [Grk] pýrgos. 7. But see the discussion Krauss, Griechische Lehnwörter, ii: 143. 8. Müller in WZKM, 1: 28. 9. Vollers in ZDMG, 51: 312. 10. The Arm bowrgn [sic!] came probably through the Aramaic also. Cf. Hübschmann, Arm. Gramm, i: 393; Brockelmann in ZDMG, 47: 2. 11. Voir notamment Jeffery1938: 78. 12. Dolgopolsky2002#243 does not connect Ar burǧ < Grk pýrgos and the IE forms, but rather sees IE, Berb, Cush and Ar related; he puts together [Berb] Ahag burǵət ‘être soulevé, se soulever’, ETwl, Ty bъrgъt ‘être soulevé’, Ghad bəržēd ‘to stand up suddenly’,[Cush] Bj birga ‘high’, [EC] Or borgi ‘eminence, hill (Anhöhe, Hügel)’, adj. borgi ‘rising, eminent; erhaben, ansteigend’, Rn bū́r ‘big’, Som būr ‘mountain, bare-topped hill’, būran ‘stout’, būrān ‘stoutness’, [Sem] Gz √bgr (metath.) G of ‘to grow, become physically developed’, […] and IE *bʰergʰ- ‘high’(>*bʰergʰ-os ‘mountain’, > nPers borz ‘height, tallness; tall’, oLat forctus, Lat fortis ‘strong’, Celt *brig- ‘hill, high’, Got baírgahei ‘Gebirgsgegend’, oNo bjarg, berg, Dan bjerg, nNo, Swed, oHGe, oSax berg, nHGe Berg ‘mountain’; oNo borg ‘a height; fortress, city’, Got baurgs ‘Stadt, Turm’, Du borg, borcht, oSax, oHGe burg ‘castle, town; stronghold’, nHGe Burg ‘fortress, stronghold, castle’; Slav *bergъ ‘bank, steep slope’, Cz břeh ‘Ufer, Rand’, Pol brzeg, Ru Ukr bereg ‘bank, coast, shore’; Hit parku- ‘high’, park-, parkiya- ‘to raise, rise’ – all from a hypothetical Nostr *biʔ˅r˅gE ‘high, tall’.

▪ See DISC above.

► burǧ al-ḥamām, n., pigeon house, dovecot
► burǧ al-miyāh, n., water tower

For other items of the root, see ↗BRǦ, ↗tabarraǧa, ↗bāriǧaẗ.

bāriǧaẗ بارِجة , pl. bawāriǧᵘ

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BRǦ

n.f.

1 warship, battleship; 2 barge – WehrCowan1979.

▪ While earlier research tried to trace this word back, or at least somehow link it, to Ind, Pers, Copt, or m/lLat origins, ClassAr lexicographical tradition as well as Rolland2015_BRǦ stick to the Ar root ↗BRǦ, see DISC below.

▪ …

…

▪ Rolland2014a#bāriǧaẗ ‘cuirassé, vaisseau amiral; forte tête’: »L’origine de ce mot est aussi obscure que celle des formes du lLat barca et du mLat barga qui sont à l’origine des Fr barque et Engl barge. Peut-être vient-il, come on l’a supposé pour ce dernier, du Copt bari via le Grk bâris ‘espèce de bateau plat utilisé en Égypte’, ou d’un autre bâris signifiant ‘domaine, grande maison fortifiée’ (Chantraine).¹³ Dozy le croit issu, après altération, d’un mot Ind bīrah ‘barque’. À moins qu’il ne vienne du Pers bār-gāh ‘cour royale, palais; ventre des femelles d’animaux’, ou qu’il ait quelque rapport avec ↗burǧ […]. Peut-être est-il enfin le résultat d’une fusion de tous ces éventuels étymons¹⁴ . Reig est le seul à donner le sens figuré de ‘forte tête’. Quant à un éventuel rapport avec bāriǧ ‘marin expérimenté’, donné par certains auteurs (dont Belot), il est possible, mais comme nous ignorons l’origine de ce dernier mot, cela ne nous avance guère.«
▪ Rolland2015_BRǦ: »nous faisons l’hypothese que les vocables burǧ ‘angle’, bāriǧ ‘marin habile’ et bāriǧaẗ ‘vaisseau de guerre’ relèvent… d’un sens disparu ‘couper, fendre’ qu’aura eu jadis une forme verbale de la racine √BRǦ.«
▪ Cf. also Gabal2012 I:101 who defines the basic meaning of the Ar root BRǦ as ‘appearance/emergence of s.th. intensely brilliant from the inside of a thing on its surface’ (burūz nāṣiʕin qawiyyin min bayni mā yaktanifu-hū fī ẓāhir al-šayʔ) and thinks that big ships are called bawāriǧᵘ because they appear so prominently on the surface of water, attracting attention through their bigness and height.

13. Crum1939 gives Copt baare ‘? boat, barge’ »cf. ? βᾶρις ‘an Egyptian boat’«. 14. … et peut-être est-il alors lui-même le chaînon manquant vers le lLat barca.

▪ If there should be any relation between Ar bāriǧaẗ and m/lLat words for small vessels, then bāriǧaẗ is akin to Engl barge, »c. 1300, ‘small seagoing vessel with sails’, from oFr barge, oProv barca, from mLat barga, perhaps from Celt, or perhaps from Lat *barica, from Grk baris ‘Egyptian boat’, from Copt bari ‘small boat’«, and bark ‘any small ship’, »eC15, from mFr barque (C15), from lLat barca (c. 400), probably cognate with vulgLat *barica (see barge). More precise sense of ‘three-masted ship’ (C17) often is spelled barque to distinguish it« – EtymOnline.

For other items of the root, see ↗BRǦ, ↗tabarraǧa, ↗burǧ.

BRḤ برح

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 20Feb2023

√BRḤ

“root”

▪ BRḤ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ BRḤ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ BRḤ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘wide empty expanse of land; to be clear, come out in the open; to depart; to cause hardship’

▪ …

–

.

–

BRD برد

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021, last updated 3Oct2022

√BRD

“root”

▪ BRD_1 ‘cold’ ↗bard; ‘hail’ ↗barad,
▪ BRD_2 ‘garment’ ↗burd
▪ BRD_3 ‘to file (a piece of metal, etc.)’ ↗barada
▪ BRD_4 ‘collyrium’ ↗barūd
▪ BRD_5 ‘post, mail’ ↗barīd
▪ BRD_6 ‘papyrus’ ↗bardī
▪ BRD_7 ‘saltpeter; gunpodwer’ ↗bārūd
▪ BRD_ ‘…’ ↗…

▪ BRD_1 bard ‘cold’, barad ‘hail’: from Sem *BRD‘to be cold’, *barad- ‘hail.’
▪ BRD_2 burd ‘garment’: perh. from Phlv pardag ‘curtain, veil’, from Ir partaka ‘piece of fabric, curtain’, from IE pelə ‘flat, extended’, or (Dozy) related to ↗bardī ~ burdī ‘papyrus’ (bot.) and ↗burdaẗ ‘long wollen gown made of wool’, cf. purdah.
▪ BRD_3 barada ‘to file (a piece of metal, etc.)’: …
▪ BRD_4 barūd ‘collyrium’: …
▪ BRD_5 barīd ‘post, mail’: traditionally regarded as a lw. from Pers, or Phlv, or (< ByzGrk) < lLat; but see discussion ↗s.v.
▪ BRD_6 bardī ‘papyrus’: …
▪ BRD_7 bārūd ‘saltpeter; gunpodwer’: prob. from nGrk purítida ‘id.’
▪ BRD_ ‘…’ ↗…

–

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #BRD-1 Mand barda ‘froid’; Ar baruda ‘être froid, frais; être en bon état’; ṮamAr brd ‘adoucir une douleur’; SAr brd ‘froid’; Gz ʔabrada ‘refroidir’; Te bärd̈a, bärdädä, Amh bärrädä ‘devenir froid’. – Hbr bārād, oAram brd, JP Syr bardā, nSyr berda, Ar barad, SAr brd, Gz barad, Te Tña bäräd, Amh bärädo ‘grêle’. -2 Hbr *bārōd ‘tacheté’; Syr bārdā ‘foncé, couleur olive (vêtement)’; nSyr birdā ‘tacheté’; Ar burd : étoffe rayée ou à ramages; YemAr ʔabrad ‘bigarré’. -3 Ar barada ‘limer’; Śḥr eñberéd ‘lime’; Tña bärädä ‘limer’. -4 Ug brd ‘couper’?, ‘offrir’?. -5 Syr bʔrwd ‘nitre’, nSyr bārūd, bārūt ‘poudre à fusil, salpêtre’; Ar bārūd ‘salpêtre, nitre’; collAr ‘poudre à fusil’; Soq barūd, Mhr bārûd ‘poudre à fusil’. -6 Aram bʔrwdʔ, byrydʔ ‘cheval de poste’; Ar barīd ‘cheval ou chameau de poste, courrier’; SAr brdn ‘émissaire, ambassadeur’. -7 Te bärräǧä ‘danser la danse de guerre’; Har (tä)brāǧä ‘être secoué par des mouvements nerveux’; ?Amh täbräǧärräǧä ‘avoir le vertige pour avoir bu’. -8 Ar burdiyy : espèce de dattes (du Hedjaz). -9 bardiyy : sorte de roseau; (ʔa)bardī ‘touffe de papyrus’, waraq al-bardī ‘papier de papyrus’ -10 Amh boräǧ ‘jaunir (p.e. poivron)’.
▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

bard بَرْد

ID 066 • Sw 94/22 • BP 2242 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021, last updated 4Oct2022

√BRD

n.

1a coldness, chilliness, coolness; b cooling; c cold, catarrh; 2 alleviation – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …
▪ Cf. also ↗barad (from protWSem *barad‑) ‘hail’ (Kogan2011).
▪ …

▪ …

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #BRD-1 Mand barda ‘froid’; Ar baruda ‘être froid, frais; être en bon état’; ṮamAr brd ‘adoucir une douleur’; SAr brd ‘froid’; Gz ʔabrada ‘refroidir’; Te bärd̈a, bärdädä, Amh bärrädä ‘devenir froid’. – Hbr bārād, oAram brd, JP Syr bardā, nSyr berda, Ar barad, SAr brd, Gz barad, Te Tña bäräd, Amh bärädo ‘grêle’. -2-10 […].
▪ …

▪ vn. I or the etymon proper?
▪ …

–

► barada u, 1 to be or become cold; 2 to cool, cool off (also fig.); 3 to feel cold; 4 to cool, chill (s.th.); 5 to soothe, alleviate (pain): G-stem, denom. (?)
► baruda u, to be or become cold: G-stem, denom.(?)
► barrada, vb. II, 1a to make cold (s.th.); b to refrigerate (s.th.); c to cool, chill (s.th., also fig.); 2 to soothe, alleviate (pain): D-stem
► tabarrada, vb. V, 1 to refresh o.s., cool o.s. off; 2 to be soothed, be alleviated: tD-stem, intr., self-ref.
► ĭbtarada, vb. VIII, 1 to become cold, cool off: Gt-stem, self-ref.

► barad, n., hail
► baradaẗ, n.f., hailstone: n.un. of ↗barad
► burūd, n., 1 coldness, coolness, chilliness; 2 emotional coldness, frigidity: vn. I of baruda
► burūdaẗ, n.f., 1 coldness, coolness, chilliness; 2 emotional coldness, frigidity: vn. I of baruda | ~ al-dam, n.f., cold-bloodedness
► bardiyyaẗ, n.f., ague, feverish chill
► buradāʔᵘ, n., ague, feverish chill
► barrād, n., 1 cold-storage plant; 2 refrigerator, icebox: ints.formation, quasi-n.instr.
► tabrīd, n., 1 cooling, chilling; 2 cold storage, refrigeration; 3 alleviation, mitigation: vn. II | ǧahāz al-~, n., cold storage plant, refrigerator; ġurfaẗ al-~, n., cold-storage room
► ^BP#1380bārid, adj., 1 cold; 2 cool, chilly; 3 easy; 4 weak; stupid, inane, silly, dull; 5 dunce, blockhead: PA I | al-ḥarb al-~, n., the cold war; ġanīmaẗ ~, n.f., an easy prey; ʕaiš ~, n., an easy life; ḥuǧǧaẗ ~, n.f., a weak argument; tibġ ~, n., light, mild tobacco
► mubarrid, n., 1 cooling, refreshing; 2 pl. -āt, refreshments (beverages, etc.): PA II
► mubarrad, adj., cooled, chilled: PP II

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗bārūd (s.r. √BāRūD), ↗barad, ↗burd, ↗barada, ↗barūd, ↗barīd, and ↗bardī, as well as, for the whole picture, root entry ↗√BRD.

barad بَرَد

ID - • Sw … • BP … • APD … • © SG | 4Oct2022

√BRD

n.

hail – WehrCowan1976

See ↗bard.

.

See ↗bard.

.

-

See ↗bard.

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗bārūd (s.r. √BāRūD), ↗burd, ↗barada, ↗barūd, ↗barīd, and ↗bardī, as well as, for the whole picture, root entry ↗√BRD.

burd بُرْد , pl. ʔabrād

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 3Oct2022

√BRD

n.

garment – WehrCowan1976

▪ …

.

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #BRD-1 […]. -2 Hbr *bārōd ‘tacheté’; Syr bārdā ‘foncé, couleur olive (vêtement)’; nSyr birdā ‘tacheté’; Ar burd : étoffe rayée ou à ramages; YemAr ʔabrad ‘bigarré’. -3-10 […].
▪ …

.

► burdaẗ, n.f., Mohammed’s outer garment
► burdāyaẗ, n.f., curtain, drape

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗bārūd (s.r. √BāRūD), ↗bard, ↗barad, ↗barada, ↗barūd, ↗barīd, and ↗bardī, as well as, for the whole picture, root entry ↗√BRD.

barad- بَرَدَ , u

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 3Oct2022

√BRD

vb., I

to file (a piece of metal, etc.) – WehrCowan1976

▪ …

.

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #BRD-1-2 […]. -3 Ar barada ‘limer’; Śḥr eñberéd ‘lime’; Tña bärädä ‘limer’. -4-10 […].
▪ …

.

► barrād, n., fitter (of machinery): ints.formation, quasi-n.instr.
► birādaẗ, n.f., fitter’s trade or work
► buradaẗ, n.f., iron filings
► mibrad, pl. mabāridᵘ, n., file, rasp: n.instr.

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗bārūd (s.r. √BāRūD), ↗bard, ↗barad, ↗burd, ↗barūd, ↗barīd, and ↗bardī, as well as, for the whole picture, root entry ↗√BRD.

barūd بَرود

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 3Oct2022

√BRD

n.

collyrium – WehrCowan1976

▪ …

.

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗bārūd (s.r. √BāRūD), ↗bard, ↗barad, ↗burd, ↗barada, ↗barīd, and ↗bardī, as well as, for the whole picture, root entry ↗√BRD.

barīd بَرِيد

ID 067 • Sw – • BP 1812 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021, last updated 4Oct2022

√BRD

n.

post, mail – WehrCowan1979.

▪ According to EALL (Shahîd, “Latin Loanwords”), the word is one of the loans from Latin that owe their existence to the ‎‎"strong Roman military and administrative presence in the region".
▪ But see below, section DISC.
▪ …

▪ …

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #BRD-1-5 […]. -6 Aram bʔrwdʔ, byrydʔ ‘cheval de poste’; Ar barīd ‘cheval ou chameau de poste, courrier’; SAr brdn ‘émissaire, ambassadeur’. -7-10 […].
▪ …

▪ EALL ‎‎(Shahîd, “Latin Loanwords”): from Lat veredus ‘thill horse’; from this, the meaning developed, ‎in Ar, into ‘post horse; courier; stage’ and today's ‘mail’.
▪ Cf., however, Rolland2014a/2022: For Kazimirski, the word is Pers.¹⁵ But its origin is still being discussed.¹⁶ Traditionally, it was regarded to go back to Pers burīdah dum ‘with shortened tail’,¹⁷ a term used for postal mules and, by extension, messengers and the postal system. But this etymology is prob. more popular than learned. Some, quoted by Nourai,¹⁸ would derive the term from Phlv burtan ‘emporter’, related to Av bar ‘porter, monter à cheval’, IE *bʰer ‘porter’. For Rajki, it is via ByzGrk ϐέρεδος béredos from lLat veredus ‘postal horse’, accord. to Ernout and Meillet borrowed from gaulois, IE *reidʰ- ‘to ride’. It may be the other way round, however. The existence of names for equids coined from √BRD/PRD in several Sem languages (Hbr pirdah ‘mule’, Akk perdum ‘[still unidentified equid]’¹⁹ ), associated with oPers pirradaziš ‘service (de transport) rapide’ in the Persepolis tablets points, if not to a Sem but at least to a Mesopotamian origin of both, barīd and Lat veredus. But there remain many missing links that would bridge the huge gap in time and space separating the Mesopotamian and the Ar and Lat words.
▪ …

15. BK1860 s.r. √BRD. 16. See, e.g., Adam J. Silverstein, “Postal Systems in the Premodern Islamic World”, CUP 2007: 29 with note 136 17. Lane i 1863 s.r. √BRD. 18. Ali Nourai, An Etymological Dictionary of Persian, English, and other Indo-European Languages. 19. Voir Cécile Michel, »The perdum-mule, a mount for distinguished persons in Mesopotamia during the first half of the second millennium BC«, 2002.

–

►al-barīd al-ǧawwī, n., air mail

►ʔabrada, vb. IV to send by mail, to mail (a letter)

►barīdī, 1 adj., postal; 2 n., a messenger, courier; b mailman

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗bārūd (s.r. √BāRūD), ↗bard, ↗barad, ↗burd, ↗barada, ↗barūd, and ↗bardī, as well as, for the whole picture, root entry ↗√BRD.

bardī بَرْدي , var. burdī

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 3Oct2022

√BRD

n.

papyrus (bot.) – WehrCowan1976

▪ …

.

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #BRD-1-8 […]. -9 bardiyy : sorte de roseau; (ʔa)bardī ‘touffe de papyrus’, waraq al-bardī ‘papier de papyrus’. -10 […].
▪ …

.

► bardiyyaẗ, pl. -āt, n.f., papyrus | ʕilm al-~, n., papyrology

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗bārūd (s.r. √BāRūD), ↗bard, ↗barad, ↗burd, ↗barada, ↗barūd, and ↗barīd, as well as, for the whole picture, root entry ↗√BRD.

bārūd بارود

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 3Oct2022

√BāRūD, BRD

n.

saltpeter; gunpodwer – WehrCowan1976

See ↗bārūd (alphabetical order).

–

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗bard, ↗barad, ↗burd, ↗barada, ↗barūd, ↗barīd, and ↗bardī, as well as, for the whole picture, root entry ↗√BRD.

BRZ برز

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 20Feb2023

√BRZ

“root”

▪ BRZ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ BRZ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ BRZ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘open land; to go out in the open, be prominent; to outdo others; to duel; to evacuate the bowels’

▪ …

–

.

–

BRZḪ برزخ

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 9Apr2023

√BRZḪ

“root”

▪ BRZḪ_1 ‘interval, gap; isthmus’ ↗barzaḫ
▪ BRZḪ_ ‘...’ ↗...

▪ [v1] : of oPers or mPers/Parth origin, see details s.v. ↗barzaḫ

–

.

–

barzaḫ بَرْزَخ , pl. barāziḫᵘ

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 9Apr2023

√BRZḪ

n.

1 interval, gap, break, partition, bar, obstruction; 2 isthmus – WehrCowan1976.

▪ In Islamic eschatology, the term has taken the specific meaning of ‘interval between the present life and that which is to come, from the period of death to the resurrection’.

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #BRZḪ follows Jeffery1938 (see below, section DISC) and art. »barzakh« in EI² in deriving Ar barzaḫ from Pers farsaḫ; so also DHDA. But Rolland2014 is prob. closer to the truth when he traces Ar barzaḫ ‘intervalle, séparation, isthme’ back to oPers barsaḫ, akin to Av barz-ahva «qui devait désigner une sorte de purgatoire, ou, comme pour les Soufis, ʻle lieu situé entre le monde matériel et le monde spirituel (Dozy)’, IndEur *bʰergʰ‑ ‘hauteur fortifié’ + *ansu‑ ‘esprit’». In a similar vein, Cheung suggests a Parth origin, either in an (not attested, but rather likely) compound *bwrz-ʔḫw /burzaḫw/ ‘the High, Exalted World, Existence’, or in a Parth rendering *bwrzʔḫ(w) /burzāḫw/ of Av barəzāhu (loc.pl.) ‘in the heights’. In view of the Qur’ānic semantics Cheung would also not exclude that Ar barzaḫ is the result of a conflation of two Parth formations, *bwrzʔḫ(w) ‘an unsurmountable passage, height’ and ‘the Existence beyond, Jenseits’, respectively; for details see below, section DISC.
▪ …

▪ eC7 (barrier, partition) Q 23:100 huwa qāʔilu-hā wa-min warāʔi-him barzaḫun ʔilā yawmi yubʕaṯūna ‘It is but a word that he speaketh; and behind them is a barzaḫ until the day when they will be resurrected’; Q 25:53 wa-huwa ’llaḏī maraǧa ’l-baḥrayni, hāḏā ʕaḏbun furātun wa-hāḏā milḥun ʔuǧāǧun, wa-ǧaʕala bayna-humā barzaḫan wa-ḥiǧran mahǧūran ‘And He it is Who hath given independence to the two seas (though they meet); one palatable, sweet, and the other saltish, bitter; and hath set a barzaḫ and a forbidding ban between them’; Q 55:20 bayna-humā barzaḫun lā yabġiyāni ‘There is a barzaḫ between them. They encroach not (one upon the other)’

– (loanword)

▪ Jeffery1938: »In 25:53 and 55:20, it is the barrier between the two seas (baḥrayn) where the reference is probably to some cosmological myth. In 23:100, it is used in an eschatological passage, and the exegetes do not know what the reference is, though as a glance at al-Ṭabarī’s Commentary will show, they were fertile in guesses. / That the word is not Ar seems clear from the Lexicons, which venture no suggestions as to its verbal root, are unable to quote any examples of the use of the word from the old poetry, and obviously seek to interpret it from the material of the Qurʔān itself. / Addai Sher, 19, sought to explain it from the Pers parzak ‘weeping, crying’, but this has little in its favour, and in any case suits only 23:100. Vollers, ZDMG, 1:646, makes the much more plausible suggestion that barzaḫ is a by-form of farsaḫ ‘parasang’, from the Phlv frasang, modPers farsang, which preserves its form fairly well in Grk parasángēs, but becomes Aram prsā or prsh, Syr parsaḥā whence the Ar farsaḫ. The Phlv frasangan of PPGl, 116, means a ‘measure of land and of roads’²⁰ and could thus fit the sense ‘barrier’ in all three passages.«
▪ Cheung2017(rev): »The connection with the traditional Iranian unit of distance, the parasang (Pers farsaḫ, mPers frasang, etc.), is semantically not quite fitting, as it does not explain how this mundane measurement could have acquired these eschatological overtones. / Actually, the Ar form barzaḫ looks like a Parth compound *bwrz-ʔḫw /burzaḫw/ ‘the High, Exalted World, Existence’, mirroring the opposite term dwj-ʔḫw ‘hell’ (with pref. dōž- ‘dys-’). The concept ʔḫw originally refers to an existence beyond this world without being qualified as “bad” or “good”. Unfortunately, *bwrz-ʔḫw has not yet been found in our limited Parth corpus of texts and inscriptions, although bwrz and ʔḫw are attested, separately, in mPers and Parth. Of course, ʔḫw does occur in compounded formations, e.g. Manich mPers rwšnʔḫw ‘world of light’ and Parth dwj-ʔḫw ‘hell’ (also borrowed into nPers duzāḫ). The form burz is also found in Manich mPers, and is considered a Parth loanword with the figurative meaning of ‘exalted, lofty’. The denominative verb burzīdan ‘to praise, honour’ is also derived from burz. Incidently, Ar barz²¹ with the meaning ‘intelligent, respectable; dignified’ points to borrowing from Parth bwrz ‘high, lofty’, possibly via Pers. / Alternatively, especially in view of Sūrah 55:20, barzaḫ could also reflect a Parth rendering *bwrzʔḫ(w) /burzāḫw/ of Avestan barəzāhu (loc.pl.) ‘in the heights’, which is attested in the famous Yasht dedicated to the deity Mithra. In the following passage, Yasht 10.45, the abode of Mithra, the deity that upholds the contract, “is set in the material world as far as the earth extends, unrestricted in size, shining, reaching widely abroad, for whom on every height, in every watchpost, eight servants sit as watchers of the contract”. This abode is a place, “where is no night or darkness, no wind cold or hot, no deadly illness, no defilement produced by evil gods” (transl. Gershevitch 1967: 95 ff., 99). Considering the fact that, in the Qurʔān, the meanings of barzaḫ allude to some sort of ‘(a means of) separation of two seas’ and also to an existential matter, Ar barzaḫ may well reflect two, conflated, (near-)homonymous Parth formations, *bwrzʔḫ(w) ‘an unsurmountable passage, height’ and ‘the Existence beyond, Jenseits’, respectively. / There is one phonological difficulty remaining, the apparent mismatch of the vocalism of Ar barzaḫ and its Parth source *burzāḫw, together with Ar barz ~ Parth burz. Ar -a- in the first syllable of barzaḫ may reflect the older sub-phonemic pronunciation -ǝ- (prior to its later labial “colouring”), i.e. Parth [bǝrzāḫw] and [bǝrz] respectively.²² «
▪ ...
▪ ...

20. See Horn, Grundriss, 182; Nyberg, Glossar, 73. 21. »barz is usually classified under the Ar root ↗BRZ ‘to come, go out’ in lexicographical works.« 22. »The oIr, so-called “vocalic” *ṛ (in the proto-form *bṛza(nt)- of Parth burz) would have regularly developed into *ǝr, after which the schwa-vowel received its phonemic realization i or u, depending on the consonantal environment.«

–

BRSM برسم

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BRSM

“root”

▪ BRSM_1 ‘pleurisy’ ↗birsām
▪ BRSM_2 ‘clover’ ↗birsīm
▪ BRSM_3 ‘silk’ ↗ʔibrīsam

▪ …

–

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #BRSM-1 Talm barsām, Ar barsām ‘fièvre avec délire; pleurésie’; Syr brsmw : sorte de maladie. -2 Ar birsīm ‘trèfle’. -3 Te bäršäm ‘poignée (de l’épée)’.
▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

birsām بِرْسام

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BRSM

n.

pleurisy – WehrCowan1979.

From Pers barsām ‘pain in the breast, oppression, wind, swelling in the stomach; pleurisy’.

▪ …

…

▪ Rolland2014: from Pers bar-sām ‘pleurisy’, lit. ‘swelling in the breast’ (with sām ‘swelling, illness’)

–

birsīm بِرْسيم , var. EgAr barsīm

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BRSM

n.

clover, specif. berseem, Egyptian clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.; bot.)

From Copt bersim ‘clover’, from ber (Eg pr.t ?) ‘seed’ and sim (Eg sm) ‘plant’.

▪ …

…

▪ Youssef2003: from Eg brsm, Copt birsim ‘clover’
▪ Rolland2014: from Copt bercim ‘clover’, from ber ‘seed’ and cim ‘plant’

–

BRṢ برص

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 3Mar2023

√BRṢ

“root”

▪ BRṢ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ BRṢ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ BRṢ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘vitiligo, loss of pigmentation; leprosy; gecko; to graze pasture to extinction’

▪ …

–

.

–

BRṬM برطم

ID 068 • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BRṬM

“root”

▪ BRṬM_1 ‘to rave, talk irrationally’ ↗barṭam‑ .
▪ BRṬM_2 ‘trunk of an elephant’ (burṭūm) ↗barṭam‑ .
▪ BRṬM_3 ‘glass jar’ ↗barṭamān
▪ BRṬM_4 ‘apartment’ barṭamān (TunAr) < Fr appartement .

–

–..

▪ …
▪ …

Wehr and DRS group BRṬM_1 and BRṬM_2 together as one item. As long as there is no counter-evidence against this EtymArab follows this model, i.e., burṭūm‑ is treated as dependent from barṭam‑.

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barṭam‑ برْطم

ID 069 • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BRṬM

vb., I

to rave, talk irrationally – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

1887 For barṭam‑, Wahrmund gives, apart from ‘stottern’ a number of values now obsolete: ^†‘vor Zorn anschwellen; finster blicken; (trans.) zum Zorn reizen; sehr dunkel sein (Nacht)’. Cf. also II ^†tabarṭam‑ ‘zornig werden über eine Rede’, ^†barṭam ‘Stotterer’, and ^†barṭamaẗ ‘Anschwellen vor Zorn’. ^†barṭamaẗ is also a variant of ^†barṭanaẗ ‘e. Spiel’ – Wahrmund1887.

No cognates given in DRS.

▪ Does burṭūm‑ (see DERIV below) really belong to barṭam‑ ? DRS‑ lists the two as one item – as is done in this entry too.
▪ Unrelated to EgAr ↗barṭamān, var. baṭramān‑ ‘glass jar’ (which is a metathetic variant of ↗marṭabān).

–

► burṭūm, var. barṭūm, n., trunk of an elephant: related to barṭam‑ ?

barṭamān برْطمان , pl. ‑āt, var. baṭramān , ↗marṭabān , martabān

ID 070 • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BRṬM

n.

(EgAr) glass jar (for preserves, etc.), jelly jar – WehrCowan1979.

Var. (with metathesis) of SyrAr ↗marṭabān (which may be the etymon of the European words for marchpane/marzipan). Originally probably a kind of porcelain or pottery, nowadays the material from which the jars are produced is mostly glass or plastic.

1976 WehrCowan1976 ‘(syr., eg.) tall earthen or glass vessel (for preserves, oil, etc.)’

EgAr baṭramān, var. barṭamān ‘glass or plastic jar with lid, jam jar’ – HindsBadawi1986.

Unrelated to barṭama ‘to rave, talk irrationally’, burṭūm, barṭūm ‘trunk of an elephant’ (cf. ↗√BRṬM).

–

BRQ برق

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021, last updated 1Oct2022

√BRQ

“root”

▪ BRQ_1 ‘lightning; to shine, glitter, flash; (ClassAr:) ^†to threaten (with evil), frighten’ ↗barq
▪ BRQ_2 ‘telegram, wire, cable’ ↗barqiyyaẗ
▪ BRQ_3 ‘Alborak (name of the creature on which Mohammed made his ascension to the seven heavens)’: al- ↗burāq
▪ BRQ_4 ‘Cyrenaica (region of E Libya)’: al- ↗Barqaẗ

Other values, now obsolete or dialectal only, include:

^†BRQ_5 ‘to attire o.s. (woman)’ ↗baraqa u (burq)
^†BRQ_6 ‘to be astounded, dazzled; dread, fright’: bariqa a (baraq); cf. also barūq ‘cowardly man’
^†BRQ_7 ‘to undertake a long journey’: barraqa
^†BRQ_8 ‘African lizard’: burq
^†BRQ_9 ‘ram, sheep, (Lane) lamb’: baraq (pl.pauc. ʔabrāq, pl.mult. birqān, burqān)
^†BRQ_10 (Lev.) ‘lumbago’: barqaẗ
^†BRQ_11 ‘hard ground, hard soil’: burqaẗ (pl. buraq), ʔabraqᵘ (pl. ʔabāriqᵘ)
^†BRQ_12 ‘asphodill (a plant)’: barūq (Hava1899), barwaq, barwiq (Lane, Kaz.)
^†BRQ_13 ‘wart, verruca’: barrūqaẗ, burrūqaẗ (pl. barārīqᵘ)
^†BRQ_14 ‘blotty, spotted, stained (goat, eye), piebald (white and black)’: ʔabraqᵘ (f. barqāʔᵘ, pl. ʔabāriqᵘ)

Not from √BRQ but often listed under this root because the items/roots look as if they could have s.th. to do with √BRQ:

BRQ_15 ‘pitcher; jug’ ↗ʔibrīq (*√ʔBRQ)
BRQ_16 ‘brocade, silk garment embroidered with gold’ ↗ʔistabraq (*√ʔSTBRQ)
BRQ_17 ‘borax’ ↗bawraq (*√BWRQ)
BRQ_18 ‘banner, flag’ ↗bayraq (*√BYRQ)
BRQ_19 ‘apricot, (Eg) plum’ ↗barqūq (*√BRQQ)
^†BRQ_20 ‘wine-leaves stuffed’: yabraq (*√YBRQ)

BAH2008 gives the following main values for ClassAr: ‘1 thunderbolt, lightning; to shine [cf. BRQ_1]; 2 to be dazzled [cf. ^†BRQ_6]; 3 to become belligerent [cf. BRQ_1]’

▪ Most of the values that belong to the root BRQ proper (without additional ʔ, W, Y, or reduplication of Q), i.e., BRQ_1-14, seem to derive, ultimately, from BRQ_1 ‘lightening; to shine, glitter, flash’ (which can be traced back to Sem *BRḲ ‘to flash [esp. of lightning]’ and/or the n. Sem *bar(a)ḳ‑ ‘lightning, thunderbolt’. In this group, only the obsol. ^†baraq ‘ram, sheep, lamb’ (BRQ_9) and the MġrAr ^†barrūqaẗ, burrūqaẗ ‘wart, verruca’ (BRQ_13) stand out as a loanwords, the former probably from Pers, the latter from Span. – ^†barūq (BRQ_12) does not belong to BRQ proper since it is only a var. of ^†barwaq, ^†barwiq, or ^†barwāq (name of a plant, perh. with Sem etymology). – There is also some uncertainty around al-Burāq (BRQ_3), the name of the mysterious animal with which the Prophet made his famous night-journey, but most lexicographers think al-Burāq is called so due to its swiftness, *‘fast as a lightning’. – For the other values BRQ_1-14, see below, section DISC.
▪ For items BRQ_15-20, cf. s.v.
▪ …

–

▪ DRS 2 (1994)#BRQ-1 [corresp. BRQ_1] Akk berq-, birq-, Ug brq, Hbr bārāq, Aram barqā, EpigrAram brq(ʔ), Aysor birqa, Ar barq, SAr brq, Śḫr brq, Mhr barq, Te bärq, Tña bärqi ‘éclair, foudre’; Gz mabraq ‘éclair’; Akk barāqu, Hbr *bāraq, JP ʔabrēq, Ar baraqa, Soq brq, Gz baraqa, Tña bärräqʷä ‘lancer des éclairs’; Amh bärräqä ‘tonner’; Akk barāqu, nHbr bāraq, Aram bᵉraq, bᵉrēq, nSyr bāriq, Ar baraqa, Amh bärräqä ‘briller, scintiller’. – [corresp. BRQ_5] Ar baraqa, barraqa ‘s’orner, se parer’; ETH. bēräqa ‘décorer’; ? nSyr birqu ‘vaine (femme)’. – Amh bäräqqʷa ‘commencer à blanchir, à mûrir (céréales)’. – Ar tabarraqa ‘regarder fixement (avec colère)’; Soq beroq (be) ‘envier’; Har bēräqa ‘décorer’; Amh bärräqä ‘fondre sur’. -?2 nHbr barqīt, Aram barqīt, bᵉraqtītā, bᵉruqtītā, Mand buruqta ‘cataracte (de l’œil)’. -3 Akk barraqtu (CAD: a gem, nBab), Hbr bāréqet, JP *bariqtā, Syr barqā ‘émeraude’. -4 [corresp. BRQ_12] Hbr barqōn, JP barqānayyā : plante épineuse; Akk barraqītu (CAD: var. paraqītu): plante; Ar barūq ‘asphodèles’.
▪ BRQ_1: Outside Sem, Borg2021#30 (b-r-q) compares Eg bꜣq/bqꜣ (Pyr) ‘bright, white, be bright’; ‘hell sein, klar sein’ (Faulkner 1962: 79; DLE I 127, 137, 141; Wb I 424; Hannig 1995: 257).
▪…

▪ BRQ_1: It is the value ‘lightning’ (Ar barq, from Sem *bar(a)ḳ- ‘lightning’ – Kogan2011) on which most of the values BRQ_2 through ^†BRQ_14 seem to be based (but not sup>†BRQ_9 ‘ram, sheep, lamb’, nor perhaps ^†BRQ_12, the name of a certain plant). In the present dictionary, we also assume the vb. baraqa ‘to shine, glitter, flash; ^†to threaten (with evil), frighten’ to be denominative from ‘lightning, thunderbold’.
▪ BRQ_2: barqiyyaẗ ‘telegram, wire, cable’ is a neologism (C19) coined from barq ‘lightning’.
▪ BRQ_3: burāq, the name of the fantastic creature on which the prophet Mohammed made his ascension to the seven heavens, is usually explained as being given to the animal on account of its exceptional fleetness (‘like a lightning’). There are, however, also other theories; in any case, the idea of the burāq is probably of pre-Isl origin. – Is burāq the basis of ^†barraqa ‘to undertake a long journey’ (BRQ_7) ?
▪ BRQ_4 al- ↗Barqaẗ ‘Cyrenaica (region of E Libya)’: of obscure etymology. It may be from a Phoen or Lib name, or been so called after its ^†burqaẗ ‘hard ground, hard soil’ (BRQ_11) ?, or its ‘spotted’ appearance, cf. ^†ʔabraqᵘ, f. barqāʔᵘ ‘blotty, spotted, stained (goat, eye), piebald (black and white)’ (BRQ_14).
▪ BRQ_5: The value ^†‘to attire o.s.’ that the vb. I baraqa can take in ClassAr when women are the subject, seems to be fig. use of the basic value ‘to shine, glitter, flash’, attiring o.s. meaning ‘to exhibit o.’s beauty intentionally, beautify o.s.’ (Lane) and thus look brilliant ‘as a lightning’.
▪ BRQ_6: The meaning of the intr. vb. I ^†bariqa ‘to be astounded, dazzled’ is explained in ClassAr dictionaries as ‘to fear, be astonished, amazed, stupefied at seing the gleam of lightning, etc.’ (Lane), thus denom. from barq ‘lightning’ (BRQ_1), cf. Q 75:7 fa-ʔiḏā bariqa ’l-baṣaru ‘when sight is dazzled’. Hence also ^†barūq ‘cowardly man’. – Another meaning, now obsolete, of the same vb. is ‘to melt, become decomposed’ (fat, butter). This, too, can be explained as meaning, literally, ‘to (begin to) shine, flash’ (in the pan etc. when melting).
▪ BRQ_7 ^†barraqa ‘to undertake a long journey’: denom. from burāq (BRQ_3)?
▪ BRQ_8 ^†burq ‘African lizard’: Accord. to Lane, this is apparently a pl. of barūq, properly a ‘she-camel raising her tail, and feigning herself pregnant, not being so’, applied to the lizards in analogy, from the raising of the tail that is a habit of those animals (and letting the vulva flash as ‘bright as a lightening’). Another etymology explains it as the pl. of ʔabraqᵘ ‘having two colours; twisted with a black strand and a white strand, having blackness and whiteness together’ (on account of the colour of the lizards’ skin), see BRQ_14 below.
▪ BRQ_9: ^†baraq ‘ram, sheep, (Lane) lamb’ was recognized as a foreign word already by al-Ǧawālīqī. The etymon seems to be Pers barah, barreh ‘lamb’.
▪ BRQ_10: ^†barqaẗ ‘lumbago’ is attested already in Wahrmund1887 and marked as a LevAr expression both in Hava1899 and Landberg1920 (»Syrie ‘douleur au dos’«). It is probably fig. use of BRQ_1 ‘lightning’, qualifying lumbago as a pain that comes as suddenly and strongly as a lightning.
▪ BRQ_11: The value ‘hard ground, hard soil’ is attested for the n.f. ^†burqaẗ (pl. buraq) as well as for the elative-like n. ^†ʔabraqᵘ (pl. ʔabāriqᵘ) and its pl.f., ^†barqāwāt (Wahrmund1887: ‘steiniger, sandiger Boden mit Lehm’). Landberg1920 and others interpret ^†ʔabraqᵘ ‘hard ground, soil’ as the same ʔabraqᵘ that also means ‘spotted, piebald’ and seems to be a phonetic var. of ↗ʔablaq (see BRQ_14, below). If this is true, the ‘hard ground, hard soil’ would have its name on account of its surface that lets it look spotted or piebald. – The name al- ↗Barqaẗ for the ‘Cyrenaica (region of E Libya)’ (BRQ_4) may belong here. – Lokotsch1927 holds that Ar ^†burqaẗ (via Portug and other langs) is the etymon of Engl baroque, see section WESTLANG below.
▪ BRQ_12: The n. ^†barūq (thus in Hava1899 and DRS), or ^†barwaq, ^†barwiq (Kazimirski, Lane), meaning ‘asphodill’ according to the first three sources, but ‘a certain kind of plant which camels do not feed upon except in cases of necessity; small, feeble tree, which, when the sky becomes clouded, grows green’ according to Lane (for whom only barwāq is ‘asphodel’, i.e. ‘a certain plant also called ḫunṯà ’ the eating of whose »fresh, juicy stalk, boiled with olive-oil and vinegar, counteracts jaundice; and the smearing with its root, or lower part, removes the two kinds of ↗bahaq ’«) seems to have relatives in Akk, Hbr and JP and thus perhaps be of Sem origin. – Related in any way to BRQ_1?
▪ BRQ_13: ^†barrūqaẗ, burrūqaẗ ‘wart, verruca’ is mentioned by Dozy and said to stem from Span berruga ‘id.’. The latter is akin to Engl wart, oEngl weart, from protGerm *warton- (cognates: oNo varta, oFris warte, Du wrat, oHGe warza, Ge warze ‘wart’), from the IE root *wer- (1) ‘high, raised spot on the body, or other bodily infirmity’ (cf. Lat verruca ‘swelling, wart’, and also Engl vary, varied, varying, etc.) – EtymOnline.
▪ BRQ_14: The elat. adj. ^†ʔabraqᵘ (f. barqāʔᵘ, pl. ʔabāriqᵘ) ‘blotty, spotted, stained (goat, eye)’ is said by Wahrmund and others to be a var. of ↗ʔablaqᵘ (f. balqāʔᵘ, pl. bulq) ‘brindle, dappled, piebald (white and black)’. Given that there is nothing that would prove this assumption, one should not exclude beforehand the possibility of a relation to BRQ_1 ‘lightning’ (contrast between brightness and darkness); note that the pl.s of ^†ʔabraq and ʔablaq show differing patterns (ʔabāriq, not *burq, as would be the logical correspondence of pl. bulq). – For the pl.f. barqāwāt ‘stony, sandy soil with clay’, cf. above, BRQ_11.

▪ BRQ_1: A Sem word for ‘lightning; to shine glitter, flash’ may be the etymon of Grk smáragdos ‘emerald’ and, hence, of many Eur words for ‘emerald’ (Span esmeralda, It smeraldo, Fr émeraude, Ge Smaragd, etc.) as well as (via Pers) Ar ↗zumurrud ‘emerald’ and ↗zabarǧad ‘green jewels, cut from chrysolite or peridot’.
▪ BRQ_11: Lokotsch1927 thinks that Ar ^†burqaẗ ‘schlechter Boden aus Sand, Lehm und Steinen; unbebautes Gelände’ (poor soil of sand, clay and stones; uncultivated land) gave Portug barroca ‘rough terrain, sandy soil with clay and stones’, and barroco, a technical term applied first by Portug pearl fishers and tradesmen to ‘eine doppelkugelige, höckerige, verwachsene Perle’ (bumpy, deformed, two-ball pearl),¹ then generalized into ‘crooked, lopsided, irregular’, whence Span barroco (term.techn. in architecture) ‘irregular, deviating from traditional ways of building’, Fr baroque, It barocco, Ge Barock, barock. Lokotsch dismisses derivations from Lat (bis-)verruca ‘double wart’, bisrocca ‘double stone’ etc. as »untenable«. Cf., however, the etymology of Engl baroque as given in EtymOnline: »1765, from Fr baroque (C15) ‘irregular’, from Portug barroco ‘imperfect pearl’, which is of uncertain [!] origin, perhaps [!] related to Span berruca ‘a wart’«. – Cf. also BRQ_13, Ar ^†barrūqaẗ, burrūqaẗ ‘wart, verruca’.

1. Constancio Dicc 163 b.

–

barq بَرْق , pl. burūq

ID 071 • Sw – • BP 4392 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BRQ

n.

1 lightning; flash of lightning. – 2 telegraph | barqun ḫullabun, n., 1 lightning without a downpour; 2 a disappointing, disillusioning matter; an unkept promise – WehrCowan1979.

▪ From protSem *bar(a)ḳ‑ ‘lightning’ (Kogan2011), from AfrAs *baraḳ‑ ‘id.’ (Orel&Stolbova1994).

▪ eC7 (lightning) Q 13:12 huwa ’llaḏī yurī-kum-u ’l-barqa ḫawfan wa-ṭamaʕan ‘He it is who shows you lightning, (inspiring) fear and hope’

▪ Bergsträsser1928, Zammit2002: Akk berqu, Ug brq, Hbr bārāq, Aram barqā, Syr barqā, Ar barq ‘lightning, thunderbolt’, SAr brq ‘lightning storm > stormy season’, Gz mabraq ‘lightning, thunderbolt, bright light’
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#226: Akk berq-, birq-, Ug brq, Hbr brq, Syr barqō, SAr brq, Te bārq , Tña bärqi, Ar barq- ‘lightning’.
▪ Kogan2011: Akk birqu, Ug brq, Hbr bārāq, Syr barqā, Ar barq, Sab Min brq, Gz mabraq, Mhr bōrəq, Jib bɛrq ‘lightening’

Cf. also the corresponding vb.:
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#231: Akk barāqu, Aram berēq, beraq, Gz brq, Amh bärräqä ‘to shine, glitter, flash’. – Outside Sem: Eg bꜣḳ (Borg2021: bꜣq/bqꜣ) ‘to be light, be bright’ (pyr.) (with -ꜣ- reflecting earlier -r-).
▪ Ehret1995#23: Outside Sem: Eg brḳ ‘to shine, glitter, flash’ (Copt ɛbrēčɛ), Cush *bǎrk'- / bǐrk'- ‘to flash’, vb. p'arìq- in an Omot lang.
▪ Militarev&Stolbova2007 (in StarLing)#1733: Sem cognates: as in earlier studies. – Outside Sem: (CChad) Logone bárak (< Ar), (CCush / Agaw) Khamir birqa, (HEC) Sid banḳo, biraḳo, and the forms balaḳa and banḳu-ta in 2 other HEC langs, as well as Dahalo biriḳina ‘lightning’ and (in 1 Omot lang) ṗariqq(i)- ‘shine’.
▪ DRS 2 (1994)#BRQ-1 Akk berq-, birq-, Ug brq, Hbr bārāq, Aram barqā, EpigrAram brq(ʔ), Aysor birqa, Ar barq, SAr brq, Śḫr brq, Mhr barq, Te bärq, Tña bärqi ‘éclair, foudre’; Gz mabraq ‘éclair’; Akk barāqu, Hbr *bāraq, JP ʔabrēq, Ar baraqa, Soq brq, Gz baraqa, Tña bärräqʷä ‘lancer des éclairs’; Amh bärräqä ‘tonner’; Akk barāqu, nHbr bāraq, Aram bᵉraq, bᵉrēq, nSyr bāriq, Ar baraqa, Amh bärräqä ‘briller, scintiller’. – Ar baraqa, barraqa ‘s’orner, se parer’; ETH. bēräqa ‘décorer’; ? nSyr birqu ‘vaine (femme)’. – Amh bäräqqʷa ‘commencer à blanchir, à mûrir (céréales)’. – Ar tabarraqa ‘regarder fixement (avec colère)’; Soq beroq (be) ‘envier’; Har bēräqa ‘décorer’; Amh bärräqä ‘fondre sur’. -?2 nHbr barqīt, Aram barqīt, bᵉraqtītā, bᵉruqtītā, Mand buruqta ‘cataracte (de l’œil)’. -3 Akk barraqtu (CAD: a gem, nBab), Hbr bāréqet, JP *bariqtā, Syr barqā ‘émeraude’.

▪ Kogan2011: from Sem *bar(a)ḳ- ‘lightning’.
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994 reconstruct (#226) Sem *baraḳ- ‘lightning’, CCh *baraḳ-, HEC *baraḳ- , all from AfrAs *baraḳ- ‘lightning’, as well as (#231) Sem *b˅riḳ- ‘to shine (of lightning)’, Eg b3ḳ ‘to be light, be bright’ (pyr.), both ultimately from AfrAs *bariḳ- ‘to shine, be bright’.
▪ Ehret1995#23: Sem *brḳ ‘to lighten; lightning’, Eg brḳ ‘to shine, glitter, flash’ (Copt ɛbrēčɛ), Cush *bǎrk'- / bǐrk'- ‘to flash’ and the vb. p'arìq- in an Omot lang, all from an AfrAs *-bǐrk'- /*-bǎrk'- ‘to flash’ which the author thinks is in itself composed of *-bir- ‘to burn brightly’ + *k as an intensive extension of effect.
▪ Militarev&Stolbova2007 (in StarLing)#1733: Sem *bariḳ-, CChad *barak- (< Ar?), CCush (Agaw) *bir˅ḳ- (< Sem?), ? HEC *ban/laḳ- (irregular changes of *-r- in the cluster *-rḳ- ?), Dahalo (Sanye) *biriḳ- ‘lightning’ (< Sem?), Omot *ṗariḳḳ- ‘shine’ (secondary ṗ- < *b- influenced by *ḳ ?), all from AfrAs *bariḳ- ‘lightning’.

▪ DRS 2 (1994)#BRQ-3 mentions that accord. to Zimmern1914, the Akk word barraqtu for a gem, perh. an emerald, probably is a late borrowing from some other lang, but that it is not clear whether this was a Sem lang (in which case the Akk word and its successors in Hbr, JP and Syr would be akin to Ar barq, i.e., ‘brilliant’, flashing like a lightning) or whether the word is from an IE source akin to Skr marakatam, Grk smáragdos ‘emerald’. A supporter of a Sem origin is Huehnergard2011; he groups the gem under Sem *BRQ ‘to flash (especially of lightning)’. – In Ar, the word for ‘emerald’ is ↗zumurrud, which, however, may be ultimately from the same source, cf. s.v.

▪ According to some etymologists, Eur words for ‘emerald’ should perhaps be traced back to a Sem word belonging to the root *BRQ ‘to flash (especially of lightning)’. Cf. entry emerald in EtymOnline: »‘bright green precious stone,’ c1300, emeraude, from oFr esmeraude (C12), from mLat esmaraldus, from Lat smaragdus, from Grk smáragdos ‘green gem’ (emerald or malachite), from Sem baraq ‘shine’ (compare Hbr bāreqet ‘emerald’, Ar barq ‘lightning’). Skr maragdam ‘emerald’ is from the same source, as is Pers zumurrud, whence [Ar zumurrud and] Tu zümrüd, source of Ru izumrud ‘emerald’.«

► baraqa, u (barq, burūq, barīq, baraqān), vb. I, to shine, glitter, sparkle, flash: denom. (unless itself the etymon) | baraqat-i ’l-samāʔ, expr., there was lightning.
► ʔabraqa, vb. IV, 1 = I. – 2 to emit bolts of lightning (cloud); to flash up, light up: denom. – 3 to brighten (face): fig. – 4 to cable, wire, telegraph (ʔilà to): neolog., denom. from barqiyyaẗ.

► barqī, adj., telegraphic, telegraph- (in compounds): neolog., nsb-adj., *‘as fast as a lightning’.
► ^BP#4430barqiyyaẗ, pl. ‑āt, n.f., telegram, wire, cable: neologism, nsb-adj.f. coined from barq, i.e. *‘message that reaches the addressee with the swiftness of a lightning’.
► ^BP#4653barīq, pl. barāʔiqᵘ, n., glitter, shine, gloss, luster: quasi-vn. | ḏū barīq maʕdanī, adj., lustered, coated with metallic luster.
► burāq, n.pr., Alborak, name of the creature on which Mohammed made his ascension to the seven heavens (↗miʕrāǧ): probably so called on account of its swiftness; see also ↗s.v..
► barrāq, adj., shining, lustrous, sparkling, flashing, glittering, twinkling: ints.adj.
► mabraq, n., glitter, flash: vn. | fī mabraq al-ṣubḥ, adv., with the first rays of the morning sun.
► bāriq: bāriq al-ʔamal, n., glimpse of hope: PA I.
► bāriqaẗ, pl. bawāriqᵘ, n.f., gleam, twinkle: f. of the preceding.
► mubriq: mubriq kātib, n., teletype; ʔālaẗ mubriqaẗ, n.f., id.: PA IV, denom. from neolog. barqiyyaẗ.

barqiyyaẗ بَرْقِيّة , pl. ‑āt

ID … • Sw – • BP 4430 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BRQ

n.f.

telegram, wire, cable – WehrCowan1979.

neologism (C19), nsb-adj.f., coined from ↗barq, i.e. *‘message that reaches the addressee with the swiftness of a lightning’.

▪ …

Cf. ↗barq.

▪ …
▪ …

–

burāq بُراق

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BRQ

n.prop.

Alborak, name of the creature on which Mohammed made his ascension to the seven heavens (↗miʕrāǧ) – WehrCowan1979.

Perhaps called so on account of the exceptional fleetness—‘like a lightning’, ↗barq—of the fantastic beast, but it may also be of pre-Isl origin.

▪ …

Cf. ↗barq (?), ↗BRQ.

▪ »Islamic legend has it that »Muḥammad made the [famous night-] journey [↗ʔisrāʔ, ↗miʕrāǧ ] from Mecca to Jerusalem and back, not merely in a dream, but—accompanied by Gabriel—in the living flesh and within the space of a single night. The miraculous speed of such a feat was held to be explicable on the ground that Muḥammad rode a beast of exceptional fleetness. It was in this connexion that the legend of al-Burāḳ arose. […] The etymology of the name Burāḳ is not yet fully elucidated. E. Blochet believed it to come from the mPers bārag ‘steed’. J. Horovitz has rightly questioned this interpretation and has declared himself in favour of a derivation from the Ar root baraqa ‘to lighten, to flash’. According to this view, Burāq could be explained as a (rare) diminutive form. The miraculous beast would thus have received its name ‘the little lightning-flash’ on account of its fleetness or of its brilliant colour. Yet even this explanation is not wholly convincing. The possibility must also be envisaged that the name Burāq goes back to a pre-Islamic tradition now unknown to us. In general, much that is reported about the steed of the miraculous ‘night-journey’ will derive from pre-Islamic tradition. It is, however, difficult to uncover the various links in all their detail« – Paret, art. “al-Burāḳ”, in EI².
▪ Lane mentions that, according to lexicographical tradition, the animal may not only be called Burāq »because of the quickiness of his motion« but also »because of the intense whiteness of his hue, and his great brightness«. However, the latter option too would be based on a likening with the lightining. In both cases, Burāq is believed to be akin to barq.

–

al-Barqaẗ البَرْقة

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BRQ

n.pr.loc.f.

Cyrenaica (region of E Libya) – WehrCowan1979.

Of obscure etymology.

Grk Bárkē.

…

Is it taken from a Phoen or Libyan name (barkaẗ, barqaẗ ?), or was it called al-Barqaẗ after its ^†burqaẗ, i.e., ‘hard ground, hard soil’ (cf. BRQ_11 s.v. ↗BRQ)?, or after its ‘spotted’ surface—a reinterpretation of the adj. barqāʔᵘ, f. of ^†ʔabraqᵘ ‘blotty, spotted, stained (goat, eye), piebald (black and white)’ (BRQ_14 s.v. ↗BRQ)?

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BRQʕ برقع

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BRQʕ

“root”

▪ BRQʕ_1 ‘veil (worn by women; long, leaving the eyes exposed)’ ↗burquʕ

▪ …

–

▪ DRS 2 (1994)#BRQʕ-1 Ar (dial.) barqaʕ ‘déchirer, faire éclater, crever, s’éclaircir (temps)’. -2 burqaʕ ‘voile de visage’

▪ DRS 2 (1994)#BRQʕ-1 Cf. ↗BRQ.

▪ BRQʕ_1: Engl burka, burqa ↗burquʕ.

–

burquʕ بُرْقُع , pl. barāqiʕᵘ

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BRQʕ

n.

veil (worn by women; long, leaving the eyes exposed) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

…

▪ Landberg1920: Le burquʕ égyptien n’est pas connu ici [sc. in DaṯAr].

▪ Engl burka (1836), from Hindi, from Ar burqaʕ – EtymOnline. | ▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl burqa, from Ar burqaʕ, variant of burquʕ, perh. from *buqquʕ, from root variant √BQʕ, akin to Ar ↗faqaʕa ‘to burst’, the name of the garment, burquʕ, perh. originally making reference to a split or slit in front of the eyes through which the wearer can see.

► barqaʕa, vb. I, to veil, drape: denom. (?).
► tabarqaʕa, vb. II, to put on a veil, veil o.s.: t-stem of preceding, refl.

BRQQ برقق

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BRQQ

“root”

▪ BRQQ_1 ‘plum (Eg); apricot’ ↗barqūq

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–

▪ …
▪ …

▪ See ↗barqūq.

–

barqūq بَرْقُوق

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BRQQ

n.coll. (n.un. ‑aẗ)

plum (Eg) – WehrCowan1979.

From ByzGrk berikókkion ‘apricot’, from lGrk praikókkion, from Lat praecoquum ‘fruit précoce’ – Rolland2014a.

▪ …

…

▪ Lane: burqūq, vulg. barqūq, post-clasical word [probably arabicized from the Pers barqūq, which is applied to both apricots and plums.
▪ Fraenkel1886: from Syr barqūqā = Grk beríkokka

▪ Engl apricot : 1550 s, abrecock, from Catalan abercoc, related to Portug albricoque, from Ar al-birqūq, through ByzGrk berikokkia from Lat (malum) praecoquum ‘early-ripening (fruit)’; form assimilated to French abricot. Lat praecoquis ‘early-ripe’ can probably be attributed to the fact that the fruit was considered a variety of peach that ripened sooner than other peaches…. [Barnhart] – EtymOnline.
▪ Ge Aprikose : C17, from Dutch abrikoos, from Fr apricot (influenced by the pl.), from Span albaricoque and Portug albricoque, from Ar al-barqūq, from Grk prekókkion (and var.s), from Lat praecoquum ‘early-ripe’, belonging to Lat coquere ‘to ripen, let ripe’. The fruit that was imported in Italy since C1 from China, was superiour to the indigenous Marille and was called persica praecocia ‘early-ripe peach’ (fruit that ripens earlier than peaches) – Kluge2002.

► barqūq barrī, n., sloe plum

BRK برك

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021, last updated 1Oct2022

√BRK

“root”

▪ BRK_1 ‘to kneel down’ ↗baraka
▪ BRK_2 ‘(to invoke a) blessing’ ↗barakaẗ, ↗bāraka
▪ BRK_3 ‘pond, pool’ ↗birkaẗ
▪ BRK_4 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘chest of a camel, thorax; (of a camel) to lie down on the chest; a group of camels; bounty, a blessing, to be blessed, to be great; the blessed, to be praised; a pond’

▪ BRK_1: from protSem *birk- ‘knee’ – DRS 2 (1994) #BRK-1.
▪ BRK_2: From WSem *√BRK ‘to bless’, probably a metathesized variant of *√KRB – Huehnergard2011.
▪ BRK_3: …
▪ BRK_: …

–

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #BRK-1 *birk- ‘genou’: Akk birk-, burk-, Ug brk, Hbr berek, PehlAram brk, JP birkā, Syr burkā, Aysor birkʸä, Soq *berk, Mhr bark, Gz Te bərk, Tña bərḫi, Selti bərk. – Hbr *bārak (inac. wa-yyibrak), Syr bᵊrak ‘s’agenouiller’; nSyr barik ‘être à genoux’; Ar baraka ‘s’accroupir, baraquer (chameau)’; Soq ʔebrek ʼfaire s’agenouillerʼ; Gz baraka, Amh bärräkä ‘baraquer’; Te bärkä, Tña boräha ‘s’agenouiller’; Amh tämbäräkkäkä ‘trembler, les genoux branlants’, ambaräkkäk ‘agenouillement’, bərəkrək alä ‘se soumettre’; Akk *birk- ‘giron’; Ar bark ‘poitrine’; Soq bérak ‘poitrine’; Gz burke ‘épaule, humérus’; ?Ar burk ‘sarcelle, canard’. -2 Ug Phoen Pun brk, Hbr berak, bērēk, EpigAram brk, JP bᵊrak, bārēk, Mnd brak, nSyr bāriḫ, Ar baraka, Tham brk, Sab brk, Soq bórik, Gz bāraka, Amh barräkä ‘bénir’; Ar burkaẗ ‘mouture abondante; salaire de meunier; prix du sang’. -3 Ug brk, EpigHbr brkh, BiblHbr bᵊrekā, Ar birkaẗ, Sab brkt, brk ‘étang, citerne’. -4 .... -5 Syr bārktā ‘armoise’; ?Ar birkān: plante (du Nejd). -6 Ar birak: poissons (de mer) -7 birkaẗ: sorte de manteau du Yémen. -8 ....
▪ BRK_1: Outside Sem, Borg2021#31 (b-r-k¹) compares Eg brk (LE) ‘knien (in Huldigung)’ (Wb I 466).
▪ BRK_2: Outside Sem, Borg2021#32 (b-r-k²) compares Eg brk/ba=ra=ka (NK) ‘beten zu; schenken; Geschenk, Gabe’; ‘bless in homage’ ~ bá-ra-ka ‘segnen’ (Wb I 466; Helck 1962: 557; Hoch 1994: 102).
▪ BRK_3: Outside Sem, Borg2021#33 (b-r-k³) compares Eg brk.t (LE) ‘Teich’; ‘pond, pool, lake’ (Wb I 466; DLE I 137) ~ Dem brkt/blkt/blgt ‘der Teich, der See’ (DG 119, 120) ~ Copt ⲃⲉⲣϭⲟⲟⲩⲧ (Sa‘idic) (Vittmann 1996: 438).
▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

▪ Engl Baruch, broker, cherub ↗bāraka, ↗barakaẗ.

–

barak- بَرَك , u

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 1Oct2022

√BRK

vb., I

to kneel down – WehrCowan1976

▪ from protSem *birk- ‘knee’ – DRS 2 (1994) #BRK-1.
▪ …

…

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #BRK-1 *birk- ‘genou’: Akk birk-, burk-, Ug brk, Hbr berek, PehlAram brk, JP birkā, Syr burkā, Aysor birkʸä, Soq *berk, Mhr bark, Gz Te bərk, Tña bərḫi, Selti bərk. – Hbr *bārak (inac. wa-yyibrak), Syr bᵊrak ‘s’agenouiller’; nSyr barik ‘être à genoux’; Ar baraka ‘s’accroupir, baraquer (chameau)’; Soq ʔebrek ʼfaire s’agenouillerʼ; Gz baraka, Amh bärräkä ‘baraquer’; Te bärkä, Tña boräha ‘s’agenouiller’; Amh tämbäräkkäkä ‘trembler, les genoux branlants’, ambaräkkäk ‘agenouillement’, bərəkrək alä ‘se soumettre’; Akk *birk- ‘giron’; Ar bark ‘poitrine’; Soq bérak ‘poitrine’; Gz burke ‘épaule, humérus’; ?Ar burk ‘sarcelle, canard’. -2-8 ....
▪ Outside Sem, Borg2021#31 (b-r-k¹) compares Eg brk (LE) ‘knien (in Huldigung)’ (Wb I 466).
▪ …

…

►barraka, vb. II, and ʔabraka, vb. IV, to make (the camel) kneel down: D- and *Š-stem., caus.

bārak‑ بارَكَ

ID 072 • Sw – • BP 971 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BRK

vb., III

1a to bless (fī or s.o., also li- or ʕalà), invoke a blessing on; b to give one’s blessing (to s.th.), sanction (s.th.) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ From WSem *√BRK ‘to bless’, probably a metathesized variant of *√KRB – Huehnergard2011.
…

▪ …

▪ Bergsträsser1928: (*‘to bless’) Akk (krb (u)), Hbr (ints) brk, Syr (ints) brk, Gz (L-stem) brk.
▪ …

▪ Jeffery1938: »With this should be taken the forms barakāt (vii, 94; xi, 50, 76), and mubārak (iii, 90; vi, 92, 156, etc.). / The primitive verb baraka, which is not used in the Qurʔān, means ‘to kneel’, used specially of the camel, so that ʔabraka is the technical word for making a camel kneel. In this primitive sense it is common Sem […]. It was in the NSem area, however, that the root seems to have developed the sense of ‘to bless’, and from thence it passed to the SSem area. Thus we have Hbr bārak and Phoen brk ‘to bless’, Aram Syr bᵊraḵ ‘to bless or praise’, and in Palm such phrases as bryk šmw lʕlmʔ (de Vogüé, No. 94) ‘blessed be his name for evermore’, and ybrk (ibid., No. 144) ‘may he bless’. From this NSem sense we find derived the Sab brk (Rossini, Glossarium, 118), Eth [Gz] baraka ‘to bless, celebrate the praises of’, and Ar bāraka as above. Note also the formations Hbr bᵊrāḵāʰ, Aram birkā, Syr būrkᵊtā, which also were taken over into SSem, e.g. Eth [Gz] barakat, Ar barakaẗ.«
▪ …

▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl n.prop. Baruch, from Hbr bārûḵ ‘blessed’, PP of *bāraḵ ‘to bless’ (only attested in derived stem bērēḵ ‘to bless’, cf. Ar L-stem ↗bāraka ‘to bless’). – Engl broker, from Ar al-barkaẗ, colloquial variant of al- ↗barakaẗ ‘the blessing, divine favor, gift’, from Ar ↗bāraka ‘to bless’, (associative) L-stem, prob. borrowed from Hbr.

►^BP#4239tabāraka, vb. VI, to be blessed, be praised: tL-stem, self-ref. | tabāraka… God bless…
►^BP#1803mubārak, adj., blessed, fortunate, lucky: PP III

barakaẗ بَرَكَة

ID 073 • Sw – • BP 1928 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BRK

n.f.

blessing, benediction – WehrCowan1979.

▪ From WSem *√BRK ‘to bless’, probably a metathesized variant of *√KRB – Huehnergard2011.
…

▪ …

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #BRK-1 .... -2 Ug Phoen Pun brk, Hbr berak, bērēk, EpigAram brk, JP bᵊrak, bārēk, Mnd brak, nSyr bāriḫ, Ar baraka, Tham brk, Sab brk, Soq bórik, Gz bāraka, Amh barräkä ‘bénir’; Ar burkaẗ ‘mouture abondante; salaire de meunier; prix du sang’. -3-8 ....
▪ Outside Sem, Borg2021#32 (b-r-k²) compares Eg brk/ba=ra=ka (NK) ‘beten zu; schenken; Geschenk, Gabe’; ‘bless in homage’ ~ bá-ra-ka ‘segnen’ (Wb I 466; Helck 1962: 557; Hoch 1994: 102).
▪ …

▪ Cf. Jeffery1938 in entry ↗bāraka, section DISC.
▪ …

▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl broker, from Ar al-barkaẗ, colloquial variant of al- ↗barakaẗ ‘the blessing, divine favor, gift’, from Ar ↗bāraka ‘to bless’, (associative) L-stem, prob. borrowed from Hbr.
▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl cherub, from Hbr kᵊrûb ‘cherub’, akin to Akk karābu ‘to praise, bless’, protSem root √*KRB with WSem metathesized variant √*BRK, cf. Ar barakaẗ.

►qillaẗ al-barakaẗ, misfortune, bad luck

►barraka, vb. II, to invoke a blessing (ʕalà or fī on s.th., li- on s.o.): D-stem., denom., caus.
►^BP#971bāraka, vb. III, to bless (fī or -h, s.o., also li‑ or ʕalà), 1 to invoke a blessing on; 2 to give one’s blessing (‑h to s.th.), sanction: L-stem, associative
►tabarraka, vb. V, 1 to be blessed (bi‑ by); 2 to enjoy, find pleasure, delight (bi‑ in); 3 to ask s.o.’s (bi‑) blessing: tD-stem, self-referential
►^BP#4239tabāraka, vb. VI, to be blessed, be praised: tL-stem, self-ref. | tabāraka… God bless…
►ĭstabraka, vb. X, to be blessed: *Št-stem, (orig.) desiderative

►ʔabrakᵘ, adj., more blessed: elat. formation
►tabrīk, pl. -āt, 1 good wish; 2 blessing, benediction: vn. II
►^BP#1535mabrūk, adj., blessed, happy: PP I
►^BP#1803mubārak, adj., blessed, fortunate, lucky: PP III

birkaẗ بِرْكة , pl. birak

ID … • Sw – • BP 4913 • APD … • © SG | 1Oct2022

√BRK

n.f.

pond, small lake; puddle, pool – WehrCowan1976

▪ ? Cf. Eg brk.t (LE) ‘pond, pool, lake’, Dem brkt / blkt / blgt ‘Teich, See’ (DG 119, 120), Copt ⲃⲉⲣϭⲟⲟⲩⲧ (Sa‘idic) - Borg2021#33 (b-r-k³).
▪ …

…

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #BRK-1-2 .... -3 Ug brk, EpigHbr brkh, BiblHbr bᵊrekā, Ar birkaẗ, Sab brkt, brk ‘étang, citerne’. -4-8 ....
▪ Outside Sem, Borg2021#33 (b-r-k³) compares Eg brk.t (LE) ‘Teich’; ‘pond, pool, lake’ (Wb I 466; DLE I 137) ~ Dem brkt/blkt/blgt ‘der Teich, der See’ (DG 119, 120) ~ Copt ⲃⲉⲣϭⲟⲟⲩⲧ (Sa‘idic) (Vittmann 1996: 438).
▪ …

…

►birkaẗ al-sibāḥaẗ, n.f., swimming pool

BRKN بركن

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BRKN

“root”

▪ BRKN_1 ‘volcano’ ↗burkān
▪ BRKN_2 ‘…’ ↗…

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

burkān بُرْكان

ID 074 • Sw – • BP 4860 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BRKN

n.

volcano – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

…

►

BRLMāN برلمان

Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | created 31May2023

√BRLMāN

“root”

.

▪ …

.

barlamān بَرْلَمان

Sw – • NahḍCon • BP 1413 • APD … • © SG | created 31May2023

√BRLMāN

n.

parliament

▪ …loanword

.

BRM برم

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 3Mar2023

√BRM

“root”

▪ BRM_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ BRM_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ BRM_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘a stone pot; a twisted rope; to twist, to tighten; to confirm, to plan’

▪ …

–

.

–

BRMǦ برمج

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BRMǦ

“root”

▪ BRMǦ_1 ‘program, plan, schedule’ ↗barnāmaǧ
▪ BRMǦ_2 ‘…’ ↗…

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

barnāmaǧ بَرْنامَج , pl. barāmiǧᵘ

ID 075 • Sw – • BP 161 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BRMǦ, BRNMǦ

n.

program, plan, schedule; roster, list, index; curriculum – WehrCowan1979.

The word is one out of a plentitude ‎of loans from mPers which testifies to the intense interaction between Arab and Iranian ‎culture during the first centuries of the Muslim expansion. Arabic was then »invigorated by new ‎elements of ideas and images, stimulated with fresh conceptions of excellence and eloquence, and ‎enriched […] with a new vocabulary. Persian, in particular, was responsible for the introduction of ‎new terms in the fields of luxury, ornaments, handicrafts, fine arts, government administration, ‎and public registers.«⁵ . ‎‎''barnāmaǧ'’ is one out of the significant number of administrative terms that found their way into ‎Arabic.

5. Khalafallah, “ʕArabiyya: Early Middle Arabic", in: EI².

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

▪ EALL (Asbaghi, “Persian Loanwords”): a loan from mPers bārnāmak ‎‎'[?]’.

…

►

BRHN برهن

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 3Mar2023

√BRHN

“root”

▪ BRHN_1 ‘evident proof’ ↗burhān
▪ BRHN_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ BRHN_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘(the quadruple structure of this root together with the limited derivatives it has in Arabic give support to its being a very early ing, possibly from Pers. Some philologists, however, consider it a derivation from root brh ‘to cut’ or ‘whiteness’)’

▪ …

–

.

–

burhān بُرْهان

Sw – • NahḍCon • BP … • APD … • © SG | created 31May2023

√BRHN

n.

evident proof – Jeffery1938

▪ …

▪ eC7 Q ii, 105; iv, 174; xii, 24; xxi, 24; xxiii, 117; xxvii, 65; xxviii, 32, 75 – Jeffery1938.

.

▪ Jeffery1938: »In all the passages save xii, 24, and xxviii, 32, it is used in the sense of a proof or demonstration of the truth of one’s religious position.
In these two cases, one from the story of Joseph and the other from that of Moses, the word refers to an evident miraculous sign from God for the demonstration of His presence and power to him who beheld it. It is thus clearly used in the Qurʔān as a technical religious term.²³ . / It is generally taken as a form fuʕlān from √BRH, form IV of which is said to mean ‘to prove’, but the straits to which the philologers are put to explain the word (cf. Rāġib, Mufradāt, 44; LA, xvii, 369), show us that we are dealing with a foreign word. Sprenger, Leben, i, 108 had noted this,²⁴ but he makes no attempt to discover its origin. / Addai Sher, 21, suggested that it is from the Pers purūhān ‘clearly manifest, well known’ (cf. Vullers, Lex., i, 352), but this is somewhat remote. The origin clearly is, as Nöldeke has shown (Neue Beiträge, 58)²⁵ , in the Eth [Gz] bərhān, a common Abyssinian word,²⁶ being found also in Amh, Te, and Tña, meaning ‘light, illumination’, from a root [Gz] BRH cognate with Hbr BHR, Ar BHR. It seems to have this original sense in iv, 174; xii, 24, and the sense of ‘proof’ or ‘demonstration’ is easily derived from this.«

23. Ahrens, Christliches, 22, makes a distinction between xii, 24; iv, 147; xxiii, 117, where it means ‘Licht, Erleuchtung’, and the other passages where it means ‘Beweis’. 24. Also Massignon, Lexique technique, 52. 25. Also ibid., p. 25. 26. It is in frequent use even in the oldest monuments of the language.

.

BZR بزر

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BZR

“root”

▪ BZR_1 ‘seeds’ ↗bizr
▪ BZR_2 ‘…’ ↗…

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

bizr بِزْر , pl. buzūr ; ʔabzār , ʔabāzīrᵘ

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BZR

n.

(pl. buzūr) seeds; (pl. ʔabzār, ʔabāzīrᵘ) spice – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ DRS 2 (1994)#BZR: Hbr *bāzar, Aram bᵊzar ‘répandre, éparpiller’, Phlv bzr ‘semence’, JP bizrā, Ar bizr ‘semences, graines’; Soq bizar ‘comestibles’, Syr bazrā ‘huile de lin’, MġrAr ʔabzār ‘épices’, bazra ‘impôt’, tbazzar ‘être prodigue’; Syr ʔabzārā ‘cru; mancheron de charrue’; Ar bayzār ‘laboureur’, bazīr ‘pilon de foulon’, bazara ‘fouler un tissu de laine’; Syr bezārā ‘lettre, diplôme’. Observations et références s. P/BḎ/ZR. Voir aussi les renvois s. BD, BZ. – Hbr *bāzar est sans doute un aramaïsme.
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#269: Aram (Phlv) bzr, (Pal) bizrā ‘seed’, [Syr bazar ‘to disperse’], Ḥrs bezār, Mhr bezār Śḥr bizɛr ‘peppers’.

▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#269: AfrAs *beʒar‑ ‘corn’ > Sem *bizr‑ ‘seed‘¹, ‘peppers’²: Aram (Phlv) bzr ¹, (Pal) bizrā ¹, Ar bizr‑ ¹ (from which the denominative verb bzr, i ‘sow’), while Hss bezār, Mhr bezār and Shh bizɛr all mean ‘peppers’. The ancestor of cognates in WCh was probably *baʒar‑ ‘corn’. – The word seems also to be etymologically connected with *baʒar‑ ‘to be torn, be peeled’.
▪ Any connection to ^†bazara ‘to blow the nose’ ?

–

► bazara, i (bazr), vb. I, to sow: denom. (Orel&Stolbova1994).
► bizraẗ, n.f., seed; kernel, pip, pit, stone (of fruit); germ: n.un.
► bazzār, n., seedsman: n.prof.
► buzayra, pl. ‑āt, n., spore (bot.): dimin. n.un.

BZĠ بزغ

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 3Mar2023

√BZĠ

“root”

▪ BZĠ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ BZĠ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ BZĠ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘crack, laceration, to slash; to show through, to break forth, to come out’

▪ …

–

.

–

BSR بسر

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 3Mar2023

√BSR

“root”

▪ BSR_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ BSR_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ BSR_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘open outstretched land, the face of the earth; carpet; to stretch out, to spread out, to reach out, to unfold; abundance, vastness,-increase’

▪ …

–

.

–

BSṬ بسط

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021, last updated 4Oct2022

√BSṬ

“root”

▪ BSṬ_1 ‘to spread, spread out, level, flatten, enlarge, expand, extend, unfold; to grant, offer; to present, submit, explain’ ↗basaṭa, ‘to be glad, delighted, be(come) happy’ ↗ĭnbasaṭa, ‘carpet, rug’ ↗bisāṭ, ‘simple, plain, uncomplicated’ ↗basīṭ, ‘cheerful, happy, gay; well off, well-to-do…’ ↗mabsūṭ
▪ BSṬ_2 ‘rim, felly (of a wheel)’ ↗ʔubsūṭaẗ
▪ BSṬ_3 ‘…’ ↗…

▪ …

–

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #BS(Š?)Ṭ-1 Ar basaṭa ‘étendre (tapis, natte); élargir’. -2 Amh täbäsač̣ä ‘s’impatienter, s’emporter’.
▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

basaṭ- بَسَطَ , u (basṭ) and

basuṭ- بَسُطَ , u (basāṭaẗ)

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021, last updated 4Oct2022

√BSṬ

vb., I

▪ basaṭa, u (basṭ): 1 to spread, spread out (s.th.); 2 to level, flatten (s.th.); 3a to enlarge, expand (s.th.); b to stretch out, extend (s.th.); c to unfold, unroll (s.th.); 4a to grant, offer, present (s.th.); b to submit, state, set forth, expound, explain (s.th., li- or ʕalà to s.o.); 5 to flog (s.o.; Nejd); 6 to please, delight (s.o.)

▪ basuṭa, u (basāṭaẗ): to be simple, openhearted, frank, candid

▪ …

.

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #BS(Š?)Ṭ-1 Ar basaṭa ‘étendre (tapis, natte); élargir’. -2 Amh täbäsač̣ä ‘s’impatienter, s’emporter’.
▪ …

.

►basaṭa ḏirāʕay-hī, vb. to spread one’s arms;
basaṭa yad al-musāʕadaẗ li-, vb., to extend a helping hand to s.o.;
basaṭa l-māʔidaẗ, vb., to lay the table

►bassaṭa, vb. II, 1 to spread, spread out, extend, expand (s.th.); 2 to level, flatten (s.th.); 3 to simplify, make simple (s.th.): D-stem, ints./caus.
►bāsaṭa, vb. III, 1 to set forth, state, expound, explain; 2 to be sincere (bi- with s.o. about or in s.th.), confess frankly (bi- to s.o. s.th.): L-stem, assoc.
►tabassaṭa, vb. V, 1 to be spread, be unrolled, be spread out, be extended; 2 to speak at great length (fī about), enlarge (fī on), treat exhaustively, expound in detail (fī a theme); 3 to be friendly, communicative, sociable, behave unceremoniously, be completely at ease: tD-stem, intr./pass, and fig. use | ~ fī al-ḥadīṯ, vb., to talk freely, without formality
►ĭnbasaṭa, vb. VII, 1 to spread, extend, expand (intr.); 2 to be glad, be delighted, be or become happy: N-stem

►basṭ, n., 1 extension, spreading, unrolling, unfolding; 2 presentation, statement, explanation, exposition; 3 cheering, delighting, delectation; 4 amusement; 5 (Eg.) numerator (of a fraction): vn. I (of basaṭa) | ~ al-yad, n., avarice, greed, cupidity
►basṭaẗ, n.f., 1 extension, extent, expanse; 2 size, magnitude; 3 skill, capability, abilities; 4 excess, abundance; 5 (pl. -āt) statement, exposition, presentation; 6 (pl. bisāṭ) landing (of a staircase); 7 estrade, dais, platform (eg.): n.un.
►bisāṭ, pl. -āt, ʔabsiṭaẗ, busuṭ, n., carpet, rug | ~ al-raḥmaẗ, n., winding sheet, shroud; ṭaraḥa or waḍaʕa masaʔalaẗan ʔalà ~ al-baḥṯ, vb., to raise a question, bring a question on the carpet, also ʕalà ~ al-munāqašaẗ, for discussion; ṭawà ~, vb., to bring the matter to an end, settle it once and for all
►^BP#849basīṭ, pl. busaṭāʔᵘ, adj., 1 simple; 2 plain, uncomplicated; 3 slight, little, modest, inconsiderable, trivial, trifling; 4 al-basīṭ, name of a poetical meter; 5 pl. busaṭāʔᵘ, simple souls, ingenuous people: quasi-PP I | ~ al-yadayn, adj., generous, openhanded
►al-basīṭaẗ, n.f., the earth, the world: quasi-PP I.f, *‘the spread, flat one’
►basāʔiṭᵘ, n.pl., 1 elements; 2 simple remedies, medicinal plants; 3 basic facts
►^BP#2210basāṭaẗ, n.f., simplicity, plainness
►^BP#3876ʔabsaṭᵘ, adj., simpler; wider, more extensive: elat. formation
►tabsīṭ, n., simplification: vn. II
►tabassuṭ, n. (n. vic. -aẗ), 1 extensity, extensiveness, extension; 2 expansion, expanse; 3 joy, delight, happiness, gaiety, cheerfulness: vn. V
►ʕaḍalaẗ bāsiṭaẗ, n.f., extensor (anat.)
►^BP#4654mabsūṭ, adj., 1 extended, outstretched; 2 spread out; 3 extensive, large, sizeable; 4 detailed, elaborate (book); 5a cheerful, happy, gay; b feeling well, in good health; c (tun.) well-to-do: PP I
►munbasaṭ, adj., 1 extending, spreading; 2 gay, happy, cheerful; 3 n., level surface: PP VII.

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗ʔubsūṭaẗ as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√BSṬ.

ĭnbasaṭ‑ انبسط

ID 077 • Sw – • BP 6192 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021, last updated 4Oct2022

√BSṬ

vb., VII

1 to spread, extend, expand (intr.); 2 to be glad, be delighted, be or become happy – WehrCowan1979.

▪ ↗basaṭa
▪ …

▪ …

▪ ↗basaṭa
▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►munbasaṭ, adj., 1 extending, spreading; 2 gay, happy, cheerful; 3 n., level surface: PP VII.

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗basaṭa, ↗bisāṭ, ↗basīṭ, ↗mabsūṭ, ↗ʔubsūṭaẗ, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√BSṬ.

bisāṭ بِساط , pl. -āt, ʔabsiṭaẗ, busuṭ

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021, last updated 4Oct2022

√BSṬ

n.

carpet, rug – WehrCowen1976

▪ ↗basaṭa
▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

▪ ↗basaṭa
▪ …

.

►bisāṭ al-raḥmaẗ, n., winding sheet, shroud;
►ṭaraḥa or waḍaʕa masʔalaẗan ʕalà bisāṭ al-baḥṯ, expr., to raise a question, bring a question on the carpet, also ʕalà bisāṭ al-munāqašaẗ, for discussion;
►ṭawà l-bisāṭ bi-mā fīh, vb., to bring the matter to an end, settle it once and for all

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗basaṭa, ↗ĭnbasaṭa, ↗basīṭ, ↗mabsūṭ, ↗ʔubsūṭaẗ, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√BSṬ.

basīṭ بَسيط , pl. busaṭāʔᵘ

ID – • Sw – • BP 849 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021, last updated 4Oct2022

√BSṬ

adj.

1 simple; 2 plain, uncomplicated; 3 slight, little, modest, inconsiderable, trivial, trifling; 4 al-basīṭ, name of a poetical meter; 5 pl. busaṭāʔᵘ, simple souls, ingenuous people – WehrCowan1976

▪ adj./quasi-PP I of ↗basaṭa
▪ …

.

▪ ↗basaṭa
▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►basīṭ al-yadayn, adj., generous, openhanded

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗basaṭa, ↗ĭnbasaṭa, ↗bisāṭ, ↗mabsūṭ, ↗ʔubsūṭaẗ, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√BSṬ.

mabsūṭ مَبْسُوط

ID 076 • Sw – • BP 4654 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BSṬ

adj.

1a extended, outstretched; b spread out; c extensive, large, sizeable; d detailed, elaborate (book); 2 cheerful, happy, gay; feeling well, in good health; 3 (TunAr) well-to-do – WehrCowan1979.

▪ PP I, from ↗basaṭa
▪ …

▪ …

▪ ↗basaṭa
▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗basaṭa, ↗ĭnbasaṭa, ↗bisāṭ, ↗basīṭ, ↗ʔubsūṭaẗ, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√BSṬ.

ʔubsūṭaẗ أُبْسوطة , pl. ʔabāsīṭᵘ

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021, last updated 4Oct2022

√BSṬ

n.f.

rim, felly (of a wheel) – WehrCowen1976

▪ …

.

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗basaṭa, ↗ĭnbasaṭa, ↗bisāṭ, ↗basīṭ, ↗mabsūṭ, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√BSṬ.

BSQ بسق

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 3Mar2023

√BSQ

“root”

▪ BSQ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ BSQ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ BSQ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘tall, lofty, towering, to surpass’

▪ …

–

.

–

BSL بسل

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BSL

“root”

▪ BSL_1 ‘to be brave, fearless, intrepid’ ↗basula
▪ BSL_2 ‘peas’ ↗bisillaẗ

Other values, now obsolete:

▪ ^†BSL_3 ‘to become sour’: basala, u (busūl)

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘hardship; ugly countenance; to be reckless, to dare death, to fight fiercely; to be made responsible for one’s bad deeds; imprisoning; courage’

▪ …

▪ Bergsträsser1928: (*‘ripe, done’) Akk bašlu, Hbr bāšēl, Syr (bšl e (a) ‘to ripen’), Gz bsl a (e).
▪ DRS 2 (1994) #BSL-1 Ar basula ‘être brave’, basala ‘prendre un air sévère; aigrir (lait), fermenter, se gâter’. La rac. est certainement liée à d’autres qui n’en diffèrent que par la nature et la place de la liquide : BNS, BSR. -2 basala ‘payer un exorciseur’. -3 Akk bassil(a)t- ‘mouchoir de tête (?)’.
▪ DRS 2 (1994) #BŠL: Akk bašālu ‘être cuit, mûr’, Hbr bāšal ‘être cuit, mûr’; PehlAram bšl ‘cuire’; JudPal bᵊšal, bᵊšīl, Syr bᵊšel ‘être mûr; Aysor bāšil ‘être cuit, mûr’; Mnd bašla ‘maturité’; Ar ʔabsala ‘cuire des dattes non mûres’; SAr bšl ‘faire une offrande’, Soq béhel ‘être cuit’, behel ‘cuit’; Śḥr bisil ‘mûr, cuit’; Gz basala ‘être cuit’; Te bäšlä, Tña Amh bässälä ‘être cuit, mûr’. – Il faut sans doute comp. SAr mbšl ‘autel’ d’ap. Hbr mᵊbaššᵊlōt ‘pyrées’. LandbergZetterstein1942 rapproche de SAr bšl ‘faire une offrande’; Ar bédouin de Syrie buslaẗ ‘don, cadeau’.
...

…

basul‑ بسل , u (basālaẗ)

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BSL

vb., I

to be brave, fearless, intrepid – WehrCowan1976.

^†basala, u (busūl), vb. I, to become sour.

▪ As for the semantic connection between the old meaning ‘to become sour’ and the newer ‘to be courageous’, Lane I (1863) suggested that ‘to become sour’ was secondary, said of milk in analogy to the meaning ‘to frown, contract one’s face; to look sternly’ (cf. V), among other reasons ‘by reason of courage, or of anger; to be displeasing, or odious’.
▪ The fact that the meaning ‘to be courageous’ is not found in other Sem langs suggests that it is an Arab innovation and that the Arab philologists’ etymology, preserved in Lane I (1863), is wrong: it was not the sternly looking man’s face after which sour milk was called, but the sour milk from which the meaning was transferred to humans.

▪ …

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #BSL-1 Ar basula ‘être brave’, basala ‘prendre un air sévère; aigrir (lait), fermenter, se gâter’. La rac. est certainement liée à d’autres qui n’en diffèrent que par la nature et la place de la liquide : BNS, BSR.
▪ …

See section CONC, above.

…

►tabassala, vb. V, to scowl, glower.
►ĭstabsala, vb. X, to be reckless, defy death.

►basālaẗ, n.f., courage, intrepidity: vn. I.
►ĭstibsāl, n., death defiance: vn. X.
►bāsil, pl. busalāʔᵘ, bawāsilᵘ, adj., brave, fearless, intrepid: PA I.
►mustabsil, adj., death‑defying, heroic: PA X.

bisillà بِسِلَّى , var. bisillaẗ, bizillaẗ, bazillaẗ

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BSL

n.f.

peas – WehrCowan1976.

From It piselli ‘small peas’ < Lat pisum ‘pea’.

▪ …

…

See sections CONC and WEST.

▪ Not from Ar bisillaẗ, but ultimately from the same source is Engl pea(s): e/mC17, from mEngl pease (pl. pesen), which was both single and collective (as wheat, corn) but the /s/ sound was mistaken for the pl. inflection; from oEngl (WSaxon) pise, (Mercian) poise ‘pea’, from lLat pisa, var. of pisum ‘pea’, prob. a loan-word from Grk pison ‘the pea’, a word of unknown origin (Thracian? Phrygian?) – EtymOnline.

–

BSM بسم

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 3Mar2023

√BSM

“root”

▪ BSM_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ BSM_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ BSM_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to smile; to bloom; (of clouds) to display a faint flash of lightning; white teeth’

▪ …

–

.

–

BŠR بشر

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BŠR

“root”

▪ BŠR_1 ‘(to announce) good news’ ↗BŠR_1
▪ BŠR_2 ‘to scrape, peel; skin, (flesh); man, mankind; to get in direct contact; to initiate’ ↗BŠR_2

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘skin; to skin; to be in skin-to-skin contact, to be intimate with one’s wife; first signs, to give good tidings, good tidings, a hum.a n being’

Homonymous root with two principle values.

–

▪ Both WehrCowan1979 and DRS 2 (1994) differentiate between two main values, BŠR_1 and BŠR_2.
▪ However, Lane I (1863) reports that Arab lexicographers think that there is a connection between ‘good news’ (BŠR_1) and ‘skin’ (BŠR_2), interpreting the vb. bašira a / bašara i as »He became changed in his bašaraẗ (or ‘complexion’) by the annunciation of an event […] and, hence, he rejoiced […]« (op.cit., s.v. bšr 1.). Furthermore, most of them think (as also DRS ) that ‘skin’ is related to ‘man, mankind’ as well as to ‘having direct contact’ (see BŠR_2).

–

¹BŠR بشر

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BŠR_1

“root”

Since it is difficult to decide what was first – a vb. ‘to announce good news’ or a n. ‘good news’, or ‘joy’ –, the present lemma functions as if it were a disambiguation entry. For items belonging to the theme, see below, section “Derivatives".

▪ Jeffery1938, 79-80 (on baššara, in the Qurʔān): »The probabilities are that the word was an early borrowing and taken direct from the Jews, though in the sense of ‘to preach’ the influence was probably Syriac.«
▪ According to Orel&Stolbova1994#361, the NSem words from which the Ar items seem to be derived, go back to a Sem *b˅ŝir‑ ‘to announce (good news)’, which in turn may be from an AfrAs vb. *b˅ĉir‑ ‘to announce’.

baššara : ▪ eC7 Of frequent occurrence in the Qurʔān, cf. ii, 23; iii, 20; iv, 137, etc. ʻto announce good news’.

▪ Bergsträsser1928: Akk bsr, Hbr bśr, Aram sbr (metath.), Ar baššara, Gz bsr (caus.) ‘frohe Botschaft bringen’.
▪ DRS 2 (1994)#BŚR-1: Akk bussuru, Ug bšr, JP bᵉśar, bᵉsar, Ar baššara, SAr tbśr, Soq bśr, Mhr bīšár, Gz ʔabsara, Te bäššärä, Amh abässärä ‘annoncer (une bonne nouvelle)’; Akk bussurt‑ , Ug bšr, bšrt, Hbr bᵉśōrā, JP bᵉsortā, Syr (avec métathèse) sᵉbartā, nSyr (pl.) bašārāt, Ar bišāraẗ, Gz bəsrāt ‘bonne nouvelle’; SAr tbšr(n) ‘révélation’.
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#361: Akk bašāru, Ug bšr, Hbr bŝr, Aram (Palest) beŝar, SAr tbŝr, Soq bsr, Ḥrs abēśer, Mhr abōśer, Śḥr ōśer. – Outside Sem, there are parallels in a number of Berb languages (i-βdər, i-bdər, Kby yəβḍər); the common ancestor may be reconstructed as Berb *b˅c̣˅r‑ ‘to announce’ (reflecting earlier *‑ć̣‑).

▪ Jeffery1938, 79-80: Apart from items belonging to BŠR_2, there are also many that belong to another theme: »ʻto announce, good tidings’. Thus we have the verb baššara as above; bušrā ʻgood news’ (ii, 91; iii, 122; viii, 10, etc.); bašīr (v, 22; vii, 188, etc.), and bušr (vii, 55; xxv, 50, etc.) ʻthe bringer of good tidings’: also mubaššir (ii, 209, etc.) with much the same meaning; ʔabšara (xli, 30) ʻto receive pleasure from good tidings’: and mustabšir (lxxx, 39) ʻrejoicing’. This use, however, seems not to be original in Ar but derived from the older religions. Thus Akk bussuru is ʻto bear a joyful message’: Hbr BŚR both ʻto bear good tidings’ and ʻto gladden with good tidings’: hiṯbaśśēr ‘to receive good tidings’.²⁷ – The SSem use of the word seems to be entirely under the influence of this Jewish usage. In Eth the various forms basara ʻto bring a joyful message’, ʔabsara ʻto bring good tidings’, tabasara ʻto be announced’, bəsarāt ʻgood news’, ʔabsār ʻone who announces good tidings’, are all late and doubtless under the influence of the Bible. So the SAr tbs²r ʻto bring tidings’ and bs²rn ʻtidings’ (cf. ZDMG, xxx, 672; WZKM (1896), p. 290; Rossini, Glossarium, 119), are to be considered of the same origin, especially when we remember that the use of [SAr] bs²rn is in the Raḥmān inscription. The Syr sbr has suffered metathesis, but in the Christian Palestinian dialect we find bsr ʻto preach’, used just as baššara in iii, 20; ix, 34, etc., and so basūrā = [Grk] euangélion, where again the influence is undoubtedly Jewish. – The probabilities are that the word was an early borrowing and taken direct from the Jews, though in the sense of to preach the influence was probably Syriac.²⁸ «
▪ DRS 2 (1994)#BŚR-1: Ar bišāraẗ < Aram or > nSyr ?
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#361: The NSem forms (from which Ar seems to be borrowed) probably go back to Sem *b˅ŝir‑ ‘to announce (good news)’, which in turn may have developed from an AfrAs vb. *b˅ĉir‑ ‘to announce’ as the origin of both the Sem and Berb forms. The reconstruction however is slightly doubtful, the authors add, because available data display an irregular correspondence of affricates.

27. Also [Hbr] bᵊśārā ‘tidings’ = Ar bušrà and bišāraẗ, which latter, however, is not Qurʔānic. Cf. also now the Ras Shamra בשר ‘to bring good news.’ 28. As probably the Phlv basarīā, PPGl, 95.

–

► bašara, i, var. bašira, a, vb. I, to rejoice, be delighted: denominative or itself the etymon?
► ^BP#4466baššara, vb. II, to announce (as a good news); to forecast (sth good), give good prospect; to spread, propagate, preach (sth, a religion, a doctrine): denominative (from ?) or itself the etymon (after having been loaned from NSem)?.
► ʔabšara, vb. IV, to rejoice (at a good news): probably denominative (from ?).
► ĭstabšara, vb. X, to rejoice, be delighted, be happy (esp. at good news), welcome; to take as a good omen: autobenefactive, probably from a noun like bišr or bušr.

► bišr, n., joy: deverbative or itself the etymon of the verbs?
► bušr, n., glad tidings: deverbative, or itself the etymon of the verbs?
► bušrà, pl. bušrayāt, n., glad tidings, good news: a loan from Aram?
► bašīr, pl. bušarāʔᵘ, n., bringer of glad tidings, messenger, herald, harbinger, forerunner, precursor; evangelist (Chr.): ?
► bišāraẗ, pl. bašāʔirᵘ, n., good news, glad tidings; annunciation, prophesy; gospel; pl. good omens, propitious signs: possibly < Aram.
► bušāraẗ, n.f., gift to a bringer of glad tidings:.
► tabšīr, n., announcement (of glad tidings); preaching of the Gospel; evangelization, missionary activity: vn. II.
► tabšīrī, adj./n., missionary: nsb-adj from tabšīr.
► tabāšīrᵘ, n.pl., foretokens, prognostics, omens, first signs or indications, heralds (fig.); beginnings, dawn: pl. of tabšīr.
► mubaššir, pl. ‑ūn, n., announcer, messenger (of glad tidings); evangelist (Chr.); preacher; missionary (Chr.): lexicalized PA II.
► mustabšir, adj., happy, cheerful: lexicalized PA X.

For the semantic complexes ‘scrape, peel; skin’ (bašaraẗ, mibšaraẗ, mabšūr) as well as ‘pursuit, practice’ and ‘directness, immediateness’ (bāšara, mubāšaraẗ, mubāšir) see ↗BŠR_2.

²BŠR بشر

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BŠR_2

“root”

▪ BŠR_2a ‘skin’ ↗bašaraẗ .
▪ BŠR_2b ‘to touch, be in direct contact with s.o.; to have sexual intercourse; to initiate’ ↗bāšara .
▪ BŠR_2c ‘man, mankind’ ↗bašar .

▪ Ultimately, the items of this entry all go well back to Sem *baśar‑ ‘skin, flesh’ (as reconstructed by DRS 2 (1994)).
▪ BŠR_2b ‘to touch, be in direct contact with s.o.; to have sexual intercourse’ < *‘to have skin-to-skin contact’.
▪ The Sem cognates suggest that also BŠR_2c ‘man, mankind’ belongs here and is thus akin to bašaraẗ ‘skin’.

▪ eC7 Q

DRS 2 (1994)#BŚR-2: Ug bšr, Hbr baśār ‘chair’; Pun bšr ‘enfant, descendant’; JP bᵉśar, bᵉsar, biśrā, bisrā, Syr besrā, Mand bisra, nSyr bisra, pisra ‘chair’; Ar bašar ‘peau’, SAr bśr ‘peau’ ou ‘chair’, Gz bāsor, Har Gur bäsär ‘chair’; Ar bašara ‘racler (une peau)’; ? Te bašur ‘selle de mariée’. – Ar bašara ‘avoir commerce charnel avec’, ‘avoir un contact immédiat avec, entreprendre personnellement, surveiller de près (un travail)’; ? nSyr *mbašir ‘savoir faire, se tirer d’affaire, être habile’, bašrānā ‘habile’.

▪ Lane I (1863) gives the opinion of some Arab lexicographers that the meaning ‘man, mankind’ of bašar »is a secondary application of the word […], i.e., this signification is tropical« and that »a human being is thus called because his bašaraẗ [‘skin’] is bare of hair and of wool« (s.v. bašar).
▪ Furthermore, Lane mentions that Arab lexicographers suggest a connexion between ‘good news’ (BŠR_1) and ‘skin’ (BŠR_2) in that they interpret [the vb.] bašira a / bašara i as »he became changed in his bašaraẗ (or >complexion) by the annunciation of an event […] and, hence, he rejoiced […]« (op.cit., s.v. bšr 1.).
▪ Jeffery1938, 79-80: »The primitive verb bašara ʻto peel off bark’ [↗BŠR_2 ], then ʻto remove the surface of a thing’, i.e. to ʻsmooth’, is not found in the Qurʔān, though it occurs in the old literature. From this we find bašar un ‘skin’ and thence ʻflesh’, as Syr besrā; Hbr bāśār ²⁹ ; Akk bišru ʻblood-relation’, whence it is an easy transition to the meaning ʻman’, cf. Hbr bāśār; Syr bar bisrā (pl. banī bisrā = [Grk] ánthrōpoi). bašar^un in this sense occurs frequently in the Qurʔān³⁰ and Ahrens, Christliches, 38, thinks it is of Aramaic origin. – The wider use of the root in the Qurʔān, however, is in the sense of ʻto announce good tidings’ […]. This use, however, seems not to be original in Ar but derived from the older religions [etc., ↗BŠR_1 ].«

29. So Sab bs²r and Eth [Gz] bāsor, but these apparently developed late under Jewish or Christian influence. 30. And note bāšara ʻto go in unto a wife’ (ii, 183, only), with Hbr bāśār ‘membrum virile’ [BDB : ‘male organ of generation’ = an euphemism]; Syr bisrā ʻper euphemismum de pudendis viri et feminae.’

–

► bašara, u, vb. I, to scrape off, shave off, scratch off; to grate, shred: the proper etymon?
► bāšara, vb. III, to touch, be in direct contact with; to have sexual intercourse with; to attend, apply o.s., take up, take in hand, pursue, practice, carry out (s.th., a job, a task, etc.): properly *‘to have skin-to-skin, or flesh-to-flesh, contact with s.o.’.

► ^BP#3786bašaraẗ, n.f., outer skin, epidermis, cuticle; skin; complexion: the proper etymon?
► bašarī, adj., epidermal, skin (adj.): nsb-adj from bašaraẗ | ṭabīb b. dermatologist.
► mibšaraẗ, pl. mabāširᵘ, n., skraper, grater: n.instr.
► ^BP#1150mubāšaraẗ, n.f., pursuit practice; direct, physical cause (Isl.Law): vn. III; mubāšaratan, adv., immediately, directly: temporal acc. of vn. III, giving adv. of time.
► mabšūr: ǧubnaẗ m.aẗ shredded cheese: PP I.
► ^BP#912mubāšir, adj., direct; immediate; live (broadcast): PA III, properly *‘having skin-to-skin contact’; – (pl. ‑ūn) practitioner, pursuer, operator; director; manager (Eg.); court usher (Syr.): nominalized PA III.

For bašar ‘man, mankind’, ^BP#1120bašarī ‘human’, and ^BP#2953bašariyyaẗ ‘mankind’ ↗bašar.

For the theme ‘(to announce) good news’ cf. ↗BŠR_1.

bāšar‑ باشر

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BŠR

vb., III

to touch, be in direct contact with; to have sexual intercourse with; to attend, apply o.s., take up, take in hand, pursue, practice, carry out (sth, a job, a task, etc.) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ From bašaraẗ < Sem *bašar‑ ‘skin, flesh’, the original meaning thus being *‘to have skin-to-skin contact’

▪ …

See ↗BŠR_2.

Lane I 1863 gives the Arab lexicographers’ interpretation: in the phrase bāšara ‘l-marʔaẗ, the word means »He was, or became, in contact with the woman, skin to skin […,] he enjoyed [contact with] her skin […,] he became in contact with her, skin to skin both being within one garment, or piece of cloth […,] he lay with her, [skin to skin, or in the sense of] inivit eam «. – In the phrase bāšara ‘l-ʔamr, the meaning »He superintended, managed, or conducted, the affair himself, or in his own person« is interpreted »properly« as »he managed, or conducted, the affair with hisbašaraẗ, i.e., his own hand […] and hence a later application of the verb in the sense of […] ↗lāḥaẓa he regarded, or attended to, the thing, or affair, &c.« (ibid., s.v. bšr 3.).

–

► ^BP#1150mubāšaraẗ, n.f., pursuit practice; direct, physical cause (Isl.Law): vn. III; mubāšaratan, adv., immediately, directly: temporal acc. of vn. III, giving adv. of time.
► ^BP#912mubāšir, adj., direct; immediate; live (broadcast): PA III; – (pl. ‑ūn) practitioner, pursuer, operator; director; manager (Eg.); court usher (Syr.): nominalized PA III.

bašar بشر

ID … • Sw – • BP 1068 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BŠR

n.

man, human being; men, mankind – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Kogan2011: It seems that the word for ‘man, human being; men, mankind’ is akin to bašaraẗ ‘skin’ and ultimately goes back to protWSem *baśar‑ ‘skin, flesh, meat’. The original sense then would be *‘the being(s) with skin/flesh’.

▪ eC7 Q

DRS 2 (1994)#BŚR-2: Ug bšr, Hbr baśār ‘chair’; Pun bšr ‘enfant, descendant’; JP bᵉśar, bᵉsar, biśrā, bisrā, Syr besrā, Mand bisra, nSyr bisra, pisra ‘chair’; Ar bašar ‘peau’, SAr bśr ‘peau’ ou ‘chair’, Gz bāsor, Har Gur bäsär ‘chair’; Ar bašara ‘racler (une peau)’; ? Te bašur ‘selle de mariée’. – Ar bašara ‘avoir commerce charnel avec’, ‘avoir un contact immédiat avec, entreprendre personnellement, surveiller de près (un travail)’; ? nSyr *mbašir ‘savoir faire, se tirer d’affaire, être habile’, bašrānā ‘habile’.

▪ The Sem cognates suggest that bašar ‘man, mankind’ and bašaraẗ ‘skin’ are semantically related. Lane I 1863 gives the opinion of some lexicographers that bašar is »a secondary application of the word […], i.e., this signification is tropical; or, as some say, the word is so much used in this sense as to be, so used, conventionally regarded as proper; the sense not depending upon its having another word connected with it: but […] by the generality of authors, this signification is given as proper. […] Some say that a human being is thus called because his bašaraẗ [‘skin’] is bare of hair and of wool« (s.v. bašar). Furthermore, he mentions that Arab lexicographers suggest a connexion between ‘good news’ (bšr_1) and ‘skin’ (bšr_2) in that they interpret the vb. bašira a / bašara i as »He became changed in his bašaraẗ (or ‘complexion’) by the annunciation of an event […] and hence, he rejoiced […]« (op.cit., s.v. bšr 1.).
▪ DRS 2 (1994)#BŚR-2: From Sem *baśar‑ ‘skin, flesh’.

–

► ^BP#1120bašarī, adj., human: nsb-adj; n., human being: nominalized nsb-adj. – See also ↗bšr_2.
► ^BP#2953bašariyyaẗ, n., humankind, human race: n.abstr. in ‑iyyaẗ.

For the semantic complexes ‘scrape, peel; skin’ (bašaraẗ, mibšaraẗ, mabšūr) as well as ‘pursuit, practice’ and ‘directness, immediateness’ (bāšara, mubāšaraẗ, mubāšir) ↗BŠR_2.

For all items connected to the value ‘(to announce) good news’ ↗BŠR_1.

bašariyyaẗ بَشَرِيّة

Sw – • NahḍCon • BP 2953 • APD … • © SG | created 31May2023

√BŠR

n.f.

mankind

▪ …abstr. formation in -iyyaẗ

.

bašaraẗ بَشَرَة

ID 078 • Sw –/137 • BP 3786 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BŠR

n.f.

outer skin, epidermis, cuticle; skin; complexion – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

↗BŠR_2.

–

► bašara, u, vb. I, to scrape off, shave off, scratch off; to grate, shred: derived from lemma, or vice the lemma’s proper etymon?
► bāšara, vb. III, to touch, be in direct contact with; to have sexual intercourse with; to attend, apply o.s., take up, take in hand, pursue, practice, carry out (s.th., a job, a task, etc.): properly *‘to have skin-to-skin, or flesh-to-flesh, contact with s.o.’.

► bašarī, adj., epidermal, skin (adj.): nsb-adj from bašaraẗ | ṭabīb b. dermatologist.
► mibšaraẗ, pl. mabāširᵘ, n., skraper, grater: n.instr.
► ^BP#1150mubāšaraẗ, n.f., pursuit practice; direct, physical cause (Isl.Law): vn. III; mubāšaratan, adv., immediately, directly: temporal acc. of vn. III, giving adv. of time.
► mabšūr, adj.: ǧubnaẗ m.aẗ shredded cheese: PP I.
► ^BP#912mubāšir, adj., direct; immediate; live (broadcast): PA III, properly *‘having skin-to-skin contact’; – (pl. ‑ūn) practitioner, pursuer, operator; director; manager (Eg.); court usher (Syr.): nominalized PA III.

For bašar ‘man, mankind’, ^BP#1120bašarī ‘human’, and ^BP#2953bašariyyaẗ ‘mankind’ ↗bašar.

For the theme ‘(to announce) good news’ cf. ↗BŠR_1.

BṢR بصر

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BṢR

“root”

▪ BṢR_1 ‘to be endowed with eyesight, to see clearly’ ↗baṣ˅ra
▪ BṢR_2 ‘a kind of porridge made of green beans’ ↗biṣāraẗ
▪ BṢR_3 ‘Basra’ (port in Iraq) ↗al-Baṣraẗ

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘eyesight, to see; to comprehend, to realize; proof, sign, eye opener; to warn, to guide; to reflect, to ponder’

▪
▪…

–

▪ DRS 2 (1994)#BṢR–1 nHbr *bāṣar ‘être raccourci, être diminué’, JP Syr bᵉṣar, Mand bṣar, Aysor bāṣir ‘être diminué, petit, peu’; (Ur.) baṣūrā ‘inférieur’; Mand bᵉṣīr ‘peu’; ?Ar baṣara ‘trancher (sabre) (?)’. –2 Ar baṣīr ‘sang frais, sang virginal’. –3 Ug bṣr ‘tester pour pierres (?)’; Hbr ? mᵉbaṣṣēr ‘testeur pour l’or’, beṣer ‘or’, Ar baṣura ‘être doué de la vue’, baṣar ‘vue’. –4 Ug bṣr ‘prende l’essor’; Hbr ? yibbaṣṣēr ‘être inaccessible, impossible’, nHbr beṣer ‘forteresse’. –5 Ar buṣr ‘bord, lisière, frange’. –6 Ar baṣr ‘terrain calcaire’.
▪ …

▪ Neither (Eg)Ar biṣāraẗ (BṢR_2) nor the name of the city of Baṣraẗ (BṢR_3) are mentioned in DRS. Apart from these, Lane lists also the items (all now obsolete) ^†baṣara u (baṣr) (al-ʔadīmayn) ‘to put together, sew together’ and ^†buṣr ‘thickness (of s.th.); cotton’.
▪ Out of these many values, only three have survived into MSA. The main complex is BṢR_1 ‘to be endowed with eyesight, to see clearly’, which has many semantic derivatives. Among these one may perhaps also group what in DRS is thought to be a distinct item (#BṢR-2), ^†baṣīr ‘sang frais, sang virginal’; for the f. form, ^†baṣīraẗ, at least, ClassAr lexicographers give (among other values) ‘evidence, testimony, proof, argument’, »and hence« ‘blood by which one is directed to an animal that has been shot,…, blood of a virgin,…, fine for homicide’; ‘witness’; ‘shield’; ‘oblong piece of cloth’ (Lane). Denominative from this are also ^†baṣṣara (arrows) ‘to besmear (with blood, ^†baṣīraẗ)’ or ‘to strengthen and fasten (with glue)’; ‘to hang upon the door of o.’s dwelling a ^†baṣīraẗ, i.e., an oblong piece of cotton or other cloth’.
▪ buṣāraẗ (BṢR_2), if appearing in MSA texts, is taken from EgAr, for which a Copt / Eg etymology has been suggested (see s.v.).
▪ Baṣraẗ belongs perhaps to DRS #BṢR-6 Ar ^†baṣr ‘terrain calcaire’, (Lane:) ^†baṣraẗ ‘soft stones, rugged ground, land that is as though it were a mountain of gypsum’. Popular etymology often derives it from baṣura, interpreting the name as ‘the overlooking one’. Also Pers and Aram etymologies have been suggested (see s.v.).

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baṣ˅r‑ :
▪ baṣur‑ بَصُرَ u (baṣar), and
▪ baṣir‑ بَصِرَ a (baṣar)

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BṢR

vb., I

to look, see; to realize, understand, comprehend, grasp (bi‑ s.th.)

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▪ eC7 Accord. to Badawi/AbdelHaleem2003, of this root, 14 forms occur 48 times in Q; some examples: baṣura 1 (to see, comprehend, to gain knowledge of something) 20:96 baṣurtu bi-mā lam yabṣurū bihī ‘he said, “I saw what they did not see [or: I have gained insight into something which they were unable to see]”’, 2 (to keep an eye on, to watch over) 28:11 wa-qālat li-ʔuḫti-hī quṣṣī-hi fa-baṣurat bi-hī ʕan ǧunubin wa-hum lā yašʕurūn ‘and she said to his sister “Track him,” so she watched him from a distance while they were unaware’; ʔabṣara 1 (to see) 7:179 wa-lahum ʔaʕyunun lā yubṣirūna bi-hā ‘they have eyes they do not see with’, 2 (to comprehend, to understand) 28:72 man ʔilāhun ġayru ’ḷḷāhi yaʔtī-kum bi-laylin taskunūna fīhi ʔa-fa-lā tubṣirūna ‘what god other than He could give you night in which to rest?, do you not comprehend?’, 3 (to find guidance) 6:104 qad ǧāʔa-kum baṣāʔiru min rabbi-kum fa-man ʔabṣara fa-li-nafsi-hī ‘ clear proofs have come to you from your Lord—so whoever finds guidance, it is for himself’; baṣīraẗ 1 (clear evidence, sure knowledge) 12:108 ʔadʕū ʔilā ’ḷḷāhi ʕalā baṣīratin ‘I call to God with sure knowledge’, 2 (witness, overseer) 75:14 bal-i ’l-ʔinsānu ʕalā nafsi-hī baṣīratun ‘truly, man is a [clear] witness against himself [in another interpretation: there is an observer observing him]’; tabṣiraẗ (providing insight, showing the way, eyesight) 50:8 tabṣiratun wa-ḏikrā li-kulli ʕabdin munībin ‘as an eye-opener and a reminder for every servant who turns to God’; baṣar (eyesight, eyes, sight, vision, sense of sight) 6:103 lā tudriku-hū ’l-ʔabṣāru wa-huwa yudriku ’l-ʔabṣāra ‘vision cannot encompass Him, but He encompasses all visions’

▪ DRS 2 (1994)#BṢR-3: Ug bṣr ‘tester pour pierres (?)’; Hbr ? mᵉbaṣṣēr ‘testeur pour l’or’, beṣer ‘or’, Ar baṣura ‘être doué de la vue’, baṣar ‘vue’.

▪ On baṣura may also depend the ClassAr word ^†baṣīr ‘sang frais, sang virginal’. For the f., ^†baṣīraẗ, ClassAr lexicographers give (among other values) ‘evidence, testimony, proof, argument’, »and hence« ‘blood by which one is directed to an animal that has been shot,…, blood of a virgin,…, fine for homicide’; ‘witness’; ‘shield’; ‘oblong piece of cloth’ (Lane). Denominative from this are also ^†baṣṣara (arrows) ‘to besmear (with blood, ^†baṣīraẗ)’ or ‘to strengthen and fasten (with glue)’; ‘to hang upon the door of o.’s dwelling a ^†baṣīraẗ, i.e., an oblong piece of cotton or other cloth’.

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► baṣṣara, vb. II, to make (s.o.) see, understand or realize (DO or bi‑ s.th.), make aware (of s.th.); to enlighten; to tell, inform (s.o., DO or bi‑ about): caus.
► ʔabṣara, vb. IV, to see, catch sight of, behold, discern, perceive; to notice, observe; to make out, recognize; to try to discern or perceive: denom. from baṣar ?
► tabaṣṣara, vb. V, to envisage, regard (fī s.th.); to try to get an insight (fī in); to consider, ponder (fī s.th.), reflect on; to gain or have a keen insight: autobenef./refl.
► ĭstabṣara, vb. X, to have the faculty of visual perception, be able to see; to be endowed with reason, be rational, reasonable, intelligent; to reflect (fī on s.th.), ponder (fī s.th.): denom. from baṣar ?

► ^BP#2385baṣar, pl. ʔabṣār, n., vision, eyesight; glance, look; insight; sight, discernment, perception: vn. I, or the etymon proper? | qaṣīr al-~, adj., shortsighted, myopic; lamḥ al-~, glance of the eye; ka‑, fī, dūna, fī ʔaqalli min lamḥ al-~, adv., in the twinkling of an eye, in a moment, in a flash, instantly; ʕalà madà ’l-~, adv., within sight; la-hū ~ fī, he is knowledgeable in, he is familiar with; ʔūlū ’l-ʔabsār, n.pl., people with deep insight.
► ^BP#4425baṣarī, adj., optic(al), visual, ocular: nsb-adj from baṣar.
► baṣariyyāt, n.pl., optics: abstr. in iyyaẗ from baṣar.
► baṣāraẗ, n.f., perception, discernment; perspicacity, acuteness of the mind, sharp-wittedness:.
► baṣīr, pl. buṣarāʔᵘ, adj., endowed with eyesight; acutely aware (bi‑ of), having insight (bi‑ into); possessing knowledge or understanding (bi‑ of), discerning, discriminating, versed, knowledgeable, proficient (bi‑ in), acquainted (bi‑ with s.th.): quasi-PP I.
► baṣīraẗ, pl. baṣāʔirᵘ, n., (keen) insight, penetration, discernment, understanding, (power of) mental perception, mental vision: quasi-PP I f. used as n.abstr. | ʕan ~, adv., deliberately, knowingly; kāna ʕalà ~in min, vb., to have insight into s.th., be informed about s.th.; nāfiḏ al-~, adj., discerning, clear-sighted, perspicacious, sharp-witted; nafāḏ al-~, n., sharp discernment, perspicacity.
► ʔabṣarᵘ, adj., more discerning: elat.
► tabṣiraẗ, n.f., enlightenment; instruction, information: n.abstr. of the tafʕilaẗ pattern.
► ʔibṣār, n., vision, sight, visual perception: vn. IV | ~ muzdawiǧ, n., diplopia (med.).
► tabaṣṣur, n., reflection, consideration; penetration, clear-sightedness, perspicacity: vn. V.
► ĭstibṣār, n., insight (psych.): vn. X.
► bāṣiraẗ, pl. bawāṣirᵘ, n., eye: f. of PA.f. (*‘the seeing one’).

biṣāraẗ بِصارة , var. EgArbuṣāraẗ

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BṢR

n.f.

(EgAr) a kind of porridge made of green beans, boiled with onions, garlic, parsley, etc. – WehrCowan1979.

Perhaps from Eg ps-wr ‘very cooked’ or from ps ‘cooking’ + i͗wryt ‘beans’ (Youssef2003).

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…

▪ Youssef2003: perhaps from Eg ps-wr ‘very cooked’ or from ps ‘cooking’ + i͗wryt ‘beans’

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al-Baṣraẗ البَصْرة

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BṢR

n.prop.loc., f.

Basra (port in S Iraq) - WehrCowan1979.

▪ EI², art. »al-Baṣra« (S.H. Longrikk): »probably derived from the nature of the soil«

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DRS 2 (1994)#BṢR-6 baṣr ‘terrain calcaire’. Cf. also (Lane:) ^†baṣraẗ ‘soft stones, rugged ground, land that is as though it were a mountain of gypsum’

▪ If S.H. Longrikk (art. »al-Baṣra«, in EI²) is right and the name of the city is »probably derived from the nature of the soil«, then one would have to see it together with ClassAr ^†baṣraẗ ‘soft stones, rugged ground, land that is as though it were a mountain of gypsum’ and/or ʔarḍ baṣiraẗ ‘land in which are stones that cut the hoofs of beasts’ (Lane).
▪ The value ‘terrain calcaire’ is listed in DRS 2 (1994) as #BṢR-6, but without mentioning Basra.
▪ Popular etymology explains the name as ‘the over-watching’, ‘the one seeing everything’ (from ↗baṣ˅ra ‘to see’). On the Internet, other etymologies can be found (from an allegedly Pers bas-rāh [sic!] ‘where many paths meet’, ‘where many ways come together’, or allegedly Aram basratha [sic!] ‘place of huts, settlement’ – e.g., en.wiki). None of these are reliable.
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BṢL بصل

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BṢL

“root”

▪ BṢL_1 ‘onion’ ↗baṣal
▪ BṢL_2 ‘compass’ ↗būṣalaẗ

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘onion, multi-layered’

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▪ DRS 2 (1994) #BṢL, 1 Aram bᵊṣal ‘peler, fendre’; Ar baṣṣala ‘peler’; Gz baṣṣala ‘déchirer’. 2 Akk bisr-, bišr- ‘poireau’; Hbr (pl.) bᵊṣālīm, JP buṣlā, baṣlā, Syr beṣlā, Ar baṣal, SAr Soq bṣl, biṣle, Mhr beṣalôt, Gz baṣal, Te bäṣäl ‘oignon’. -3 Soq beṣílleh ‘huile rosat’. -4 Te (tə)bäṣṣälä ‘se fatiguer de’, bəṣṣul ‘dégoûté, paresseux’. -5 Akk baṣillat-: instrument de musique.
▪ BṢL_1: Outside Sem, Borg2021#38 (b-ṣ-l) compares Dem mḏ(w)l ‘onion’ (DG 195) ~ Copt ⲙϫⲱⲗ/ⲉⲙϫⲱⲗ ‘onion’ (Crum 1939: 213b)).
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baṣal بَصَل

ID 079 • Sw – • BP 4300 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BṢL

n.coll. (n.u. ‑aẗ)

1 onion(s); 2 bulb(s) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Kogan2011: from protWSem *baṣal‑ ‘onion’.
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▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#322: Hbr bāṣāl, ‎Syr beṣlō, SAr bṣl, Ḥrs beṣel, Mhr beṣāl, Śḥr beṣal. Outside Sem: ? ḅušal ‘kind ‎of grass’ in a WCh language.
▪ DRS 2 (1994) #BṢL, 1 Aram bᵊṣal ‘peler, fendre’; Ar baṣṣala ‘peler’; Gz baṣṣala ‘déchirer’. 2 Akk bisr-, bišr- ‘poireau’; Hbr (pl.) bᵊṣālīm, JP buṣlā, baṣlā, Syr beṣlā, Ar baṣal, SAr Soq bṣl, biṣle, Mhr beṣalôt, Gz baṣal, Te bäṣäl ‘oignon’. -3-5 […].
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▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#322: Given the cognates in several Sem languages, it is safe to ‎assume that the word goes back to Sem *baṣal‑ ‘onion’. Outside Sem, only the word ḅušal ‘kind ‎of grass’ in a WCh language seems to be a possible correspondence (the authors reconstruct: ḅušal < WCh *ḅucal < *buc̣al, with shift of emphatization). If this is to be accepted, the AfrAs ‎ancestor of the Sem and WCh forms may be reconstructed as AfrAs *buc̣al‑ ‘plant’.³¹ . In this case, the *a in Sem ‎‎*ba ṣal‑ can be explained as a regular sound shift, to be observed also elsewhere, from AfrAs ‎‎*u to Sem *a after a labial.
▪ Outside Sem, Borg2021#38 (b-ṣ-l) compares Dem mḏ(w)l ‘onion’ (DG 195) ~ Copt ⲙϫⲱⲗ/ⲉⲙϫⲱⲗ ‘onion’ (Crum 1939: 213b)).
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31. The ‎AfrAs word may in turn be derived from *buc̣‑ ‘sand, earth’.

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►baṣal al-faʔr, n., sea onion (Scilla verna)

►baṣalī, adj., bulbous: nsb-formation
►buṣaylaẗ, pl. -āt, ~ al-šaʕr, bulb of the hair (anat.): dimin. formation

BḌʕ بضع

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 3Mar2023

√BḌʕ

“root”

▪ BḌʕ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ BḌʕ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ BḌʕ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘flesh, lump of flesh, to slice; to be intimate with a woman; to marry; a piece of merchandise, a small number of items (from three to ten); a small flock of sheep’

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BṬḪ بطخ

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BṬḪ

“root”

▪ BṬḪ_1 ‘watermelon’ ↗baṭṭīḫ
▪ BṬḪ_2 ‘…’ ↗…

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baṭṭīḫ بَطّيخ , var. biṭṭīḫ

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021, last update 1Oct2022

√BṬḪ

n.coll. (n.u. ‑aẗ)

melon, watermelon – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Rolland2014a: from Eg biṭka ‘id.’
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DRS 2 (1994)#BṬḪ: Hbr ʔªbaṭṭīḥīm (pl.), JP ʔªbaṭṭīḥā, Syr paṭṭītḥē, baṭṭīkā ‘melon’.
▪ Outside Sem, Borg2021#39 (b-ṭ-ḫ) compares Eg bddw-kꜣ (MK) ‘watermelon’; ‘eine offizinell verwendete Pflanze oder Frucht’ (Faulkner 1962: 36; Keimer 1924 I 133; Wb I 488).
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▪ Youssef2003: from Eg bddk3 ‘watermelon’
▪ DRS 2 (1994)#BṬḪ: Syr paṭṭītḥē, baṭṭīkā is from Ar.

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►mabṭaḫaẗ, n.f., melon patch: n.instr.

BṬR بطر

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 3Mar2023

√BṬR

“root”

▪ BṬR_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ BṬR_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ BṬR_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to slash; to fail to appreciate others; to be conceited, to fail to show gratitude’

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BṬRQ بطرق

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BṬRQ

“root”

▪ BṬRQ_1 ‘patrician; Romaean general; penguin’ ↗biṭrīq
▪ BṬRQ_2 ‘…’ ↗…

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▪ DRS 2 (1994) #BṬRQ: Amh bäṭärräqä ‘fendre la tête’. Forme augmentée de BṬQ? Pour les formes Ar biṭrīq, baṭrīq ‘patrice, général en chef’ et dérivés, V. DAFA 674.
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biṭrīq بِطْريق , pl. baṭāriqaẗ, baṭārīqᵘ

ID 080 • Sw – • BP??? • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BṬRQ

n.

1 patrician; 2 Romaean general; 3 penguin (zool.) – WehrCowan1979.

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►

BṬRM بطرم

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BṬRM

“root”

▪ BṬRM_1 ‘…’ ↗baṭramān
▪ BṬRM_2 ‘…’ ↗…

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▪ DRS 2 (1994) #BṬRM, 1 Ar baṭram ‘bague à chaton’. -2 tabaṭrama ‘se montrer vulgaire’.
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baṭramān بطْرمان , pl. ‑āt

ID 081 • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BṬRM

n.

…

↗barṭamān

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BṬŠ بطش

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 3Mar2023

√BṬŠ

“root”

▪ BṬŠ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ BṬŠ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ BṬŠ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘force, attack, to seize with violence, to assault, to batter’

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BṬQ بطق

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 3Oct2022

√BṬQ

“root”

▪ BṬQ_1 ‘slip (of paper), tag; card, calling card; ticket; label’ ↗biṭāqaẗ
▪ BṬQ_ ‘…’ ↗…

▪ BṬQ_1 : from lGrk pittákion ‘tablette, billet, recu’
▪ BṬQ_ ‘…’ ↗…

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biṭāqaẗ بِطاقة , pl. -āt, baṭāʔiqᵘ

ID … • Sw – • BP1486 • APD … • © SG | 3Oct2022

√BṬQ

n.f.

slip (of paper), tag; card, calling card; ticket; label – WehrCowan1976

▪ Rolland2014a: from lGrk pittákion ‘tablette, billet, recu’, of unknown etymology.
▪ …

.

►biṭāqaẗ al-ziyāraẗ, calling card;
►biṭāqaẗ šaḫṣiyyaẗ and biṭāqaẗ al-taʕrīf, identity card;
►biṭāqaẗ al-mawādd al-ġiḏāʔiyyaẗ, biṭāqaẗ al-tamwīn, food ration card;
►biṭāqaẗ al-muʕāyadaẗ, greeting card

BṬL بطل

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021, last updated 3Mar2023

√BṬL

“root”

▪ BṬL_1 ‘to be(come) null, void, invalid, false, etc.; to cease, stop, be discontinued; to be inactive, be out of work’ ↗baṭala
▪ BṬL_2 ‘hero; brave’ ↗baṭal
▪ BṬL_ ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘falsehood, vanity; void, futile, untrue, to be false, to nullify; to be idle, idleness’ –

▪ BṬL_1 : …
▪ BṬL_2 : …
▪ BṬL_ : …

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▪ DRS 2 (1994) #BṬL-1 Akk baṭālu ‘tirer à sa fin, cesser; être sans travail’; Hbr *bāṭal (3pl. bāṭlū) ‘être sans travail’; nHbr ʔabṭālā ‘désœuvrement, indolence, frivolité’, bāṭel ‘être aboli’; JP Syr bᵊṭēl ‘cesser, finir; être sans travail’; Mnd bṭil ‘devenir inutile’; nSyr Ur *mabṭil ‘faire chômer’; Aysor bāṭil ‘être inoccupé’; Ar baṭala ‘être réduit à rien; être sans travail’; MġrAr bāṭil ‘gratis; injustement’; Śḥr bṭol ‘anéantir’; Soq bṭl ‘être enflammé’, šbṭl (caus.) ‘être désert’; Mhr habṭóul (caus.) ‘anéantir’; Gz baṭala ‘être inutile, vain; cesser, être aboli’; Te bätlä ‘être vain, inutile’; Amh bäṭṭälä ‘être gâté’, bəṭul ‘incorrect’, abäṭällälä ‘déprécier, mépriser’. -?2 Ar baṭal ‘intrépide, héroïque’, baṭula ‘être héroïque’ -?3 Syr bāṭlē ‘objet gravé, ciselé’; Amh bäṭṭälä ‘couper’, abṭäläṭṭälä ‘déchirer’, bəṭəlṭəl alä ‘être déchiré’.
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baṭal- بَطَلَ , a (buṭl, buṭlān)

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 4Oct2022

√BṬL

vb., I

1a to be or become null, void, invalid, false, untenable, vain, futile, worthless; b to be abolished, fall into disuse, become obsolete; c to cease, stop, be discontinued; d to be inactive, be out of work – WehrCowen1976

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▪ DRS 2 (1994) #BṬL-1 Akk baṭālu ‘tirer à sa fin, cesser; être sans travail’; Hbr *bāṭal (3pl bāṭlū) ‘être sans travail’; nHbr ʔabṭālā ‘désœuvrement, indolence, frivolité’, bāṭel ‘être aboli’; JP Syr bᵊṭēl ‘cesser, finir; être sans travail’; Mnd bṭil ‘devenir inutile’; nSyr Ur *mabṭil ‘faire chômer’; Aysor bāṭil ‘être inoccupé’; Ar baṭala ‘être réduit à rien; être sans travail’; MġrAr bāṭil ‘gratis; injustement’; Śḥr bṭol ‘anéantir’; Soq bṭl ‘être enflammé’, šbṭl (caus.) ‘être désert’; Mhr habṭóul (caus.) ‘anéantir’; Gz baṭala ‘être inutile, vain; cesser, être aboli’; Te bätlä ‘être vain, inutile’; Amh bäṭṭälä ‘être gâté’, bəṭul ‘incorrect’, abäṭällälä ‘déprécier, mépriser’. -?2 Ar baṭal ‘intrépide, héroïque’, baṭula ‘être héroïque’ -?3 Syr bāṭlē ‘objet gravé, ciselé’; Amh bäṭṭälä ‘couper’, abṭäläṭṭälä ‘déchirer’, bəṭəlṭəl alä ‘être déchiré’.
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►baṭṭala, vb. II, 1a to thwart, foil, frustrate, make ineffective, counteract, neutralize, nullify, invalidate (s. th.); b to abolish, cancel, annul, suppress (s.th.): D-stem, caus.
►ʔabṭala, vb. IV, 1a = II; b to paralyze, immobilize, hold down, pin down (the opponent); 2 to talk idly, prattle: *Š-stem, ¹caus., ²denom.

►buṭl, n., 1a nullity; b uselessness, futility, vanity; 2 falsity, falseness, untruth: vn. I
►^BP#2357biṭālaẗ, var. baṭālaẗ, n.f., 1 idleness, inactivity; 2 free time, time off, holidays, vacations; 3 unemployment
►baṭṭāl, pl. -ūn, adj., 1 idle, inactive; 2 unemployed, out of work: ints. formation
►buṭlān, n., 1a nullity; b uselessness, futility, vanity; 2 falsity, untruth; 3 invalidity
►ʔibṭāl, n., 1 thwarting, frustration, invalidation; 2 ruin, destruction; 3 abolition, cancellation: vn. IV
►^BP#2674bāṭil, adj., n., 1 nugatory, vain, futile; 2 false, untrue; 3 absurd, groundless, baseless; 4 worthless; 5 invalid, null, void; 6 deception, lie, falsehood; 7 pl. ʔabāṭīlᵘ, vanities, trivialities, trifles, flimflam, idle talk, prattle: PA I
►bāṭilᵃⁿ, var. bi-l-bāṭil, adv., 1 falsely; 2 futilely, in vain
►mubṭil, n., 1 prattler, windbag; 2 liar: PA IV
►mubṭal, adj., nugatory, futile, vain: PP IV
►mutabaṭṭil, adj., unemployed: PA V

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗baṭal and, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√BṬL.

baṭal بَطَل , pl. ʔabṭāl

ID 082 • Sw – • BP 871 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021, last update 4Oct2022

√BṬL

n.

1, adj., brave, heroic; 2a, n., hero; b champion, pioneer; c hero, protagonist (of a narrative, etc.), lead, star (of a play); d champion (athlet.) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Rolland2014a: of obscure etymology. Monteil reported about a hypothetical Mongolian origin. Rajki ignores the question. In any case, it would be hard to connect ‘hero, champion’ to the Sem root BṬL ‘void, nullity, uselessness’. Personal hypothesis: perh. related to medieval vulgLat battalia, battualia ‘escrime’, from lLat batt-ere ‘to beat’ (cf. battle, Fr bataille), of unknown origin.
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▪ DRS 2 (1994) #BṬL-1 Akk baṭālu ‘tirer à sa fin, cesser; être sans travail’; Hbr *bāṭal (3pl bāṭlū) ‘être sans travail’; nHbr ʔabṭālā ‘désœuvrement, indolence, frivolité’, bāṭel ‘être aboli’; JP Syr bᵊṭēl ‘cesser, finir; être sans travail’; Mnd bṭil ‘devenir inutile’; nSyr Ur *mabṭil ‘faire chômer’; Aysor bāṭil ‘être inoccupé’; Ar baṭala ‘être réduit à rien; être sans travail’; MġrAr bāṭil ‘gratis; injustement’; Śḥr bṭol ‘anéantir’; Soq bṭl ‘être enflammé’, šbṭl (caus.) ‘être désert’; Mhr habṭóul (caus.) ‘anéantir’; Gz baṭala ‘être inutile, vain; cesser, être aboli’; Te bätlä ‘être vain, inutile’; Amh bäṭṭälä ‘être gâté’, bəṭul ‘incorrect’, abäṭällälä ‘déprécier, mépriser’. -?2 Ar baṭal ‘intrépide, héroïque’, baṭula ‘être héroïque’ -?3 Syr bāṭlē ‘objet gravé, ciselé’; Amh bäṭṭälä ‘couper’, abṭäläṭṭälä ‘déchirer’, bəṭəlṭəl alä ‘être déchiré’.
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►baṭal al-ʕālam, n., world champion

►baṭula, u (baṭālaẗ, buṭūlaẗ), vb. I, to be brave, be heroic, be a hero: denom. (?)

►baṭalaẗ, n.f., 1a heroine (of a narrative), female lead, star (of a play); b woman champion (athlet.): f. of baṭal
►baṭālaẗ, n.f., bravery, valor, heroism: vn. I
►^BP#616buṭūlaẗ, n.f., 1 bravery, valor, heroism; 2a leading role, starring role (theater, film); b championship (athlet.): vn. I | ~ al-ʕālamiyyaẗ and ~ al-ʕālam, n.f., world championship (athlet.); dawr al-~, n., the part or role of the hero, leading role

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗baṭala and, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√BṬL.

BṬN بطن

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021, last updated 3Mar2023

√BṬN

“root”

▪ BṬN_1 ‘belly, stomach’ ↗baṭn
▪ BṬN_2 ‘fulling mill’ ↗bāṭān
▪ BṬN_3 ‘concrete, béton’ ↗bāṭūn
▪ BṬN_ ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘stomach, belly, the inside of anything; hidden, secret, to conceal; entourage; inner side, lining; low land’ –

▪ BṬN_1 : from Sem *baṭn- ‘stomach, belly’
▪ BṬN_2 : from Span batán
▪ BṬN_3 : from Fr béton

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▪ DRS 2 (1994) #BṬN-1 *baṭn- ‘ventre’: oCan bṭn, Hbr beṭen, EmpAram bṭn, JP baṭnā, biṭnā, Te bäṭn, Har bäṭni ‘ventre’; Pun bʔṭn ‘fût (de colonne)’ (?); JP Talm bᵊṭan ‘être enceinte’; Mnd bṭin ‘concevoir’; nSyr (Ur) Aysor bāṭin ‘être enceinte’; Liḥ baṭin ‘grossir’; Ar bāṭin ‘intérieur’, ʔabṭana ‘doubler un vêtement’, baṭṭaniyyaẗ ‘couverture doublée’; ?Soq bitan ‘laine’. -2 Aram baṭnōn ‘lyre à sept cordes’.
▪ …check Cohen1969: 397 !

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baṭn بَطْن , pl. buṭūn, ʔabṭun

ID 083 • Sw 49/10 • BP 2080 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021, last updated 4Oct2022

√BṬN

n.

1a belly, stomach, abdomen; b womb; 2 interior, inside, inner portion; 3 depth – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Kogan2011: from protCSem *baṭn‑ ‘belly’.
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▪ …

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #BṬN-1 *baṭn- ‘ventre’: oCan bṭn, Hbr beṭen, EmpAram bṭn, JP baṭnā, biṭnā, Te bäṭn, Har bäṭni ‘ventre’; Pun bʔṭn ‘fût (de colonne)’ (?); JP Talm bᵊṭan ‘être enceinte’; Mnd bṭin ‘concevoir’; nSyr (Ur) Aysor bāṭin ‘être enceinte’; Liḥ baṭin ‘grossir’; Ar bāṭin ‘intérieur’, ʔabṭana ‘doubler un vêtement’, baṭṭaniyyaẗ ‘couverture doublée’; ?Soq bitan ‘laine’. -2 […].
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►baṭn al-qadam, n., sole of the foot;
►baṭn al-kaff, n., palm of the hand;
►raqṣ al-baṭn and raqṣ al-buṭūn, n., belly dance;
►fī baṭnⁱ …, prep., in, within, in the midst of;
►fī buṭūnⁱ…, prep., inside, within, in;
►waladat baṭnᵃⁿ wāḥidᵃⁿ , expr., she gave birth only once;
►baṭnᵃⁿ li-ẓahrⁱⁿ , adv., upside down

►baṭana u (baṭn, buṭūn), to be hidden, concealed, to hide
►baṭuna u (baṭānaẗ), to be paunchy
►baṭṭana, vb. II, 1 to line (a garment, bi- s.th. with); 2 to cover the inside (bi- of s.th. with), hang, face, fill (bi- s.th. with): D-stem, applicative
►ʔabṭana, vb. IV, to hide, conceal, harbor (s.th.): *Š-stem, caus.
►tabaṭṭana, vb. V, 1 to be lined, have a lining (garment); 2 to penetrate, delve (into), become absorbed, engrossed (in): tD-stem, self-ref.
►ĭstabṭana, vb. X, 1 to penetrate, delve (into), become absorbed, engrossed (in); 2a to try to fathom (s.th.); b to fathom (s.th.), get to the bottom of; c to have profound knowledge (of s.th.), know thoroughly, know inside out (s.th.): *Št-stem, desid./request.

►baṭnī, adj., ventral, abdominal: nsb-adj.
►baṭin, adj., paunchy
►biṭnaẗ, n.f., 1 gluttony; 2 overeating, indigestion
►biṭān, pl. ʔabtinaẗ, n., girth (of a camel)
►biṭānaẗ, pl. baṭāʔinᵘ, n.f., 1 inside, inner side; 2 lining (of a garment); 3 retinue, suite, entourage | fī ~, prep., 1 among, amidst; 2 within
►baṭīn, pl. biṭān and mibṭān, adj., 1 paunchy, fat, corpulent, stout; 2 gluttonous: quasi-PP I, ints.
►buṭayn, adj., ventricle (of the heart; anat.): dimin. formation
►baṭṭāniyyaẗ, pl. -āt, baṭāṭīnᵘ, n.f., 1 cover; 2 blanket; 3 quilt
►^BP#3762bāṭin, pl. bawāṭinu, adj., 1 inner, interior, inward, inmost, intrinsic; 2 hidden, secret: PA I | ~ al-kaff, n., palm of the hand; ~ al-qadam, n., sole of the foot; fī ~ al-ʔamr, adv., at bottom, after all, really; bawāṭin al-ʔamr, n. pl., the factors, circumstances or reasons at the bottom of s.th.; bawāṭin al-ʔarḍ, n. pl., the secret depths of the earth
►al-bāṭinaẗ, n.f., coastal plain of E Oman
►bāṭinᵃⁿ, adv., inwardly, secretly
►bāṭinī, adj., internal: nsb-formation, from bāṭin | maraḍ al-~, n., internal disease; ṭibb al-~, n., internal medicine
►al-bāṭiniyyaẗ, n.f., name of a school of thought in Islam, characterized by divining a hidden, secret meaning in the revealed texts: abstr. formation in iyyaẗ, from bāṭin
►mabṭūn, adj., affected with a gastric or intestinal ailment: PP I
►mubaṭṭan, adj., 1 lined; 2 filled (bi- with): PP II

TunAr bāṭān باطان

ID - • Sw - • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021, last updated 4Oct2022

√BṬN

n.

fulling mill – WehrCowan1976

▪ Span batán

.

►baṭṭana, vb. II, to full (s.th.) (tun.): denom. (?)

BʕṮ بعث

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BʕṮ

“root”

▪ BʕṮ_1 ‘to send out’ ↗baʕaṯa
▪ BʕṮ_2 ‘resurrection’ ↗baʕṯ

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘messenger, delegation, to send; to awake, to provoke, to incite; to cause to rise; to spread out; to walk briskly’

▪ …

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▪ DRS 2 (1994) #BʕṮ: Akk bēšu ‘s’éloigner’; Syr ʔabʕet ‘faire lever qn’; ?Ḥaṭ bʕt ‘délégué (?)’; Ar baʕaṯa ‘réveiller qn; envoyer’.
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baʕaṯ- بَعَثَ , a (baʕṯ)

ID – • Sw – • BP1441 • APD … • © SG | 4Oct2022

√BʕṮ

vb., I

1a to send, send out, dispatch (bi-, h s.o. or s.th., ʔilà to); b to forward; c to delegate; d to emit; 2a to evoke, arouse, call forth, awaken (s.th.); b to stir up, provoke, bring on (s.th.); c to incite, induce (ʕalà to s.th.), instigate (ʕalà s.th.); d to cause (ʕalà s.th.; e.g., astonishment); 3a to revive, resuscitate (s.th.); b to resurrect (s.o., min al-mawt, from death)

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.

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #BʕṮ: Akk bēšu ‘s’éloigner’; Syr ʔabʕet ‘faire lever qn’; ?Ḥaṭ bʕt ‘délégué (?)’; Ar baʕaṯa ‘réveiller qn; envoyer’.
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.

►baʕaṯa ʔilay-hi hazzaẗ al-ḫawf, vb., to scare the wits out of s.o.;
►baʕaṯa rūḥ al-ḥayāẗ fī, vb., to breathe life into s.th. or s.o., revive s.th.

►ĭnbaʕaṯa, vb. VII, 1a to be sent out, be emitted, be dispatched, be delegated; b to originate (min in), come (min from), be caused (min by); c to emanate (fragrance); d to arise, spring, proceed, develop (min from), grow out of (min); e to set out to do s.th. (with foll., imperf.); 2 to be triggered, be caused, be provoked; 3 to be resurrected (min al-mawt, from death): N-stem
►ĭbtaʕaṯa,vb. VIll, to send, dispatch (s.o.): Gt-stem

►baʕṯ, n., 1 sending out, emission, dispatching, delegation, etc.; 2 resurrection; 3 pl. buʕūṯ, delegations, deputations: vn. I | ḥizb al-~, n., approx.: Renaissance Party, a political party with strong socialist tendencies; yawm al-~, n., Day of Resurrection (from the dead)
►^BP#4670baʕṯī, adj./n., Baathist: nsb-formation, from baʕṯ
►^BP#2325baʕṯaẗ, pl. baʕaṯāt, n.f., 1 delegation, deputation, mission; 2 expedition; 3 student exchange; 4 group of exchange students; 5 revival, rebirth, renaissance, rise | ~ ʕaskariyyaẗ, n.f., military mission; ~ diblūmāsiyyaẗ, n.f., diplomatic mission; ~ ʕaṯariyyaẗ, n.f., archaeological expedition; raʔis al-~, n., chief of mission (dipl.)
►bāʕūṯ, n., Easter (Chr.)
►mabʕaṯ, n., 1 sending, forwarding, dispatch; 2 emission; 3 awakening, arousal; 4 — pl. mabāʕiṯᵘ, cause; 5 factor: n.loc. I
►bāʕiṯ, pl. bawāʕiṯᵘ, n., incentive, inducement, motive, spur, reason, cause: PA I
►^BP#4103mabʕūṯ, 1 adj., dispatched, delegated; 2 n., a envoy, delegate; b representative, deputy (in the Ottoman Empire): PP I
►munbaʕaṯ, n., source, point of origin: n.loc. VII

baʕṯ بعْث

ID 084 • Sw – • BP??? • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BʕṮ

n.

1 sending out, emission, dispatching, delegation, etc.; 2 resurrection; 3 pl. buʕūṯ, delegations, deputations – WehrCowan1979.

▪ ↗baʕaṯa
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▪ ↗baʕaṯa
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►^BP#4670baʕṯī, adj./n., Baathist: nsb-formation, from baʕṯ

BʕṮR بعثر

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 3Mar2023

√BʕṮR

“root”

▪ BʕṮR_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ BʕṮR_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ BʕṮR_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to scatter, to strew about; to squander; to disarrange, to turn inside out’

▪ …

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.

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BʕD بعد

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BʕD

“root”

▪ BʕD_1 ‘(to be) far away’ ↗baʕuda
▪ BʕD_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to be far, to go far; to come next; to remove, to separate’

▪ …

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▪ DRS 2 (1994) #BʕD: Talm ʔabʕid, ʔabʕad (impf.) ‘éloigne-toi!’; Syr ʔabʕed ‘éloigner’; ? Palm bʕd ‘céder (?)’; Ar baʕida, baʕuda ‘s’éloigner’, Tham bʕd ‘être éloigné’; SAr bʕd ‘éloigner’; Ar baʕad ‘étranger’; Gz baʕəd ‘autre, étranger’; Te bəʕd, Amh bada, bad ‘étranger, qui n’est pas de la famille’, ?bado, bädo ‘vide’; Ug bʕd ‘derrière’; Hbr baʕad ‘près de, derrière’; Ar baʕdª, Liḥ baʕd, SAr bʕd(n) ‘derrière, après’; Śḥr Soq baʕd, Mhr bâd ‘après’; Hbr *baʕad (cstr. bᵊʕad) ‘change, prix’; nHbr baʕad, bᵊʕad ‘pour, à l’égard de’; SAr bʕd ‘détériorer’; Gz baʕada ‘changer’.
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¹baʕdᵘ بَعْدُ , and
²baʕdᵃ بَعْدَ

ID – • Sw – • BP ¹789, ²34 • APD … • © SG | 4Oct2022

√BʕD

¹adv., ²prep.

baʕdᵘ : 1a then, thereupon; b afterwards, later, after that, in the following; 2 still, yet

baʕdᵃ : 1 after; 2 in addition to, beside; 3 aside from

▪ …

.

►fīmā baʕdᵘ, adv., afterwards, later;
►huwa baʕdᵘ ṣaġīr, expr., he is only a small boy, he is still young;
►lam yaʔti baʕdᵘ, expr., he hasn’t come yet
►baʕdᵃ kawni-hī…, expr., aside from the fact that he is...;
►baʕdᵃ ḏālikᵃ, adv., 1 afterwards, after that, later (on); 2 besides, moreover;
►baʕdᵃ ʔan, conj., after;
►baʕdᵃ-mā and min baʕdⁱ mā, conj., do.;
►safahᵘⁿ mā baʕdᵃ-hū safahᵘⁿ, expr., the height of stupidity

►^BP#2786baʕuda, u (buʕd), 1 to be distant, far away, far off; 2 to keep away, keep one’s distance (ʕan from); 3 to go far beyond (ʕan), exceed by far (ʕan s.th.); 4 to be remote, improbable, unlikely: vb. I, denom. (?) | ~ bi-hī ʕan, expr., he kept him away from; lā yabʕudᵘ ʔan, expr., it is not unlikely that...
►baʕʕada, vb. II, 1 to remove (s.o.); 2 to banish, exile, expatriate (s.o.): D-stem, caus.
►bāʕada, vb. III, to cause a separation (bayna between): L-stem, assoc. | ~ baynᵃ fulān wa-baynᵃ l-šayʔ, vb., to prevent s.o. from attaining s.th.; ~ bayna ʔaǧfāni-h, vb., to stare wide-eyed
►^BP#4080ʔabʕada, vb. IV, 1a to remove (s.th.); b to take away (s.th.); c to eliminate (s.th.), do away with; 2a to send away, dismiss (s.o.); b to expatriate, banish, exile (s.o.); 3 to exclude, make unlikely, improbable, impossible (s.th.); 4a to go or move far away; b to go very far (fī in or with s.th.): *Š-stem, caus.
►tabāʕada, vb. VI, 1 to be separated, lie apart, lie at some distance from one another; 2 to separate, part company, become estranged; 3 to move away, go away, with draw, depart (ʕan from); 4 to keep away, keep one’s distance (ʕan from); 5 to quit, leave, avoid (ʕan s.th.); 6 to follow in regular intervals: tL-stem, recipr.
►^BP#2332ĭbtaʕada, vb. VIII, 1 to move or go away; 2 to keep away, withdraw (ʕan from); 3 to quit, leave, avoid (ʕan s.th.); 4 to leave out of consideration, disregard (ʕan s.th.): Gt-stem, self-ref.
►^BP#3955ĭstabʕada, vb. X, 1 to single out, set aside (s.th.); 2 to think remote, farfetched (s.th.); 3 to regard as unlikely (s.th.); 4 to disqualify (s.o.): *Št-stem

►^BP#1358buʕd, n., 1 remoteness, farness; 2 pl. ʔabʕād distance; 3 dimension; 4 interval (mus.) | ʕalà ~ and ʕalà al-~, adv., in the distance, far off; ʕala ~ miʔaẗ mitr, adv., at a distance of 100 meters; min ~ and ʕan ~, adv., from a distance, from afar; ḏū ṯalāṯaẗ ʔabʕād, adj., three-dimensional; qiyās al-ʔabʕād, n., linear measure; ~ al-himmaẗ, n., high aspirations, loftiness of purpose; ~ al-šiqqaẗ, n., wide interval, wide gap; ~ al-ṣīt, n., renown, fame, celebrity; ~ al-ṣawt, n., do.; ~ al-naẓar, n., far sightedness, foresight; buʕdan li-, expr., away with …
►baʕdaʔiḏⁱⁿ, adv., then, thereafter, there upon, after that, afterwards
►baʕīd, pl. -ūn, buʕadāʔᵘ, buʕud, buʕdān, biʕād, adj., 1a rod distant, far away, far (ʕan from); b remote, outlying, out-of-the-way; 2a far-reaching, extensive; b far fetched, improbable, unlikely; 3 unusual, strange, odd, queer; 4 incompatible, inconsistent (ʕan with): quasi-PP I, ints.qual. | min ~, adv., from afar, from a distance; munḏu ʕahd ~, adv., a long time ago; ~ al-ʔaṯar, adj., of far-reaching consequence; ~ al-tārīḫ, adj., remote in time, going way back in history, ancient; ~ al-šaʔw, adj., high-minded, bold; ~ al-šiqqaẗ, adj., far apart; ~ al-ġawr, adj., 1 deep; 2 unfathomable; ~ al-madà, adj., 1 long-distance, long-range; 2 extensive, far-reaching; ~ al-naẓar, adj., 1 farsighted; 2 farseeing; ~ al-manāl, adj., hardly attainable, hard to get at; ḏahaba baʕīdan, vb., to go far away, go to distant lands; taṭallaʕa ʔilà al-~, vb., to look off into the distance
►buʕaydᵃ, prep., shortly after, soon after
►ʔabʕadᵘ, pl. ʔabāʕidᵘ, adj., n., 1 farther, remoter, more distant; 2 more extensive; 3 less likely, more improbable; 4 pl. ʔabāʕidᵘ, very distant relatives: elat. formation | al-šarq al-~, n., the Far East; al-~, n., the absent one (used as a polite periphrasis for s.o. who is being criticized or blamed for s.th.; also when referring to the 1st and 2^nd persons)
►ʔabʕādiyyaẗ, pl. -āt, n.f., country estate: f.nsb-formation, from ʔabʕād, pl. of buʕd
►tabʕīd, n., banishment: vn. II
►biʕād, n., distance: vn. III
►mubāʕadaẗ, n.f., sowing of dissension, estrangement, alienation: vn. III
►ʔibʕād, n., 1a removal, separation, isolation; b elimination; 2 expatriation, banishment, deportation: vn. IV
►tabāʕud, n., 1 interdistance; 2 mutual estrangement: vn. VI
►ĭstibʕād, adj., n., exclusion, removal, keeping at a distance: vn. X
►mutabāʕid, adj., separate: PA VI | fī fatarāt ~, adv., in wide intervals; ~ minal-zaman, adv., at infrequent intervals, from time to time
►mustabʕad, adj., improbable, unlikely: PP X

baʕda-ʔiḏⁱⁿ بَعْدَئِذٍ

Sw – • NahḍCon • BP … • APD … • © SG | created 31May2023

√BʕD, ʔḎ

adv.

later, afterwards

▪ …

.

baʕud‑ بعُد

ID 085 • Sw –/41 • BP 6581 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BʕD

vb., I

1a to be distant, far away, far off; b to keep away, keep one’s distance (ʕan from); c to go far beyond (ʕan), exceed by far (ʕan s.th.); d to be remote, improbable, unlikely – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #BʕD: Talm ʔabʕid, ʔabʕad (impf.) ‘éloigne-toi!’; Syr ʔabʕed ‘éloigner’; ? Palm bʕd ‘céder (?)’; Ar baʕida, baʕuda ‘s’éloigner’, Tham bʕd ‘être éloigné’; SAr bʕd ‘éloigner’; Ar baʕad ‘étranger’; Gz baʕəd ‘autre, étranger’; Te bəʕd, Amh bada, bad ‘étranger, qui n’est pas de la famille’, ?bado, bädo ‘vide’; Ug bʕd ‘derrière’; Hbr baʕad ‘près de, derrière’; Ar baʕdª, Liḥ baʕd, SAr bʕd(n) ‘derrière, après’; Śḥr Soq baʕd, Mhr bâd ‘après’; Hbr *baʕad (cstr. bᵊʕad) ‘change, prix’; nHbr baʕad, bᵊʕad ‘pour, à l’égard de’; SAr bʕd ‘détériorer’; Gz baʕada ‘changer’.
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►

BʕR بعر

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BʕR

“root”

▪ BʕR_1 ‘camel’ ↗baʕīr
▪ BʕR_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘a camel of either sex; a donkey; (of a camel) to grow to maturity; a camel’s droppings; to become angry’. – baʕīr is described by al-Suyūṭī as a borrowing from Hbr.

▪ …

–

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #BʕR-1 ?Ug bʕr ‘piller’? ‘enflammer’? Hbr *bāʕar ‘brûler (intr.)’; JP bᵊʕar ‘brûler, enflammer’, bōʕᵃrā, bāʕōrā ‘flambeau’; Mnd bar ‘brûler’; Śḥr əmbáyʕer ‘détruire’. -2 Ug bʕr ‘rejeter, retirer, guider’; Hbr biʕēr ‘enlever, nettoyer, débarrasser’; JP baʕēr ‘éloigner’; Syr bᵊʕar ‘parcourir avec soin, rechercher de nouveau’. -3 Akk bēr-, bīr- ‘jeune taureau’; Hbr bᵊʕīr ‘bovins’, baʕar ‘brute, stupide’; Syr bᵊʕīrā ‘bête de somme’; Mnd bira ‘bétail domestique’; nSyr Aysor bīra ‘gros bétail à cornes’; Syr baʕrar ‘rendre sauvage’, ʔetbaʕrar ‘être en fureur’; nSyr Ur *mbarbir ‘mugir, rugir; attaquer’; Ar baʕīr, Tham bʕyr ‘chameau’; SAr bʕr ‘bétail’ (en particulier ‘chameaux’); Soq beʕer, Mhr beyr ‘chameau’; Gz bəʕrāwi, Tña beʕray, Amh bare ‘bœuf’; Te bəʕər ‘jeune chameau’; Amh barat ‘parc à bestiaux’. -4 Syr bᵊʕurā ‘excrément’; Ar baʕara ‘rendre les excréments (chameau)’; Soq bʕr ‘cracher’. -5 Soq boʕor ‘voyager la nuit, avoir lieu la nuit’.
▪ …check Cohen1969: 386 !

▪ …
▪ …

–

baʕīr بعير

ID 086 • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BʕR

n.coll.; pl. ʔabʕiraẗ , buʕrān , ʔabāʕirᵘ , baʕārīnᵘ

camel – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Kogan2011: with semantic shift from protSem *b˅ʕ˅r‑ ‘bull’, possibly also ‘livestock, cattle’ in general, the semantic shift to ‘camel’ in Ar being an Arabian innovation.
▪ According to Orel&Stolbova1994, Ar baʕīr‑ goes back to Sem *baʕīr‑ ‘¹bull, ²young bull, ³camel’, ‘ox’⁴, which in turn may have developed from AfrAs *baʕür‑ ‘bullʼ.

▪ eC7 Q xii, 65: wa-namīru ʔahla-nā wa-naḥfaẓu ʔaḫā-nā wa-nazdādu kayla baʿīrin ‘We shall get provision for our folk and guard our brother, and we shall have the extra measure of a camel (load)’, 72: qālū nafqidu ṣuwāʕa l-maliki wa-li-man ǧāʔa bihī ḥimlu baʿīrin ‘They said: We have lost the king’s cup, and he who bringeth it shall have a camel-load’.

▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#183: Akk bīru¹², Hbr bᵊʕīr¹, Aram bᵊʕīrā¹, Ar baʕīr³, SAr bʕr³, Gz bəʕr-awi⁴, Te bəʕər-ay⁴, Tgy bəʕəray⁴, Amh bäre⁴, Arg bara⁴, Hrr baʕara⁴, Gur bawra⁴, Soq beʕer³, Mhr beyr³). Cognates in WCh *bar‑ ‘ram’, ‘bull’, CCh *bar‑ ‘bull’, ECh *bur‑ < *b˅Hur‑ ‘bull’, Agaw *bir‑ < *b˅Hir‑ ‘bull’, SA *baʕer‑ ‘bull’, HEC *baʕor‑ ‘oryx, bull’, Omot *b˅ʕor‑ ‘bull’. Maybe related to Berb *barar‑ ‘she-camel’.
▪ Kogan2011: Akk bīru ‘bull, young cattle’, būru ‘young calf ’; Gz bəʕər ‘ox, bull’, Hbr bəʕīr, SAr bʕr ‘livestock, cattle’; Ar baʕīr, Mhr hə-bɛ̄r, SAr bʕr ‘camel’.

▪ Jeffery1938, 82: »It occurs only in the Joseph story, and Dvořák, Fremdw, 18, is doubtless right in thinking that its use here is due to Muḥammad’s sources. In the Joseph story of Gen. xlv, 17, the word used is [Hbr] bᵊʕīr, and in the Syr bᵊʕīrā, which means originally ‘cattle’ in general, and then any ‘beast of burden’. It is easy to see how the word was specialized in Ar to mean ‘camel’ (Guidi, Della Sede, 583; Rossini, Glossarium, 116; Hommel in HAA, i, 82 n.), the usual beast of burden in that country, and as such it occurs in the old poetry. There seems no reason to doubt the conclusion of Dvořák, Fremdw, 46 (cf. Horovitz, JPN, 192), that Muḥammad’s informant, hearing the word in the story as he got it from a Jewish or Christian source, passed the word on as though it had its specialized Ar meaning of ‘camel’.«
▪ Kogan2011: »The meaning ‘bull’ may also be attributed to PS *b˅ʕ˅r‑ on the evidence of Akk bīru ‘bull, young cattle’, būru ‘young calf ’ and Gz bəʕər ‘ox, bull’, but a more general meaning ‘livestock, cattle’, typical of Hbr bəʕīr and ESA bʕr is also possible (the semantic shift to ‘camel’ in Ar baʕīr, Mhr hə-bɛ̄r and, probably, ESA bʕr is an Arabian innovation).«

–

►

BʕḌ بعض

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 3Mar2023

√BʕḌ

“root”

▪ BʕḌ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ BʕḌ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ BʕḌ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘part, some, portion, to divide; mosquitoes, gnats, to be bitten by a mosquito’

▪ …

–

.

–

BʕL بعل

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BʕL

“root”

▪ BʕL_1 ‘the god Baal; lord; husband’ ↗baʕl
▪ BʕL_2 ‘land or plants thriving on natural water supply’ ↗baʕl
▪ BʕL_3 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘unirrigated palm trees, a male palm tree; a husband, a wife; to marry; courtship; master, deity’

▪ WehrCowan1979 treats [v1] and [v2] in one and the same entry, without explaining how ‘land or plants thriving on natural water supplyʼ and perh. the god Baʕl may be related.
▪ BʕL_1 : (Orel&Stolbova1994) From protSem *baʕl- ‘husband, masterʼ < AfrAs *baʕil- ‘manʼ.
▪ BʕL_2 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ BʕL_3 ‘…’ ↗…

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

…

▪ Engl Baal, Beelzebub, Hannibal, Belshazzar, ↗baʕl
▪ BʕL_3 ‘…’ ↗…

…

baʕl بَعْل , pl. buʕūl, buʕūlaẗ

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BʕL

n.

1a the god Baʕl; 1b (pl. buʕūl, buʕūlaẗ ) lord; husband; – 2 land or plants thriving on natural water supply – WehrCowan1976.

▪ Two, or even three, etymata? WehrCowan1979 treats [v1] and [v2] in one and the same entry, without explaining how ‘land or plants thriving on natural water supplyʼ and perh. the god Baʕl or ‘lord, master’ may be related etymologically.
▪ [v1] From protSem *baʕl‑ ‘lord’ – Huehnergard2011.
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994 reconstruct protSem *baʕl- ‘husband, masterʼ < AfrAs *baʕil- ‘manʼ.
▪ …

▪ …

▪ Bergsträsser1928: Akk bēlu, Hbr baʕal, Aram baʕlā, Gz bāʕl.
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#182: Akk bēlu, Ug bʕl, Phoen bʕl, Pun bʕl, Hbr baʕal, EpigrAram bʕl, SAr bʕl, Śḥr baʕl, Soq baʕl, Mhr bâl, Gz baʕal, Te baʕl, Amh bal, all ‘husband, masterʼ. – Outside Sem: CCh *b˅l- ‘man’, Sa *bal- ‘father-in-law’, LEC *Hobol- ‘relative’, as well as in HEC *beHil- ‘master’, ‘friend’.
▪ …

▪ Jeffery1938, 81: »The word occurs in the Elijah story and as a proper name undoubtedly came to Muḥammad from the same source as his ʔIlyās. As this would seem to be from the Syr we may conclude that baʕl is from the Syr baʕlā.³² On the question of the word in general the authorities differ. Robertson Smith³³ argued that the word was a loan-word in Arabia, but Nöldeke (ZDMG, xl: 174), and Wellhausen (Reste, 146), claim that it is indigenous. It is worthy of note that as-Suyūṭī, Itq, 310, states that baʕl meant rabb in the dialects of Yemen and of Azd, and as such we find it in the SAr inscriptions, e.g. Glaser, 1076, 2, bʕl trʕt ‘Lord of Teriʕat’ (see further Rossini, Glossarium, 116; RES, i, Nos. 184, 185). In any case from the Nab and NAr inscriptions³⁴ we learn that the word was known in this sense in Arabia long before Muḥammad’s time.³⁵ Horovitz, KU, 101, thinks it came from Eth [Gz] (cf. Ahrens, Christliches, 38).«
▪ [v1] ‘god Baalʼ: is Baal just ‘theʼ lord, ‘theʼ master? Or was the god Baal the model after which the family’s superior was called a ‘baʕlʼ? Is there a connection between the god and natural irrigation?
▪ [v1]‘lordʼ, ‘husbandʼ: which meaning was earlier, ‘lordʼ or ‘husbandʼ? If ‘lordʼ, then it may have been transferred both to the family domain (‘lordʼ > ‘lord of the household, a woman’s masterʼ > ‘husbandʼ) and to the religious field (‘lordʼ > ‘the Lord, Masterʼ).
▪ [v2] ‘land or plants thriving on natural water supplyʼ: any connection with the god Baʕl?

32. So Horovitz, KU, 101, and see Rudolph, Abhängigkeit, 47 n. 33. Religion of the Semites (2 ed.), 100 ff.; Kinship, 210. 34. See Cook, Glossary, 32; Lidzbarski, Handbuch, 240, 241; Ryckmans, Nom propres, i, 8, 54; Nielsen in HAA, i, 241. 35. In the Qurʔān itself (xi, 75) it occurs in the sense of ‘husband’.

▪ Not from Ar baʕl, but ultimately from the same source are Engl Baal, from Hbr baʕal ‘lord, Baal’; Beelzebub, from Hbr baʕal zᵊbûb ‘lord of the flies’, pejorative alteration of baʕal zᵊbûl ‘lord prince’ (name of a Philistine god; cf. Ar ↗ḎBB and ↗ZBL); Hannibal, from Phoen (Pun) *ḥannī-baʕl ‘my grace (is) Baal’, cf. Ar ↗ḤNN; Belshazzar, from Hbr bēlšaṣṣar, from Akk bēl-šar-uṣur ‘Bel (an Akk deity) protect the king’ (bēl ‘lord, Bel’, cf. Ar baʕl, and ↗naẓara ‘to see, look, watch’).

►baʕlaẗ, n., wife: f. of baʕl [v1].
►baʕlī, adj., unirrigated (land, plants): nisba formation of baʕl [v2].

BĠT بغت

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 3Mar2023

√BĠT

“root”

▪ BĠT_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ BĠT_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ BĠT_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘surprise’ is the single concept denoted by the root

▪ …

–

.

–

BĠḌ بغض

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 3Mar2023

√BĠḌ

“root”

▪ BĠḌ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ BĠḌ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ BĠḌ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘hate’

▪ …

–

.

–

BĠL بغل

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 3Mar2023

√BĠL

“root”

▪ BĠL_1 ‘mule’ ↗baġl
▪ BĠL_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ BĠL_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘mule; to be stupid, to affect stupidity’

▪ …

–

.

–

baġl بَغْل , pl. biġāl

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 2Jun2023

√BĠL

n.

mule – Jeffery1938

▪ …

▪ eC7 Q xvi, 8 – Jeffery1938.

.

▪ Jeffery1938: »al-Ḫafāǧī, 44, shows that some of the Muslim philologers suspected that it was non-Arabic. The root is clearly not Arabic, and Hommel, Säugethiere, 113, noted it as a borrowing from Abyssinia, where the mule was as characteristic an animal as the camel is in Arabia. Fraenkel, Fremdw, 110, accepts this derivation, and Nöldeke, Neue Beiträge, 58, has established it. The word is common to all the Abyssinian dialects, cf. Eth [Gz] and Te baql, Amh baqlō and baqʷelō; Tña baqlī. – The q for ġ is not an isolated phenomenon, as Hommel illustrates.«

–

BĠY بغي

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 3Mar2023

√BĠY

“root”

▪ BĠY_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ BĠY_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ BĠY_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘a shoot; an unripe fruit; to seek, to go after, to wish for, to covet; to go over the limits, to transgress; to facilitate; to earn one’s living, to strive; a maid, a slave girl; to commit adultery; to practise prostitution’

▪ From protSem *√BĠY ‘to seek’ – Huehnergard2011.
▪ …

–

.

–

BQDNS بقدنس

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 3Oct2022

√BQDNS, MQDNS

“root”

▪ BQDNS_1 ‘parsley’ ↗baq͗dūnis
▪ …

▪ …

.

baqdūnis بَقْدونس , var. baqdūnas , مَقْدونس maq͗dūnis, maq͗dūnas

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 3Oct2022

√BQDNS, MQDNS

n.

parsley – WehrCowan1976

▪ Rolland2014a: ‘parsley’: from Grk Makedónes ‘Macedonians’
▪ …

…

BQR بَقَر

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BQR

“root”

▪ BQR_1 ‘to split open, rip open, cut open’ ↗baqara
▪ BQR_2 ‘cattle; cow’ ↗baqar
▪ BQR_3 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘cow; to split up, to gash, to plough, to enlarge; to travel around; corruption’

▪ BQR_1 : …
▪ BQR_2 : from protCSem *baḳar‑ ‘large cattle’ – Kogan2011
▪ BQR_ : …

–

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #BQR-1 Syr bᵊqar ‘perforer’; Mnd bqar ‘se fendre, éclater’; Ar baqara ‘fendre’, baqqara ‘creuser (le sol jusqu’à l’eau)’; Amh boqärä ‘démanteler, abattre’; Hbr bōqer ‘matin’, *bīqqēr ‘rechercher exactement’; JP baqqar, Syr bᵊqar ‘rechercher’; nSyr bāqir ‘demander, interroger’; buqar, buqrā ‘question’; Ar baqira ‘être recru, brisé de fatigue’; Akk baqāru, paqāru ‘faire valoir une revendication’, baqrū ‘revendication’; Hbr biqqoret ‘châtiment, peine’; ?nSyr bāqūrā, bākūrā ‘bâton, verge’; ?Gz baql ‘châtiment’. -2 *baqar- ‘gros bétail, bœufs, vaches’: Akk buqār- ‘bœuf’; Phoen bqr, Hbr bāqār ; Ar baqar, SAr bqr ‘gros bétail, bœufs, vaches’; Tham bqr ‘bœuf, jeune chameau (?)’; JP bᵊqartā, JP Syr Mnd baqrā, Talm baqqārā, buqrā, biqrā ‘troupeau’; SAr bqr ‘labourer’; Ar bayqaraẗ ‘biens, richesses’; Akk b/puq/gurru, Ar baqariyyaẗ ‘quartier de bœuf’; Te baqret ‘haut de la cuisse; quartier postérieur de la vache’; ? Ar bayqara ‘errer, aller à l’aventure; douter’, buqar ‘mensonges’. -3 Te attäbaqärä ‘donner un nom’.
▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

baqar- بَقَرَ , u

ID – • Sw … • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021, last updated 5Oct2022

√BQR

vb., I

to split open, rip open, cut open (s.th.) – WehrCowan1976

▪ …

.

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #BQR-1 Syr bᵊqar ‘perforer’; Mnd bqar ‘se fendre, éclater’; Ar baqara ‘fendre’, baqqara ‘creuser (le sol jusqu’à l’eau)’; Amh boqärä ‘démanteler, abattre’; Hbr bōqer ‘matin’, *bīqqēr ‘rechercher exactement’; JP baqqar, Syr bᵊqar ‘rechercher’; nSyr bāqir ‘demander, interroger’; buqar, buqrā ‘question’; Ar baqira ‘être recru, brisé de fatigue’; Akk baqāru, paqāru ‘faire valoir une revendication’, baqrū ‘revendication’; Hbr biqqoret ‘châtiment, peine’; ?nSyr bāqūrā, bākūrā ‘bâton, verge’; ?Gz baql ‘châtiment’. -2-3 […].
▪ …

.

►ʔabraqa, vb. IV, do.: *Š-stem, ints.

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗baqar as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√BQR.

baqar بَقَر , pl. ʔabqār, buqūr

ID 087 • Sw – • BP 3339 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021, last updated 5Oct2022

√BQR

n.coll.; n.un. ‑aẗ

cattle; n.un. cow – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#310: from Sem ‎‎*baḳar‑ ‘bull'¹, ‘cattle'², ‘cow'³.
▪ Kogan2011: from protCSem *baḳar‑ ‘large cattle’.
▪ …

▪ …

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #BQR-1 […]. -2 *baqar- ‘gros bétail, bœufs, vaches’: Akk buqār- ‘bœuf’; Phoen bqr, Hbr bāqār ; Ar baqar, SAr bqr ‘gros bétail, bœufs, vaches’; Tham bqr ‘bœuf, jeune chameau (?)’; JP bᵊqartā, JP Syr Mnd baqrā, Talm baqqārā, buqrā, biqrā ‘troupeau’; SAr bqr ‘labourer’; Ar bayqaraẗ ‘biens, richesses’; Akk b/puq/gurru, Ar baqariyyaẗ ‘quartier de bœuf’; Te baqret ‘haut de la cuisse; quartier postérieur de la vache’; ? Ar bayqara ‘errer, aller à l’aventure; douter’, buqar ‘mensonges’. -3 […].
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#310: Akk buqāru¹ (with secondary u), ‎Phn bqr², Hbr bāqār², Aram (Palest) bᵉqartā², SAr bqr², or Ḥrs beqār³.
▪ …

▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#310: A hypothetical Sem ‎‎*baḳar‑ ‘bull'¹, ‘cattle'², ‘cow'³ is probably the common ancestor of ‎the Ar word as well as its Sem cognates. In the first syllable, Sem *a would be a regular development from AfrAs ‎‎*‑o‑ after a labial, so that AfrAs *boḳar‑ ‘cattle’ can be reconstructed, bearing in mind that the ‎Sem word has cognates also in Berb *buk˅r‑ ‘one year old camel’ and CCh *bwak˅r‑ ‘goat’. ‎AfrAs *boḳar‑ itself may be derived from AfrAs *boḳ‑ ‘goat’. On the other hand, cf. AfrAs ‎‎*baraḳ‑ ‘ram, goat, calf’.
▪ Lipiński1997#30.10 thinks the word can be segmented into root plus ‎AfrAs “postpositive determinant” *‑l or *‑r “for domestic or tamed animals”, cf. also ʔimmar‑ ‘ram, lamb’, ʔayyil ‘deer’, ṯawr‑ ‘ox’, ǧamal ‘camel’, ḥimār‑ ‘donkey’, ḫinzīr ‘swine, pig’, ʕiǧl ‘calf’, ʕayr‑ ‘ass-fowl’, ^†karr‑ ‘lamb’, naml ‘ant’.

–

►baqaraẗ, pl. -āt, n.f., cow: f., n.un.
► baqarī, adj., n., 1 bovine, cattle-, cow- (in compunds); 2 beef (eg.): nsb-adj. | laḥm ~, n., beef
► baqqār, pl. -ẗ, n., cowhand, cowboy: n.prof.

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗baqara as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√BQR.

BQS بقس

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 3Oct2022

√BQS

“root”

▪ BQS_1 ‘box, boxwood’ ↗baqs
▪ …

▪ BQS_1 : from Grk púxos ‘box(wood)’, prob. borrowed from an Anatolian language (< Sem?)
▪ …

.

baqs بَقْس

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 3Oct2022

√BQS

n.

box, boxwood (biol.) – WehrCowan1976

▪ Rolland2014a: According to Rajki from Grk púxos ‘id.’, which Chantraine thinks is prob. borrowed from an Anatolian language. The Ar and Grk terms may thus have an identical Sem etymon.
▪ …

.

BQSMṬ بقسمط

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 3Oct2022

√BQSMṬ

“root”

▪ BQSMṬ_1 ‘rusk, zwieback; biscuit’ ↗buqsumāṭ
▪ …

▪ BQSMṬ_1 : from Grk paxamás
▪ …

.

buqsumāṭ بُقْسُماط , var. buqsumāt

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 3Oct2022

√BQSMṬ

n.

rusk, zwieback; biscuit – WehrCowan1976

▪ Rolland2014a: from Grk paxamás ‘id.’, according to Chantraine from the name of a baker and inn-keeper, Páxamos.
▪ …

.

▪ var. buqsumāt (interpreted as pl. in -āt), bišmāṭ
▪ …

.

BQŠŠ بقشش

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 3Oct2022

√BQŠŠ

“root”

.

▪ …

.

baqšīš بَقْشيش , var. baḫšīš, pl. baqāšīšᵘ

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 3Oct2022

√BQŠŠ

n.

present of money; tip, gratuity, baksheesh – WehrCowan1976

▪ Rolland2014a: via Tu from Pers baḫšīš ‘baksheesh, tip’, from Pers baḫšīdan ‘to give’, related to Av baḫš ‘ce qui est donné, chance’ (see also ↗baḫt ‘luck’).
▪ …

.

BQL بقل

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 3Mar2023

√BQL

“root”

▪ BQL_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ BQL_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ BQL_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to sprout, to appear, to shoot: herbage, pot-herbs, legumes, beans of all kinds’

▪ …

–

.

–

BQY بقي

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 3Mar2023

√BQY

“root”

▪ BQY_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ BQY_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ BQY_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to stay behind, wait, remain, survive, continue; remainder, residue, that which outlasts, that which endures’

▪ …

–

.

–

BKː (BKK) بكّ/بكك

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 3Mar2023

√ BKː (BKK)

“root”

▪ BKː (BKK)_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ BKː (BKK)_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ BKː (BKK)_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘crowding, pressure, breakage, stifling’

▪ …

–

.

–

BKR بكر

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BKR

“root”

▪ BKR_1 ‘(to set out in the) early morning’ ↗bukraẗ
▪ BKR_2 ‘first-born, eldest’ ↗bikr, ‘young camel’ ↗bakr
▪ BKR_3 ‘reel; pulley, winch’ ↗bakraẗ

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘morrow; beginning of the day; early time, to do s.th. early in the day; first fruits; virgin, firstborn, outstanding deed’

▪ BKR_1 : …
▪ BKR_2 : (Orel&Stolbova1994) protSem *bakr- ʻyoung camelʼ, perh. from AfrAs *bak˅r- ʻyoung animalʼ.
▪ BKR_3 : …

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘morrow; beginning of the day; early time, to do s.th. early in the day; first fruits; virgin, firstborn, outstanding deed’

▪ …

▪ BKR_1: Outside Sem, Borg2021#49 (b-k-r²) compares Eg bkꜣ (Pyr) ‘the morrow, morning’; ‘der zweite Tag, das Morgen, der Morgen (neben Tagesmitte und Abend); morgen’ (Faulkner 1962: 85; Ember 1911: 88; Wb I 481; Sethe 1962: 120).
▪ BKR_2: Outside Sem, Borg2021#48 (b-k-r¹), Ar bikr ‘virgin’; ‘femme ou femelle à son premier enfantement’ (Lane 240; DAF I 153): cf. Eg bkꜣ (MK) ‘be pregnant’; ‘schwanger sein / werden’; bkꜣ.t ‘pregnant woman’; ‘die schwangere’ (Faulkner 1962: 85; Wb I 481); bk ‘pregnant’; bꜣkꜣ ‘breeding cow’ (DLE I 141, 128) ~ Dem bk ‘schwanger, trächtig’ (DG 125) ~ Copt ⲃⲟⲕⲓ ‘conceive’ (Crum 1939: 31a).

…

bakr بَكْر , pl. ʔabkur, bukrān

ID … • Sw – • BP 7869 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BKR

n.

young camel – WehrCowan1976.

▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#196: from protSem *bakr- ʻyoung camelʼ, perh. from AfrAs *bak˅r- ʻyoung animalʼ.
▪ See also ↗√BKR and ↗bikr ‘first-born’.

▪ …

▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#196: Akk bakru, Hbr beker, SAr bkr, Mhr bōker, Śḥr okrit, Ḥrs bōker. – Outside Sem perh. Berb e-bakar, e-bəkər, a-bukir ‘lamb, kid’; but these may be loans from Sem.
▪ See also ↗√BKR and ↗bikr ‘first-born’.

▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#196: protSem *bakr- ʻyoung camelʼ (Akk, Hbr, SAr, Mhr, Śḥr, Ḥrs). If the Berb forms are not loans, one may reconstruct protBerb *b˅k˅r- ) ‘lamb, kid’. ProtSem and protBerb taken together, the common etymon could be AfrAs *bak˅r- ʻyoung animalʼ.
▪ See also ↗√BKR and ↗bikr ‘first-born’.

…

For related items, cf. ↗bikr, ↗bukraẗ, and, for the general picture, ↗√BKR.

bikr بِكْر , pl. ʔabkār

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BKR

n.

1a first-born, eldest; 1b firstling; 2 unprecedented, novel, new; 3a virgin; 3b virginal – WehrCowan1979.

▪ From protSem *bukur‑ ‘*bikr‑ ‘*bak(u)r‑ ‘first-born’ – Huehnergard2011.
▪ The word may be the etymon proper of the whole root.
▪ …

▪ …

▪ Bergsträsser1928: (*‘first-born’) Akk bukru, Hbr bḵōr, Syr buḵrā, Gz bakʷér.

…

►bikrī, adj., first‑born, first: nisba formation of bikr.
►bikriyyaẗ, n.f., primogeniture: abstr. formation in ‑iyyaẗ.

For other related items, cf. ↗bakr, ↗bukraẗ, and, for the general picture, ↗√BKR.

bakraẗ بَكْرة , var. bakaraẗ, pl. bakar, ‑āt

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BKR

n.f.

1 reel; 2 pulley (mech.); 3 spool, coil; 4 winch, windlass – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

…

►ḫayṭ bakraẗ, n., thread.

►bakkāraẗ, n.f., pulley (mech.) | bakkāraẗ murakkabaẗ, n.f., set of pulleys, block and tackle.

For other items of the same root, cf. ↗bakr, ↗bikr, ↗bukraẗ, and, for the general picture, ↗√BKR.

bukraẗ بُكْرة , pl. bukar

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√BKR

n.f.

early morning – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

…

► ^BP#1810bukraẗ^an, (EgLevGulAr) bukrā, adv., 1 early in the morning; 2a tomorrow; 2b on the following day, next day

►bakara, u, vb. I, 1 to set out early in the morning, get up early; 2 to come early (ʔilà to), be early (ʔilà at)
►bakkara, vb. II, 1 = I; 2 bakkara fī/bi‑ with foll. vn.: to do s.th. early, prematurely, ahead of its time: D‑stem, denom. from bukraẗ.
►bākara, vb. III, to be ahead of s.o. (‑h), anticipate, forestall (‑h s.o.)
►ʔabkara, vb. IV, = I
►ĭbtakara, vb., VIII, 1 to be the first to take (‑h s.th.), be the first to embark (on s.th.); 2 to deflower (‑hā a girl); 3a to invent (‑h s.th.); 3b to create, originate, start (‑h s.th.)

►bakr, pl. ʔabkur, bukrān, n., young camel: may be the etymon proper. – See also s.v.
►bikr, pl. ʔabkār, n., 1 first‑born, eldest; 2 firstling; 3 unprecedented, novel, new; 4a virgin; 4b virginal: may be the etymon proper. – See also s.v.
►bikrī, adj., first‑born, first: nisba formation of bikr.
►bikriyyaẗ, n.f., primogeniture: abstr. formation in ‑iyyaẗ.
(?) ►²bakraẗ, n.f.: ʕalà\ʕan bakraẗ ʔabīhim, ʕan bakratihim, adv., all without exception, all of them, all together; ḫaraǧat il‑ǧamāhīr ʕan bakratihā, expr., the crowd went forth as one man.
►bakīr and bakūr ~ bākūr, adj., 1 coming early; 2 early, premature; 3 precocious: ints., quasi‑PP.
►bukūr, n., earliness, prematureness, premature arrival | bukūrī fī ’l‑ʕawd, n., my early return
►bakāraẗ, n.f., virginity
►bukūraẗ and bukūriyyaẗ, n.f., primogeniture
►bākūraẗ, pl. bawākīrᵘ, firstlings; first results, first fruits; beginning, rise, dawn; (with foll. genit.) initial, early, first; pl. bawākīrᵘ, first signs or indications; initial symptoms; heralds, harbingers (fig.) | bākūraẗ al‑fawākih, n.f., early fruit; kāna bākūraẗ ʔaʕmālih, expr., the first thing he did was…
►ʔabkarᵘ, adj., rising earlier: elative formation.
►mibkār, adj., precocious: rare adj. pattern!
►ĭbtikār, pl. ‑āt, n.f, 1 novelty, innovation; 2a creation; 2b invention; 2c origination, first production; 3 initiative; 4 creativity, originality; pl. ‑āt, specif., creations of fashion, fashion designs: vn. VIII.
► ^BP#3505bākir, adj., 1 early; 2 premature: PA I; | bākir^an, adv., 1 in the morning; 2 early; fī ’l‑ṣabāḥ al‑bākir, adv., early in the morning; ʔilà bākir, adv., till tomorrow
►bākiraẗ, pl. bawākirᵘ, n.f., firstlings, first produce, early fruits, early vegetables: PA I, f.; pl. first indications or symptoms, heralds, harbingels
► ^BP#1424mubakkir, adj., 1 doing early; 2 early: PA II; | mubakkir^an, adv., early in the morning, early
►mubtakir, adj./n., 1a creator; 1b creative; 1c inventor: PA I.
►mubtakar, adj./n., 1 newly created, novel, new, original; 2 (pl. ‑āt) creation, specif., fashion creation, invention | ṯawb mubtakar, n., original design, model, dress creation.

For other items of the same root, cf. ↗bakraẗ and, for the general picture, ↗√BKR.

BKM بكم

√BKM

“root”

▪ BKM_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ BKM_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ BKM_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘dumbness, muteness; inability to express o.s.; to be silent; to be born or to become dumb or mute; to be ignorant’

▪ …

–

.

–

BKY بكي

√BKY

“root”

▪ BKY_1 ‘to cry, weep, bemoan, lament’ ↗bakà
▪ BKY_2 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ BKY_3 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to wail, to cry, to bemoan, to lament; to cause to cry; to pretend to cry’

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

…

bakà / bakay‑ بكى / بكيْـ , ī (bukāʔ, bukaⁿ, det. bukà)

√BKY

vb., I

1a to cry, weep; 1b to bemoan, lament, bewail, mourn – WehrCowan1976.

▪ …

▪ Bergsträsser1928: (*‘to weep, cry’) Akk ibkī, Hbr bāḵā, Syr bḵā, Gz bakáya.

…

►bakkà, vb. II, and ʔabkà, vb. IV, to make cry: D-stem and *Š-stem, respectively, caus.
►ĭstabkà, vb.X, to move to tears, make cry: *Št-stem, desiderative.

►bukāʔ, n., crying, weeping: vn. I .
►bakkāʔ, adj., given to weeping frequently, tearful, lachrymose: ints.
►ḥāʔiṭ al‑ mabkà, n., the Wailing Wall (in Jerusalem): n.loc.
►bākⁱⁿ (det. bākī), pl. bukāẗ, 1a adj., weeping, crying: PA I; 1b n., weeper, wailer, mourner: nominalized PA I.
►bākiyaẗ, pl. ‑āt, n.f., wailing woman, hired mourner: PA I f.; – (pl. bawākⁱⁿ, det. bawākī; Eg. ) arch, arcade: ?
►mubakkⁱⁿ, det. mubakkī, and mubkⁱⁿ, det. mubkī, adj., 1a causing tears, tearful; 1b sad, lamentable, deplorable: PA II and IV, respectively.

BLː(BLL) بللـ/ بلّ

√BLː(BLL)

“root”

▪ BLː (BLL)_1 ‘to moisten, make wet’ ↗¹balla
▪ BLː (BLL)_2 ‘to recover (from illness)’ ↗²balla
▪ BLː (BLL)_3 ‘porridge made of wheat or maize with milk and sugar’ ↗EgAr balīlaẗ

Other values, now obsolete, include:

▪ BLː (BLL)_4 ‘wicked, hypocrite, unjust’: ^†ʔaballᵘ, f. ballāʔᵘ, pl. bull (Hava1899)
▪ BLː (BLL)_5 ‘moan’: ^†ball, ^†balīl (Hava1899)
▪ BLː (BLL)_6 ‘a kind of fern’: LevAr ^†ballān (Hava1899)
▪ BLː (BLL)_7 ‘meeting-place’: ^†balāl~bulāl (Hava1899)
▪ BLː (BLL)_ ‘’:

▪ BLː (BLL)_1-3 : The grouping in DRS suggests that all items belong together, based on the idea of ‘mixing’. If this is correct, BLː (BLL)_1 ‘to moisten, make wet’ is originally *‘to mix with water’; BLː (BLL)_2 ‘to recover (from illness)’ may be *‘to get well again due to fresh (= wet, moistened, or mixed, variegated?) pasture/food’ (or simply refreshing coolness thanks to moisture? – cf. obsolete ^†balīl, balīlaẗ ‘cold and damp wind’, or ^†ballaẗ ‘freshness of youth’, given by Hava1899); and EgAr balīlaẗ may be either *‘soaked cereals’ (< ‘to moisten, make wet’), or the *‘meal that helps to recover, or is given to s.o. recovering, from an illness’, or it has preserved the basec idea of ‘mixing’ and is to be interpreted as *‘mixture, potpourri’, with this coming closest to Pun bll *‘mixed offering’.
▪ ^†BLː (BLL)_4 : cf. DRS 2 (1994) #BLL-2
▪ ^†BLː (BLL)_5 : cf. DRS 2 (1994) #BLL-4
▪ ^†BLː (BLL)_6 : cf. DRS 2 (1994) #BLL-5
▪ ^†BLː (BLL)_7 : ?
▪ ClassAr lexicographers traditionally also group under √ BLː (BLL) the particles bal ‘but; on the contrary, besides, much more, rather; no, nay’ and balà ‘(after neg.) oh yes!, but of course!, certainly!’.

▪ …

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #BLL-1 Akk balālu ‘mélanger; allier, brasser’; Hbr bālal ‘mélanger (avec de l’huile)’; Aram bal ‘mélanger’; Ar balla ‘mouiller, tremper, humecter’;⁵ SAr bll ‘irriguer’; Te bälla ‘mélanger’, bällälä ‘changer la couleur’; Pun bll: espèce de sacrifice.⁶ – Akk ballu ‘fourrage mélangé’; Hbr bᵊlīl, TalmAram bᵊlīlā ‘méteil’; Ar balla ‘désaltérer, apaiser’, bill ‘convalescence’; Tham (*Š-stem) h-bl ‘guérison’; Ar balāl ‘bien’, bullaẗ (pl. bilāl) ‘bien, bienfait’; SAr bll ‘bien (?)’. -?2 Ar balila, balla ‘être agressif, hargneux’, balalaẗ, bulalaẗ ‘haine implacable’, bill ‘malheur’; Amh bällälä ‘se gâter, aller mal, ne pas réussir’; Te bolälä ‘se sentir mal, abhorrer’.⁷ -3 Akk bullu ‘emporter, arracher?’; Ar balla (fī ’l- ʔarḍ) ‘errer; aller droit devant soi’; Tña bällälä ‘voler’; Har täbāläla ‘se hâter’. -4 Ar balīl ‘gémissement, plainte douce’, ballala ‘roucouler (colombe), crier (paon)’; Amh (Gondar) bulall- ‘tourterelle’.⁸ -5 Ar ball (coll.) ‘fleurs, fruits (d’un épineux); sureau?’, balalaẗ: sorte d’épineux, ‘aspalathe’, ballān: sorte de plante, ‘fougère?’?; Gz ʔablalit: sorte de chardon; Te bälla ‘mauvaise herbe’.⁹ -6 […].
▪ …

5. Avec le sens de ‘mouiller, humecter’, la rac. se rattache peut-être à une base AfrAs: Eg byʔ ‘ciel (eau du ciel, sur laquelle on navigue)’; Cush bire, bile ‘ciel, pluie’. 6. C’est un ‘sacrifice mélangé’ qui représente probablement un gâteau fait avec de l’huile. 7. Les formes éth. peuvent aussi bien se rattacher à 1 par l’intermédiaire de valeurs attestées ‘être détrempé, perdre sa couleur, se dissoudre’. 8. Cf. ↗bulbul 9. Les formes rapprochées ici n’ont peut-être pas grand-chose en commun. L’Ar est d’ap. DAFA 829. – Noter Akk bulālu (a)bulilu: plante (empr. d’origine inconnue).

See above, section CONC.

–

…

¹ball‑/ balal‑ بَلّ / بَلَلْـ , u (ball)

√BLː(BLL)

vb., I

to moisten, wet, make wet – WehrCowan1976.

▪ The grouping in DRS suggests that ¹balla belongs to a group of lexemes that are based on the idea of *‘mixing’. If this is correct, ‘to moisten, make wet’ is originally *‘to mix with water’.
▪ …

▪ Hava1899: ^†ballala (D-stem) ‘to wet, drench, moisten’, ^†ʔaballa (*Š-stem) ‘to be sappy (tree)’; ^†bullaẗ, balal, bulālaẗ ‘dampness, moisture’, ^†ballān ‘warm bath (LevAr); waiter at baths’; ^†balāl~bulāl ‘water, milk’
▪ …

▪ Bergsträsser1928: (*‘to soak, mix’) Akk bll, Hbr bālal, Syr balbel ‘to confuse’, Te balla.
▪ DRS 2 (1994) #BLL-1 Akk balālu ‘mélanger; allier, brasser’; Hbr bālal ‘mélanger (avec de l’huile)’; Aram bal ‘mélanger’; Ar balla ‘mouiller, tremper, humecter’;¹⁰ SAr bll ‘irriguer’; Te bälla ‘mélanger’, bällälä ‘changer la couleur’; Pun bll: espèce de sacrifice.¹¹ – Akk ballu ‘fourrage mélangé’; Hbr bᵊlīl, TalmAram bᵊlīlā ‘méteil’; Ar balla ‘désaltérer, apaiser’, bill ‘convalescence’; Tham (*Š-stem) h-bl ‘guérison’; Ar balāl ‘bien’, bullaẗ pl. bilāl) ‘bien, bienfait’; SAr bll ‘bien (?)’. -2–6 […].¹²
▪ Borg2021 #53 b-l-l compares Akk balālu ‘to blend, mingle, concoct’; ballu ‘mixed (medicinal and aromatic substances)’ (Parpola 2007: 13; CAD II 63) and (outside Sem) Eg (i) bꜢj (Med) ‘feucht sein (unter anderem vom Schweiß)’; bꜢy ‘foot ewer’; bꜢi͗w ‘damp (adj.)’ (Wb I 417; Faulkner 1962: 77).▪ …

10. Avec le sens de ‘mouiller, humecter’, la rac. se rattache peut-être à une base AfrAs: Eg byʔ ‘ciel (eau du ciel, sur laquelle on navigue)’; Cush bire, bile ‘ciel, pluie’. 11. C’est un ‘sacrifice mélangé’ qui représente probablement un gâteau fait avec de l’huile. 12. Irrelevant in the present context.

…

►ballala, vb. II = I: D‑stem, ints.
►ʔaballa, vb. IV, ↗²balla
►taballala, vb. V, and ĭbtalla, vb. VIII, to be moistened, be wetted; to become wet: Dt‑ and Gt‑stem (respectively).
►ball, n., 1a moistening, wetting; 1b moisture: vn. I.
►bill, n., ↗²balla
►billaẗ, n.f., moisture, humidity
►balal,n., 1a moisture, humidity; 1b moistness, dampness, wetness: vn. I
►balīl, n., a moist, cool wind: ints. formation, *‘the moist, humid one’.
►balīlaẗ, n.f., (EgAr) porridge made of wheat or maize with milk and sugar: Does balīlaẗ belong here (perh. *‘soaked cereals’), or is it rather the *‘meal that helps to recover, or is given to s.o. recovering, from an illness’ (↗²balla), or is it perh. akin to the *‘mixed offering’ of Pun bll (see above, section COGN)?
►ʔiblāl, n., ↗²balla
►taballul, n., moistness, dampness, humidity: vn. V.
►mablūl, muballal, mubtall, adj., moist, damp, wet; drenched (by rain): PP I, II, VIII, respectively.

For other items of the root, cf. ↗²balla, ↗EgAr balīlaẗ, as well as, for the overall picture, ↗√BLː (BLL).

²ball‑ / balal‑ بَلّ / بَلَلْـ , i (bill)

√BLː(BLL)

vb., I

to recover (min maraḍ from an illness) – WehrCowan1976.

▪ The grouping in DRS suggests that ²balla belongs to a group of lexemes that are based on the idea of *‘mixing’. If this is correct, ‘to recover (from illness)’ may originally be *‘to recover due to fresh (= wet, moistened, or mixed, variegated?) pasture, or to a fresh, moist breeze’. One of the closest cognates would be Tham h-bl ‘recovery’ (*Š-stem, caus., *‘to cause to be well’).

▪ Hava1899: ^†balla (u, bilāl) ‘to give s.th., be beneficent’; ^†balla (a, balal, bilāl) ‘to enjoy (bi- s.th.), to obtain; to know s.th.’, cf. also the expr. ^†ballat yadāka bih ‘you have obtained it’; ^†balla (balal, balālaẗ, bulūl) ‘to enjoy (bi‑ the company of s.o.)’. – The relation to ↗¹balla ‘to moisten’ becomes clearer in lexemes like ^†balīl, balīlaẗ ‘cold and damp wind’ that combine ‘moisture’ and refreshing coolness, or also in ^†ballaẗ ‘freshness of youth’.

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #BLL-1 Akk balālu ‘mélanger; allier, brasser’; Hbr bālal ‘mélanger (avec de l’huile)’; Aram bal ‘mélanger’; Ar balla ‘mouiller, tremper, humecter’;¹³ SAr bll ‘irriguer’; Te bälla ‘mélanger’, bällälä ‘changer la couleur’; Pun bll: espèce de sacrifice.¹⁴ – Akk ballu ‘fourrage mélangé’; Hbr bᵊlīl, TalmAram bᵊlīlā ‘méteil’; Ar balla ‘désaltérer, apaiser’, bill ‘convalescence’; Tham (*Š-stem) h-bl ‘guérison’; Ar balāl ‘bien’, bullaẗ pl. bilāl) ‘bien, bienfait’; SAr bll ‘bien (?)’. -2–6 […]¹⁵

13. Avec le sens de ‘mouiller, humecter’, la rac. se rattache peut-être à une base AfrAs: Eg byʔ ‘ciel (eau du ciel, sur laquelle on navigue)’; Cush bire, bile ‘ciel, pluie’. 14. C’est un ‘sacrifice mélangé’ qui représente probablement un gâteau fait avec de l’huile. 15. Irrelevant in the present context.

…

►ballala, vb. II, ↗¹balla.
►ʔaballa, vb. IV, = I: *Š‑stem.
►taballala, vb. V, and ĭbtalla, vb. VIII, ↗¹balla.

►ball, n., ↗¹balla.
►bill, n., recovery, convalescence, recuperation: vn. I.
►billaẗ, balal, balīl ↗¹balla.
►balīlaẗ, n.f., (EgAr) porridge made of wheat or maize with milk and sugar: Does balīlaẗ belong here (perh *‘meal that helps to recover, or is given to s.o. recovering, from an illness’), or rather to ¹balla ‘to moisten, make wet’, or is it perh. akin to the *‘mixed offering’ of Pun bll (see above, section COGN)?
►ʔiblāl, n., recovery, convalescence, recuperation: vn. IV.
►taballul, mablūl, muballal, mubtall ↗¹balla.

For other items of the root, cf. ↗¹balla and ↗EgAr balīlaẗ, as well as, for the overall picture, ↗√BLː (BLL).

EgAr balīlaẗ بَليلة

√BLː (BLL)

n.f.

(EgAr) porridge made of wheat or maize with milk and sugar – WehrCowan1976.

▪ Does balīlaẗ belong to ↗¹balla ‘to moisten, make wet’ (perh. *‘soaked cereals’), or is it rather the *‘meal that helps to recover, or is given to s.o. recovering, from an illness’ (↗²balla)? Or perh. none of these, but rather akin to the *‘mixed offering’ of Pun bll that preserved the original idea of *‘mixture’ (see section COGN)? In any case, DRS does not mention balīlaẗ, but groups all – ‘to moisten’, ‘to recover’ and Pun bll ‘mixed offering’ – together as cognates.

▪ …

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #BLL-1 Akk balālu ‘mélanger; allier, brasser’; Hbr bālal ‘mélanger (avec de l’huile)’; Aram bal ‘mélanger’; Ar balla ‘mouiller, tremper, humecter’;¹⁶ SAr bll ‘irriguer’; Te bälla ‘mélanger’, bällälä ‘changer la couleur’; Pun bll: espèce de sacrifice.¹⁷ – Akk ballu ‘fourrage mélangé’; Hbr bᵊlīl, TalmAram bᵊlīlā ‘méteil’; Ar balla ‘désaltérer, apaiser’, bill ‘convalescence’; Tham (*Š-stem) h-bl ‘guérison’; Ar balāl ‘bien’, bullaẗ pl. bilāl) ‘bien, bienfait’; SAr bll ‘bien (?)’. -2–6 […]¹⁸

16. Avec le sens de ‘mouiller, humecter’, la rac. se rattache peut-être à une base AfrAs: Eg byʔ ‘ciel (eau du ciel, sur laquelle on navigue)’; Cush bire, bile ‘ciel, pluie’. 17. C’est un ‘sacrifice mélangé’ qui représente probablement un gâteau fait avec de l’huile. 18. Irrelevant in the present context.

…

For other items of the root, cf. ↗¹balla and ↗²balla, as well as, for the overall picture, ↗√BLː (BLL).

BLD بلد

√BLD

“root”

▪ BLD_1 ‘country’ ↗balad
▪ BLD_2 ‘to be stupid, idiotic, dull-witted’ ↗baluda
▪ BLD_ ‘steel’ ↗fūlāḏ (var. būlād)

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘a marked plot of land; an animal dwelling, an abode, to abide in a place, to stay put; a tower; city, village; density; to be lacking in intelligence’

▪ BLD_1 : from …
▪ BLD_2 : from …
▪ BLD_3 : see ↗fūlāḏ …
▪ …

–

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #BLD-1 Ar balad ‘pays plat, terre, sol’, bilād ‘contrée’; Tham bldt ‘pays’; Soq bilād, Śḥr bilád ‘ville’; ?Har bad ‘pays, terre’. -2 Ar baluda, balida ‘être lent, stupide’, ʔablad ‘seul, délaissé’; ?Amh bolläd : singe qui vit seul; homme sans foi ni loi. -3 Ug (yn) bld (ǵll) : sorte de vin. -4 Te Tña blād, Amh bulad ‘silex’.
▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

balad بَلَد , pl. bilād , ‎buldān

√BLD

n.; rarely f.

1 country; 2 town, city; 3 place, community, village; 4 bilād, country; 5 buldān, countries – WehrCowan1976

▪ According to Gutas (see below), the word is ‎one of the few cases where Grk acted as intermediary for the transmission of a Latin loanword.

▪ Q 2:126, 3:196, 7:57-58, etc. Also baladaẗ 25:49, 27:91, 34:15, etc. ʻcountry, region, territoryʼ

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #BLD-1 Ar balad ‘pays plat, terre, sol’, bilād ‘contrée’; Tham bldt ‘pays’; Soq bilād, Śḥr bilád ‘ville’; ?Har bad ‘pays, terre’. - Cf. perh. also 2 Ar baluda, balida ‘être lent, stupide’, ʔablad ‘seul, délaissé’; ?Amh bolläd : singe qui vit seul; homme sans foi ni loi. -3-4 […].
▪ Outside Sem, Borg2021 #51 (b-l-d) compares Eg bnd/bꜢd.t (Gr) ‘Acker’ (Wb II 464).
▪ …

▪ Jeffery1938: »The verb balad‑ in the sense of ‘to dwell in a ‎region’ is denominative, and Nöldeke recognized that balad in the sense of ‘a place where one ‎dwellsʼ was a Semitic borrowing from the Lat palatium : Grk palátion. This has been accepted ‎by Fraenkel, Fremdw, 28, and Vollers, ZDMG, li, 312, and may be traced back to the military ‎occupation of N. Arabia.«

▪ EALL (Gutas, “Greek Loanwords”): a loan from Grk ‎palátion that goes back to Latin palatium.

▪ Shahîd (EALL, “Latin Loanwords”) also mentions ‎Lat. palatium ‘town, inhabited area’, but adds that this etymology is uncertain.

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►bilād al-ḥabaš, Ethiopia;
► bilād al-ṣīn, China;
► bilād al-hind, India

►ballada, vb. II, to acclimatize, habituate (s.th., to a country or region): D-stem, denom., caus.
► taballada, vb. V, 1 pass. of II; 2 ↗baluda: tD-stem, self-ref.
► ^BP#1458baldaẗ, n.f., 1 town, city; 2 place, community, village; 3 rural community; 4 township
► ^BP#2236baladī, adj., 1 native, indigenous, home (as opposed to foreign, alien); 2 (fellow) citizen, compatriot, countryman; 3 a native; 4 communal, municipal: nsb-adj. | maǧlis ~, n., city council, local council
► ^BP#1243baladiyyaẗ, pl. -āt, n.f., 1 township, community, rural community; 2 ward, district (of a city); 3 municipality, municipal council, local authority: abstr. formation in ‑iyyaẗ

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗baluda as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√BLD.

baladiyyaẗ بَلَدِيَّة

√BLD

n.f.

1 township, community, rural community; 2 ward, district (of a city); 3 municipality, municipal council, local authority – WehrCowan1979.

▪ abstr. formation in -iyyaẗ from ↗balad.

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▪ ↗balad.
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►

balud- بَلُدَ , u (balādaẗ)

√BLD

vb., I

to be stupid, idiotic, dull-witted – WehrCowan1976

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.

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #BLD-1 […]. -2 Ar baluda, balida ‘être lent, stupide’, ʔablad ‘seul, délaissé’; ?Amh bolläd : singe qui vit seul; homme sans foi ni loi. -3 […].
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,

.

►taballada, vb. V, 1 ↗balad; 2a to become stupid, besotted, lapse into a state of idiocy; b to show o.s. from the stupid side: tD-stem, self-ref.
► tabālada, vb. VI, to feign stupidity: : tL-stem, imitative

► balīd, var. ʔabladᵘ, adj., stupid, doltish, dull-witted, idiotic: quasi-PP, ints.adj.
► balādaẗ, n.f., stupidity, silliness: vn. I
► taballud, n., idiocy, dullness, obtuseness, apathy: vn. V
► mutaballid, adj., besotted, dull, stupid: PA V

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗balad as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√BLD.

būlād بُولاد

√BLD, BWLʔD, BūLāD

n.

steel – WehrCowan1979.

A var. of ↗fūlāḏ.

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▪ ↗fūlāḏ.

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BLS بلس

√BLS

“root”

▪ BLS_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ BLS_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ BLS_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘a state of shock, to be overwhelmed with grief, fall into utter despair; to be cut off; to be confused and bewildered’

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.

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BLṬ بلط

√BLṬ

“root”

▪ BLṬ_1 ‘pavement, floor, tiles; court, palace’ ↗balāṭ
▪ BLṬ_2 ‘oak; acorn’ ↗ballūṭ
▪ BLṬ_3 ‘ax’ ↗balṭaẗ
▪ BLṬ_4 ‘balata gum’ ↗balaṭaẗ
▪ BLṬ_5 ‘Tilapia nilotica, a food fish of the Nile’ ↗bulṭī
▪ BLṬ_ ‘…’ ↗…

▪ BLṬ_1 : 1) from Lat palatium ‘imperial residence’; ‎‎2) from Grk plateîa ‘flagstone, paved way’
▪ BLṬ_2 : …
▪ BLṬ_3 : from Tu balta ‘ax’
▪ BLṬ_4 : …
▪ BLṬ_5 : …
▪ BLṬ_ : …

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▪ DRS 2 (1994) #BLṬ-1 Akk balāṭu ‘vivre’. -2 nHbr balūṭ, bālūṭ, JP Syr balūṭā, bᵊlūṭā, Aysor bålūṭå, Mnd baluda, Ar balluṭ ‘chêne, gland’; Aram bālūṭ : cheville placée dans la barre de la porte; Syr bᵊlaṭ ‘obstruer, fermer’. -3 Akk ba/ulṭīt-, JP ba/ulṭītā, Syr belṭītā, nSyr bilṭīta : ver qui ronge le bois. -4 Talm bwlṭ?, SAr blṭ ‘argent monnayé’. -5 Ar balāṭ ‘palais’, balaṭa ‘aplanir, niveler, damer’. -6 bālaṭa ‘jouter’. -?7 SAr *blṭ : btlṭ (forme à -t- infixé) ‘fin, destruction’.
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balāṭ بلاط

√BLṬ

n.

1 royal court, palace. – 2a pavement, floor; b (pl. ʔabliṭaẗ) floor tiles – ‎WehrCowan1979.

According to Shahîd (see below, “Etymology"), the word (in meaning ‎no. 1, ‘royal court') is one of the loans from Latin that owe their existence to the »strong Roman ‎military and administrative presence in the region", whereas no. 2 came from Grk.

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▪ DRS 2 (1994) #BLṬ-1-4 […]. -5 Ar balāṭ ‘palais’, balaṭa ‘aplanir, niveler, damer’. -6 […].
▪ …

▪ EALL (Shahîd, “Latin Loanwords”): 1) from Lat palatium ‘imperial residence’; ‎‎2) from Grk plateîa ‘flagstone, paved way’
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►al-balāṭ al-malakī, n., the royal court;
►ḥidāḍ al-balāṭ, n., court mourning

►ballaṭa, vb. II, to pave (s.th., with flagstones or tiles): D-stem, denom., applicative
► balāṭaẗ, n.f., 1 floor tile; 2 flagstone, slab stone; 3 paving stone: quasi-n.un.
► tablīṭ, n., paving, tile-laying: vn. II
► muballaṭ, adj., paved, tiled: PP II

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗ballūṭ, ↗balṭaẗ, ↗balaṭaẗ, ↗bulṭī as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√BLṬ.

ballūṭ بَلّوط

√BLṬ

n.

n., 1 oak; 2 acorn – WehrCowan1979

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.

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗balāṭ, ↗balṭaẗ, ↗balaṭaẗ, ↗bulṭī as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√BLṬ.

balṭaẗ بَلْطة , pl. ‑āt , bulaṭ

√BLṬ

n.f.

ax – WehrCowan1979

▪ EALL (S. Procházka, »Turkish Loanwords«): from Tu balta ‘ax’.
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▪ Although »contacts between Arabs and speakers of Turkic languages go back to the first half of the 9th century, when the Abbasid caliphs began recruiting Turks from Central Asia as Praetorian guards", and although Arabic was influenced by a Turkic dialect during the Mamluk period too (13th-16th centuries), most loans from Turkish stem from the Ottoman period, esp. the 18th-19th century. Ar balṭa is an example of these loans, the majority of which fall into the domains of »administration and government, army and war, crafts and tools, house and household, dress, and food and dishes. The influence of Turkish on Arabic in these particular categories is obviously the consequence of the presence of the Ottoman bureaucracy and army in the Arab world in particular, and of the influence of centuries-long relations on everyday life in general."³⁶ .
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36. S. Procházka, »Turkish Loanwords«, in EALL.

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►balṭaǧī, pl. -iyyaẗ, n., 1 engineer, sapper, pioneer (mil.); 2a gangster; b procurer, panderer, pimp; c sponger, hanger-on, parasite: n.prof., from balṭaẗ + Tu suffix ‑ǧī

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗balāṭ, ↗ballūṭ, ↗balaṭaẗ, ↗bulṭī as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√BLṬ.

balaṭaẗ بَلطة

√BLṬ

n.f.

balata gum – WehrCowan1979

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.

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗balāṭ, ↗ballūṭ, ↗balṭaẗ, ↗bulṭī as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√BLṬ.

bulṭī بُلْطي

√BLṬ

n.

Tilapia nilotica, a food fish of the Nile – WehrCowan1979

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.

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗balāṭ, ↗ballūṭ, ↗balṭaẗ, ↗balaṭaẗ as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√BLṬ.

BLʕ بلع

√BLʕ

“root”

▪ BLʕ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ BLʕ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ BLʕ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to swallow, swallow up; a glutton; a drain’

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.

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BLĠ بلغ

√BLĠ

“root”

▪ BLĠ_1 ‘to reach, get to, arrive at, attain, to come of age’ ↗balaġa, ‘eloquence; art of good style, art of composition; literature’ ↗balāġaẗ
▪ BLĠ_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to reach, to arrive; to mature, to come of age, to reach puberty; to exhaust; to attain a high degree; to be eloquent; to exaggerate; to do one’s utmost; to notify, to announce, to convey, message’

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▪ DRS 2 (1994) #BLĠ: Hbr *billēʕ (ip. yᵊbullaʕ) ‘être communiqué, divulgué’, belaʕ ‘calomnie’; Ar balaġa ‘parvenir à un état, à un lieu, à qn; être mûr’, ballaġa ‘faire parvenir un message’, balāġaẗ ‘calomnie, médisance’; Śḥr úleġ ‘parvenir à’; Soq balaḥ ‘être mûr’.
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balaġ- بَلَغَ , u (bulūġ)

√BLĠ

vb., I

1 to reach (s.o., s.th.), get (to), arrive (at); 2 to come, amount (to), be worth (so and so much); b to go far (fī in s.th.), attain a high degree (fī of s.th.); 3 to come to s.o.’s ears; 4a to attain puberty (boy); b to ripen, mature (fruit, or the like); c to come of age; 5 to exhaust, wear out (min s.o.); 6 to act (min upon s.o.), have its effect (min on), affect (min s.o.) – WehrCowan1979

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.

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #BLĠ: Hbr *billēʕ (ip. yᵊbullaʕ) ‘être communiqué, divulgué’, belaʕ ‘calomnie’; Ar balaġa ‘parvenir à un état, à un lieu, à qn; être mûr’, ballaġa ‘faire parvenir un message’, balāġaẗ ‘calomnie, médisance’; Śḥr úleġ ‘parvenir à’; Soq balaḥ ‘être mûr’.
▪ Outside Sem, Borg2021 #52 (b-l-ġ) compares Eg mꜢʕ (Gr) ‘richtig, wahr, so wie etwas eigentlich beschaffen sein soll’ (Wb II 12; Calice 1936: 152).
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.

►balaġa bi-hī ʔilà, vb., to make s.o. or s.th. get to or arrive at, lead or take s.o. or s.th. to, get s.o. or s.th. to the point where;
►balaġa bi-hī l-tarannuḥᵘ ʔanna, expr., he began to reel so violently that...;
►balaġa l-ʔamrᵘ mablaġᵃ l-ǧidd, expr., the matter became serious;
►balaġa l-saylᵘ l-zubà, expr., the matter reached a climax, things came to a head;
►balaġa mablaġᵃ l-riǧāl, vb., to be sexually mature, attain manhood, come of age;
►balaġa ʔašudda-hū, vb., 1 to attain full maturity, come of age; 2 to reach its climax;
►balaġa fī/min-a l-šayʔ mablaġᵃn, vb., to attain a high degree of s.th.;
►ḥīna balaġtu bi-ḏikrayātī hāḏā l-mablaġᵃ, expr., when I had come to this point in my reminiscences;
►balaġa min-hu kullᵃ mablaġin, vb., to work havoc on s.o.;
►balaġa muntahā-hu, vb., to reach its climax, come to a head

►ballaġa, vb. II, 1a to make (s.o.) reach or attain (s.th.); b to take, bring (ʔilà s.th. to s.o.), see that s.th. gets (ʔilà to); 2a to convey, transmit, impart, communicate, report (to s.o. s.th.); b to inform, notify (s.o. of s.th.), tell, let know (s.o. about); c to report (ʕan about), give an account of (ʕan); d to inform (ʕan against s.o.), report, denounce (ʕan s.o.): D-stem, caus. | ~ risālaẗ, vb., to fulfil a mission; balliġ-hu salāmī, expr., give him my best regards!
► bālaġa, vb. III, 1a to exaggerate (fī in s.th.); b to overdo, do too long (fī s.th.); 2 to go to greatest lengths, do one’s utmost (fī in): L-stem
► ^BP#3610ʔablaġa, vb. IV, 1 to make (s.o., s.th.) reach or attain (ʔilà s.th.); 2 to make (s.th.) amount (ʔilà to), raise (a an amount, a salary, ʔilà to); 3a to inform, notify (bi- or ʕan s.o. of s.th.), tell, let know (bi- or ʕan s.o. about); b to announce, state, disclose (s.th.); c to inform (ʕan against s.o.), report, denounce (ʕan s.o.): *Š-stem, caus. | ~ al-būlīs bi-, to report s.th. to the police
► taballaġa, vb. V, 1 to content o.s., be content (bi- with); 2 to eke out an existence; 3 to still one’s hunger (bi- with), eat (bi- s.th.); 4 to be delivered, be transmitted: tD-stem, self-ref.
► samʕᵃⁿ lā balġᵃⁿ!, expr., may it be heard but not fulfilled, i.e., God forbid! (used at the mention of s.th. unpleasant)
► bulġaẗ, n.f., and balāġ, n., sufficiency, competency, adequacy
► ^BP#4243balāġ, pl. -āt, n., 1a communication, information, message, report; b announcement, proclamation; c communique; d statement; e notification (of the police) | ~ ʔaḫīr, n., ultimatum
► balīġ, pl. bulaġāʔ, adj., 1 eloquent; 2 intense, lasting, deep, profound (e.g., an impression); 3 serious, grave (e.g., an injury): quasi-PP, ints.adj.
► ^BP#3938bulūġ, n., 1 reaching, attainment, arrival (at); 2 maturity, legal majority: vn. I
► balāġaẗ, n.f., 1 eloquence; 2 art of good style, art of composition; 3 literature | ʕilm al-~, n., rhetoric
► ^BP#4882ʔablaġᵘ, adj., 1 intenser, deeper, more lasting; 2 more serious, graver: elat. formation
► ^BP#962mablaġ, pl. mabāliġᵘ, n., 1 amount, sum of money; 2 extent, scope, range: n.loc. | ~ ĭsmī, n., nominal par; al-mabāliġ al-mūdaʕaẗ, n., the deposits (at a bank); li-yatabayyana ~ qawlī min al-ǧiddi, expr., in order to find, out to what extent my words were meant seriously
► tablīġ, pl. -āt, n., 1 conveyance, transmission, delivery (ʔilà to s.o.); 2a information (ʕan about); b report, notification (ʕan of); c communication, announcement, notice: vn. II | kitāb al-~, n., credentials
► ^BP#3701mubālaġaẗ, pl. -āt, n., exaggeration: vn. III
► ʔiblāġ, n., conveyance, transmission: vn. IV
► ^BP#1318bāliġ, adj., 1 extensive, far-reaching; 2 considerable; 3 serious (wound), deep, profound, violent, vehement (feelings), strong, intense; 4a mature; b of age, legally major: PA I
► muballiġ, n., 1 bearer (of news), messenger; 2 informer, denouncer; 3 detective: PA II
► ^BP#4489mubālaġ fīh, adj., 1 exaggerated: PP III

balāġaẗ بلاغة

√BLĠ

n.f.

1 eloquence; 2 art of good style, art of composition; 3 literature – WehrCowan1979.

▪ ↗balaġa
▪ Cf. AliLeaman2008: 116 (s.v. ‘rhetoric').
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►

BLQ بلق

√BLQ

“root”

▪ BLQ_1 ‘piebald’ ↗ʔablaq
▪ BLQ_2 ‘…’ ↗…

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▪ DRS 2 (1994) #BLQ-1 Hbr *bālaq (PA f.sg: bōlqāʰ, mᵊbullāqāʰ) ‘dévaster, ravager’; Ar ‘violer (une fille)’, ʔablaqa ‘ouvrir, fermer (brusquement une porte)’. – nSyr bāliq ‘écarquiller les yeux; être fier’; Mnd blq ‘aveugler’; Ar baliqa ‘être stupéfait’. – ? Syr bᵊlaq ‘apparaître; l’emporter sur; désirer’. -2 Syr bᵊlāqā ‘blanc et noir; blanc’; Ar baliqa ‘être blanc et noir’, balaq, balq, SAr blq, Gz balaq ‘marbre’; Te bälqät, bälqay ‘roches’. -3 Syr bᵊlaq ‘parvenir à’; Te ʔabläqä, Amh baläq ‘devenir pubère’. -4 Mnd baliqa ‘glouton, cupide’.
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ʔablaqᵘ أبْلقُ

√BLQ

adj.

piebald – WehrCowan1979.

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▪ DRS 2 (1994) #BLQ-1 Hbr *bālaq (PA f.sg: bōlqāʰ, mᵊbullāqāʰ) ‘dévaster, ravager’; Ar ‘violer (une fille)’, ʔablaqa ‘ouvrir, fermer (brusquement une porte)’. – nSyr bāliq ‘écarquiller les yeux; être fier’; Mnd blq ‘aveugler’; Ar baliqa ‘être stupéfait’. – ? Syr bᵊlaq ‘apparaître; l’emporter sur; désirer’. – [Cf. perh. also] -2 Syr bᵊlāqā ‘blanc et noir; blanc’; Ar baliqa ‘être blanc et noir’, balaq, balq, SAr blq, Gz balaq ‘marbre’; Te bälqät, bälqay ‘roches’. -3-4 […].
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BLKN بلكن

√BLKN

“root”

▪ BLKN_1 ‘balcony’ ↗balkūnaẗ
▪ BLKN_2 ‘…’ ↗…

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balkūnaẗ بلْكونة , var. balkūn , ‎balakūnaẗ , pl. ‑āt

√BLKN

n.f.

balcony – WehrCowan1979.

▪ A current belief is that the word is one out of a plentitude ‎of loans from mPers which testifies to the intense interaction between Arab and Iranian ‎culture during the first centuries of the Muslim expansion. Arabic was then »invigorated by new ‎elements of ideas and images, stimulated with fresh conceptions of excellence and eloquence, and ‎enriched […] with a new vocabulary. Persian, in particular, was responsible for the introduction of ‎new terms in the fields of luxury, ornaments, handicrafts, fine arts, government administration, ‎and public registers."⁶ . ‎‎According to this view, bal(a)kūnaẗ is one out of the significant number of terms from material culture that found their ‎way into Arabic. However, given that the European words for ‘balcony’, which for a long time were believed to derive from the same Pers source, probably are not of Pers but Germ origin, the probability is high that the Ar word is not from Pers but from a European language, probably Ital.
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6. Khalafallah, “ʕArabiyya: Early Middle Arabic", in: EI².

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▪ EALL (Asbaghi, “Persian Loanwords”): a loan from mPers bālā ‘top, upstairs’ + ḫānag ‘house’.
▪ However, etymological dictionaries of Ge do ‎not trace Ge Balkon back to Pers origins, cf. EtymDuden1963: »Das ‎Substantiv wurde im 18. Jh. aus frz. balcon < it. balcone entlehnt. Das it. Wort selbst ist ‎‎germ. Ursprungs und gehört wohl im urspr. Sinne von ‘Balkengerüst’ zu dem unter Balken ‎behandelten, ins Roman. gelangten germ. Wort (ahd. balko = langobard. *balko).« Kluge2002, though calling this etymology in doubt, retains European origins: »Das italienische ‎Wort galt […] als aus dem Langobardischen entlehnt […]; doch rechnen neuere Untersuchungen ‎‎[Korth 1973] mit einem früh-rom. *pālica, einer Ableitung aus lat. pālus ‘Pfahl’. Wieder anders ‎Kahane [1976/77]: Das Wort ist germanisch und die Bedeutung ursprünglich (wie oberdeutsch) ‘Fensterladen’, von dem zum Balkon führenden Fenster.« It seems as if this opinion has to be ‎revised. For English and French, Wikipedia entries acknowledge the possibility of a Persian origin, ‎cf. Balcony in en.wiki, where it says: »probably cognate ‎with Pers term ‏‎bālkāneh or its older variant ‏‎pālkāneh «.

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BLW بلو

√BLW

“root”

▪ BLW_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ BLW_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ BLW_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘test, trial, to test; bounty; to strive, to have care for; to afflict, calamity; to give an oath’

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BN بن

√BN

“root”

▪ BN_1 ‘son’ ↗ĭbn
▪ BN_2 ‘daughter’ ↗bint

▪ BAH2008 (s.v. BNw/y): ‘sons and daughters, offspring; to adopt a child; building, wall, tent; to build, to form; to wed’

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▪ DRS 2 (1994) #BN-1 *bin- ‘fils’, *bint- ‘fille’: Akk bin-, Ug bn, Phoen Pun Moab bn, Hbr ben, Nab bn, Ar ĭbn, bin, Liḥ bin, Tham *bn (duel bny), SAr bn ‘fils’; Akk bint-, bunt-, bunat-, Ug bt, Phoen bt, Pun bt, bat (?), nPun bɛt, Hbr bat-, (avec suff.) bitt-, Ar bint, Liḥ bint, Tham bnt, SAr bnt ‘fille’; Gz bənt (ʕayn) ‘pupille (de l’œil)’; Hbr bar, Aram bar, EpigAram br ‘fils’, brt, JP bᵊrattā, Syr barᵊtā, ‘fille’; nSyr brūnā ‘fils’, bar (cstr.) ‘fils (de)’, brātā ‘fille’; DaṯAr bir, SAr brw, Mhr habrê, Śḥr br ‘fils’; Soq bar ‘enfant’. -2 SAr bn; Tham bn ‘de’.
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ĭbn اِبْن , pl. ʔabnāʔ, banūn

√BN

n.

1a son; b descendant, scion; c offspring, son (of a nation or people) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Kogan2011: from protSem *bin‑ ‘son’.
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▪ Bergsträsser1928: (*‘son’) Akk binu, Hbr bēn, Syr (brā), SAr bn.
▪ DRS 2 (1994) #BN-1 *bin- ‘fils’, *bint- ‘fille’: Akk bin-, Ug bn, Phoen Pun Moab bn, Hbr ben, Nab bn, Ar ĭbn, bin, Liḥ bin, Tham *bn (duel bny), SAr bn ‘fils’; […]. -2 […].
▪ Outside Sem, Borg2021 #55 (b-n-n¹) compares Eg bnn (LE) ‘to beget, become erect (of male)’; ‘begatten; erzeugen; Bezeichnung des Phallus’; bnbn ‘als eine sexuelle Betätigung’ (Faulkner 1962: 82; Wb I 459, 460; Hannig 1995: 254).
▪ ….

▪ …
▪ …

–

►banū ʔĀdam, pl. ĭbn ʔĀdam, n., (son of Adam) man, human being;
►ĭbn ʔāwà, n., jackal;
►ĭbn al-balad, n., local inhabitant, native; ʔabnāʔ al-balād, n. pl., natives, native population;
►ĭbn al-ḥarb, n., 1 warrior, soldier; 2 warlike, bellicose;
►ĭbn al-sibīl, n., wayfarer, wanderer;
►ĭbn ḫamsīn sanaẗ, adj./n., 50 years old;
►ĭbn sāʕati-hī, adj./n., temporal, transient, passing;
►ĭbn ṣulbi-hī, n., his own son;
►ĭbn ʕirs, n., weasel;
►banū māʔ al-samāʔ, n., the Arabs;
►Banī Suwayf, n., Beni Suef (city in Egypt, S of Cairo)

►ĭbnaẗ and bint, pl. banāt, n.f., 1 daughter; 2 bint, girl | ĭbnaẗ al-ʕamm, n.f., 1 (female) cousin; 2 periphrastically for wife: ĭbnaẗ ʕammak, n.f., your wife; bint al-fikr pl. banāt al-ʔafkār, n.f., thought, idea; banāt al-ʔarḍ, n. pl., insects and worms; banāt biʕs, n. pl., calamities, afflictions; banāt al-dahr, n. pl., do.; bint al-šafaẗ, n.f., word; banāt al-ṣadr, n. pl., worries, fears, anxieties; banāt wardāna, n. pl., earth worms, rainworms
►^BP#3232tabannà, vb. V, 1 to adopt as son (s.o.); 2 to adopt, embrace (s.th.): tD-stem, self-ref.
►bunayya, my little son: dimin. + suffix 1sg
►bunūwaẗ, n.f., sonship, filiation
►bunawī, adj., filial: nsb-formation
►tabannⁱⁿ, n., adoption (also fig., e.g.. of ideas, principles, etc.): vn. V

bint بِنْت , pl. banāt

√BN

n.f.

1a daughter; b (bint, girl) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Kogan2011: from protSem *bin‑at‑ ‘daughter’, f. of *bin‑ (Ar ↗ĭbn) ‘son’.
▪ …

▪ …

▪ Bergsträsser1928: (*‘daughter’) Akk bintu, Hbr baṯ, Syr (barṯā), Gz bent ‘pupil (of the eye)’.
▪ DRS 2 (1994) #BN-1 […]; Akk bint-, bunt-, bunat-, Ug bt, Phoen bt, Pun bt, bat (?), nPun bɛt, Hbr bat-, (avec suff.) bitt-, Ar bint, Liḥ bint, Tham bnt, SAr bnt ‘fille’; Gz bənt (ʕayn) ‘pupille (de l’œil)’; Hbr bar, Aram bar, EpigAram br ‘fils’, brt, JP bᵊrattā, Syr barᵊtā, ‘fille’; nSyr brūnā ‘fils’, bar (cstr.) ‘fils (de)’, brātā ‘fille’; […]. -2 […].
▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►ĭbnaẗ al-ʕamm, n.f., 1 (female) cousin; 2 periphrastically for wife: ĭbnaẗ ʕammak, n.f., your wife;
►bint al-fikr, pl. banāt al-ʔafkār, n.f., thought, idea;
►banāt al-ʔarḍ, n. pl., insects and worms;
►banāt biʔs, n. pl., calamities, afflictions;
►banāt al-dahr, n. pl., do.;
►bint al-šafaẗ, n.f., word;
►banāt al-ṣadr, n. pl., worries, fears, anxieties;
►banāt wardānaẗ, n. pl., earth worms, rainworms

BNː (BNN) بنّ / بنن

√BNː (BNN)

“root”

▪ BNː (BNN)_1 ‘coffee’ ↗bunn
▪ BNː (BNN)_2 ‘finger tips’ ↗banān

▪ …

–

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #BNN-1 Ar banna ‘faire halte, se fixer (dans un lieu)’; Tham bn ‘rester’. -2 Ar binn ‘graisse’. -3 bannaẗ ‘odeur’; SAr banna ‘saveur, goût’. -4 Ar bunān ‘extrémité(s) des doigts’; dial S Ar bannaẗ, bunnaẗ ‘doigt, orteil; longueur ou largeur d’un doigt’. -5 Ar YemAr bunn, Te Tña Amh bun ‘café’. -6 Amh bännänä ‘voleter ci et là (poussière, fumée)’; Tña bänänä ‘s’évaporer’. -7 Akk benn- : peut-être ‘l’ainé d’une famille?’. -8 benn- ‘épilepsie?’.
▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

banān بنان , var. ^†bunān

√BNː (BNN)

n.

finger tips – WehrCowan1979

Etymology unclear.

▪ eC7 Q 8:12 fa-’ḍribū fawqa l-ʔaʕnāqi wa-’ḍribū min-hum kulla banānin ‘Then smite the necks and smite of them each finger’; 75:4 qādirīna ʕalā ʔan nusawwiya banāna-hū ‘We are able to restore his very fingers!’

▪ DRS#BNN-4 gives bunān (with u) and the “dial. mér.” forms bannaẗ, bunnaẗ ‘doigt, orteil; longueur ou largeur d’un doigt’.

Probably unrelated to other items of the root as given by DRS (of which only ↗bunn‑ ‘coffee beans, (unground) coffee’ is still known in MSA), cf. ↗BNN.

–

►yušāru ʕalay-hī l-banān, expr., lit.: he is pointed at with fingers, i.e., he is a famous man;
►anā ṭawʕᵃ banānika, expr., I am at your disposal, I am at your service

bunn بُنّ , var. būn

√BNː (BNN)

n.

coffee beans, (unground) coffee – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Outside Sem, Borg2021 #57 (b-n-n³) compares Eg bnn (MK) ‘bead, pellet’; ‘boulette, pilule’; ‘Kügelchen der "Myrrhe" als Medikament; kleine Perle aus Stein’ (Faulkner 1962: 83; Lacau 1972: 339; Wb II 460) ~ Dem bnn.t ‘Kugel’ (DG 118).
▪ …..

▪ …..

DRS#bnn-5 Te Tña Amh bun ‘coffee’

Probably unrelated to other items of the root as given by DRS (of which only ↗banān‑ ‘finger tips’ is still known in MSA), cf. ↗BNN.

▪ Engl (coffee‑) beans

►bunnī, adj., coffee-coloured, brown: nsb-adj.

BNDQ بندق

√BNDQ

“root”

▪ BNDQ_1 ‘hazelnut’ ↗bunduq
▪ BNDQ_2 ‘bullet’ ↗bunduq
▪ BNDQ_3 ‘rifle, gun’ ↗bunduq
▪ BNDQ_4 ‘Venice’ ↗ (al-) Bunduqiyyaẗ
▪ BNDQ_5 ‘bastard’ ↗bundūq

While BNDQ_1-4 all are from Grk pontikós ‘from the Black Sea (Pontos) region’, BNDQ_5 is of unknown origin.

–

↗bunduq, ↗bundūq

▪ …
▪ …

▪ ↗bunduq.

–

bunduq بُنْدُق , var. funduq , n.un. ‑aẗ , pl. banādiqᵘ

√BNDQ

n.coll.

1 hazelnut(s), filberts; hazel, hazel tree; -aẗ, n.f., hazelnut, filbert. – 2 bullet – WehrCowan1979.

▪ From Grk pontikón (kárion) ‘Black Sea (nut), hazelnut’ (based on Grk póntos ‘sea’).
▪ [v2] Bullets were called bunduq because they looked like hazelnuts.⁷
▪ From bunduqaẗ ‘bullet’ was coined ‘the weapon with which to shoot bullets’, bunduqiyyaẗ.
▪ For ‘Venice’ cf. (al-)↗Bunduqiyyaẗ

7. Rolland2014: »Les balles auraient été appelés ‘noisettes’ par analogie (cf. Fr pruneaux).«

▪ …

DRS 2 (1994)#BNDQ: Syr būndᵉqā ‘boule’, Ar bunduq ‘noisette; balle de fusil’, bunduqiyyaẗ ‘arquebuse, fusil’, Soq bindūq, Mhr bəndúq, mindúq, Śḥr bendīq, endiq.

▪ DRS 2 (1994)#BNDQ: From Grk pontikón (káryion) ‘Black Sea (nut), hazelnut’ (based on Grk póntos ‘sea’), Phlv pondik. Syr < Ar (Brockelmann).
▪ The variant funduq is not to be confused with the homonymous word for ‘caravanserai, hostel; hotel’, cf. ↗funduq.

▪ Tu fındık: <1410 (Ḫıżır Paşa, Münteḫab-ı Şifā) fınduk : from Ar bunduq / funduq.
▪ Span albóndiga ‘meatball’: from Ar al-bunduqaẗ ‘the hazelnut’ (because of the ‘bullet’ form).

► bunduqiyyaẗ, pl. banādiqᵘ, n., rifle, gun | ~ rašš, n., shotgun; ~ hawāʔiyyaẗ, n., airgun.

bunduqiyyaẗ بُنْدُقيّة , pl. banādiqᵘ

√BNDQ

¹n.f.; ²n.prop.loc.

1 rifle, gun. – 2 al-~ Venice – WehrCowan1979.

▪ [v1] is based on ↗bunduq, meaning ‘hazelnut’ and (because of the form) also ‘bullet’.
▪ [v2] Directly from Grk pontikós and, thus, ‘(town of) the Pontos people’, or based on ↗bunduq ‘hazelnut’ or bunduqiyyaẗ ‘rifle, gun’ and thus ‘(town of) those who deal with hazelnuts, or rifles’? Rolland2014 suggests ‘(town of) the people who, like the hazelnuts, were believed to stem from the Pontus region’.

▪ …

▪ See ↗bunduq.

▪ For [v1], cf. ↗bunduq.
▪ [v2] : Rolland2014: »Les Vénitiens étaient, commes les noisettes, supposés être originaires du Pont-Euxin.«

–

[v1]
► bunduqiyyaẗ rašš, n., shotgun.
► bunduqiyyaẗ hawāʔiyyaẗ, n., airgun.

[v2]
► bunduqī, Venetian sequin: nsb-adj from (al-) Bunduqiyyaẗ ‘Venice’.
► bunduqānī, pl. ‑ūn, banādiqaẗ, n., a Venitian: extended nsb-adj, from (al-) Bunduqiyyaẗ ‘Venice’ + ‑ān suff.loc.<

bundūq بُنْدوق , pl. banādīqᵘ

√BNDQ

n.

bastard – WehrCowan1979.

Of unknown origin. Rolland2014 suggests that it is a contraction from ĭbn dūq ‘son of a stupidity’. Probably not related to ↗bunduq or ↗bunduqiyyaẗ.

▪ …

–

Rolland2014: »L’origine… reste à éclaircir. On ne voit de rapport ni avec la noisette ni avec Venise. Hasardons une hypothèse: le mot est peut-être l’altération du syntagme ĭbn dūq ‘fils d’une folie, d’une sottise’.«

–

BNR بنر

√BNR

“root”

▪ BNR_1 ‘glass’ ↗bannūr
▪ BNR_2 ‘…’ ↗…

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

bannūr بنّور

√BNR

n.

glass – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

BNW/Y بنو/ي

√BNW/Y

"root"

▪ BNW/Y_1 ‘to build’ ↗banà, ‘builder’ ↗bannāʔ , ‘building, construction’ ↗bunyān
▪ BNW/Y_ ...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘sons and daughters, offspring; to adopt a child; building, wall, tent; to build, to form; to wed’

▪ From protSem *√BNY ‘to build, create’ – Huehnergard2011.
▪ …

–

.

–

bannāʔ بَنّاء

√BNW/Y

n.; adj.

builder – Jeffery1938

▪ …

▪ eC7 Q xxxviii, 36 – Jeffery1938.

.

▪ Jeffery1938: »The verb banà ‘to build’ occurs in the Qurʔān along with certain formations therefrom, e.g. bināʔ ‘ceiled roof’, and mabnīy and it would seem on the surface that bannāʔ is another such formation. Nöldeke, Mand. Gramm, 120, n., however, has a suggestion that it is a borrowing from Aramaic, whence on the other hand it passed into mPers (cf. Herzfeld, Paikuli, Glossary, p. 156). Fraenkel, Fremdw, 255, is doubtful, but thinks that if it is a loan-word it comes from the Jewish bnʔʰ rather than from the Syr bnyā. Zimmern, Akkad. Fremdw, 26, considers them all as borrowed from Akk banū ‘to build’, though the SAr bny and its derivatives might suggest that the root developed independently in SSem (Rossini, Glossarium, 115).«

–

bunyān بُنْيان

√BNW/Y

n.

a building or construction – Jeffery1938

▪ …

▪ eC7 Q ix, 110, 111; xvi, 28; xviii, 20; xxxvii, 95; lxi, 4 – Jeffery1938.

.

▪ Jeffery1938: »Again it would seem, on the surface, that this word also is from banà ‘to build’. Sprenger, Leben, i, 108, has noted that words of this form are un-Arabic, e.g. qurbān, furqān, sulṭān, subḥān, etc., and lead us to look for an Aram origin. Fraenkel, Fremdw, 27, points out that we have in Aram binyān, bînyāynāʔ beside bnyytā and bnʔytʔ, and in Syr binyānā ‘building’. In Hbr also we find binyān, but as Lagarde, Übersicht, 205, shows, this is a borrowing from Aram. [Ar] bunyān occurs in the old poetry so it was doubtless an early borrowing from Aramaic.«

–

BHT بهت

√BHT

“root”

▪ BHT_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ BHT_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ BHT_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to be confounded, be taken by surprise, be dumbfounded; falsehood, slander; to be argued down; to be perplexed’

▪ …

–

.

–

BHǦ بهج

√BHǦ

“root”

▪ BHǦ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ BHǦ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ BHǦ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘delight; freshness; verdancy; to please, make merry’

▪ …

–

.

–

BHR بهر

√BHR

“root”

▪ BHR_1 ‘to glitter, shine; dazzle, overwhelm’ ↗bahara
▪ BHR_2 ‘to gasp for air, pant, be exhausted’ ↗buhr
▪ BHR_3 ‘narcisses’ ↗^†bahār_1
▪ BHR_4 ‘spice’ ↗bahār_2
▪ BHR_5 ‘leather bag’ ↗^†buhār
▪ BHR_6 ‘centre, middle’ ↗buhraẗ
▪ BHR_7 ‘aorta’ ↗ʔabharᵘ

▪ BHR_1 ‘to glitter, shine; dazzle, overwhelm’: perhaps an extension in ‑r »pre-Proto-Semitic« (Ehret) *bh ‘to sneak up on and surprise’, from AfrAs *‑bâh‑ ‘to go secretively’. – Cf. also ↗√BHT, ↗√BHW/Y, ↗√BRQ, ↗√ṬHR.
▪ BHR_2 ‘to gasp for air, pant, be exhausted’: akin to BHL ? Dependent on BHR_1 ?
▪ BHR_3 ‘narcisses’: from Pers bahār ‘spring’ ?
▪ BHR_4 ‘spice’: akin to ^†ʕabhar ‘styrax’?
▪ BHR_5 ‘leather bag’: < Copt ?
▪ BHR_6 ‘centre, middle’: ?
▪ BHR_7 ‘aorta’: related to BHR_6 ‘centre, middle’ ?

–

See entries (as in NUTSHELL section, above).

–

bahar‑ بهر , a (bahr)

√BHR

vb., I

1 to glitter, shine. – 2 to dazzle, overwhelm – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ DRS 2 (1994)#BHR-1: Akk buʔār‑ ‘prospérité, santé’¹⁹ , Hbr bāhīr‑ ‘brillant (?)’,²⁰ nHbr bihēr ‘briller’, bāhōr ‘blanc, brillant’, JP ša-bhar ‘briller, glorifier’, Syr ša-bhar ‘glorifier’, šū-bhārā ‘gloire, orgueil’, Mand bhʔr (mod.), behar, bar ‘éclairer (?), briller’, NSyr bāhir ‘briller’, bāhrā, bārā ‘lumière’, bāhrānā, bārānā ‘brillant, lumineux’, *(m)bāhrin ‘être clair’, Ar bahara ‘briller, l’emporter en beauté’, bahr‑ ‘éclat de beauté’; ? Tña bəhar, bahar ‘grand, fort’, Te bäharat ‘qui poussent, germent’, Syr bāhrā, būhrā ‘crépuscule’, bahīrā, bahūrā(yā) ‘un peu obscur’; Akk biʔār‑ , Hbr baheret, JP bahartā ‘tache blanche sur la peau’.

19. Peut être à rattacher à √bʔr. 20. The Hbr sense, which perhaps is an Aramaism, is not secured. (+ further details).

▪ Lane I 1863 considers [v2] as the primary one: ‘to overcome, overpower, subdue’, hence ‘to shine brightly’, the link being expressions like baharat-i ‘l-šamsu ‘-ʔarḍa ‘the light of the sun overspread the earth’.
▪ Any connection to BHR_2 ‘to gasp for air, pant, be exhausted’? Exhaustion and panting could be the result of BHR_1.
▪ If so, then Ehret1995#5 may be relevant here: Ar bahr ‘astonishment’ (hence ‘to dazzle, overcome, subdue’? – SG). The latter is interpreted as an extension in »diffusive« *‑r ³⁷ from a bi-consonantal »pre-Proto-Semitic« (pPS, i.e. preSem) root *BH- ‘to sneak up on and surprise’ < AfrAs *‑bâh‑ ‘to go secretively’. – Other extensions from the same pre-Sem root: ↗√BHT • premodSAr bhɮ.
▪ Cf. also ↗√BHW/Y, ↗√BRQ, ↗√ṬHR.

37. Cf. Ehret1995_Verbext.

–

► buhira, vb. I, pass., to be out of breath, to pant: probably not belonging to BHR_1 but to BHR_2, cf. separate entry ↗buhr.
► ʔabhara, vb. IV, to glitter, shine; to dazzle, overwhelm:
► ĭnbahara, vb. VII, to be dazzled, blinded; to be smitten with blindness: pass. – For another meaning ↗buhr.
► ĭbtahara, vb. VIII, to flaunt, parade, show off, present in a dazzling light (bi‑ s.th.):.
► bahr, n., deception, dazzlement
► bahraẗ, n.f., being dazzled, dazzlement
► ʔabharᵘ, adj., more brilliant, more magnificent
► ĭbtihār, n., dazzling display, show (bi‑ of s.th.)
► bāhir, adj., dazzling, brilliant, splendid

For other items of the same root, cf. ↗√BHR.

buhr بُهْر

√BHR

n.

difficult respiration, labored breathing – WehrCowan1979.

▪ BHR_2 ‘to gasp for air, pant, be exhausted’: an extension in ‑r going back, ultimately, to AfrAs *‑bâh‑ ‘to go secretively’?

▪ …

–

▪ DRS 2 (1994) lists Ar ^†bahira ‘haleter, être exténué’ as an item distinct from #BHR-1 ‘to glitter, shine’. No reasons given.
▪ But isn’t BHR_2 simply a semantic extension of BHR_1, showing the effect/result or a similarity (‘to be exhausted, to gasp for air, pant’ because one is, or like s.o. who is, dazzled, overcome, or overwhelmed by the glittering of s.th.)? Form VII, ĭnbahara, can have both meanings: 1. to be dazzled, blinded; to be smitten with blindness; 2. to be out of breath – are we dealing with a root merger here, or is ‘panting’ a resultative extension of ‘dazzlement’?
▪ Ehret1995#5 (bahr astonishment): an extension in »diffusive« *‑r ³⁸ from a bi-consonantal »pre-Proto-Semitic« (pPS, i.e. preSem) root *bh ‘to sneak up on and surprise’ < AfrAs *‑bâh‑ ‘to go secretively’. – Other extensions from the same pre-Sem root: ↗√BHT • premodSAr bhɮ.

38. Cf. Ehret1995_Verbext

–

Cf. also
► buhira, vb. I, pass., to be out of breath, to pant.
► ĭnbahara, vb. VII, to be dazzled, blinded; to be smitten with blindness; to be out of breath:.
► mabhūr, adj., breathless, out of breath, panting: PP I.

buhraẗ بُهْرة

√BHR

n.f.

middle, center – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Not mentioned in DRS 2 (1994).
▪ Relation to other items of ↗√BHR unclear.

▪ …

?

–

► ʔabharᵘ, n., aorta: from buhraẗ (aorta = that which is at the center) – or vice versa?

ʔabharᵘ أبْهرُ

√BHR

n.

aorta (anat.) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Not mentioned in DRS 2 (1994).
▪ Relation to other items of ↗√BHR unclear.

▪ …

–?

▪ …
▪ …

–

► buhraẗ, n.f., middle, center: akin to ʔabharᵘ (aorta = that which is at the center) – or vice versa?

¹bahār (†) بهار

√BHR

n.

a certain plant, of sweet odour, the plant called ʕarār which is also called ʕayn al-baqar (buphthalmum, or ox-eye), the bahār al-barr, a crisping or curling plant having a yellow flower, growing in the days of the spring; perfume; (and hence also:) flowers of the desert; anything goodly, beautiful, and bright, or shining – Lane I (1863). narcisse, narcissus tagetta L. – Dozy I (1881).

▪ From Pers bahār ‘spring’?
▪ Relations with other items of ↗√BHR unlikely.

▪ …

–

▪ DRS 2 (1994)#BHR-3: »iran. ? bahār ‘printemps’?« (following Blachère, Dictionnaire)
▪ Probably no relation with other items of ↗√BHR.

–

²bahār بهار , pl. ‑āt

√BHR

n.

spice – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Akin to ^†ʕabhar ‘styrax’?
▪ Obviously unrelated to other items of ↗√BHR.

▪ …

–

▪ DRS 2 (1994)#BHR-4: »bahār‑, buhār‑ ‘poivre, épices. […] En relation avec ^†ʕabhar ‘styrax’? (v. Pérès, Poésie andaluse 170)«
▪ Evidently unrelated to other items of ↗√BHR.

–

^†buhār بُهار

√BHR

n.

a certain thing with which one weighs; the weight of three hundred / […] a thousand pounds / (one half of) a load borne by a camel; a camel-load of household-goods or furniture and utensils; commodities, utensils, of the sea; or, of merchants; […] a receptible (?) – Lane I (1863). Sac fait de peau de veau, sac fait de la peau du cou du chameau – Dozy I (1881)

▪ Relation to other items of √BHR unclear (if not to be excluded at all). Perhaps a loan from Copt?

▪ …

–

▪ Lane I (1863): in the meaning ‘weight of three hundred pounds’ thought by A'Obeyd to be not Ar, but Copt (Ṣ), having this signification in Copt (JK), but thought by Az to be pure Ar.
▪ DRS 2 (1994), s.v. bhr _5: < copt. ?

–

BHL بهل

√BHL

“root”

▪ BHL_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ BHL_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ BHL_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to leave an animal unattended, eglect; to be without a husband; to chase out; to curse, invoke God’s wrath; to swear one’s innocence; to pray eagerly’

▪ …

–

.

–

BHM بهم

√BHM

“root”

The root displays a variety of meanings that, at first sight, seem to be unconnected:
▪ BHM_1 ‘(to be) obscure, dark, cryptic’ ↗bahīm
▪ BHM_2 ‘animal, quadruped, lamb, sheep, cattle’ ↗bahīmaẗ
▪ BHM_3 ‘thumb; big toe’ ↗ʔibhām_2‑ .
Nevertheless, WehrCowan1979 treats all in one entry. In contrast, EtymArab follows (most of) the disctinctions made in DRS 2 (1994).

▪ Cf. BAH2008: ‘four-footed animals; to be dumb; obscure, unintelligible; to be dark; unmarked’

While BHM_2 ‘animal, quadruped, lamb, sheep, cattle’ may be dependent on BHM_1 (with the original value of ‘unable to speak, dumb’, cf. Huehnergard2011: WSem *√BHM ‘to be dumb’), animals being those who are unable to speak, a connection of these two values with BHM_3 ‘thumb, toe’ seems highly unlikely.

–

▪ DRS 2 (1994)#BHM-1: Ar ʔabham ‘qui ne sait pas parler: barbare, étranger’, Gz bəhām, bəhum ‘muet’, bəhma ‘être muet’, Tña Te bähamä ‘être muet’.
▪ DRS 2 (1994)#BHM-2: Ug bhmt ‘bétail, vaches’, Hbr bᵉhēmā ‘animal’, EmpAram bhmyth (?), bhmth (?) ‘bétail’, Mand bʔhymʔ ‘âne’, Ar bahmaẗ ‘agneau, chevreau, veau’, bahīmaẗ ‘bête, animal’, Tham bhm (pl.) ‘agneaux’, MġrAr bhīm ‘âne’; Ar buhmaẗ ‘obscurité, ténèbres; bloc de pierre’.
▪ DRS 2 (1994)#BHM/N: Akk ubān‑ ‘doigt’, Hbr bōhen, Ar ʔibhām, dial bihām, bāhim, Mhr hābīn ‘pouce’.

▪ For BHM_1 cf. also ↗BǦM, ↗BKM, ↗BLM.

▪ DRS 2 (1994)#BHM: BHM_2, for which Sem *bahīmat‑ ‘animal, cattle’ can be reconstructed, »dépend vraisemblablement de [BHM_]1, même si, comme le pense Jeffery1938, Ar bahīmaẗ est un empr. à l’Hbr.«
▪ »Une reconstruction de la forme proto-Sem reste problématique« (is it BHM or BHN?).

▪ Assigning Ar buhmaẗ ‘obscurité, ténèbres; bloc de pierre’ to BHM_2 ‘animal, cattle’ seems not really plausible; why not to BHM_1 ‘unable to speak, dumb, mute’? – SG

–

bahīm بهيم , pl. buhum

√BHM_1

adj.

jet-black – WehrCowan1979.

Related to BHM_1 ‘obscurity, darkness’ or (as suggested by DRS) to BHM_2 ‘animal, cattle’?
▪ Huehnergard2011: WSem *√BHM ‘to be dumb’.

▪ …

▪ DRS 2 (1994)#BHM-2 groups the value ‘obscurité, ténèbres’ together with Ug bhmt ‘bétail, vaches’, Hbr bᵉhēmā ‘animal’, EmpAram bhmyth (?), bhmth (?) ‘bétail’, Mand bʔhymʔ ‘âne’, Ar bahmaẗ ‘agneau, chevreau, veau’, bahīmaẗ ‘bête, animal’, Tham bhm (pl.) ‘agneaux’, MġrAr bhīm ‘âne’; Ar buhmaẗ ‘obscurité, ténèbres; bloc de pierre’.
▪ In our view, however, the semantics would rather suggest a grouping unter DRS 2 (1994)#BHM-1, i.e., together with Ar ʔabham ‘qui ne sait pas parler: barbare, étranger’, Gz bəhām, bəhum ‘muet’, bəhma ‘être muet’, Tña Te bähamä ‘être muet’.

▪ Semantically, it seems easier to connect the value ‘jet-black’ to BHM_1 ‘obscurity, darkness’ than (as suggested by DRS ) to BHM_2 ‘animal, cattle’
▪ No connection with BHM_3 ‘thumb, toe’.

–

Cf. also
► ʔabhama, vb. IV, to make obscure, dubious, unintelligible: caus. (from bahīm ?).
► tabahhama, vb. V, and ĭstabhama, vb. X, to be obscure, ambiguous, unintelligible: denom. (from bahīm ?).
► ʔibhām _1, n., obscurity; vagueness, ambiguity: vn. IV.
► mubham, adj., obscure, dark, cryptic, doubtful, vague, ambiguous; unintelligible: PP IV.

bahīmaẗ بهيمة , pl. bahāʔimᵘ

√BHM_2

n.f.

beast, animal, ‎quadruped; pl. livestock, cattle, (large) domestic animals – WehrCowan1979.

Jeffery1938 suggests an origin in Hbr bᵉhēmā ‘animal’, but the word may well stem directly from AfrAs *bahīmat‑ ‘animal, cattle’ (which is also the Hbr word’s ancestor). The value ‘animal, cattle’ is probably connected to the value ‘unable to speak, dumb, mute’ of BHM_1 (Huehnergard2011: WSem *√BHM ‘to be dumb’).

▪ eC7 Q 5:1, 22:28, 27:34 ‘animal’.

▪ DRS 2 (1994)#BHM-2: Ug bhmt ‘bétail, vaches’, Hbr bᵉhēmā ‘animal’, EmpAram bhmyth (?), bhmth (?) ‘bétail’, Mand bʔhymʔ ‘âne’, Ar bahmaẗ ‘agneau, chevreau, veau’, bahīmaẗ ‘bête, animal’, Tham bhm (pl.) ‘agneaux’, MġrAr bhīm ‘âne’; Ar buhmaẗ ‘obscurité, ténèbres; bloc de pierre’.

▪ Jeffery1938, 84-85: »A very late word, occurring only in material from towards the very end of the Madina period, and used only in connection with legislation about lawful and unlawful meats. It is well known that these food regulations were formed under Jewish influence,³⁹ so that it is significant that the word in the Jewish legislation (Lev. xi) is bᵉhēmā. The root of the word is probably a form BHM which we find in Eth [Gz] bəhəma ‘to be dumb’, connected with Ar ʔabham and ĭstabhama [↗BHM_1 ] ] both of which refer to incoherence or ambiguity of speech. The Lexicons, however, are troubled about the word (cf. LA, xiv, 323), and there is little doubt that it was a direct borrowing from the Jewish bᵉhēmā.⁴⁰ «
▪ Cf. also ↗√BHM.
▪ DRS 2 (1994) reconstructs Sem *bahīmat‑ ‘animal, cattle’ and says that this value probably depends on BHM_1 ‘(to be) unable to speak, mute’. – It is not clear, however, why DRS groups Ar value buhmaẗ ‘obscurité, ténèbres; bloc de pierre’ to BHM_2 ‘animal, cattle’ rather than under BHM_1 ‘(to be) unable to speak, mute’.

39. Rudolph, Abhängigkeit, 61; Horovitz, JPN, 193. 40. Addai Sher, 30, suggests that it is from the Pers bahīmān, which is absurd.

–

► ‏‎ bahīmī, adj., animal, bestial, brutish: nsb-adj.
► bahīmiyyaẗ, n.f., brutishness, bestiality, brutality: abstr. formation in ‑iyyaẗ.

Cf. also
► ‏‎ bahmaẗ, n.f., lamb, sheep.

²ʔibhām إبْهام , pl. ʔabāhīmᵘ

√BHM_3

n.

thumb; big toe – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Kogan2011: prob. akin to protSem *b˅h˅n ‘thumb’.
▪ It is not clear whether Ar has preserved an original final *‑m or whether this has developed from an earlier form in *‑n.
▪ …

▪ …

▪ DRS 2 (1994)#BHM/N: Akk ubān‑ ‘doigt’, Hbr bōhen, Ar ʔibhām, dial bihām, bāhim, Mhr hābīn ‘pouce’.

▪ Fronzaroli#2.86 reconstructs Sem *buhān‑ ‘finger’, Kogan2011 has Sem *b˅h˅n‑ ‘thumb’.
▪ DRS 2 (1994)#BHM/N: »Une reconstruction de la forme proto-Sem reste problématique« (*BHM or *BHN ?).
▪ Neither ʔibhām nor bāhim look as if they were the proper etymon. Rather are they derived from s.th. else that however has not left other traces.
▪ A connection with BHM_1 ‘(to be) unable to speak, dumb’ or BHM_2 ‘animal, cattle’ can well be excluded; see ↗BHM.

–

Cf. also
► bāhim, n., big toe.

BWʔ بوء

√BWʔ

“root”

▪ BWʔ_1 ‘milieu, surroundings, environment, climate’ ↗bīʔaẗ
▪ BWʔ_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘dwelling, home, abode, residence; to take up a place for settling in, to provide abode for others; to take a wife, marriage; to come back; to incur; to admit; situation; equality’

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

bīʔaẗ بِيئَة

√BWʔ

n.f.

1a milieu, surroundings; b environment, situation (in which s.o. lives); c place where s.o. feels at home; d home, habitat – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

BWB بوب

√BWB

“root”

▪ BWB_1 ‘door, gate, opening; chapter; group, class, category’ ↗bāb
▪ BWB_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘desert; wonders; doors, ways, choices’

▪ …

–

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #BWB: Akk bāb ‘porte’, bābtu ‘quartier’; EmpAram Palm bb(ʔ), Mnd baba, Syr bābā, ‘porte’; JP bābā ‘entrée, chapitre’; Ar bāb, Śḥr ōb (pl. bubét), Tña bab ‘grande porte’; Te bab ‘porte’.
▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

▪ Engl Bab, Babism, Babylon ↗ bāb.

–

bāb باب , pl. ʔabwāb , bībān

√BWB

n.,

door; gate; opening, gateway; entrance; chapter, ‎section, column, rubric; group, class, category; field, domain (fig.) | al-b. al-ʕālī the ‎Sublime Porte; ‏‎ʕalā ‘l-ʔabwāb near, imminent; … – WehrCowan1979.

▪ From Akk bābu (protSem *√BWB) ‘gate, doorway’ – Huehnergard2011.
…

▪ eC7 Occurs ‎some twenty-seven times in the Qurʔān, e.g. ii, 55; iv, 153.

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #BWB: Akk bāb ‘porte’, bābtu ‘quartier’; EmpAram Palm bb(ʔ), Mnd baba, Syr bābā, ‘porte’; JP bābā ‘entrée, chapitre’; Ar bāb, Śḥr ōb (pl. bubét), Tña bab ‘grande porte’; Te bab ‘porte’.
▪ Outside Sem, Borg2021 #58 (b-w-b) compares Eg bꜢbꜢ(w) (Pyr)/bbt (BD) ‘hole, cave’; ‘Loch, Höhlung’ (Ember 1930: 43; Calice 1936: 60; Faulkner 1962: 43, 82; Wb II 419), Copt ⲃⲏⲃ ‘cave’ (Crum 1939: 28).
▪ …

▪ Jeffery1938: 74: »Fraenkel, ‎‎Fremdw, 14, noted that it was an early loan word, and suggested that it came from the Aram bāḇâ ‏which is in very common use in the Rabbinic writings. D. H. Müller, however (WZKM, i, 23), on ‎the ground that bābā occurs very rarely in Syr and that the root is entirely lacking in Hbr, Eth, ‎and Sab, suggested that it was an early borrowing from Mesopotamia (cf. Zimmern, Akkad. ‎Fremdw, 30), and may have come directly into Ar. It occurs commonly in the old poetry, ‎which confirms the theory of early borrowing, and it is noteworthy that from some Mesopotamian ‎source it passed into mPers (Frahang, Glossary, p. 103; Herzfeld, Paikuli, Glossary, ‎‎151).«

▪ Schall1982, Retsö2006 (EALL, “Aramaic/Syriac ‎Loanwords"): via Aram bāḇā from Akk bāb-um ‘gate’

▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl Bab, Babism, from Ar bāb ‘gate’, from Aram bābā, from Akk bābu ‘dto.’. – Babylon, from Akk bāb-ili ‘Babylon’, lit. ‘gate of the god’ (prob. a folk etymology of a pre-Akk place name), from bāb, bound form of bābu ‘gate’ (ili, genitive of ilu ‘god’, akin to Ar ↗ʔilāh, ↗allāh).

► bawwaba, vb. II, to divide into chapters or ‎sections; to arrange in groups, arrange systematically, class, classify: ‎denominative, from bāb in the sense of ‘chapter, category’, etc.
► ‏‎bābaẗ, n.f., pl. ‑āt kind, sort, ‎class, category: ►

► bawwāb, n., pl. ‑ūn doorman, gatekeeper: n.prof., denominative
► biwābaẗ, n.f., office of ‎gatekeeper: ►

► [BP #2435] bawwābaẗ, n.f., pl. ‑āt (large) gate, portal: ►

► tabwīb ‎n., division into chapters, sectioning, classification, systematic arrangement, grouping: vn. II, denominative.
► mubawwab, adj., arranged in groups, classed, classified: PP II, from bawwaba

BWR بور

√BWR

“root”

▪ BWR_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ BWR_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ BWR_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘waste, uncultivated land; demise, to perish; corrupt; stagnant; lazy; to test’

▪ …

–

.

–

BWRQ بورق

√BWRQ

“root”

▪ BWRQ_1 ‘borax, sodium borate’ ↗bawraq (also būraq, bōraq)

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

bawraq بَوْرَق , var. بُورَق būraq , bōraq

√BWRQ

n.coll.

borax [i.e., sodium borate] – WehrCowan1979. Lane: ‘certain thing, or substance, that is put into dough/flour and causes it to become inflated’

▪ From the same etymon as Pers būrā ‘nitre, salpêtre’, akin to Av bowra ‘red, brown’, IE *bʰer‑ ‘brillant, brown’ – Rolland2014a

▪ …

…

▪ EI²: bawraq (< Pers būra), also būraq : natron, sesqui-carbonate of soda.
▪ Turek2011 thinks the borrowing from mPers bōrak went via Syr bōrqā.

▪ Engl borax, lC14, from Anglo-Fr boras, from mLat baurach, from Ar būraq, applied by the Arabs to various substances used as fluxes, probably from Pers būrah. Originally obtained in Europe from the bed of salt lakes in Tibet – EtymOnline. ▪ Lokotsch1927#356: Ar būraq > Span borraj, Port borax, Fr borax, It borrace; Du Engl borax, Ge Borax; Ru Bulg bura, Serb Pol boraks, Cz borax.

–

BWZ بوز

√BWZ

“root”

▪ BWZ_1 ‘muzzle, snout’ ↗būz
▪ BWZ_2 ‘ice cream’ ↗¹būzaẗ
▪ BWZ_3 ‘beerlike beverage’ ↗²būzaẗ
▪ BWZ_4 ‘falcon’ ↗bāz
▪ BWZ_5 ‘…’ ↗…

▪ BWZ_1 : …
▪ BWZ_2 : ‘ice cream’ ↗¹būzaẗ
▪ BWZ_3 : ‘beerlike beverage’ ↗²būzaẗ
▪ BWZ_4 : ‘falcon’ ↗bāz
▪ …

▪ …

–

būz بُوز , pl. ʔabwāz

√BWZ

n.

muzzle, snout – WehrCowan1976

▪ …
▪ …

–

►bawwaza, vb. II, to pout, sulk, look glum, sullen: D-stem, denom.

►tabwīzaẗ, n.f., sullen mien: n.vic.
►mubawwiz, adj., sullen, glum: PA II

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗¹būzaẗ, ↗²būzaẗ, and ↗bāz (look up alphabetically) as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√BWZ.

¹būzaẗ بُوزة

√BWZ

n.f.

ice cream – WehrCowan1976

▪ …
▪ …

–

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗būz, ↗²būzaẗ, and ↗bāz (look up alphabetically) as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√BWZ.

²būzaẗ بُوزة

√BWZ

n.f.

beerlike beverage – WehrCowan1976

▪ …
▪ …

–

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗būz, ↗¹būzaẗ, and ↗bāz (look up alphabetically) as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√BWZ.

BWS بوس

√BWS

“root”

▪ BWS_1 ‘to kiss’ ↗bāsa
▪ …

▪ BWS_1 : …
▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

bās- / bus- باس / بُسْـ , u (baws)

√BWS

vb., I

to kiss – WehrCowan1976

▪ …
▪ …

–

►bawsaẗ, būsaẗ, n.f., kiss: n.vic.

BWṢL بوصل

√BWŞ̣L

“root”

▪ BWŞ̣L_1 ‘compass’ ↗būṣulaẗ.
▪ …

▪ BWŞ̣L_1 : from Ital bussola
▪ …

.

būṣalaẗ بوصَلة , var. بوصلة būṣilaẗ , būṣlaẗ, /boṣlaẗ/

√BṢL, BWŞ̣L

n.f.

compass

▪ Rolland2014a: from It bussola, f. corresponding to bossolo ‘little vase, (wooden) recipient’, hence Fr boussole, itself orig. placed in a little wooden chest; bossolo is from vulgLat *buxula, from Lat buxis ‘chest made from boxwood’, from Grk puxís ‘id.’, from púxos ‘boxwood’, of unknown origin. See also ↗baqs.
▪ …

.

BWL بول

√BWL

“root”

▪ BWL_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ BWL_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ BWL_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): (with a degree of overlapping with roots ↗BLY and ↗BYL) ‘heart, mind, thought; condition; importance; ease of living; disposition’

▪ …

–

.

–

BYT بيت

√BYT

“root”

▪ BYT_1 ‘house, tent, to stay over night’ ↗bayt, ↗bāta
▪ BYT_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘tent, dwelling, abode, quarters; family; to spend the night, to do s.th. at night; to raid by night, (of food) to become stale’

▪ …

–

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #BYT: (commSem ‘tente, maison’): Akk bīt- (ass. bēt-), Ug bt, Phoen Pun Moab bt, Hbr bayit (cstr. bēt), oAram Nab Palm byt, by, Ḥaṭ bt, Ya byt, JP baytā, bētā, bā, bē, nSyr Ur bētā, Aysor bēta, Ar bayt, Tham byt, bt ‘maison, tribu’; Liḥ byt ‘maison, temple’; DaṯAr bayt ‘forteresse’; SAr byt ‘maison, fort, temple’; Soq beyt ‘maison de pierre’; Mhr beyt, bēt, Śḥr būt, ūt, Gz Amh Tña Te bet ‘maison’; Syr bāt, Ar bāta, Tham bt, byt, bṯ (!), Liḥ bt ‘passer la nuit’.
▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

▪ Engl beta, alphabet ↗ Ar bayt.

–

bayt بَيْت , pl. buyūt, buyūtāt

√BYT

n.

1a house, building; b tent (of nomads); c room; d apartment, flat; 2 (garden) bed; 3 family; 4 case, box, covering, sheath; pl. buyūtāt, 5 large, respectable houses; 6 respectable families; 7 pl. ʔabyāt, verse – WehrCowan1979.

▪ From protSem *bayt‑ ‘house’ – Huehnergard2011.
▪ …

▪ …

▪ Bergsträsser1928: (*‘house’) Akk bītu, Hbr báyiṯ, Syr baytā, Gz bēt.
▪ DRS 2 (1994) #BYT (commSem ‘tente, maison’): Akk bīt- (ass. bēt-), Ug bt, Phoen Pun Moab bt, Hbr bayit (cstr. bēt), oAram Nab Palm byt, by, Ḥaṭ bt, Ya byt, JP baytā, bētā, bā, bē, nSyr Ur bētā, Aysor bēta, Ar bayt, Tham byt, bt ‘maison, tribu’; Liḥ byt ‘maison, temple’; DaṯAr bayt ‘forteresse’; SAr byt ‘maison, fort, temple’; Soq beyt ‘maison de pierre’; Mhr beyt, bēt, Śḥr būt, ūt, Gz Amh Tña Te bet ‘maison’; Syr bāt, Ar bāta, Tham bt, byt, bṯ (!), Liḥ bt ‘passer la nuit’.
▪ Outside Sem, Borg2021 #64 (b-y-t) compares Eg bt (NK) ‘house, clan, family’ (Hoch 1994: 113–115; DLE I 142) ~ b-i͗-ti͗-i͗ ‘my house’ = baytī < NWS (Steiner 2011: 36).
▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl beta and alphabet, from Grk bēta, second letter of the Grk alphabet, from Phoen *bēt ‘house; second letter of the Phoen alphabet’, akin to Ar bayt.
▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl bethel, from Hbr bêt ʔēl ‘house of God’, from bêt, bound form of bayit ‘house’, and ʔēl ‘God’ (cf. Ar ↗ʔilāh, ↗allāh). Bethlehem, from Hbr bêt-leḥem ‘house of bread’ (cf. Ar ↗laḥm).

►bayt al-ʔibraẗ, n., (navigator’s) compass;
►ʔahl al-bayt, n., family, specif., the family of the Prophet;
►ʔahl al-buyūtāt, n., people from good, respectable families;
►buyūtāt al-tiǧāriyyaẗ, n.pl., commercial houses;
►al-bayt al-ḥarām, n., the Kaaba;
►bayt al-ḫalāʔ and bayt al-ʔadab, n., toilet, water closet;
►bayt al-dāʔ, n., origin or seat of the disease;
►bayt rīfī, n., country house;
►bayt al-qaṣīdaẗ and bayt al-qaṣīd, n., 1 (the essential, principal verse of the kasida, i.e.) the quintessence; 2a the gist, the essentials, the hit of s.th.; b s.th. that stands out from the rest, the right thing;
►bēt al-laḥm, baytallaḥm, n., Bethlehem;
►al-bayt al-mālikī, n., the ruling house;
►bayt al-māl, n., 1 treasure house; 2 fisc, treasury, exchequer (Isl. Law); 3 (Tun.) administration of vacant Muslim estates

►^BP#1079bāta, i (mabīt), vb. I, 1a to pass or spend the night; b to stay overnight; 2a to become; b to be (li- in a situation); c with foll., imperf.: to get into a situation, get to the point where; d to continue to do s.th., go on or keep doing s.th., stick to s.th.: G-stem, denom. (?)
►bayyata, vb. II, 1a to brood (by night; a about s.th.); b to put up for the night (s.o.); 2 to contrive, hatch (an evil plan, li- against s.o.), plot (li- against s.o.): D-stem | ~ fī al-ṣaff, vb., (eg.) to flunk, fail promotion (pupil)
►ʔabāta, vb. IV, to put up for the night (s.o.): *Š-stem

►baytī, adj., 1 domestic, private, home, of the house, house- (in compounds); 2 domesticated (animals); 3 homemade: nsb-adj.
►buwayt, pl. -āt, n., 1 small house; 2 small tent: dimin.
►bayyāt, n., pl. -ūn, and bayyātaẗ, n.f., 1 boarder (student); 2 pl. -ūn, pupil of a boarding school (tun.): n.prof.
►bayyūt, adj., stale, old: ints. formation
►mabīt, n., 1a overnight stop, overnight stay; b shelter for the night: n.loc.
►bāʔit, adj., 1 stale, old; 2 (eg.) not promoted, fī al-ṣaff, in school: PA I
►mubayyit, n., plotter, schemer, intrigant: PA II

BYD بيد

√BYD

“root”

▪ BYD_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ BYD_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ BYD_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘desert; to vanish, be cut off; to perish, become extinct’

▪ …

–

.

–

BYRQ بيرق

√BYRQ

“root”

▪ BYRQ_1 ‘banner, flag, standard’ ↗bayraq

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

bayraq بَيْرَق , pl. bayāriqᵘ

√BYRQ

n.

banner, standard – WehrCowan1979.

▪ From Tu bayrak ‘id.’ (so Nişanyan et al.; Dozy, Kazimirski et al. think it is of Pers origin) – Rolland2014a.

▪ The Tu word is attested already before 1000 CE as batruk in Uyghur Buddhist texts, then shortly later as batraḳ in Kāşġarī’s Dīvān-i Luġati ’t-Türk (1073).

…

▪ According to Nişanyan(27Mar2015), the Tu etymon of Ar bayraq, Tu bayrak, is from oTu batrak ~ batruk ‘spear, banner on a lance’, perh. from oTu batur- ‘to spear’.

–

► bayraqdār, n., colour-bearer, standard-bearer: with Pers suffix ‑dār ‘holding firmly’, IE *dʰer‑ ‘to hold firmly’.

BYḌ بيض

√BYḌ

“root”

▪ BYḌ_1 ‘eggs’ ↗bayḍ
▪ BYḌ_2 ‘white’ ↗ʔabyaḍ…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘eggs; white, to become white, to whiten, to whitewash; to honour’

▪ …

–

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #BYḌ: Ar bāḍa ‘surpasser en blancheur’, ʔabyaḍ ‘blanc’; ?Te bäyyäṣä ‘être brillant’. – Hbr (pl.) bēṣīm, nHbr bēṣā, Aram bēʕtā, nSyr (Ur) bītā, Mnd bita, Ar bayḍaẗ, Te bayč̣e ‘œuf, testicule’. – Ar bīʕaẗ, SAr bʕt ‘église’.
▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

bayḍ بَيْض , pl. buyūḍ , n.un.pl. ‑āt

√BYḌ

n.coll.; n.un. ‑aẗ

eggs – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Kogan2011: from protCSem *bayṣ́‑at‑ ‘egg’.
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▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#354: Hbr bēṣā, SyrAram bīʕtō, Ḥrs bēṣ́eh, Mhr bēṣ́ayt, Śḥr beṣ́. – Outside Sem: cognates in several WCh languages (byaŝ, mbuŝi, mboŝ, mbuŝ, mbiŝ).

Orel&Stolbova1994#354 reconstructs Sem *bayṣ́‑ ‘egg’ < AfrAs *buyać̣‑ ‘egg’ (with regular *a < AfrAs *u after a labial), assuming WCh *buyać̣‑ ‘egg’ (which would have preserved the original AfrAs form).

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► bāḍa, ī, vb. I, to lay eggs; to stay, settle down, be or become resident (bi‑ at a place) | b. bi’l-makān wa-farraḫ to be born and grow up in a place; to establish itself and spread (plague)
► bayyaḍa, vb. II, to make white, paint white, whitewash, whiten; to bleach, blanch (textiles, Iaundry, rice, etc.); to tin, tinplate; to make a fair copy | b. waǧhahū to make s.o. appear blameless, in a favorable light, to whitewash, exculpate, vindicate, justify s.o., play s.o. up, make much of s.o.; to honor s.o., show honor to s.o.; b. ‘llāhu waǧhahū may God make him happy! lā yubayyiḍu min waǧhih this doesn’t show him in a favorable light
► tabayyaḍa, vb. V: pass. of II.
► ĭbyaḍḍa vb. IX, to be or become white: denominative from ʔabyaḍ.

► bayḍaẗ, n. un., pl. ‑āt, egg; testicle; helmet; main part, substance, essence: n.un. | b. al-dīk (the egg of a rooster, i.e.) an impossible or extraordinary thing; b. al-balad a man held in high esteem in his Community; fī b. al-nahār in broad day light; b. al-ṣayf the hottest part of the summer; b. al-ʔislām the territory or pale of Islam; al-difāʕ ʕan b. al-dīn, b. il-waṭan defense of the faith, of the country; b. al-ḫidr a woman secluded from the outside world, a chaste, respectable woman
► bayḍī, bayḍawī and bayḍāwī, adj., egg-shaped, oviform, oval, ovate: nsb-adj. from bayḍ.
► buyayḍaẗ and buwayḍaẗ, n.f., pl. ‑āt, small egg, ovule; ovum (biol.)
► ^BP#3703bayāḍ, n., white, whiteness; whitewash; — (pl. ‑āt) barren, desolate, uncultivated land, wasteland; gap, blank space (in a manuscript); blank; leucoma (med.); linen, pl. ‑āt linen goods, linens; (syr.) milk, butter, and eggs | b. al‑bayḍ white of egg, albumen; b. al‑ʕayn the white of the eye; b. al‑nahār daylight, (acc.) by day, during the daytime; bayāḍa yaumihī wa-sawāda laylih by day and by night; b. al-waǧh fine character, good reputation; samak b. a Nile fish (eg.); ʕalà b. blank, free from writing, printing or marks, uninscribed; labisa, irtadà al-b. to dress in white
► bayūḍ, n., pl. buyuḍ, bīḍ (egg-) laying
► ^BP#564ʔabyaḍᵘ, f. bayḍāʔᵘ, pl. bīḍ white; bright; clean, shiny, polished; blameless, noble, sincere (character); empty, blank (sheet of paper); pl. al-bīḍān the white race; al-ʔ. white of egg, albumen | ʔarḍ bayḍāʔᵘ harren, uncultivated land, wasteland; ṯawraẗ bayḍāʔᵘ peaceful, bloodless revolution; al-ḫayṭ al-ʔ. first light of dawn; al-ḏahab al-ʔ. platinum; bi’l-silāḥ al-ʔ. with cold steel; ṣaḥīfatuhū bayḍāʔᵘ his reputation is good; he has noble deeds to his credit, he has a noble character; ṣuḥuf bayḍāʔᵘ noble, glorious deeds; ʔukḏūbaẗ bayḍāʔᵘ white lie, fib; al-mawt al-ʔ. natural death; yad bayḍāʔᵘ beneficent hand, benefaction
► al-Bayḍāʔ (short for al-Dār al-b.) n.prop., Casablanca:.
► bayḍāwī, adj., from Casablanca, a resident of C.: nsb-adj from [al-Dār] al-Bayḍāʔ.
► mabīḍ, mibyaḍ, n., ovary (med.): n.loc.
► tabyīḍaẗ, n.f., fair copy: n.un. from vn. II.
► ĭbyiḍāḍ, n., leukemia (med.): vn. IX.
► bāʔiḍ, adj., pl. bawāʔiḍᵘ, (egg-) laying: PA I (from bāḍa).
► mubayyiḍ, n., pl. ‑ūn, whitewasher; bleacher; tinner; copyist, transcriber (of fair copy): PA II.
► mubayyaḍaẗ, n.f., fair copy: n.un. from PP II.

ʔabyaḍᵘ أَبْيَض

√BYḌ

adj.

1 white; 2a bright; 2b clean, shiny, polished; 3 blameless, noble, sincere (character) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Kogan2011: prob. based on Ar bayḍ ‘egg’. – Replaced the original Sem term for ‘white’, protSem *lbn ‘white’, which is one of the four basic colours in the protSem colour spectrum⁸ (see also Ar ↗ẒLM and SWD for ‘black’, ↗ḤMR for ‘red’, ↗WRQ and ḪḌR for ‘green’).
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8. As reconstructed by Bulakh 2003, 2004, 2006a, 2006b.

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►

BYʕ

√BYʕ

“root”

▪ BYʕ_1 ʻcontract; to buy/sellʼ ↗bāʕa
▪ BYʕ_2 ʻplace of worship, churchʼ ↗bīʕaẗ

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘buying and/or selling, exchange of goods, merchandise, deals; to pledge allegiance, to acknowledge s.o. as ruler’. biyaʕ, a place of worship, is also classified under this root although it is generally recognised as being of foreign origin, possibly Pers.

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▪ DRS 2 (1994) #BYʕ-1 Pun bʕt ‘tarif’; nSyr be ‘hypothèque’; Ar bāʕa, Tham byʕ ‘vendre’; Soq ʔebiḥ ‘être la part de qn, échoir’, šeʔebaḥ ‘demander le partage, partager’; ? Te bayʔät ‘tromperie, abus de confiance’. -2 JP bᵊyāʕā, bīʕᵃtā ‘joie, allégresse’.
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bāʕ‑ باع, biʕ‑ , ī (bayʕ , mabīʕ)

√BYʕ

vb., I

to sell (bi‑ for a price) – WehrCowan1979.

Traditionally counted as one of the ʔaḍdād. There is, however, no real contradiction (as Monteil 1970: 90 has shown): bāʕa does not signify either buying or selling but the reciprocal act of exchanging s.th., »sans que l’asymétrie de la relation soit exprimé« (ibid.).

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▪ DRS 2 (1994)#BYʕ-1: Pun bʕt ‘tarif’, nSyr be ‘hyothèque’, Ar bāʕa, Tham byʕ ‘vendre’, Soq ʔebiḥ ‘être la part de qn, échoir’, šeʔebaḥ ‘demander le partage, partager’; ? Te bayʔät ‘tromperie, abus de confiance’.
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#254: AfrAs *bay˅ʕ‑ ‘sell’ > Sem *bīʕ‑ ‘sell’: Ar bayʕ‑ , i. – Cognates only in WCh *bay‑ (with loss of auslaut laryngeal) ‘trade’¹, ‘sell’², and Rift beʔ‑ (with irregular *‑ʔ‑) ‘buy, sell’.
▪ Cf. also bīʕaẗ (though unrelated).

▪ DRS 2 (1994)#BYʕ-1: Aram Syr bāyaʕ < Ar bāyaʕa ‘prêter serment d’allégeance’, sens dérivé de ‘conclure une transaction’. – nSyr < Ar. – Te < Ar bayʕaẗ‑.
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#25: Ar bayʕ‑ i ‘sell’ < Sem *bīʕ‑ ‘sell’ < AfrAs *bay˅ʕ‑ ‘sell’.
▪ Cf. also bīʕaẗ (though unrelated).

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► bāyaʕa, vb. III, to make a contract; to pay homage; to acknowledge as sovereign or leader, pledge allegiance:.
► ʔabāʕa, vb. IV, to offer for sale:.
► tabāyaʕa, vb. VI, to agree on the terms of a sale, conclude a bargain.
► ĭnbāʕa, vb. VII, to be sold, be for sale.
► ĭbtāʕa, vb. VIII, to buy, purchase:.
► ^BP#1078bayʕ, pl. buyūʕ, buyūʕāt, n., sale: vn. I.
► bayʕaẗ, n.f., agreement, arrangement; business deal, commercial transaction, bargain; sale; purchase; homage:.
► bayyāʕ, n., salesman, merchant, dealer, commission agent, middleman:.
► mubāyaʕaẗ, n.f., pl. ‑āt conclusion of contract; homage; pledge of allegiance; transaction: vn. III.
► ibtiyāʕ, n., purchase: vn. VIII.
► ^BP#3100bāʔiʕ, n., seller, vendor; dealer, merchant; salesman: PA I.
► bāʔiʕaẗ, n.f., saleswoman: PA I.
► ^BP#3191mabīʕ, adj., sold: PP I; n., pl. ‑āt sales:.
► mubtāʕ, n., buyer, purchaser: nominalized PA VIII.

bīʕaẗ ‎ ‎بيعة‎ , pl. ‎biyaʕ

√BYʕ

n.f.

(Chr.) church; ‎synagogue – WehrCowan1979.

Akin to byḍ ‘white’, not bāʕa ‘to sell’

▪ eC7 Q 22:40 (in the pl. biyaʕ) ‘place of worship’

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #BYḌ: Ar bāḍa ‘surpasser en blancheur’, ʔabyaḍ ‘blanc’; ?Te bäyyäṣä ‘être brillant’. – (commSem) ‘œuf, testicule’: Hbr (pl.) bēṣīm, nHbr bēṣā, Aram bēʕtā, nSyr (Ur) bītā, Mnd bita, Ar bayḍaẗ, Te bayč̣e. – Ar bīʕaẗ, SAr bʕt ‘église’.

▪ Jeffery1938, 86-87: »It was early recognized as a ‎foreign word (as-Suyūṭī, Itq, 320; Mutaw, 46), and is said by al-Ǧawālīqī, Muʕarrab, 35, to be ‎a borrowing from Pers. One is at a loss to know why al-Ǧawālīqī should think it was Pers, ‎when it is so obviously the Syr bīʕtā,⁴¹ unless perhaps we may suggest that he knew of Syrian churches ‎in Pers territory called by this name and jumped to the conclusion that it was a Pers word. ‎Syr bīʕtā is originally an ‘eggʼ (cf. Ar ↗bayḍ; Hbr bēṣā; Aram bīʕā) and then was used ‎metaphorically for the top of a rounded arch – BīʕTā ḏ-QBBH ḏ-PūRQSā, and so for the domed ‎buildings used for worship. – The word was well known in pre-Islamic times, being found in the SAr ‎inscriptions,⁴² and ‎occurring not infrequently in the old poetry (e.g. Diwan Hudh., ed. Kosegarten, 3, l. 5), and may ‎be assumed to have entered Ar from the Mesopotamian area. It is interesting that the ‎traditional exegesis of the Qurʔān seems to favour the word in xxii, 41, being referred to maʕbad ‎al-naṣārā, though some thought it meant kanīsat al-yahūd, cf. Zam., Baiḍ., Ṭab., on the ‎passage, and TA, v, 285; as-Siǧistānī, 65.«
▪ Unrelated to ↗bāʕa ‘to buy/sell’.

41. This has been generally recognized, cf. Sprenger, ‎‎Leben, iii, 310, n.1; Fraenkel, Vocab, 24; Fremdw, 274; Rudolph, Abhängigkeit, 7; ‎Cheikho, Naṣrāniya, 201. 42. bʕt in the Abraha inscription, CIS, iv, No. 541, ll. 66 and 117.

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BYN بين

√BYN

“root”

▪ BYN_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ BYN_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ BYN_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘separation, severance, division; to be disconnected, become divorced; in between, middle; to clarify, declare, explain; eloquence’

▪ From WSem *√BYN ‘to be separate, clear, distinct; in derived stems, to discern, understand’ – Huehnergard2011.
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