Bibliotheca Polyglotta

▪ ḤRŠ_1 ‘(to be/come) rough, coarse, scabrous’ ↗ḥariš
▪ ḤRŠ_2 ‘to scratch; (D-stem) to instigate, provoke, sew discord’ ↗ḥaraša
▪ ḤRŠ_3 ‘forest, woods’ ↗ḥurš

Other values, now obsolete, include:

^†ḤRŠ_4 ‘rhinoceros’ : ^†ḥarīš

See section DISC below.

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▪ DRS 9 (2010)#ḤRŚ–1 Ar ḥariša ‘être rugueux, rude au toucher’, ʔaḥraš ‘rugueux’. –2 Hbr ḥōrā̈š ‘lieu boisé’, (BDB1906: Aram ḥûršāh), Ar ḥarš ‘bois, forêt’, Jib ḥɔ́rɔ́ś, aḥréś ‘apporter des branchages pour construire un râtelier, un lit, etc.’. –3 Ar ḥarīš, Gz ḥariš, ḥaris, ḥoras, Te Tña ḥariš, Amh ḥaris ‘rhinocéros’. [–4 not represented in Ar].
▪ DRS 9 (2010)#Ḥ/ḪRŚ–1 Hbr ḥäräš ‘démangeaison, gale’, Syr ḥarsā ‘irritation des paupières’, Ar ḥarš ‘marque, trace, aspérité’, ḥaraša, ḫaraša ‘griffer avec les ongles’, ḫaraša ‘gratter’, naḥwariš, naḫwariš ‘qui gratte beaucoup avec les griffes (chien)’, ḥarraša ‘exciter les uns contre les autres’, taḫāraša ‘s’exciter les uns contre les autres’, Mhr ḥōrəś, Jib oḥōrś ‘créer de l’agitation (contre qn)’, Ḥrs ḥārəś ‘raconter des choses contre qn’, 2 Ar ḥaraša, ḫaraša ‘travailler pour subvenir aux besoins des siens’, ḥarīšaẗ ‘avoir, ce qu’on possède’.
▪ DRS 9 (2010)#ḤRŚ–1 cf. also ḤRS/Ś and Ḥ/ḪRŚ.

▪ In ḤRŠ_1 and ḤRŠ_2, the root shows some overlapping with ↗ḪRŠ, but also with ↗ḤRS.
▪ In spite of the cautiousness speaking from the separation, made in DRS, between ḤRŠ_1 ‘(to be/come) rough, coarse, scabrous’ (reflecting Sem *ḤRŚ) and ḤRŠ_2 ‘to scratch; to instigate, provoke, sew discord’ (< Sem *Ḥ/ḪRŚ), the two values may be related (‘roughness’ being a result of ‘scratching’, or ‘scratching’ so called after its association with the ‘roughness’ of a surface).
▪ ḤRŠ_2 : according to Ehret1989, ḥaraša is an extension in venitive *‑ɬ from a pre-pSem 2-consonantal basis ↗*ḤR- ‘to scrape’. Other extensions from the same basis include ↗ḥarbaẗ ‘lance, spear’ and ↗ḥarb ‘war; fight, combat’, ↗ḥaraṯa ‘to till and sow the ground’, and ↗ḥaraqa u ‘to rub two things against each other’.
▪ ḤRŠ_3 : Sem words for ‘forest, woods’ go perhaps back, via Akk, to a Sum word for ‘hill-country; mountainous region’. For details, see ↗ḥurš.
▪ ^†ḤRŠ_4 ‘rhinoceros’: called ḥarīš because of the ‘roughness’ (ḤRŠ_1) of its skin or after its habit to ‘scratch’ (ḤRŠ_2) the soil?

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ḥariš حَرِش

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ḤRŠ

adj.

rough, coarse, scabrous – WehrCowan1979.

See DISC below.

▪ …

▪ DRS 9 (2010)#ḤRŚ-1 Ar ḥariša ‘être rugueux, rude au toucher’, ʔaḥraš ‘rugueux’ (without direct cognates in Sem).
▪ ? Cf. also DRS 9 (2010)#Ḥ/ḪRŚ-1 Hbr ḥäräš ‘démangeaison, gale’, Syr ḥarsā ‘irritation des paupières’, Ar ḥarš ‘marque, trace, aspérité’, ḥaraša, ḫaraša ‘griffer avec les ongles’, ḫaraša ‘gratter’, naḥwariš, naḫwariš ‘qui gratte beaucoup avec les griffes (chien)’, ḥarraša ‘exciter les uns contre les autres’, taḫāraša ‘s’exciter les uns contre les autres’, Mhr ḥōrəś, Jib oḥōrś ‘créer de l’agitation (contre qn)’, Ḥrs ḥārəś ‘raconter des choses contre qn’.

▪ In DRS, the complex represented by Ar ḥariša ‘to be rough’ and ʔaḥraš ‘rough, coarse’ does not seem to have any cognates in Sem. The hypothetical Sem root *ḤRŚ under which it is grouped, reappears in a lemma in which R₁ oscillates between *Ḥ- and *Ḫ-. This is why ‘(to be/come) rough, coarse’ in DRS is separated from ‘to scratch; to instigate, provoke, sew discord’ (↗ḥaraša), although the two values may be related (‘roughness’ being a result of ‘scratching’, or ‘scratching’ so called after its association with the ‘roughness’ it produces), cf. ↗ḤRŠ.
▪ Should also ↗ḥurš ~ ḥirš ‘forest, wood(s)’ and ^† ḥarīš ‘rhinoceros’ be connected to this root? The value ‘forest, woods’ goes back to an original *‘mountainous region’—a “rough” surface of the landscape, so to speak; and the morphology of ḥarīš, which follows the faʕīl pattern typical of adj.s (cf. kabīr, ṣaġīr, ǧamīl, etc.), suggests that ‘rhinoceros’ originally is *‘the rough one’ or *‘the one who scratches a lot’.

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► ḥaraš, ḥuršaẗ, ḥarāšaẗ, n.f., roughness, coarseness, scabrousness: vn. of an obsol. vb. I ^†ḥariša.
► ʔaḥrašᵘ, adj., rough, coarse, scabrous: ʔafʕal adj. (for colours, physical handicaps, etc.).

NB: According to DRS 9 (2010), the following items do not belong to the Sem *ḤRŚ reflected in Ar ḥariš ‘rough, coarse, scabrous’ but rather form a complex of their own (grouped in DRS s.v. Ḥ/ḪRŚ), developed from the central idea of ‘to scratch’ (cf. ↗ḥaraša and, for the whole picture, ↗ḤRŠ, and section DISC above).

► ḥaraša, i (ḥarš), vb. I, to scratch: related to ḥariš ?
► ḥarraša, vb. II, to instigate, prod, incite, provoke, incense; to set (bayn people against each other), sow discord, dissension (bayn among): D-stem, ints. of vb. I, ḥaraša.
► taḥarraša, vb. V, to pick a quarrel, start a brawl (bi‑ with s.o.), provoke (bi‑ s.o.): tD-stem, intr. of II.
► taḥrīš, n., instigation, prodding, incitement, provocation, agitation, incensement: vn. II.
► taḥarruš, n., provocation, importunity, obtrusion, meddling, uncalled-for interference; sexual harrassment: vn. V. | ‑āt, n.pl., trespasses, encroachments.

ḥaraš‑ حَرَشَ , i (ḥarš)

√ḤRŠ

vb., I

to scratch – WehrCowan1979.

See DISC below.

▪ …

▪ DRS 9 (2010)#Ḥ/ḪRŚ-1 Hbr ḥäräš ‘démangeaison, gale’, Syr ḥarsā ‘irritation des paupières’, Ar ḥarš ‘marque, trace, aspérité’, ḥaraša, ḫaraša ‘griffer avec les ongles’, ḫaraša ‘gratter’, naḥwariš, naḫwariš ‘qui gratte beaucoup avec les griffes (chien)’, ḥarraša ‘exciter les uns contre les autres’, taḫāraša ‘s’exciter les uns contre les autres’, Mhr ḥōrəś, Jib oḥōrś ‘créer de l’agitation (contre qn)’, Ḥrs ḥārəś ‘raconter des choses contre qn’.
▪ DRS 9 (2010)#ḤRŚ-1 Ar ḥariša ‘être rugueux, rude au toucher’, ʔaḥraš ‘rugueux’, without direct cognates in Sem.

▪ DRS cautiously separates the idea of ‘scratching’ (hence also ‘instigating, provoking, sewing discord’) from that of ‘(be(com)ing) rough, coarse’ (↗ḥariš) because of a certain oscillation of R₁ between *Ḥ and *Ḫ in the former, while it is clearly *Ḥ in the latter. But the two values may be related nevertheless, ‘roughness’ being a result of ‘scratching’, or ‘scratching’ so called after its association with the ‘roughness’ of a surface.
▪ According to Ehret1989, ḥaraša is an extension in venitive *‑ɬ from a pre-pSem 2-consonantal basis ↗*ḤR- ‘to scrape’. Other extensions from the same basis include ↗ḥarbaẗ ‘lance, spear’ and ↗ḥarb ‘war; fight, combat’, ↗ḥaraṯa ‘to till and sow the ground’, and ↗ḥaraqa (u) ‘to rub two things against each other’.
▪ Should also ↗ḥurš ~ ḥirš ‘forest, wood(s)’ and ^† ḥarīš ‘rhinoceros’ be connected to this root? The value ‘forest, woods’ goes back to an original *‘mountainous region’—a “rough” surface of the landscape, so to speak; and the morphology of ḥarīš, which follows the faʕīl pattern typical of adj.s (cf. kabīr, ṣaġīr, ǧamīl, etc.), suggests that ‘rhinoceros’ originally is *‘the rough one’ or *‘the one who scratches a lot’.

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► ḥarraša, vb. II, to instigate, prod, incite, provoke, incense; to set (bayn people against each other), sow discord, dissension (bayn among): D-stem, ints.
► taḥarraša, vb. V, to pick a quarrel, start a brawl (bi‑ with s.o.), provoke (bi‑ s.o.): tD-stem, intr. of II.
► taḥrīš, n., instigation, prodding, incitement, provocation, agitation, incensement: vn. II.
► taḥarruš, n., provocation, importunity, obtrusion, meddling, uncalled-for interference; sexual harrassment: vn. V. | ‑āt, n.pl., trespasses, encroachments.

NB: According to DRS 9 (2010), the following items do not belong to the Sem *Ḥ/ḪRŚ reflected in Ar ḥaraša ‘to scratch’ but rather form a complex of their own, developed from the central idea of ‘roughness, coarseness’ (cf. ↗ḥariš and section DISC above; for the whole picture, cf. also ↗ḤRŠ).

► ḥariš and ʔaḥrašᵘ, adj., rough, coarse, scabrous: see also ↗s.v.
► ḥaraš, ḥuršaẗ, ḥarāšaẗ, n.f., roughness, coarseness, scabrousness: vn. of an obsol. vb. I ^†ḥariša.
► ḥurš, var. ḥirš, pl. ʔaḥrāš, ḥurūš, n., forest, wood(s): originally, *‘rough landscape’ or *‘region that looks as if scratched, roughened’ ?

ḥurš حُرْش , var. ḥirš حِرْش , pl. ʔaḥrāš , ḥurūš

√ḤRŠ

forest, wood(s) – WehrCowan1979.

Probably via LevAr from Aram ḥūršā ‘wooded height’. Unless belonging to the complex of Sem *ḤRŚ (Ar ↗ḥariš ‘rough, coarse’) or *Ḥ/ḪRŚ (Ar ↗ḥaraša ‘to scratch’), the latter may go back to Akk ḫuršānu ‘mountain region’, itself a borrowing from Sum ḫur-sag̃ ‘mountainous region, hill-country’.

▪ …

▪ DRS 9 (2010)#ḤRŚ-2: Hbr ḥōrā̈š ‘lieu boisé’, (BDB1906: Aram ḥûršāh), Ar ḥarš ‘bois, forêt’, Jib ḥɔ́rɔ́ś, aḥréś ‘apporter des branchages pour construire un râtelier, un lit, etc.’.
▪ Zimmern1914: (? Akk ḫuršānu (pl.) ‘mountain region’), lHbr ḥōräš, Aram ḥūršā ‘wooded height’, LevAr ḥurs, ḥirs ‘forest’.
▪ Calice1936#271 compares LevAr ḥirš ‘forest’, (? Akk ḫuršu ‘mountain region’,) Hbr ḥōrā̈š and Syr ḥuršā ‘forest’ to Eg (Pyr) ḫ3s.t ‘mountainous region’.

▪ The item is absent from Freytag1830, Lane1877, and Bustānī1869, but listed in Kazimirski1860 (ḥarš), Dozy1881 (ḥirš), Wahrmund1887 (ḥurš) and Hava1899 (ḥarš). Bustānī1867 has it (as ḥirš), but qualifies it as “foreign” (muwalladaẗ). Given

that the word is missing in the more “rigorous” ClassAr dictionaries and mentioned only in those which draw on more modern and popular sources;
that vocalisation varies considerably in those dictionaries that have it;
that Calice1936 and some earlier sources think that it is specific to the Levant,

it seems justified to follow Bustānī1867 in assuming that the word is of foreign origin, and to further assume that it has entered MSA through a local dialect. According to Calice1936 (basing himself on Gesenius), and also to Zimmern1914, this was LevAr (note however that with Zimmern it is ḥurs ~ ḥirs, rather than ḥurš ~ ḥirš). If this is correct, then the donor lang is very likely to have been Aram, and the fact that there is a cognate Aram ḥūršā ‘wooded height’, Syr ḥuršā ‘forest’ fits very well.
▪ Zimmern1914 would not exclude the possibility that Hbr ḥōräš and Aram ḥūršā are borrowed from Akk ḫuršānu (pl.) ‘mountain region’, a word that according to CAD is of Sum origin. Should this be correct, then the ultimate source may be Sum ḫur-sag̃ ‘hill-country; mountainous region’ (composed of ‘holes, valleys’ + ‘points, peaks’ – Halloran3.0).
▪ In contrast, Calice1936 puts the Akk, Hbr, Aram and Ar forms together with Eg (Pyr) ḫ3s.t ‘mountainous region’ (TLA: ‘id., foreign land, desert’).¹
▪ While both an Akk < Sum connection and the possible Eg parallel are quite charming, the cognates in Jib (unless themselves borrowings) may also let us think of a purely Sem etymology. Should one, then, link ‘forest, wood’ (perh. from ‘mountainous region’) to the complex(es) of ‘roughness’ and ‘scratching’ (↗ḥariš, ḥaraša), a forest and, even more so, a mountainous region properly being a *‘rough landscape’ or a *‘region that looks as if scratched, roughened’?

1. The author also points to the interesting semasiological parallel Eg ḫ3swtjw (TLA: ḫ3s.tj) ‘foreigner; barbarian’ from ḫ3s.t ‘mountainous region’ ≈ Fr sauvages ‘savages, barbarians’ from (ultimately) Lat silva ‘forest, grove’.

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taḥarruš تَحَرُّش , pl. ‑āt

√ḤRŠ

1 provocation, importunity, obtrusion, meddling, uncalled-for interference – WehrCowan1979. – 2 sexual harrassment

▪ Vn. of taḥarraša, vb. V, ‘to pick a quarrel, start a brawl (bi‑ with s.o.), provoke (bi‑ s.o.)’, t-stem (with intr./self-refer. meaning) of ḥarraša, vb. II, ‘to instigate, prod, incite, provoke, incense; to set (bayn people against each other), sow discord, dissension (bayn among)’, D-stem (with ints. meaning) of ↗ḥaraša, vb. I, ‘to scratch’.
▪ The value ‘sexual harrassment’ is not a completely new development, but not yet registered as such in WehrCowan1979. The term received deplorable prominence during the mass demonstrations in connection with the “Arab Spring”.

▪ …

See ↗ḥaraša.

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