▪ ʕWD_1 ‘to return’ ↗ʕāda; ‘custom, habit’ ↗ʕādaẗ; ‘clinic’ ↗ʕiyādaẗ (√ʕWD); ‘feast, festival’ ↗ʕīd (√ʕYD) ▪ ʕWD_2 ‘1 wood; 2 lute’ ↗ʕūd ▪ ʕWD_3 ‘old, ancient, antique’: ↗ʕādī ▪ ʕWD_4 ‘(Lev.Gul) so; (Irq) already’: ↗ʕād Other values, now obsolete, include: ▪ †ʕWD_5 ‘1 ≅ ʔinna; 2 ≅ hal; 3 not (negative answer to a question)’: †ʕādi ▪ †ʕWD_6 ‘ʕĀd’ (an ancient Arabian tribe): †ʕĀd ▪ †ʕWD_7 ‘…’ : … ♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘1 stick, pole, branch of a tree; 2 to go back, rescind, accrue; 3 to be accustomed, habits, to repeat, be experienced; 4 appointed time or place, anniversary, feast day; 5 to change to, change; to visit’.
▪ ʕWD_1 : from protWSem *√ʕWD ‘to turn’. – ʕādaẗ ‘custom, habit’ is *‘s.th. returning regularly’, and dto. the ʕīd ‘feast, festival’ (which in itself is considered an inner-Sem loan, from Syr, see ↗ʕīd); ʕiyādaẗ ‘clinic’ is from ʕāda in the sense of ‘to return regularly to s.o., visit (a patient)’ ▪ ʕWD_2 : etymology obscure; a relation to Sem *ʕiś‑ ‘tree’ can be excluded. – 1 Accord. to A. Dietrich (in entry »ʕūd« in EI²), the widespread use of the term ʕūd as ‘aloe wood’ is wrong as ʕūd originally signifies »certain kinds of resinous, dark-coloured woods with a high specific weight and a strong aromatic scent, which were used in medicine as perfume and incense (ʕūd al-baḫūr) and were highly coveted because of their rarity and value«. – 2 The Ar lute was called ʕūd ‘wood(en)’ prob. because its upper part was made of precious ʕūd wood. ▪ ʕWD_3 : explained in the ClassAr dictionaries as based on ʕWD_6 ʕĀd, the ancient Arab tribe, not as semantic extension of the more common sense of ʕādī, which is ‘customary, usual, common, ordinary; hence also simple, plain, ordinary (man)’, derived as a nsb-adj. from ʕādaẗ ‘custom, habit’ (i.e., * ‘s.th. returning regularly’, from [v1] ‘to return’). ▪ ʕWD_4 : The modern dialectal meanings ‘so’ (LevAr, GulfAr) and ‘already’ (IrqAr) of the adv. ʕādi have an old Sem background and can be traced back to protWSem *ʕād- ‘(he is) still’ (Kogan2015: 76-77 #6), which is prob. related to ʕWD_1 ‘to return’. ▪ †ʕWD_5 : prob. same as preceding, though semantics seem to differ slightly. ▪ †ʕWD_6 : »ʕĀd, an ancient Arab tribe, is mentioned by name twenty-four times in the Qurʔān, as the people to whom the prophet Hūd was sent. One of the peoples associated with the long-lost past, they are named in pre-Islamic poetry and are a part of ancient Arabian mythology. They represent the origin of the Arabs in the distant past and exemplify their power, longevity, and pride; this sense is found in dictionaries, with the word ʕādī, meaning ‘very ancient,’ connected etymologically to the ʕĀd (see Lane, s.v.)« – A. Rippin, art. »ʕĀd«, in EI³. – The tribe’s name itself is of obscure etymology. »Wellhausen pointed out that instead of the expression ‘since the time of ʕĀd’ the expression min al-ʕād also occurs; therefore he supposed that originally ʕĀd was a common noun (‘the ancient time’; adj. ʕādī ‘very ancient’) and that the mythical nation arose from a misinterpretation of that expression« – F. Buhl, art. »ʕĀd«, in EI². ▪ …
▪ ʕWD_3 : cf. †ʕawd, pl. ʕiyadaẗ, ʕiwadaẗ, adj., ‘old (animal); ancient (road)’ – Hava1899. ▪ †ʕWD_5 : †ʕādi ‘(1) indeclinable particle having the sense of ʔinna, e.g., raqadtu wa-ʕādi ʔabāka sāhir “I slept while thy father remained awake”; (2) interrog. part. in the sense of hal, e.g., ʕādi ʔabūk muqīm “Is thy father abiding?”; (3) negative answer to a question, e.g., ʕādi ḫaraǧa Zayd? ʕādi-h “Has Zeyd gone forth? He has not”’ – Hava1899. ▪ †ʕWD_6 : ʕĀd, »an ancient Arab tribe descended from Shem, a son of Noah and ancestor of the Semites (Gen. X.21), and described as being of giant stature *(7:74) wa-ḏkurū ʔiḏ ǧaʕala-kum ḫulafāʔa min baʕdi ʕĀdin ‘and remember when He made you successors after ʕĀd’. The people of ʕĀd were a great tribe that dwelled in al-ʔAḥqāf (q.v.), a vast hilly desert region said to have extended between Oman and Ḥaḍramawt in Arabia. Their main city ʔIram (q.v.) was described in the Qurʔān (89:7-8), as ‘the city of lofty pillars, the like of which has never been created in the land’. When their brother, the prophet Hūd, warned them against their worshipping of idols (said to have been the Goddess Allāt, q.v.) they called him a liar. They were punished for denying God and their mighty city was destroyed by a terrible wailing wind (69:6) that levelled everything to the ground and left the inhabitants strewn around like felled palm trees« – BadawiAbdelHaleem2008. ▪ …
▪ ʕWD_1: (Klein1987:) Hbr ʕwd ‘to return, repeat, do again’, Aram ʕîdâ ‘festival’, Syr ʕyādâ ‘usage, ceremony’, SAr ʕwd ‘to return’. – (Kogan2015, 76-77 #6 n219:) »reliably attested in a rather narrow circle of WSem languages«: Hbr ʕwd ‘to surround’ (very marginal), Ar ʕwd ‘to return’, Sab ʕwd ‘to return’, Min ʕwd ‘retourner’, Gz ʕoda ‘to go around, turn around’. – (Tropper2008:) Cf. also Ug ʕwd (D-stem) ‘to return (s.th.), bring back’ (?) ▪ ʕWD_2: – (modHbr ʕūd ‘lute’ is from Ar). ▪ ʕWD_3: [v1] based on ʕādaẗ ‘custom, habit’, see ʕWD_1; [v2] from ʕĀd, the ancient Arab tribe, see ʕWD_6. ▪ ʕWD_4: (Kogan2015, 76-77 #6:) Hbr ʕōd, BiblAram ʕōd, Ar ʕād(a), Gz ʕādi, Mhr ʔād, Jib ʕɔd, Soq ʕad. ▪ †ʕWD_5: = ʕWD_4? ▪ †ʕWD_6: of unknown etymology (but see DISC below). ▪ …
▪ It seems that, etymologically, we can distinguish three main complexes: A ‘to return’, comprising the broad value spectrum of [v1] and [v4], and prob. also [v5], B ‘wood; lute’, with [v2] as the only representative, and C the tribal name ‘ʕĀd’ [v6], with [v3] ‘ancient’ derived from it. ▪ Within complex A, the exact semantic relation (and dependence) between [v1] ‘to return’ and [v4] ‘(is) still’ should be further explored. Probably, the meaning ‘still’ is resultative: when one ‘returns’ and finds s.th. ‘repeatedly’ or ‘again’ in the same condition as before, one qualifies it as ‘still’ having an unchanged status. ▪ …
▪ ʕWD_2: Engl lute (lC13) < oFr lut, leut < oProv laut < Ar al-ʕūd. – Cf. also Ar al-ʕūd > mLat lutana > Span laud, Port alaude, It liuto – EtymOnline. | Ge Laute < mHGe lūte, mDu lute, luyte, Du luit < oFr leüt (C13) (> Fr luth), oProv laüt (c1300), It liuto (lC13) < Span laúd, older form alaúd (eC14), alod (mC13) < Ar al-ʕūd – DWDS (< Pfeiffer, Etym. Wb.) ▪ …
1a to return, come back (li or ʔilà to); b to flow back; 2a to go back, be traceable, be attributable (ʔilà to); b to revert, redound, accrue (ʕalà to); c to refer, relate (ʕalà to); 3a to be due, go back (ʔilà to); b to fall to s.o.’s (ʔilà) lot or share, fall in s.o.’s (ʔilà) bailiwick; c to belong, (ap)pertain, be proper (ʔilà or li to); 4 to give up, abandon, relinquish (ʕan s.th.), withdraw, resign (ʕan from); ʕāda bi to return with = to lead back, bring back, take back, return, reduce, revert s.o. or s.th. (ʔilà to); ʕāda ʕalayhi bi to bring about, entail s.th. for s.o., result in s.th. for s.o., yield, bring in, return s.th. to s.o.; (with predicate adjective or noun in acc.) to become, grow (into), turn into; (with foll. imperf. or ʔilà) to resume, renew (an activity); (with neg. and foll. imperf.) to do s.th. no more or no longer; (with foll. finite verb) to do s.th. again or anew; — 5 (ʕiyādaẗ) to visit (DO a patient), have under treatment (DO; of a physician) – WehrCowan1979.
▪ From protWSem *√ʕWD ‘to turn’ – Kogan2015. ▪ Related also to protSem *ʕād- ‘(he is) still’ – Kogan2015: 76-77 #6, see ↗ʕād. ▪ Kogan2015, 203 #66: In Ar, ʕāda and ↗raǧaʕa have largely ousted ↗ṯāba, the Ar reflex of the main exponent of the meaning ‘to return’ in protCSem, *ṯwb. ▪ …
▪ …
▪ Klein1987: Hbr ʕwd ‘to return, repeat, do again’, Aram ʕîdâ ‘festival’, Syr ʕyādâ ‘usage, ceremony’, SAr ʕwd ‘to return’. ▪ Kogan2015, 76-77 #6 n219: (reliably attested in a rather narrow circle of WSem languages:) Hbr ʕwd ‘to surround’ (very marginal), Ar ʕwd ‘to return’, Sab ʕwd ‘to return’, Min ʕwd ‘retourner’, Gz ʕoda ‘to go around, turn around’. ▪ Tropper2008: cf. prob. also Ug ʕwd (D-stem) ‘to return (s.th.), bring back’ (?). ▪ …
▪ … ▪ …
–
►taʕawwud, n., contraction of a habit, habituation: vn. V. ►ĭʕtiyād, n., contraction of a habit, habituation: vn. VIII. ►ĭʕtiyādī, adj., 1a ordinary, common; b usual, customary, habitual; c normal, regular; d plain, simple, ordinary (man): nsb-formation of preceding ►BP#2502ĭstiʕādaẗ, n.f., reconquest, recovery, recuperation, regaining, reclamation, retrieval: vn. X. ►BP#2061ʕāʔid, adj., 1a returning, reverting, recurrent; b (pl. ūn), n., returning emigrant, re-emigrant; c (pl. ʕuwwād), n., visitor (to a sick person); 2a accruing (profit, merit); b belonging, (ap)pertaining, proper (li or ʔilà to s.o./s.th.); 3 pl. ʕāʔidāt, nonhum.pl., revenues: PA I. | ʕāʔid al-ʔarbāḥ, n., net profit, net gain ►ʕāʔidaẗ, pl. ʕawāʔidᵘ, n.f., benefit, profit, advantage, gain (ʕalà for s.o.): PA I.f. ►ʕāʔidiyyaẗ, n.f., a belonging (to), a being part (of), membership: abstr. formation in iyyaẗ, based on ʕāʔid (2b). ►muʕawwad, adj., 1a used, accustomed, habituated, conditioned, inured, seasoned (ʕalà to); b wont (ʕalà to do s.th.), being in the habit (ʕalà of doing s.th.): PP II. ►muʕīd, pl. -ūn, n., 1 repetitor, tutor, coach; 2 assistant conducting drill sessions (university): PA IV. ►muʕād: muʕād taṣdīruh, forwarded (mail): PP IV. ►mutaʕawwid, adj., 1a used, accustomed, habituated, conditioned, inured, seasoned (ʕalà to); b wont (ʕalà to do s.th.), being in the habit (ʕalà of doing s.th.): PA V. ►BP#3431muʕtād, adj., 1a used, accustomed, habituated, conditioned, inured, seasoned (ʕalà to); b wont (ʕalà to do s.th.), being in the habit (ʕalà of doing s.th.); 2 usual, customary, normal: PA/PP VIII | ka-’l-muʕtād, adv., as usual; muʕtād al-ǧarāʔim, n., habitual criminal For other items pertaining to √ʕWD/ʕYD, cf. ↗ʕūd, ↗ʕādaẗ, ↗ʕādī, ↗ʕiyādaẗ, ↗ʕād, and ↗ʕīd (√ʕYD), as well as, for the whole picture, root entries ↗√ʕWD and ↗√ʕYD.
1a wood; b stick, rod, pole; c branch, twig, switch; d item, stalk; e cane, reed; 2 aloes (wood); 3 lute (musical instrument); 4a body, build, physique; b strength, force, intensity; c pl. ʔaʕwād, full intensity (e.g., of a disease) – WehrCowan1979.
▪ [v1] : etymology obscure; a relation to Sem *ʕiś ‘tree’1
can be excluded. ▪ [v2] : Accord. to A. Dietrich, the widespread use of ʕūd for ‘aloe wood’ is incorrect; originally, ʕūd rather signifies »certain kinds of resinous, dark-coloured woods with a high specific weight and a strong aromatic scent, which were used in medicine as perfume and incense (ʕūd al-baḫūr) and were highly coveted because of their rarity and value« (entry »ʕūd« in EI²). ▪ [v3] : The ʕūd is »the most important musical instrument of Islamic peoples from the Atlantic shores to the Persian lands« – Dietrich, ‘ʕūd’, in EI². — Lute-like instruments are attested far back in the history of the Middle East and have been part of musical culture in Mesopotamia and the Fertile Crescent since a very long time. While long-necked lutes (or harps) ultimately may be related to the Persian setār and Indian sitar (see ↗qīṯāraẗ), the short-necked ʕūd is assumed to have developed from the Persian berbat by C9‘. – The fact that the Arabic lute was called ʕūd is usually explained as due to the instrument’s (upper part) being made of wood (as opposed to earlier similar lutes, called mizhar or barbat, with a body cover made of skin/leather). However, prob. the reason was not only that it had a wooden deck, but also that the wood that was used for this purpose was precious wood, as ʕūd »was regarded as a luxury item, used especially for fine wood-carving and furniture-making« (ibid.). — Another explanation (promoted, among others, by Ibn Ḫaldūn) connects it to a wooden plectrum with which the ʕūd allegedly was played; but this is rather unlikely, as the plectrum typically is soft (cf. its traditional name, rīšaẗ ‘feather’). – Ar al-ʕūd is the etymon of most Eur words for ‘lute’ (see below, section WEST). Europeans came to know the lute perh. through the crusaders, but prob. even earlier via Andalusia (the Arabs had brought musical instruments with them from the East when the conquered Southern Spain and established the Umayyad caliphate in Córdoba) or via Byzantium. In Europe, the lute received bonds (made of catgut), and from c.1500 CE onwards, it was played with the fingers rather than with a plectrum. During the Renaissance, the lute was regarded as the queen of musical instruments – art. »Laute« in de.wiki (as of 30Oct2021). ▪ [v4] : fig. use ▪ …
▪ The fact that ʕūd does not have cognates in Sem underlines the term’s peculiarity. Should one assume that it is a foreign word? ▪ Lokotsch1927 #2127: In the same way as the lute, the instrument accompanying love songs, has reached us from the Islamic East, so probably also medieval Minnesang is of Oriental provenience; for discussion, see ↗ṭarab (etymon of Fr troubadour?). ▪ …
▪ Engl lute (lC13) < oFr lut, leut < oProv laut < Ar al-ʕūd. – Cf. also Ar al-ʕūd > mLat lutana > Span laud, Port alaude, It liuto – EtymOnline. ▪ Ge Laute < mHGe lūte, mDu lute, luyte, Du luit < oFr leüt (C13) (> Fr luth), oProv laüt (c1300), It liuto (lC13) < Span laúd, older form alaúd (eC14), alod (mC13) < Ar al-ʕūd – DWDS (< Pfeiffer, Etym. Wb.) ▪ Ar al-ʕūd ‘wood; instrument made from wood, lute, cither’ > It liuto, liudo, oFr leüt, Fr luth, Span laud, Port alaude, Rum laută, Du luit, Engl lute, Ge Laute; [Rum laută > Tu lauta, lāʔuṭa > nGrk laoùta, Bulg lauta ‘violin’, Serb Iout ‘lute’, Ukr łavuta ‘lute, violin; thickhead, fool’, ljutnja, Ru Ijutnja, Pol lutnia, Cz loutna ‘lute’ – Lokotsch1927 #2127. ▪ …
►ʕūd al-ṯiqāb, n., matchstick, match; ►ʕūd al-ṣalīb, n., peony (Paeonia; bot.); ►ʕūd al-kibrīt, n., matchstick, match; ►raḫāwaẗ al-ʕūd, n.f., weakness of character; ►ṣulb al-ʕūd, adj., of robust physique; strongly built, husky, sturdy; stubborn, resistant, unbending, unyielding, relentless; ►ṣalābaẗ al-ʕūd, n.f., sternness, severity, hardness, obstinacy, stubbornness, inflexibility, relentlessness; ►ladn al-ʕūd, adj., lissome, lithe, of elastic physique; ►ṯaqqafa ʕūdah, expr., to train, educate s.o.; ►ʕaǧama ʕūdah, expr., to test s.o., put s.o. to the test; ►kasara ʕūdah, expr., to break s.o.’s power of resistance, crush s.o.’s spirit ►ʕawwādaẗ, pl. āt, woman lutist: n.prof.f. For other items pertaining to √ʕWD/ʕYD, cf. ↗ʕāda, ↗ʕādaẗ, ↗ʕādī, ↗ʕiyādaẗ, ↗ʕād, and ↗ʕīd (√ʕYD), as well as, for the whole picture, root entries ↗√ʕWD and ↗√ʕYD.
1 habit, wont, custom, usage, practice; ʕādaẗan, adv., usually, customarily, ordinarily, habitually; 2 pl. ʕawāʔidᵘ, a taxes, duties; b charges, fees, rates – WehrCowan1979
▪ From ↗ʕāda ‘to return’ (*‘to return regularly, become habitual’), from protWSem *√ʕWD ‘to turn’. ▪ …
▪ …
▪ ↗ʕāda ▪ …
▪ …
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►fawqᵃ l-ʕādaẗ, adv., extraordinary, unusual, uncommon; special, extraordinary, emergency (e.g., meeting); ►ʕalà ʕādatih, adv., according to his habit, as was his wont, as he used to do; ►ka-sābiq al-ʕādaẗ, adv., as was formerly customary, as usual; ►ǧarat-i l-ʕādaẗ bi , expr., to be customary, usual, common or current, prevail, be a common phenomenon, be the vogue, have become common practice; ►ǧarat bi-ḏālika ʕādatuhum, expr., that was their habit, that’s what they used to do; ►al-ʕādaẗ al-sirriyyaẗ, n.f., onanism, masturbation; ►ʕawāʔid al-gumruk, nonhum.pl., customs duties; ►ʕawāʔid mabānin, nonhum.pl., house taxes; ►ʕawāʔid al-ʔamlāk, nonhum.pl., taxes on real estate ►BP#2964taʕawwada, vb. V, to get used, be accustomed, habituate o.s. (ʕalà or DO, to s.th.), make a habit (ʕalà or DO, of s. th.), be used to doing, be wont to do: Dt-stem, selfref. and/or denom. from ʕādaẗ. ►BP#3527ĭʕtāda, vb. VIII, = V: Gt-stem, selfref. ►BP#631ʕādī, adj., 1a customary, usual, common, ordinary, normal, regular; b undistinguished, run-of-the-mill; c ordinary, regular (e.g., meeting, as opposed to extraordinary, special, emergency); d simple, plain, ordinary (man): nsb-formation from ʕādaẗ. — 2 ↗ʕādī, [v2] ►taʕwīd, n., accustoming, habituation, conditioning, inurement (ʕalà to): vn. II. ►taʕawwud, n., contraction of a habit, habituation: vn. V. ►ĭʕtiyād, n., contraction of a habit, habituation: vn. VIII. ►ĭʕtiyādī, adj., 1a ordinary, common; b usual, customary, habitual; c normal, regular; d plain, simple, ordinary (man): nsb-formation of preceding ►BP#2502ĭstiʕādaẗ, n.f., reconquest, recovery, recuperation, regaining, reclamation, retrieval: vn. X. ►BP#2061ʕāʔid, adj., 1a returning, reverting, recurrent; b (pl. ūn), n., returning emigrant, re-emigrant; c (pl. ʕuwwād), n., visitor (to a sick person); 2a accruing (profit, merit); b belonging, (ap)pertaining, proper (li or ʔilà to s.o./s.th.); 3 pl. ʕāʔidāt, nonhum.pl., revenues: PA I. | ʕāʔid al-ʔarbāḥ, n., net profit, net gain ►muʕawwad, adj., 1a used, accustomed, habituated, conditioned, inured, seasoned (ʕalà to); b wont (ʕalà to do s.th.), being in the habit (ʕalà of doing s.th.): PP II. ►mutaʕawwid, adj., 1a used, accustomed, habituated, conditioned, inured, seasoned (ʕalà to); b wont (ʕalà to do s.th.), being in the habit (ʕalà of doing s.th.): PA V. ►BP#3431muʕtād, adj., 1a used, accustomed, habituated, conditioned, inured, seasoned (ʕalà to); b wont (ʕalà to do s.th.), being in the habit (ʕalà of doing s.th.); 2 usual, customary, normal: PA/PP VIII | ka-’l-muʕtād, adv., as usual; muʕtād al-ǧarāʔim, n., habitual criminal For other items pertaining to √ʕWD/ʕYD, cf. ↗ʕāda, ↗ʕūd, ↗ʕādī, ↗ʕiyādaẗ, ↗ʕād, and ↗ʕīd (√ʕYD), as well as, for the whole picture, root entries ↗√ʕWD and ↗√ʕYD.
1a customary, usual, common, ordinary, normal, regular; b undistinguished, run-of-the-mill; c ordinary, regular (e.g., meeting, as opposed to extraordinary, special, emergency); d simple, plain, ordinary (man): nsb-formation of the preceding; — 2 old, ancient, antique – WehrCowan1979.
▪ [v1] : nsb-formation from ʕādaẗ ‘custom, habit’, from ↗ʕāda, vb. I, ‘to return’ (> *‘to be repeated, become a habit’), ultimately from protWSem *√ʕWD ‘to turn’. ▪ [v2] : prob. a nsb-formation from ʕĀd, the name of an ancient Arab tribe; see ʕWD_6 in root entry ↗√ʕWD. ▪ …
▪ [v2] : †ʕawd, pl. ʕiyadaẗ, ʕiwadaẗ, adj., ‘old (animal); ancient (road)’; †ʕādī ‘old; old building; ruins’ – Hava1899. ▪ …
▪ [v1] : ↗ʕāda. ▪ [v2] : ? – Cf. ↗ʕWD_6. ▪ …
▪ …
▪ …
►ʕādiyyāt, nonhum.pl., antiques, antiquities For other items pertaining to √ʕWD/ʕYD, cf. ↗ʕāda, ↗ʕūd, ↗ʕādaẗ, ↗ʕiyādaẗ, ↗ʕād, and ↗ʕīd (√ʕYD), as well as, for the whole picture, root entries ↗√ʕWD and ↗√ʕYD.
1 visit (with a patient), doctor’s call (on a patient); — 2a (pl. āt) clinic; b office (of a physician), consultation room (of a physician): vn. I | ʕiyādaẗ ḫāriǧiyyaẗ, n.f., policlinic; outpatient clinic
▪ [v1] : vn. of ʕāda, ū, vb. I, ‘to visit (DO a patient), have under treatment (DO; of a physician), a specialized use of ↗ʕāda ‘to return’ (*’to return regularly to a patient, to change’), ultimately from protWSem *√ʕWD ‘to turn’. ▪ [v2] : metonymic use of [v1] (‘place of doctor’s call’ < ‘doctor’s call’). ▪ …
▪ …
▪ ↗ʕāda ▪ …
▪ …
–
– For other items pertaining to √ʕWD/ʕYD, cf. ↗ʕāda, ↗ʕūd, ↗ʕādaẗ, ↗ʕādī, ↗ʕād, and ↗ʕīd (√ʕYD), as well as, for the whole picture, root entries ↗√ʕWD and ↗√ʕYD.
▪ (Kogan2015, 76-77 #6:) from protWSem *ʕād- ‘(he is) still.’ ▪ »The use of ʕād with the meaning ‘still, yet’ is curiously absent from the classical sources and is not recognized by the standard dictionaries of ClassAr (such as Lane 2188-2189). This is in glaring contrast with its broad presence in a variety of modern Ar dialects and in post-classical written sources. Nöldeke’s inability to cope with this contradiction is more than understandable: “So nahe es liegt, dies ʕād einfach mit Hbr ʕôd zu identifizieren, so wäre das doch angesichts der historischen Entwicklung unrichtig” (Nöldeke 1904: 66)« – Kogan2015, 76-77 #6 n217. ▪ Prob., we also have to compare the older use as attested in Hava1899, see below, section HIST. ▪ …
▪ Though semantics remain to be explained, we prob. have to compare †ʕādi as given by Hava1899 (cf. †ʕWD_5 in root entry ↗√ʕWD): ‘(1) indeclinable particle having the sense of ʔinna, e.g., raqadtu wa-ʕādi ʔabāka sāhir “I slept while thy father remained awake”; (2) interrog. part. in the sense of hal, e.g., ʕādi ʔabūk muqīm “Is thy father abiding?”; (3) negative answer to a question, e.g., ʕādi ḫaraǧa Zayd? ʕādi-h “Has Zeyd gone forth? He has not”’. ▪ …
▪ Kogan2015, 76-77 #6: »Standard etymological treatments of [Sem] *ʕād ‘(he is) still’ typically present it as having no Akk cognates. It may therefore appear as a likely candidate for a protWSem lexical innovation, ultimately connected with the verbal root *ʕWD ‘to turn’ [↗ʕāda]. It is hard to avoid thinking, however, that the functional equivalent of *ʕād- in Akk, namely adīni ‘until now; not yet’, has something to do with it also in terms of etymology.1
In a broader perspective, an eventual connection between *ʕād and the protSem preposition *ʕaday ‘until’ is not to be excluded.2
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– For other items pertaining to √ʕWD/ʕYD, cf. ↗ʕāda, ↗ʕūd, ↗ʕādaẗ, ↗ʕādī, ↗ʕiyādaẗ, and ↗ʕīd (√ʕYD), as well as, for the whole picture, root entries ↗√ʕWD and ↗√ʕYD.
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