Bibliotheca Polyglotta

1 to grind, mill, bray, pulverize s.th. (esp. grain); 2 to crush, ruin, destroy; 3 to wear out, wear down, exact a heavy toll (of s.o.; age, years) – WehrCowan1976.

▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#2455: from protSem *ṭ˅ḥan‑ ‘to grind corn, pound’ < AfrAs *ṭaḥan‑ ‘to grind, forge’.
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▪ Bergsträsser1928: (*‘to grind’) Akk iṭēn, Hbr ṭḥn a (a), Syr ṭḥn e (a), Gz (ṭeḥn ‘Gerstenmahl’).
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#2455: Hbr ṭḥn, Jib ṭaḥan, Soq ṭaḥan, Ḥrs ṭeḥān, Mhr ṭeḥān, Šḥr ṭḥān ). – Outside Sem: verbs ten ‘to press down’ and toni ‘to forge’ in some WCh languages.

▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#2455: protSem *ṭ˅ḥan‑ ‘to grind corn, pound’, protWCh *ṭaHan‑ ‘to press down, forge’, both from hypothetical AfrAs *ṭaḥan‑ ‘to grind, forge’.

▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl tahini, from Ar ṭaḥīnaẗ ‘tahini’, from ṭaḥīn ‘flour’, from ṭaḥana ‘to grind’.

►taṭāḥana, vb. VI, to quarrel, wrangle, be antagonistic, be in conflict, to conflict: Lt-stem, recipr.

►ṭiḥn, n., flour, meal
►ṭaḥīn, n., flour, meal: quasi‑PP
►ṭaḥīnī, adj., mealy, farinaceous: nisba formation from ṭaḥīn.
► EgAr ṭaḥīniyyaẗ, n.f., a sweet made of sesam‑seed meal and sugar
► EgAr, SyrAr ṭaḥīnaẗ, n.f., a thick sauce made of sesame oil, and served with salads, vegetables, etc.: f. formation from ṭaḥīn to signify a certain product.
►ṭaḥḥān, n., miller: ints., n.prof.
►ṭāḥūn, n., and ṭāḥūnaẗ, pl. ṭawāḥīnᵘ, n.f., mill, grinder | ṭāḥūnaẗ al‑hawà, n.f., windmill
►miṭḥanaẗ, pl. maṭāḥinᵘ, n.f., grinder: n.instr.
►maṭḥanaẗ, pl. maṭāḥinᵘ, n.f., mill; flour mill: n.loc.
►ṭāḥin, n., and ṭāḥinaẗ, pl. ṭawāḥinᵘ, n.f., molar tooth, grinder: can be interpreted as PA I, ‘the grinding one’. However, given WCh forms like təγn‑, tin, tiyim, udini, dīne, ṭīno, dīna, all meaning ‘tooth’, Orel&Stolbova1994 (no. 2456) reconstruct WCh *ṭ˅ḥin‑ and parallel it with Sem *ṭāḥin‑ ‘molar’ (based on only the Ar evidence). From the Sem and WCh parallels they deduce AfrAs *ṭaḥin‑ ‘tooth’, adding that this separate item is connected with #2455 AfrAs *ṭaḥan‑ ‘to grind, forge’.

TḤW/Y طحو/ي

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 6Apr2023

√TḤW/Y

“root”

▪ TḤW/Y_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ TḤW/Y_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ TḤW/Y_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘wide, expansive, level land, to stretch out, expand, spread out’

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*ṬR‑ طرـ

√ṬR‑

2-cons. "root nucleus"

Basic meanings:
▪ A *‘to be dirty’ – Ehret1995
▪ B *‘to send’ – Ehret1989

According to Ehret1989 and Ehret1995, *ṬR- is a 2-consonantal pre-protoSem base from which several 3-radical roots are derived. See section DERIV below.

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According to Ehret, extensions in third consonants include:

A *ṬR- ‘to be dirty’

+ "concisive (or adj. suffix?)" *‑ʔ + adj. suff. *‑n => ^†ṭurʔān ‘bad’ ↗ ṭurʔānī ‘of unknown origin, wild’
+ "iterative" *‑ḥ => ^†ṭarḥ ‘mud in the water’
+ "iterative" *‑f + "non-finitive" (?) *‑š => ^†ṭarfas ‘to be muddy’
+ "intensive (effect)" *‑k’ => ^†ṭarq ‘to befoul the water; befouled water’

B *ṬR- ‘to send’

+ Ø => ^†ṭarr ‘to urge on violently, drive together in one place’, Hava1899: ‘to collect and drive (cattle)’
+ "concisive" *‑ʔ => ṭarʔ ↗ṭaraʔa ‘to fall upon unexpectedly, happen, occur’
+ "extendative" *‑b => ^†ṭarb ‘to wander (from the road)’
+ "iterative (> durative)" *‑ḥ => ṭarḥ ↗ṭaraḥa ‘to remove, turn from, avert, throw far away’, Hava1899: ‘to fling, cast away s.th.’
+ "durative" *‑d => ṭard ↗ṭarada ‘to push away, drive away, repel, expel, pursue, chase, drive together’, Hava1899: ‘to persecute, drive back etc.; to collect (scattered flocks)’
+ "intensive (manner)" *‑f => ^†ṭarf ‘to turn off, repel’ ↗ṬRF, ↗ṭaraf

ṬRB طرب

√ṬRB

“root”

▪ ṬRB_1 ‘(intense) emotion of joy or sadness; music, entertainment’ ↗ṭarab

Other values, now obsolete, include:

^†ṬRB_2 ‘path, narrow road’ : maṭrab, pl. maṭāribᵘ, ‘by-road, narrow road; (pI.) roads branching off’ – Hava1899.
^†ṬRB_3 ‘…’ : ↗…

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▪ DRS 10 (2012)#ṬRB–1: Ar ṭarraba ‘exciter qn à la joie ou à la tristesse; chanter ou faire de la musique’, Jib ṭorob ‘être ému par la musique’; Mand ṭrb ‘jouer d’un instrument de musique’. –2 Ar maṭrab ‘sentier, chemin étroit’. [–3 no represented in Ar].

▪ ṬRB_1 is only very scarcely attested in Sem (Ar and Jib; the Mand ‘cognate’ is probably an Arabism). Reconstruction difficult, etymology obscure. Any relation to ↗ḌRB ?
▪ ṬRB_2: According to some ClassAr dictionaries, there is no vb. corresponding to the n. maṭrab. Zabīdī, TA (as in Lane), however, mentions the expression ṭaribtu (or: ṭuribtu ?) ʕan al-ṭarīq ‘I deviated from the road, or way’. It seems natural to interpret this as *‘I was carried away (by a strong emotion)…’, in which case maṭrab could easily be seen as a n.loc. derived from ṬRB_1. – DRS nevertheless sets maṭrab apart as a value in its own right. If this should be justified, then maṭrab and ‘to deviate from one’s path’ are perhaps a reflexion of the vb. ‘to wander (from the road)’, vn. ^†ṭarb, that Ehret1989 considers to be an extension in »extendative *‑b «, from a 2-consonantal pre-protoSem base *ṬR- with the basic meaning of *‘to send’. For other such extensions, cf. ↗*ṬR-, ↗ṭaraʔa ‘to fall upon unexpectedly, happen, occur’, ↗ṭaraḥa ‘to remove, turn from, avert, throw far away’, ↗ṭarada ‘to push away, drive away, repel, expel, pursue, chase, drive together’.

▪ ṬRB_1 : Fr troubadour, perh. influenced by ↗ṭarab.
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