▪ ǦYD_1 ‘neck’ ↗ǧīd ▪ ǦYD_2 ‘good, excellent; generous, copious’ ↗ǧāda (↗ǦWD) ▪ ǦYD_3 ‘racing horse’ ↗ǧāda (↗ǦWD)♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘neck, long beautiful neck, to have a long beautiful neck’
Only ǧīd ‘neck’ has the root ǦYD. All other items actually belong to ǦWD ‘good, excellent’.
▪ Kogan2011: prob. related (with a meaning shift) to protSem *gīd‑ ‘nerve, tendon, sinew’. ▪ The Sem form goes perhaps back, via contraction (*gīd‑ < *giy˅d‑), to AfrAs *giyad‑ / *giHad‑.
▪ …
▪ DRS 2 (1994)#GYD: Akk gīd‑ ‘tendon, muscle de l’animal’, Ug *gd, Hbr gīd, JP Syr gᵉyādā, Mand giada ‘nerf, tendon’, nWAram gyoḏa ‘artère’; Syr gyādānā ‘nerveux, musculeux’, Mand gaiid ‘atteindre’, Soq žīd, Śḥr giyod ‘nerf’.1 ▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#924: Akk gīdu ‘tendon; muscle’, Hbr gīd, Aram gᵉyādā ‘tendon; nerve’, Ar jīd ‘neck’, Soq žid ‘nerve’. – Outside Sem there are forms like ngiḍo, ngirya ‘neck’ in some WCh languages, as well as gaaḍya, geer, ger‑, get-im, gere ‘neck’ in ECh. Perhaps is also Som gaaddo ‘breast’ related. ▪ Kogan2011: Akk gīdu, Ug gd, Hbr gīd, Syr gyādā, Jib z˜éd, Soq žid.
▪ DRS 2 (1994) reconstructs Sem *gīd‑ ‘nerf, tendon’. ▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#924 reconstruct Sem *gīd‑ ‘tendon; muscle; nerve; neck’, WCh *n˅-giḍ‑ < *n˅-giH˅d‑ (prefix!) ‘neck’, ECh *giHad‑ ‘neck’ (Som gaaddo, if cognate, from LEC *gaHad‑ ‘breast’), all from AfrAs *giHad‑ / *giyad‑ ‘neck’. Sem *gīd‑ would be a contraction of *giy˅d‑ from the AfrAs *giyad‑. – The authors do not explain why they reduce the meaning of the AfrAs ancestor to ‘neck’ only (probably on account of the WCh and ECh evidence); however, they add that »[t]he semantic variety of Sem makes the whole comparison dubious«. ▪ Kogan2011 reconstructs Sem *gīd‑ ‘tendon, sinew’ and thinks that the value ‘neck’ in Ar is the result of a meaning shift.