▪ ḤǦR_1 ʻto deny access, detain, hinder, forbid, interdict; to place under guardianship’ ↗ḥaǧara; ʻroom, cell, compartment’ ↗ḥuǧraẗ; ʻeye socket’ ↗maḥǧir ▪ ḤǦR_2 ʻlap’ ↗ ¹ḥiǧr ▪ ḤǦR_3 ʻmare’ ↗ ²ḥiǧr ▪ ḤǦR_4 ʻstone’ ↗ḥaǧar♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘stone, to stone; to solidify; enclosure, room; to confine; to deny access, to limit, to declare legally incompetent, to freeze; cunning person, brains, discerning faculty’
▪ [v1] : Widely attested in Sem; from protSem *ḤǦR ʻto surround, gird, enclose, hence also: to hinder, bar’. – Ar ḥuǧraẗ ʻroom, cell, compartment’ is *ʻenclosure’. Likewise, maḥǧir ʻeye socket’ describes he cavity in the skull which encloses the eyeball. – Cf. also the values of the (now obsol.) vb. II, †ḥaǧǧara, ʻêtre entouré du halo (se dit de la lune)’ and ʻavoir l’œil entouré d’une cautérisation’ (BK1860). ▪ [v2] : ʻlap’ is another kind of *ʻenclosure’ and therefore belongs to [v1]. ▪ [v3] : Accord. to some Ar lexicographers, ²ḥiǧr is a ʻmare kept for breeding, as though her womb were forbidden to all but generous horses’ (Lane ii: 517). If this interpretation is correct, the word belongs to [v1] and the complex of *ʻto enclose’, hence also ʻto hinder, bar, separate’. ▪ [v4] : For Ar ḥaǧar ʻstone’, Kogan2015: 43 (fn.109) states that »no clear cognates have been discovered so far« in Sem. At the same time, the author asks: »Shall we tentatively surmise a derivation from ḥǧr ‘to prevent, hinder, restrain’, with the semantic development ʻobstacle, border’ > ʻstone’?« If this is a correct etymology, also ḥaǧar ʻstone’ would be dependent on [v1]. ▪ …
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▪ Bergsträsser1928: (*‘?’) Akk egēru ‘to twist, be(come) twisted, perverse, cross, confuse’, Hbr ḥgra (o) ‘to gird’, Syr ḥgra (u) ‘to hinder’, Gz (ḥagl ‘ankle, chain’). ▪ DRS 9 (2010) #ḤGR-1 Akk egeru ‘tordre, être ou devenir tordu, pervers; croiser sur, envelopper, entortiller; empêcher, barrer la route’, Ug ḥgr, Hbr *ḥāgar ‘ceindre’, oAram (Warka) ḫa-gi-ir-ta-ʔ ‘boiteuse’, Nab ḥgr ‘enceinte’, JP ḥagirā, ChrPal ḥgr, mḥgr, JP ḥᵃgar ‘ceindre, sangler’, Mnd *hngr ‘réprimer, retenir’, Syr ḥᵊgar ‘retenir, empêcher, rendre boiteux, boiter’, ḥəgīrā ‘boiteux’; Ar ḥaǧara ‘empêcher d’approcher, interdire’, ḥaǧǧara ‘être entouré d’un halo (lune), faire un enclos’, ḥāǧir ‘mur, haie, digue’, ḥuǧraẗ ‘enclos, chambre’, YemAr maḥǧar: terrain enclos cultivé, cour intérieure’; ḥaǧr, ḥiǧr ‘protection, tutelle, giron; bas-ventre, basque d’un vêtement’, Sab ḥgr ‘réserver (à un usage)’, mḥgr, mḥgrt ‘terre réservée (à un usage)’, Qat ḥgr ‘ordonner, commander’, Mhr ḥəgūr, Ḥrs ḥəgōr, Jib ḥɔ́gɔ́r, Soq ḥə́gɔr ‘surveiller, protéger, être bienveillant’, Ḥrs ḥəgōr, Jib ḥɔ́gɔ́r ‘attendre’, Soq hə́ghər ‘gardien’. – Jib ḥágɛ́r (f.) ‘réunion publique’, Mhr həgrēt, Jib ḥágrɛ́t ‘groupe d’hommes assis en cercle’. Śḥr ḥagerít ‘entourage’, ? Soq ḥižáreh ‘animaux domestiques’; – ? Mhr məḥgēr ‘fossette jugulaire’. – Amh ʔaggärä ‘interdire, arrêter’, ? Gz ḥagarit ‘indigène’. – ? 2 Ar ḥaǧar, SAr ḥgr ‘pierre’, ? Gz ḥagʷər, ḥəgʷər, ḥəgur dans zabiba ḥəgur ‘pépins de raisin’. -3ḥəgur ‘clarifié (beurre)’. -4 Tña ḥagärä ‘s’inquiéter, abandonner un projet par crainte de fâcheux résultats’. ▪ …
▪ The tentative derivation, suggested by Kogan2015, of [v4] ḥaǧar ʻstone’ from √ḤǦR ‘to prevent, hinder, restrain’, does not seem impossible, but is also not really convincing. A semantic development in the opposite direction, i.e. *ʻstone > obstacle, border > to prevent, hinder, restrain’ would look more plausible. For the time being, however, inner-Sem evidence does not allow such a reconstruction – if it reflected historical truth, Ar would be the only Sem lang to have preserved the primary meaning. The latter, however, is rather unlikely, not only because of the absence of the meaning ʻstone’ in other Sem langs, but also in light of the fact that protSem had another word for ʻstone’ which is widely attested in many langs – but completely lost is Ar! (For further details, see ↗ḥaǧar). ▪ … ▪ …
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ḥaǧar‑ حَجَرَ , u (ḥaǧr, ḥiǧr, ḥuǧr, ḥiǧrān, ḥuǧrān)
1a to deny access (ʕalà to s.o.); b to stop, detain, hinder (ʕalà or s.o.); c to forbid, interdict (ʕalà s.th. to s.o.), prohibit (ʕalà s.o.) from doing s.th.; 2 to place (ʕalà s.o.) under guardianship, declare (ʕalà s.o.) legally incompetent – WehrCowan1976.
▪ Widely attested in Sem; from protSem *ḤǦR ʻto surround, gird, enclose, hence also: to hinder, bar’. – Ar ↗ḥuǧraẗ ʻroom, cell, compartment’ is originally an *ʻenclosure, separé’ (cf. also †ḥaǧǧara, vb. II, ʻêtre entouré du halo [se dit de la lune]; avoir l’œil entouré d’une cautérisation’ – BK1860). ▪ Another kind of ʻenclosure’ – a protecting one – is ↗¹ḥiǧr ʻlap’. Likewise, ↗maḥǧir ʻeye socket’ describes he cavity in the skull which encloses and protects the eyeball. In contrast, the notion of ʻpreventing access’ accounts for the value ʻmare’, as ḥiǧr also seems to have signified a place where female horses meant for breeding were kept apart; the word for the seclusion was then transferred to the animal itself ʻwhose womb was forbidden to all but generous horses’ (Lane ii: 517, ↗²ḥiǧr). ▪ For a discussion of the possibility of a semantic dependence of ḥaǧar ʻstone’ on ‘to prevent, hinder, restrain’, tentatively suggested by Kogan2015, see s.v. ↗ḥaǧar. ▪ …
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▪ DRS 9 (2010) #ḤGR-1 Akk egeru ‘tordre, être ou devenir tordu, pervers; croiser sur, envelopper, entortiller; empêcher, barrer la route’, Ug ḥgr, Hbr *ḥāgar ‘ceindre’, oAram (Warka) ḫa-gi-ir-ta-ʔ ‘boiteuse’, Nab ḥgr ‘enceinte’, JP ḥagirā, ChrPal ḥgr, mḥgr, JP ḥᵃgar ‘ceindre, sangler’, Mnd *hngr ‘réprimer, retenir’, Syr ḥᵊgar ‘retenir, empêcher, rendre boiteux, boiter’, ḥəgīrā ‘boiteux’; Ar ḥaǧara ‘empêcher d’approcher, interdire’, ḥaǧǧara ‘être entouré d’un halo (lune), faire un enclos’, ḥāǧir ‘mur, haie, digue’, ḥuǧraẗ ‘enclos, chambre’, YemAr maḥǧar: terrain enclos cultivé, cour intérieure’; ḥaǧr, ḥiǧr ‘protection, tutelle, giron; bas-ventre, basque d’un vêtement’, Sab ḥgr ‘réserver (à un usage)’, mḥgr, mḥgrt ‘terre réservée (à un usage)’, Qat ḥgr ‘ordonner, commander’, Mhr ḥəgūr, Ḥrs ḥəgōr, Jib ḥɔ́gɔ́r, Soq ḥə́gɔr ‘surveiller, protéger, être bienveillant’, Ḥrs ḥəgōr, Jib ḥɔ́gɔ́r ‘attendre’, Soq hə́ghər ‘gardien’. – Jib ḥágɛ́r (f.) ‘réunion publique’, Mhr həgrēt, Jib ḥágrɛ́t ‘groupe d’hommes assis en cercle’. Śḥr ḥagerít ‘entourage’, ? Soq ḥižáreh ‘animaux domestiques’; – ? Mhr məḥgēr ‘fossette jugulaire’. – Amh ʔaggärä ‘interdire, arrêter’, ? Gz ḥagarit ‘indigène’. – ? 2 Ar ḥaǧar, SAr ḥgr ‘pierre’, ? Gz ḥagʷər, ḥəgʷər, ḥəgur dans zabiba ḥəgur ‘pépins de raisin’. -3-4 […]. ▪ …
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►ḥaǧr, n., 1 restriction, curb(ing), check(ing), obstruction, impeding, limitation, curtailing (ʕalà of s.th.); 2 barring, closing, debarment, preclusion; 3 detention; 4 blocking, confinement, containment, suppres sion (as a protective measure); 5 interdiction, prohibition, ban; 6 revocation, or limitation, of s.o.’s (ʕalà) legal competence: vn. I | ~ al-ṣiḥḥī, n., quarantine. ►ḥiǧr, 1 adj., forbidden, interdicted, prohibited. – n., 2 lap (↗¹ḥiǧr); 3 (pl. ʔaḥǧār, var. ḥuǧūr, ḥuǧūraẗ) mare (↗²ḥiǧr). ►BP#3106ḥuǧraẗ, pl. ḥuǧarāt, var. ḥuǧar, n.f., 1 room; 2 cell; 3 (railroad) compartment; 4 chamber | ~ al-ĭntiẓār, n.f., waiting room; ~ al-nawm, n.f., bedroom; al‑~ al-fallāḥiyyaẗ, n.f., chamber of agriculture. ►maḥǧar, pl. maḥāǧirᵘ, n., 1 military hospital, infirmary; 2 prison, jail, dungeon: n.loc., *ʻplace of detention’ | ~ al-ṣiḥḥī, n., quarantine, quarantine station. ►maḥǧir, var. miḥǧar, maḥǧar, pl. maḥāǧirᵘ, n., 1 ↗ḥaǧar; 2 (= ~ al-ʕayn), eye socket: n.loc., *ʻplace enclosing (and protecting) the eye’ ►taḥǧīr, n., 1 interdiction, prohibition, ban; 2 ↗ḥaǧar: vn. II. ►maḥǧūr, pl. maḥāǧīrᵘ (and maḥǧūr ʕalayh), n., 1 one placed under guardianship; 2 minor; 3 ward, chargeFor other values attached to the root, cf. ↗ḥaǧar, as well as, for the overall picture, ↗√ḤǦR.
▪ From ↗ḥaǧara ʻto surround, gird, enclose, hence also: to hinder, bar, and to protect, defend’. The value ʻlap’ is either a kind of *ʻenclosure’ (e.g., children sitting on the mother’s lap) or a generalisation of the meaning of †ʻanterior pudendum of a man and of a woman’, now obsoleted but attested in ClassAr (Lane ii 1865), in which case one would have to assume a development from *ʻforbidden, prohibited, unlawful, inviolable’, i.e., s.th. one is denied access to. ▪ For other derivations from ↗ḥaǧara, see , e.g., ↗²ḥiǧr ʻmare (kept for breeding)’ or ↗ḥuǧraẗ ʻcompartment, chamber, room, †enclosure for camels’, as well as perh. even ↗ḥaǧar ʻstone’. ▪ …
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▪ See ↗ḥaǧara. ▪ …
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For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗ḥaǧara, ↗²ḥiǧr, ↗ḥuǧraẗ, ↗maḥǧir, and ↗ḥaǧar, as well as, for the overall picture, ↗√ḤǦR.
▪ From ↗ḥaǧara ʻto surround, gird, enclose, hence also: to hinder, bar’. Accord. to some Ar lexicographers, ²ḥiǧr is a ʻmare kept for breeding, as though her womb were forbidden to all but generous horses’ (Lane ii: 517). If this interpretation is correct, one has to regard the value as specialisation from a more general *ʻforbidden, prohibited, unlawful, inviolable’, i.e., s.th. one is denied access to. ▪ For other derivations from ↗ḥaǧara, see , e.g., ↗¹ḥiǧr ʻlap’ or ↗ḥuǧraẗ ʻcompartment, chamber, room, †enclosure for camels’, as well as perh. even ↗ḥaǧar ʻstone’. ▪ …
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▪ See ↗ḥaǧara. ▪ …
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For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗ḥaǧara, ↗¹ḥiǧr, ↗ḥuǧraẗ, ↗maḥǧir, and ↗ḥaǧar, as well as, for the overall picture, ↗√ḤǦR.
▪ From ↗ḥaǧara ʻto surround, gird, enclose, hence also: to hinder, bar, and to protect, defend’. In ClassAr, the word is attested also with the meaning † ʻenclosure for camels’ (Lane ii: 518). ▪ For other derivations from ↗ḥaǧara, see , e.g., ↗¹ḥiǧr ʻlap’, ↗²ḥiǧr ʻmare (kept for breeding)’ or ↗maḥǧir ʻeye socket’, perh. even ↗ḥaǧar ʻstone’. ▪ …
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▪ See ↗ḥaǧara. ▪ …
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►ḥuǧraẗ al-ĭntiẓār, n.f., waiting room ►ḥuǧraẗ al-nawm, n.f., bedroom ►ḥuǧraẗ al-fallāḥiyyaẗ, n.f., chamber of agricultureFor other values attached to the root, cf. ↗ḥaǧara, ↗¹ḥiǧr, ↗²ḥiǧr, ↗maḥǧir, and ↗ḥaǧar, as well as, for the overall picture, ↗√ḤǦR.
maḥǧir مَحْجِر , var. miḥǧar, maḥǧar, pl. maḥāǧirᵘ
▪ n.loc., from ↗ḥaǧara ʻto surround, gird, enclose, hence also: to hinder, bar, and to protect, defend’. Thus, the word originally describes the cavity in the skull which encloses and protects the eyeball. Cf., however, also †ḥaǧǧara, vb. II, ʻto be(come) surrounded by a thin line, a halo in the clouds (the moon); to burn a mark round the eye of the camel with a circular cauterizing instrument’ (Lane ii, BK1860). ▪ For other derivations from ↗ḥaǧara, see , e.g., ↗¹ḥiǧr ʻlap’, ↗²ḥiǧr ʻmare (kept for breeding)’ or ↗ḥuǧraẗ ʻroom, chamber, compartment’, perh. even ↗ḥaǧar ʻstone’. ▪ …
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▪ See ↗ḥaǧara. ▪ …
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For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗ḥaǧara, ↗¹ḥiǧr, ↗²ḥiǧr, ↗ḥuǧraẗ, and ↗ḥaǧar, as well as, for the overall picture, ↗√ḤǦR.
1 stone; 2 weight (placed as an equipoise on the scale of a balance) – WehrCowan1979.
▪ Scarcely attested outside Ar. According to Kogan2015: 43 (fn.109), »no clear cognates have been discovered so far« for Ar ḥaǧar ʻstone’. At the same time, the author asks whether one should not »tentatively surmise a derivation from ḥǧr ‘to prevent, hinder, restrain’, with the semantic development ʻobstacle, border’ > ʻstone’?« If this should be the correct etymology, ḥaǧar ʻstone’ would, like many other items, dependend on ↗ḥaǧara ʻto surround, gird, enclose, hence also: to hinder, bar, be an obstacle’. ▪ …
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▪ See perh. also ↗ḥaǧara. ▪ DRS 9 (2010) #ḤGR-1 [see ↗ḥaǧara]. – ? 2 Ar ḥaǧar, SAr ḥgr ‘pierre’, ? Gz ḥagʷər, ḥəgʷər, ḥəgur dans zabiba ḥəgur ‘pépins de raisin’. -3-4 […]. ▪ …
▪ The tentative derivation, suggested by Kogan2015, of [v4] ḥaǧar ʻstone’ from √ḤǦR ‘to prevent, hinder, restrain’, does not seem impossible, but it is also not really convincing. A semantic development in the opposite direction, i.e. *ʻstone > obstacle, border > to prevent, hinder, restrain’ would sound more plausible. For the time being, however, inner-Sem evidence does not allow such a reconstruction – if it reflected historical truth, Ar would be the only Sem lang to have preserved the hypothetical primary meaning *ʻstone’. This, however, is rather unlikely, not only because no other Sem lang (except perh. SAr) connects √ḤG/ǦR with the meaning ʻstone’, but also in light of the fact that protSem had another word for ʻstone’ (protSem *ʔabn‑ – Kogan2015: 43 #81) which is widely attested in many Sem langs – but completely ousted is Ar!1 ▪ …
► al-ḥaǧar al-ʔasāsī, and ḥaǧar al-ʔasās, n., the foundation stone, cornerstone; waḍʕ al-ḥaǧar al-ʔasāsī, n., laying of the cornerstone; ►ḥaǧar al-balāṭ, n., flagstone, paving stone; ►ḥaǧar ǧahannam, n., lunar caustic, silver nitrate; ►ḥaǧar al-ǧīr, n., limestone; ►ḥaǧar al-summāqī or al‑~ al-summāqī, n., porphyry; ► al-ḥaǧar al-ʔaswad, n., the Black Stone (of the Kaaba); ►ḥaǧar al-šādanaẗ, n., hematite (min.); ►ḥaǧar al-ʕaṯraẗ, n., stumbling block; ►ḥaǧar al-falāsifaẗ, n., philosopher’s stone; ►ḥaǧar al-qamar, n., salenite (tech.); ►ḥaǧar ṯamīn and ḥaǧar karīm, n., precious stone, gem; ►ṭabʕ ʕalà ’l-ḥaǧar , n., litograph; ►ṭabāʕaẗ al-ḥaǧar, n.f., lithography. ►ḥaǧǧara, vb. II, 1 to petrify, turn into stone (s.th.); 2 to make hard as stone (s.th.): D-stem, denom., caus. ►taḥaǧǧara, vb. V, to turn to stone, petrify, become petrified: Dt-stem, refl. of II. ►ḥaǧarī, adj., stony, stone (adj.): nisba formation | al-ʕaṣr al-ḥaǧarī , n., the Stone Age; al-ʕaṣr al-ḥaǧarī al-ḥadīṯ, n., the Neolithic period; al-ʕaṣr al-ḥaǧarī al-qadīm, n., the Paleolithic period ►ḥaǧir, adj., stony, petrified. ►ḥaǧǧār, n., stone mason, stone cutter: n.prof. ►maḥǧir, pl. maḥāǧirᵘ, n., 1 (stone) quarry; 2 ↗s.v.: n.loc. ►taḥǧīr, n., 1 petrification; 2 stone quarrying: vn. II. ►taḥaǧǧur, n., petrification: vn. V. ►mutaḥaǧǧir, adj., petrified: PA V. ►mustaḥǧir, adj., petrified: PA X.
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