Bibliotheca Polyglotta

▪ All values may have developed from the basic idea of a *‘shrinking together, forming a bumpy surface’, from a Sem *√GBN ‘to be curved, bowed, hunchback’ (SED I #67 Sem *gVb(V)b-, *gVb(b)-an- ‘hump, hunch’), itself prob. an extension in -N from the 2-rad. root nucleus ↗*ǦB- with the basic value ‘difference in altitude, elevation, level’ (see, however, below, section DISC).
▪ ǦBN_1 (≙ DRS #GBN-3): ‘cowardice’ is separated from the other values in DRS, but may easily be fig. use of ǦBN_2, likening a coward to s.o. who is *‘contracting, shrinking’, like cheese. – Cf., however, also ↗ǦBʔ_2.
▪ ǦBN_2 (≙ DRS #GBN-4): from protCSem *g˅bn-at- ‘cheese’ – Kogan2015. – Prob. lit. *‘shrinking substance, showing wrinkles, furrows’.
▪ ǦBN_3 : etymology problematic (see below, section DISC), but perh. from CSem *g˅b(b)īn- ‘eyebrow, front’. Jeffery1938 considered it a borrowing from Aram gbynʔ (Syr gᵊbīnā) ‘brow, eyebrow’. In any case, also these regions of the face show ‘wrinkles, furrows’ and are thus *‘contracting’ parts, showing wrinkles.
▪ ǦBN_4 : Cf. DRS #GBN-1? If related, ǧabbānaẗ ‘cemetry’ may originally have been an *‘elevated plain with some hills, or bumps’, fitting into the general picture of ǦBN originally meaning a *‘shrinking, or bumpy, surface, with “wrinkles”’.
▪ ǦBN_ : …

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▪ DRS #GBN-1 Hbr gibbēn ‘bossu’, *gabnōn ‘sommet, crête (de montagne)’, JP gᵊbintā, Syr gibnā ‘bosse’, JP Syr gᵊbīn ‘bossu’, Mand gabnia ‘sommets’; Gz gʷəbən, gʷəbər ‘bossu’; ? Ar ǧabbān ‘terrain élevé de forme plate mais où on trouve des monticules’. -2 PhlvAram gbyn, JP Syr gᵊbīnā, Mand gbina, nSyr (aysor) gnīvä ‘sourcil’, Ar ǧabīn ‘côté du front, front, tempe’; Te gäbäna ‘front’. -3 Ar ǧabuna, ǧabana ‘être lâche, poltron’. -4 Akk gubnat-, Hbr gᵊbīnā; PhlvAram gbnth, JP gubnā, Syr gᵊbettā (pl. gubnē), nAram(W) gbečča, Ar ǧubn, ǧubun(n) , Gz g(ʷ)əbnat ‘fromage’; Syr gᵊban ‘contracter, coaguler’. -5 Tña Amh gäbän ‘faute, culpabilité’; ? Amh gʷäbbäññä ‘espionner’.
▪ SED I #67 Hbr gibbēn ‘hunchbacked’,¹ , JudAram gibnā, gəbintā ‘hump’; gbynh (det. gbynth) ‘hump, hill’, Syr gəbībā ‘gibbosus’, Ar ǧabab ‘plaie faite par le bât à la bosse du chameau’, ʔaǧabbᵘ ‘qui a la bosse endommagée ou coupé (chameau); qui n’a pas de bosse’ [↗ǦBː (ǦBB)]; Amh gʷäbäbb alä ‘to be hunchbacked’, also ‘to be curved, bowed, bent’, Muh gᵊbᵊn, Gog gʷäbana ‘hunchbacked’.
▪ ǦBN_2 : Kogan2015 207-8 #5 : Hbr gᵊbīnā ‘cheese’,² Syr gbettā (pl. gubne), Ar ǧubn
▪ ǦBN_3 : SED I #69 : (?) Hbr gibbēn ‘one having defective eyebrow’; EmpAram gbyn ‘forehead’, JudAram gᵊbīnā ‘eyebrow, eyelash’, gbyn ‘eyebrow’, Syr gᵊbīnā ‘supercilia; vertex, cacumen’, gᵊbīnūtā ‘supercilia’, Mnd gbina, gbana ‘brow, eyebrow, eyelash’, mMnd gᵊḇīna ‘brow’, nAss gnīvä ‘eyebrow’ (metath.), Zkh gubʔēna ‘forehead’; Ar ǧabīn ‘front’, al-ǧabīnāni (du.) ‘les deux extremites du front, les deux parties comprises entre les sourcils et les cheveux’
▪ ǦBN_4 : See prob. above, DRS #GBN-1.
▪ …

1. Hapax; though most Hbr dictionaries interpret the word as ‘humpbacked', the context of Lv 21:20 rather suggests a defect in the eye area 2. Hapax legomenon in Job 10:10.

▪ SED I #67 (Sem *gVb(V)b-, *gVb(b)-an- ‘hump, hunch’) thinks that »the root is likely related to [Sem] *ganb- ‘side and back of torso’ (#85). – Though traditionally identified with Sem *GBB ‘to be bent’, the [it] is rather influenced by, than related to, the latter. – Note a meaning shift in Ar.«
▪ ǦBN_2 : Kogan2015 207-8 #5: protCSem *g˅bn-at- ‘cheese’ is likely connected with the root *gbn ‘to be curved, bowed, hunchback’.¹ – Mhr gəbn and Jib gəbn are likely borrowed from Ar. – Akk (lBab) gubnatu is a transparent Aramaism (contra Abraham-Sokoloff2011: 33). – According to Leslau (CDG 177, 1990: 72), Gz gəbnat, gʷəbnat is borrowed from Ar ǧubn, but this question requires further study in view of several potentially early attestations listed in LLA 1168. The Ar origin is certain for modEthSem forms like Tña ǧəbäna.
▪ ǦBN_3 : SED I #69 : Problematic. CSem *g˅b(b)īn- ‘eyebrow, front’, if Hbr gibbīn is related and Ar ǧabīn is not an Aram (Syr?) borrowing. – Related to *gabb(-at)- ‘eyebrow, eye-pit, front’ (SED I #66) (cf. Ar ↗ǧubb). – Cf. Ug /gabīnu/ ‘hillock (?)’, prob. derived with a feasible meaning shift. – Te ǧäbäna ‘forehead’ prob. an Arabism.
▪ …

1. SED I #67, cf. CDG 178.

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¹ǧubn جُبْن

ID 130 • Sw – • BP 5366 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021, last updated 30Oct2022

√ǦBN

cowardice – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Entry ǦBN in DRS separates the value ‘cowardice’ from the other values in the root. But it is easily conceivable that it is fig. use of ↗ǦBN_2, likening a coward to s.o. who is *‘contracting, shrinking’, like cheese (↗ǧubnaẗ). The basic idea of a *‘shrinking together, forming a bumpy surface’ seems to be connected to Sem *√GBN ‘to be curved, bowed, hunchback’ (SED I #67 Sem *gVb(V)b-, *gVb(b)-an- ‘hump, hunch’), itself prob. an extension in -N from the 2-rad. root nucleus ↗*ǦB- with the basic meaning of ‘difference in altitude, elevation, level’ (see, however, section DISC in entry *ǦB-).
▪ …

▪ …

3. Hapax; though most Hbr dictionaries interpret the word as ‘humpbacked', the context of Lv 21:20 rather suggests a defect in the eye area

▪ …
▪ …

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►ǧabuna, u (ǧubn, ǧabānaẗ), vb. I, 1a to be a coward, be fearful; b to be too much of a coward (ʕan to do s.th.), shrink (ʕan from s.th.)
►ǧabbana, vb. II, 1-3 ↗²ǧubn; 4 to accuse of cowardice, call a coward (s.o.): D-stem, appellative.

►^BP#4084ǧabān, pl. ǧubanāʔᵘ, n./adj., 1a coward; b cowardly
►ǧabānaẗ, n.f., cowardice: vn. I
►ʔaǧbanᵘ, adj., more cowardly: elat. formation

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗²ǧubn, ↗ǧabīn, and ↗ǧabbānaẗ as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√ǦBN.

²ǧubn جُبْن

√ǦBN

cheese – WehrCowan1976

▪ From protCSem *g˅bn-at- ‘cheese’ – Kogan2015. – Prob. lit. *‘shrinking substance, showing wrinkles, furrows’, from the basic idea of *‘shrinking together, forming a bumpy surface’, from a Sem *√GBN ‘to be curved, bowed, hunchback’ (SED I #67 Sem *gVb(V)b-, *gVb(b)-an- ‘hump, hunch’), itself prob. an extension in -N from the 2-rad. root nucleus ↗*ǦB- with the basic value ‘difference in altitude, elevation, level’ (see, however, below, section DISC).
▪ …

▪ …

4. Hapax legomenon in Job 10:10.

▪ Kogan2015 207-8 #5: protCSem *g˅bn-at- ‘cheese’ is likely connected with the root *gbn ‘to be curved, bowed, hunchback’.² – Mhr gəbn and Jib gəbn are likely borrowed from Ar. – Akk (lBab) gubnatu is a transparent Aramaism (contra Abraham-Sokoloff2011: 33). – According to Leslau (CDG 177, 1990: 72), Gz gəbnat, gʷəbnat is borrowed from Ar ǧubn, but this question requires further study in view of several potentially early attestations listed in LLA 1168. The Ar origin is certain for modEthSem forms like Tña ǧəbäna.
▪ …

2. SED I #67, cf. CDG 178.

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►ǧabbana, vb. II, 1 to cause to curdle (milk); 2 to make into cheese (s.th.); 3 to curdle; 4 ↗¹ǧubn: D-stem, caus.
►taǧabbana, vb. V, to curdle (milk), turn into cheese: tD-stem, intr.

►ǧubūn, n., cheese: var. of ǧubn
►ǧabbān, n., cheese merchant: n.prof.
►taǧbīn, n., cheese making, processing into cheese: vn. II

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗¹ǧubn, ↗ǧabīn, and ↗ǧabbānaẗ as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√ǦBN.

ǧabīn جَبِين , pl. ǧubun, ʔaǧbinaẗ, ʔaǧbun

√ǦBN

1 forehead, brow; 2 facade, front; 3 face – WehrCowan1976.

▪ Etymology problematic (see below, section DISC), but perh. from CSem *g˅b(b)īn- ‘eyebrow, front’. Jeffery1938 considered it a borrowing from Aram gbynʔ (Syr gᵊbīnā) ‘brow, eyebrow’. In any case, these regions of the face show ‘wrinkles, furrows’ and are thus *‘contracting’ parts, showing wrinkles, and may thus have developed from the basic idea of a *‘shrinking together, forming a bumpy surface’, from a Sem *√GBN ‘to be curved, bowed, hunchback’ (SED I #67 Sem *gVb(V)b-, *gVb(b)-an- ‘hump, hunch’), itself prob. an extension in -N from the 2-rad. root nucleus ↗*ǦB- with the basic value ‘difference in altitude, elevation, level’.
▪ …

▪ eC7 (‘temple, side of forehead’) Q 37:103 fa-lammā ʾaslamā wa-talla-hū li-l-ǧabīni ‘Then, when they had both surrendered (to Allah), and he had flung him down upon his face’

▪ SED I #69 : Problematic. CSem *g˅b(b)īn- ‘eyebrow, front’, if Hbr gibbīn is related and Ar ǧabīn is not an Aram (Syr?) borrowing. – Related to *gabb(-at)- ‘eyebrow, eye-pit, front’ (SED I #66) (cf. Ar ↗ǧubb). – Cf. Ug /gabīnu/ ‘hillock (?)’, prob. derived with a feasible meaning shift. – Te ǧäbäna ‘forehead’ prob. an Arabism.
▪ Jeffery1938: »The sole occurrence of the word is in the story of Abraham preparing to sacrifice his son, when he laid him down on his forehead. The exegetes got the meaning right, but neither they nor the Lexicons have any satisfactory explanation of the origin of the word from a root ǦBN. / Barth has suggested an Aram origin. [Aram] gbynʔ means ‘brow, eyebrow’ and is fairly common in the Rabbinic writings. Similarly [Syr] gbynʔ is ‘eyebrow’ and a commonly used word. From either of these it may have been an early borrowing into Ar.«
▪ …

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►min ǧabīnī, adv., alone;
►ʕalà ǧabīn al-samāʔ, adv., in the sky

►ǧabīnī, adj., frontal: nsb-adj.

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗¹ǧubn, ↗²ǧubn, and ↗ǧabbānaẗ as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√ǦBN.

ǧabbānaẗ جَبّانة , pl. -āt

√ǦBN

n.f.

cemetery – WehrCowan1976

▪ Ar ǧabbānaẗ ‘cemetry’ may originally have been an *‘elevated plain with some hills, or bumps’, fitting into the general picture of ǦBN originally meaning a *‘shrinking, or bumpy, surface, with “wrinkles”’, from the basic idea of *‘shrinking together, forming a bumpy surface’, from a Sem *√GBN ‘to be curved, bowed, hunchback’ (SED I #67 Sem *gVb(V)b-, *gVb(b)-an- ‘hump, hunch’), itself prob. an extension in -N from the 2-rad. root nucleus ↗*ǦB- with the basic value ‘difference in altitude, elevation, level’ (see, however, below, section DISC).
▪ …

▪ …

COGN ▪ DRS #GBN-1 Hbr gibbēn ‘bossu’, *gabnōn ‘sommet, crête (de montagne)’, JP gᵊbintā, Syr gibnā ‘bosse’, JP Syr gᵊbīn ‘bossu’, Mand gabnia ‘sommets’; Gz gʷəbən, gʷəbər ‘bossu’; ? Ar ǧabbān ‘terrain élevé de forme plate mais où on trouve des monticules’. -2 PhlvAram gbyn, JP Syr gᵊbīnā, Mand gbina, nSyr (aysor) gnīvä ‘sourcil’, Ar ǧabīn ‘côté du front, front, tempe’; Te gäbäna ‘front’. -3 Ar ǧabuna, ǧabana ‘être lâche, poltron’. -4 Akk gubnat-, Hbr gᵊbīnā; PhlvAram gbnth, JP gubnā, Syr gᵊbettā (pl. gubnē), nAram(W) gbečča, Ar ǧubn, ǧubun(n) , Gz g(ʷ)əbnat ‘fromage’; Syr gᵊban ‘contracter, coaguler’. -5 Tña Amh gäbän ‘faute, culpabilité’; ? Amh gʷäbbäññä ‘espionner’.
▪ SED I #67 Hbr gibbēn ‘hunchbacked’,⁵ , JudAram gibnā, gəbintā ‘hump’; gbynh (det. gbynth) ‘hump, hill’, Syr gəbībā ‘gibbosus’, Ar ǧabab ‘plaie faite par le bât à la bosse du chameau’, ʔaǧabbᵘ ‘qui a la bosse endommagée ou coupé (chameau); qui n’a pas de bosse’ [↗ǦBː (ǦBB)]; Amh gʷäbäbb alä ‘to be hunchbacked’, also ‘to be curved, bowed, bent’, Muh gᵊbᵊn, Gog gʷäbana ‘hunchbacked’.
▪ …

5. Hapax; though most Hbr dictionaries interpret the word as ‘humpbacked', the context of Lv 21:20 rather suggests a defect in the eye area

▪ …

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For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗¹ǧubn, ↗²ǧubn, and ↗ǧabīn as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√ǦBN.

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