Bibliotheca Polyglotta

▪ ʕMD_1 ‘pole, pillar, column, mast; to lean against, rely, depend on; to support, prop; to sanction, confirm, accredit’ ↗ʕamūd, ‘column, pole’ ↗ʕimād
▪ ʕMD_2 ‘firm resolution, intention; intent, purpose, aim; to intend, betake o.s., approach, repair to, aim at’ ↗ʕamada
▪ ʕMD_3 ‘village chief, mayor’ ↗ʕumdaẗ; ‘head, chief, dean’ ↗ ʕamīd
▪ ʕMD_4 ‘to baptize, christen’ ↗ʕammada

Other values, now obsolete, include (BK, Steingass1884, Hava1899):

▪ ^†ʕMD_5 ‘branch, twig’ : ʕimd (pl. ʔaʕmād).
▪ ^†ʕMD_6 ‘to pierce, empale’ : ʕamada.
▪ ^†ʕMD_7 ‘to cudgel, cause to fall, throw down’ : ʕamada.
▪ ^†ʕMD_8 ‘to oppress heavily, strike s.o. (a disease, love, anger, an idea, etc.), molest, vex, render gloomy, to grieve’: ʕamada. – The corresponding intr./pass. is ʕamida, which shows a broad spectrum of *‘being struck, oppressed, molested, vexed, etc.’: either mentally, in the sense of ‘to be(come) astonished, angry, etc., be taken (by an idea, etc.), cling to, adhere’, or physically, i.e., ‘to be seized with pain’, hence also, specifically, ‘to be sore at the inner side of the hump, swell’ and the corresponding n., ʕamid ‘backsore’.
▪ ^†ʕMD_9 ‘(to be\become) moistened and made sticky by the rain (earth)’: ʕamida (a, ʕamad), adj. ʕamid.
▪ ^†ʕMD_10 ‘in the full prime of youth’ : ʕumudd, ʕumnadānī.
▪ ^†ʕMD_11 ‘to dam in (a water-course), stop, obstruct (a stream)’: ʕammada.

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘pillar, support, to support, to stab in the part called ʕamūd al-baṭn (the pillar of the stomach); chief, master, to depend upon; to intend; to approach, to undertake; to afflict with illness, to be severely ill’. – Some scholars attribute the word ʕimād to an early borrowing from Aram.

▪ With the exception of [v4] ‘to baptize, christen’, which seems to be a borrowing from Syr, and perh. [v9] ‘to be(come) moistened’, all other values may (as Gabal2012:1554 sees it) derive from the basic idea of *‘firmness, strength, uprightness’, most clearly respresented in the ‘pillar, pole’ (ʕamad, ʕamūd, ʕāmūd) and the corresponding vb. ‘to support’ (ʕamada). – Gabal2012 regards the root √ʕMD as an extension in ‑D of the 2-rad. root nucleus *ʕM‑ to which he ascribes the basic meaning of ‘multitude or meeting/confluence (of several elements), combined with cohesion and uprightness’ (kaṯraẗ aw ĭǧtimāʕ maʕa ĭrtifāʕ wa-ĭltiḥām ʕulwī, ibid.: 1551).
▪ ʕMD_1 : Dolgopolsky2012#135 identifies two common protSem items: a vb. *ʕmd ‘to be raised\propped up, lean against; to stand upright’, and the corresponding n. *ʕamad- ‘support, pole’; in addition, he identifies a specifically WSem variant of the latter: protWSem *ʕa˻m˼mūd- ‘prop, pole of a tent, column, pillar’. As there also seem to be some possible Chad and Cush (and perh. even IE) cognates, the author assumes a Nostr dimension and reconstructs Nostr *ʕ˹o˺m˻˅˼dE ‘to stand upright, rise’. (No protAfrAs form given.)
▪ ʕMD_2 : Related to the preceding? No comparable developments in other Sem langs. But ʕamada seems to have developed (from ʕamūd ‘pole’ as a tool to strike with?) the sense of [v8] ‘to strike, afflict’, and the corresponding intr. vb. ʕamida signifies all kinds of (physical and mental) *‘struckness’. The firmness of resolution that is central to [v2] may thus stem from an original *‘being struck by an idea > to cling, adhere to it’. – Another explanation is given by Gabal2012: 1555-6: he compares the firmness of resolution and intent to the uprightness of a tent pole or the strength of supporting pillar and thus regards [v2] as fig. use of [v1]. – Ehret1995#683 thinks that Ar ʕamada (vn. ʕamd) ‘to purpose, resolve upon; attend to, undertake’ is an extension in »durative« ‑D from a bi-consonantal pre-protSem root *ʕM ‘to apply, put into effect’, from AfrAs *‑ʕīm‑ ‘to apply, put into effect’. Other extensions from the same pre-protSem root would be: ↗ʕMR, ↗ʕML.
▪ ʕMD_3 : ʕumdaẗ ‘village chief, mayor’ and ʕamīd ‘head, chief, dean’ are basically *‘pillars relied upon, or to rely on’ and as such dependent on ʕMD_1, esp. ʕamūd or ʕamad.
▪ ʕMD_4 : prob. a loan from Syr ʕmaḏ ‘to dive, plunge, sink; to penetrate; to dip (in\under water), bath, wash; to be baptized’. – Cf. also ^†[v9] ‘to be(come) moistened by rain’?
▪ ^†ʕMD_5 : Together with the semantically close words for ‘pole, pillar’ (ʕamad, ʕamūd etc.), the now obs. ^†ʕimd ‘branch, twig’ may represent one of the earliest values and in this case almost certainly belong together with [v1].
▪ ^†ʕMD_6 : In the now obs. sense of ‘to pierce, empale’ the vb. ʕamada is denom. from ʕamad or ʕamūd and thus dependent on [v1] ‘pole, prop, pillar’.
▪ ^†ʕMD_7 : Like [v6], [v7] ‘to cudgel, cause to fall, throw down’ represents a denom. derivation from ʕamūd; originally, it seems to mean *‘to cudgel, cause to fall, etc., by beating him/her with a ʕamūd’, the latter being attested also in the sense of ‘iron bar, rod of iron with which one beats or strikes’ (Lane v 1874).
▪ ^†ʕMD_8 : The value spectrum ‘to oppress heavily, strike s.o. (a disease, love, anger, an idea, etc.), to molest, vex, render gloomy, grieve’ attached to ʕamada seems to be fig. use of [v6] and/or [v7], meaning a *‘striking’ or *‘being struck by an idea or an emotion’. This meaning may be at the heart of [v2] ‘firm resolution’.
▪ ^†ʕMD_9 : The obs. meaning ‘(to be\become) moistened and made sticky by the rain (earth)’ of the intr. vb. ʕamida (a, ʕamad) may be another variant of [v7] *‘to strike / be struck’: earth becoming moistened because it is “struck” by the rain pouring down on it. However, the fact that there is also the adj. ʕamid, which looks rather “basic”, can arouse suspicion as to an assumed secondary character of the value. Therefore, do we perh. have to see it together with [v4] ‘to baptise’ and thereby assume that it is cognate to Syr ʕmaḏ ‘to dive, plunge, sink; to dip (in\under water) (etc.)’?
▪ ^†ʕMD_10 : The value ‘in the full prime of youth’ belongs to the ‘firmness, strength, uprightness’ of an upright, firm ‘pole, pillar’ etc. ([v1]), additionally underlined here by the doubling of d in ʕumudd or of m in ʕummadānī.
▪ ^†ʕMD_11 : The meaning ‘to dam in (a water-course), stop, obstruct (a stream)’ is taken from ʕamūd ‘pole, pillar’ and thus a specialised use of [v1] ‘to support’.

▪ …

▪ ʕMD_1 : (Bergsträsser1928:) Akk imdu ‘supporting wall’ (»Stützmauer«), Hbr ʕammūḏ, Aram ʕammūḏā, Gz ʕamd ‘post (n.)’, Ar ʕamūd. – Dolgopolsky2012#135 identifies three strings: (1) one for the basic notion of the root, expressed in a vb. meaning *‘to be raised\propped up, lean against; to stand upright’, (2) a nominal etymon meaning *‘support, pole’, and (3) a more or less synonymous, but specifically WSem variant, signifying a *‘prop, pole of a tent, column, pillar’. In group (2), he juxtaposes Akk imdu ‘stanchion, support’, (here?) Sab ʕmd ‘(?) vine support, vinestock’, Gz ʕamd ‘column, pillar, post’, and Ar ʕamad ‘pole of a tent, column, pillar’. From the WSem n. (3) are Ug ʕmd ‘column, ceiling beam’, BiblHbr ʕammûḏ, SamHbr ʕammod ‘id.’, Phoen Palm ʕmd, JudAram ʕammûḏ, JudAram Syr ʕammûḏ-â ‘column’, JEA ʕammūḏ-ā ‘pillar, column’, Sab (pl.) ʔʕmd ‘columns, pillars’, Mhr ʔamawd ‘ceiling beam’, Jib C ʕamud ‘beam, pillar’ (< Ar?), and Ar ʕamūd- ‘prop, support, column, base’. The Ar vb. ʕamada ‘étayer\appuyer\soutenir à l’aide d’un pilier \ d’une colonne’ is either a denom. derivation from this latter n., or it is directly (or perh. with contamination through the WSem n.) from (1) the protSem vb., from which the author derives also Akk emēdu ‘to lean against, cling to, stand near by’, BiblHbr ʕāmad ‘to take one’s stand’, JudAram ʕammeḏ ‘to place’; Mhr hāmōd ‘to prop up one’s head (with a pillow, arm)’, Jib C aʕmid ‘to put a pillow under the head’.
▪ ʕMD_2 : If related to [v1], cf. cognates given in preceding paragraph. – Ehret1995#683 regards Ar ʕamada (vn. ʕamd) in the sense of ‘to purpose, resolve upon; attend to, undertake’ is an extension in »durative« ‑D from a bi-consonantal pre-protSem root *ʕM ‘to apply, put into effect’. If this is correct, this ʕamada may be only one of several other extensions from the same pre-protSem root, such as ↗ʕMR (in the sense of ‘to cultivate and inhabit land’) and ↗ʕML (with the n. ↗ʕamal ‘deed, action; occupation; work’ and the denom. ↗ʕamila ‘to work, perform; to do; to practise, profess; to produce an effect’).
▪ ʕMD_3 : as fig. use of [v1], [v3] has no direct cognates in other Sem langs, but is of course dependent on ʕMD_1.
▪ ʕMD_4 : (Brockelmann1895, PayneSmith1903:) Syr ʕmaḏ ‘to dive, plunge, sink; to penetrate; to dip (in\under water), bath, wash; to be baptized’, Syr ʕmāḏā ‘setting (of the sun or stars); plunge, somersault; dipping; baptism’. – ? Cf. also [v9] below.
▪ ʕMD_5 : no direct cognates, but without doubt akin to ↗ʕMD_1.
▪ ʕMD_6-7 : Denom. deriv. from ʕamad or ʕamūd ‘pole, post’, ↗ʕMD_1.
▪ ʕMD_8 : Fig. use of [v6] and/or [v7], hence ultimately dependent on [v1], ↗ʕMD_1.
▪ ʕMD_9 : Either fig. use of [v6] and/or [v7] and hence ultimately dependent on [v1], ↗ʕMD_1, or perh. to be seen together with [v4] ‘to baptise’ and Syr ʕmaḏ ‘to dive, plunge, sink; to dip (in\under water) (etc.)’, ʕmāḏā ‘setting (of the sun or stars); plunge, somersault; dipping; baptism’.
▪ ʕMD_10 : no direct cognates, but without doubt akin to ↗ʕMD_1.
▪ ʕMD_11 : no direct cognates, but without doubt a D-stem formed from ↗ʕMD_1.

▪ ʕMD_1 Dolgopolsky2012#135 reconstructs three items: a protSem vb. *ʕmd ‘to be raised\propped up, lean against; to stand upright’, a protSem n. *ʕamad- ‘support, pole’, and a specifically WSem development, protWSem *ʕa˻m˼mūd- ‘prop, pole of a tent, column, pillar’; also some possible Chad and Cush (and perh. even IE) cognates, all from hypothetical Nostr *ʕ̱˹o˺m˻˅˼dE ‘to stand upright, rise’. (No protAfrAs form given.). – Klein1987 (s.v. Hbr ʕimmāḏī) notes that the Ar “prep.” ʕindᵃ ‘at, near, by’ »is formed from *ʕimdᵃ (lit., ‘on the stand of, in the position of’), from the stem of ʕamada (= he supported), ʕamūd (= post, prop)«. Cf., however, Kogan2015:182 #6 : »Ug ʕm, Hbr ʕim, JPA ʕäm, Sab ʕm, Min ʕm, Qat ʕm-n < protCSem *ʕimm(‑a) ‘together with’ ⇒ In its basic form, this protCSem prep. is not attested in Ar, but accord. to a widespread consensus, it is preserved there in the metathetic form maʕa ‘with’, as well as in ʕinda (< *ʕim-da) ‘by’. The origin of protCSem *ʕimm(‑a) ‘with’ is uncertain. Traditionally, it is thought to be derived from the verbal root *ʕmm ‘to be common, general, to embrace’[(cn: Kogan2015, n.513: E.g. Lipiński 1997:465 (“It is obviously related to the noun ʕam(m), ‘people,’ and to the vb. ʕamma, ‘to be common’”) or Voigt 1999:39 (“*ʕimm-a ‘Einschluss’”).)] [cf. ↗ʕāmm, ↗ʕāmmiyyaẗ], but this root is hardly attested anywhere beyond Ar ʕmm.«
▪ ʕMD_2-3 : see above, section CONC.
▪ ʕMD_4 : Although there is a faint possibility that ʕammada ‘to baptise’ is an inner-Ar derivation, it seems more likely that the item is a borrowing from Syr, because the original meaning of the underlying Grk term used in the NT for ‘to baptise’, baptízein, is ‘to immerse, dip in water’, rendered in Syr by ʕmaḏ ‘to dive, plunge, sink; to penetrate; to dip (in\under water), bath, wash; (hence also:) to be baptized’. The Ar D-stem would express the caus., *‘to immerse s.o., make s.o. dive, sink (etc.)’. Given that there is no Ar G-stem from √ʕMD meaning ‘to drown, be immersed’, dependence on Syr is highly probable (and was also suggested by Ar lexicographers themselves). – If ʕammada is from Syr it may, etymologically, belong together with ↗√ĠMD rather than √ʕMD. – For the vague possibility of an inner-Ar dependence, cf. above, section CONC.
▪ ʕMD_5-11 : cf. above, section CONC.

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ʕamad‑ عَمَدَ , i (ʕamd)

ID … • Sw – • BP 4677 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ʕMD

vb., I

1 ↗ʕamūd; 2a to intend, purpose (li‑ or ʔilà s.th.); 2b to betake o.s., repair, go (li‑, ʔilà, ‑hu to); 2c to approach, undertake (li‑ or ʔilà s.th.), go, set (li‑ or ʔilà about s.th.), proceed, apply o.s., turn, attend (li‑ or ʔilà to), embark (li‑ or ʔilà upon); 2d to take up (ʔilà s.th.); 2e to be intent (ʔilà on); – 3 ↗ʕammada – WehrCowan1976.

▪ While one of the meanings of ʕamada (1 ‘to support, prop, shore, buttress’) evidently is denominative from ↗ʕamūd and another (3 ‘to baptize’) probably a loan from Syr, the semantic complex of ‘intention, purpose, aim’ stands within the root as an Ar idiosyncrasy without comparable developments in other Sem langs. Gabal2012: 1555-6 compares the firmness of resolution and intent to the uprightness of a tent pole or the strength of a supporting pillar and thus regards ʕamada in the sense of ‘to intend (etc.)’ as fig. use, lit. *‘to have s.th. as a ↗ʕamūd, a firm pillar, in one’s mind, follow an idea with a resolution as strong a pillar’. – Another form of fig. dependence on ʕamad~ʕamūd can be imagined on the basis of the meaning ‘iron bar\rod’, now obsolete but attested in ClassAr, as also the corresponding denom. vb. ʕamada ‘to beat with an iron bar\rod, strike, afflict’, hence also ‘to strike, afflict’ in general, and the corresponding intr. vb. ʕamida, signifying all kinds of (physical and mental) *‘struckness’. The firmness of resolution that is central to [v2] may thus stem from an original *‘being struck by an idea > to cling, adhere to it’.
▪ Ehret1995#683 suggests that Ar ʕamada (vn. ʕamd) ‘to purpose, resolve upon; attend to, undertake’ is an extension in »durative« ‑D from a bi-consonantal pre-protSem root *ʕM ‘to apply, put into effect’, from AfrAs *‑ʕīm‑ ‘to apply, put into effect’. Other extensions from the same pre-protSem root would be: ↗ʕMR, ↗ʕML.

▪ …

▪ If fig. use, then perh. dependent (as denom. vb.) on ↗ʕamūd.
▪ For Ehret’s suggestion of a derivation of Ar ʕamd from a 2-rad. pre-protSem root *ʕM and other “cognate” extensions, cf. above, section CONC.

Cf. above, section CONC.
▪ …

…

► taʕammada, vb. V, 1a to intend, purpose, do intentionally, do on purpose; b to approach with a definite aim in mind; c to single out, aim at: Dt-stem, intr., focus on self-referentiality. – 2 ↗ʕammada.

For other meanings of the root, cf. ↗ʕammada, ↗ʕamūd, ↗ʕumdaẗ, ↗ ʕamīd, as well as, for the overall picture, ↗√ʕMD.

ʕammad‑ عَمَّدَ (taʕmīd)

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ʕMD

vb., II

to baptize, christen – WehrCowan1976.

▪ Ar ʕammada ‘to baptize’ is a D-stem belonging to the root √ʕMD which in general expresses the basic notion of *‘strength, firm support’, as, e.g., in the vb. ʕamada ‘to support, prop, shore, buttress’ or the n. ↗ʕamūd~ʕamad ‘post, pillar, column’ (Bergsträsser1928: *‘supporting wall’, for the protSem etymon). As it is not evident in which way the meaning ‘to baptize’ could be derived from this basic meaning of the root, it is quite likely that it we are dealing with a case of borrowing, all the more so since it is a Christian term. The giver language was probably Syr, where we find the vb. ʕmaḏ ‘to dive, plunge, sink; to penetrate; to dip (in\under water), bath, wash’ which in its turn is a calque from the Grk baptízein with the same original meaning, but also used in the NT to render the act of baptism.
▪ A derivation of Ar ʕammada ‘to baptize’ from the obsolete adj. ^†ʕamid ‘moistened by rain (earth)’ and the denom. intr. vb. ^†ʕamida ‘to be(come) moistened by rain’ seems less likely. But even in this case ʕammada would prob. be akin to Syr ʕmaḏ ‘to dive, plunge, sink; to penetrate; to dip (in\under water), bath, wash’.
▪ Should one consider also the possibility of an inner-Ar development according to which ʕammada ‘to baptize’ would be *‘to confirm’ (one’s belief in God)? In this case the vb. would depend on ↗ʕamūd~ʕamad ‘post, pillar, column’.

▪ …

▪ (If loaned from Syr): Syr ʕmaḏ ‘to dive, plunge, sink; to penetrate; to dip (in\under water), bath, wash; to be baptized’, ʕmāḏā ‘setting (of the sun or stars); plunge, somersault; dipping; baptism’ – Brockelmann1895, PayneSmith1903.
▪ (If lit. *‘to confirm/assert one’s belief, make one’s belief stronger’): ↗ʕMD_1.
▪ …

See above, sections CONC and COGN.

…

► ^BP4677ʕamada, i (ʕamd), vb. I, 1 ↗ʕamūd; 2 ↗ʕamada; 3 to baptize, christen.
► ʔaʕmada, vb. IV, 1 ↗ʕamūd; 2 to baptize, christen: *Š-stem.
► taʕammada, vb. V, 1-3 ↗ʕamada; – 4 to be baptized, be christened: Dt-stem, pass./self-refl.

► ^BP#3409ʕimād, pl. ʕumud, ʔaʕmidaẗ, n., 1-6 ↗ʕamūd; – 7 baptism
► Yūḥannā ’l‑maʕmadān, n., John the Baptist
►taʕmīd, n., baptism: vn. II.
►maʕmūdiyyaẗ, n.f., 1 baptism; 2 baptismal font: : n. formation in -iyyaẗ for the process of baptizing or the tool used to carry out baptism.
►muʕammad, adj., baptizee, one receiving baptism: PP II.

For other meanings of the root, cf. ↗ʕamada, ↗ʕamūd, ↗ʕumdaẗ, ↗ ʕamīd, as well as, for the overall picture, ↗√ʕMD.

ʕamūd عَمود , pl. ʔaʕmidaẗ, ʕumud

ID … • Sw – • BP 3015 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ʕMD

1a flagpole, shaft (of a standard); 1b pale, post, prop, shore, pier, buttress; 1c lamppost; 1d (telephone, telegraph) pole; 2 column, pillar, pilaster; item (of a glass); – 3a (pl. ʔaʕmidaẗ), n., column (of a newspaper); 3b element, cell (eI.) – WehrCowan1976.

▪ (Dolgopolsky2012#135): from protWSem *ʕa˻m˼mūd- ‘prop, pole of a tent, column, pillar’ (< protSem *ʕmd ‘to be raised\propped up, lean against; to stand upright’, *ʕamad- ‘support, pole’ < AfrAs [?] < Nostr *ʕ˹o˺m˻˅˼dE ‘to stand upright, rise’.
▪ Gabal2012 regards the root √ʕMD as an extension in ‑D of the 2-rad. root nucleus *ʕM‑ to which he ascribes the basic meaning of ‘multitude or meeting/confluence (of several elements), combined with cohesion and uprightness’ (kaṯraẗ aw ĭǧtimāʕ maʕa ĭrtifāʕ wa-ĭltiḥām ʕulwī, ibid.: 1551).
▪ ʕamūd figures among the terms that Bergsträsser1928 regarded as very old and widespread throughout Sem. The n. or the corresponding vb. is probably origin of most of the values found on ↗√ʕMD.

▪ …

▪ (Bergsträsser1928:) Akk imdu ‘supporting wall’ (»Stützmauer«), Hbr ʕammūḏ, Aram ʕammūḏā, Gz ʕamd ‘post (n.)’, Ar ʕamūd. ▪ (Dolgopolsky2012#135:) Ug ʕmd ‘column, ceiling beam’, BiblHbr ʕammûḏ, SamHbr ʕammod ‘id.’, Phoen Palm ʕmd, JudAram Syr ʕammûḏ-â ‘column’, Sab (pl.) ʔʕmd ‘columns, pillars’, Mhr ʔamawd ‘ceiling beam’, Jib C ʕamud ‘beam, pillar’ (< Ar?), and Ar ʕamūd- ‘prop, support, column, base’. – Cf. also Akk imdu ‘stanchion, support’, (here?) Sab ʕmd ‘(?) vine support, vinestock’, Gz ʕamd ‘column, pillar, post’, and Ar ʕamad ‘pole of a tent, column, pillar’, as well es Akk emēdu ‘to lean against, cling to, stand near by’, BiblHbr ʕāmad ‘to take one’s stand’, JudAram ʕammeḏ ‘to place’; Mhr hāmōd ‘to prop up one’s head (with a pillow, arm)’, Jib C aʕmid ‘to put a pillow under the head’.

See above, sections CONC and COGN.

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► al-ʕamūd al-šawkī\faqrī, n., the vertebral colomn, the spine.
► ʕamūd kahrabāʔī, n., electrode.

► ^BP4677ʕamada, i (ʕamd), vb. I, 1 to support, prop, shore, buttress; 2 ↗ ʕamada; 3 ↗ ʕammada.
► ʕammada, vb. II, ↗ s.v..
► ʔaʕmada, vb. IV, 1 to support, prop, shore, buttress: *Š-stem. – 2 ↗ ʕammada.
► taʕammada, vb. V, 1a to intend, purpose, do intentionally, do on purpose; b to approach with a definite aim in mind; c to single out, aim at: Dt-stem. – 2 ↗ ʕammada.
► ^BP#1145ĭʕtamada, vb. VIII, 1 = V; 2 to lean (ʕalà against), support one’s weight (ʕalà on); 3a to rely, depend (‑hu or ʕalà on s.o., on s.th.); 3b to use as a basis (‑hu or ʕalà s.th.); 3c to employ, use, apply (‑hu s.th., e.g., a new method); 4a to confirm (‑hu s.th.); 4b to sanction, authorize (‑hu s.th.); 5 to loan, give on credit (‑hu to s.o. li‑ a sum): Gt-stem.

► ^BP#4282ʕamd, n., intention, intent, design, purpose; premeditation, willfulness (jur.): vn. I | ʕamdan, adv., intentionally, deliberately, on purpose; willfully, premeditatedly (jur.); šibh al‑ʕamd, n., quasi‑deliberate intent (Isl. Law)
►ʕamdī, adj., intentional, deliberate; premeditated, willful (jur.): nisba formation of preceding item.
►ʕumdaẗ, 1 n.f., support, prop, shore; 2main subject, main issue, basic issue (e.g., of a controversy); 3a (pl. ʕumad) n.m., chief of a village, chief magistrate of a small community (eg.); 3b mayor: [v3ab] is fig. use.
► ^BP#3409ʕimād, pl. ʕumud, ʔaʕmidaẗ, n., 1 support, prop, stay (also fig.); 2 bracket, buttress, post; 3 pole, pillar; 4 column; 5 mast; 6 major general (Leb; mil.); – 7 baptism.
►ʕimādaẗ, n.f., office of dean, deanship; (also ʕamādaẗ) office of the dean (university).
►^BP#2383ʕamīd, pl. ʕumadāʔᵘ, n., 1 support; 2a head, chief; 2b leading personality (in a cultural field); 2c dean (of a faculty); 2d director (of a college or academy); 2e doyen, dean (as, of a diplomatic oorps); 3 high commissioner (also al‑ʕamīd al‑sāmī), resident general; 4 brigadier general (Eg, Syr, Irq, etc.); colonel (Leb); (formerly, Irq) general, (formerly, Eg) lieutenant colonel: quasi-PP I | ʕamīd ʔawwal, n., brigadier general (Leb); ʕamīd al‑ʔadab al‑ʕarabī, n., the foremost representative of Arabic literature; ʕamīd al‑ʕāʔilaẗ, n., head of the family.
►ʕamīdaẗ, n.f., dean (f.); directress: quasi-PP I, f.
►ʕāmūd, pl. ʕawāmīd², n., = ʕamūd | ʕāmūd al-qiyādaẗ, n., steering column, steering mechanism (of an automobile).
►ʕamūdī, adj., 1a columnar, pillar-shaped; 1b vertical, perpendicular, upright: nisba formation of preceding item | ṭāʔiraẗ ʕamūdiyyaẗ, n.f., helicopter.
► Yūḥannā ’l‑maʕmadān, n., ↗ ʕammada.
►taʕmīd, n., ↗ ʕammada.
►taʕammud, n., 1-2 ↗ ʕamada.
►taʕammudī, adj., ↗ ʕamada.
► ^BP#1362ĭʕtimād, n., 1 reliance, dependence, reliance (ʕalà on), confidence, trust (ʕalà in); 2 confirmation; 3a sanction, approbation; b recognition; c accreditation (of diplomats); (pl. āt) credit, loan: : vn. VIII | ĭʕtimādāt, n.nhum.pl., funds, financial means (for an objective, a project) | al-iʕtimād ʕalà ’nafs, self-confidenoe, self-reliance; kutub\ʔawrāq al-iʕtimād, n.nhum.pl., credentials (of diplomats); ĭʕtimād ʔiḍāfī, n., supplementary loan; ĭʕtimādāt mutāḥaẗ, available funds.
►maʕmūdiyyaẗ, n.f., ↗ ʕammada.
►muʕammad, adj., ↗ ʕammada.
►mutaʕammad, adj., ↗ ʕamada.
► ^BP#2722muʕtamad, 1 adj., a reliable, dependable; b object of reliance, support; c sanctioned, approved, authorized; d accredited; e allocated, available: PP VIII. – 2 (pl. pl. ūn), n., a commissioner, authorized agent, proxy, envoy, representative; b commissary, commissar; c (Tun.) al-muʕtamad al-sāmī, n., the High Commissioner; d muʕtamad qunṣulī, n., consular agent (dipl.); 3 ʔasās muʕtamad ʕalayh, n., a reliable basis.
►muʕtamadiyyaẗ, n.f., legation (dipl.); (Tun.) administrative district (subdivision of a wilāyaẗ, province); district government.

For other meanings of the root, cf. ↗ʕamada, ↗ʕammada, ↗ʕamūd, ↗ʕumdaẗ, ↗ ʕamīd, as well as, for the overall picture, ↗√ʕMD.

ʕumdaẗ عُمْدة

√ʕMD

n.f. (or m., if used for men)

1 support, prop, shore; 2 main subject, main issue, basic issue (e.g., of a controversy); 3a (pl. ʕumad) n.m., chief of a village, chief magistrate of a small community (eg.); 3b mayor – WehrCowan1976.

▪ [v1] means the support given by a ↗ʕamūd ‘pole, pillar, beam’, hence also fig. use in [v2] as the *‘pillar’ that ‘bears’ a conversation or discussion, and [v3ab] as *‘pillars’ of a community, i.e., reliable, trustworthy persons on whose steadfastness, resolution, strength etc. the structure of the “building” (of a village or city community) rests.

▪ …

See ↗ʕamūd.

See above, section CONC.

…

►muʕtamadiyyaẗ, n.f., 1 legation (dipl.); 2 (Tun.) administrative district (subdivision of a wilāyaẗ, province); district government: PP VIII, f., from ĭʕtamada ‘to relie upon, trust in’, lit., ‘to turn to s.o.\s.th. as one’s ʕamūd (pillar) or ʕumdaẗ (chief, mayor), Gt-stem, self-referential.

For other meanings of the root, cf. ↗ʕamada, ↗ʕammada, ↗ʕamūd, ↗ ʕamīd, as well as, for the overall picture, ↗√ʕMD.

ʕimād عِماد

√ʕMD

column, pole – Jeffery1938

▪ …

▪ eC7 Q xiii, 2; xxxi, 9; civ, 9 (sing. A*P); lxxxix, 6 – Jeffery1938.

▪ Jeffery1938: »The word can hardly be derived from the Ar verbal root ʕamada ‘to afflict’ and was apparently borrowed from the Aram. / Zimmern, Akkad. Fremdw, 31, goes back to an Akk imdu meaning ‘a support’ for a house or a wall, from a root emēdu (< ʕmd) ‘to stand’, which he would consider as having influenced the Can and Aram areas, whence we find Hbr ʕammûd, Phoen ʕmd ‘pillar’, and Aram Palm ʕmwdʔ, Syr ʕamūdā ‘pillar’. If so it must also have influenced the SAr area, for there we find Sab ʕmd (D.H. Müller, Epigraphische Denkmäler aus Abessinien, 80)¹ and Eth [Gz] ʕamd, also meaning ‘pillar’. From the Aramaic, according to this theory, would have come the Arab ʕamūd ‘a pillar’, and thence the denominative verb ʕamada ‘to prop’, from which the Qurʔānic ʕimād would have been derived. In this case it would have been an early borrowing.«

1. Cf. Rossini, Glossarium, 209; Ryckmans, Noms propres, i, 166.

–

ʕamīd عَميد , pl. ʕumadāʔᵘ

√ʕMD

1 support; 2a head, chief; 2b leading personality (in a cultural field); 2c dean (of a faculty); 2d director (of a college or academy); 2e doyen, dean (as, of a diplomatic oorps); 3 high commissioner (also al‑ʕamīd al‑sāmī), resident general; 4 brigadier general (Eg, Syr, Irq, etc.); colonel (Leb); (formerly, Irq) general, (formerly, Eg) lieutenant colonel – WehrCowan1976.

▪ ʕamīd is a quasi-PP from ʕamada, vb. I, ‘to support, prop, shore, buttress’ (itself perh. denom. from ↗ʕamūd ‘pole, pillar, beam’) and means as such a person like a “pillar” or “pole” that bears the structure of a “building” and can be relied upon and/or serve as a model for others. From the general meaning of a supporting “pillar” are several derived values such as [v2a-e] (in the cultural field, and for civilians), [v3] (in international politics), or [v4] (in the military).
▪ …

▪ …

No direct cognates in other Sem langs, but ultimately from, or akin to, ↗ʕamūd.

See above, section CONC.

…

►ʕamīd ʔawwal, n., brigadier general (Leb)
►ʕamīd al-ʔadab al‑ʕarabī, n., the foremost representative of Arabic literature
►ʕamīd al-ʕāʔilaẗ, n., head of the family.

►ʕimādaẗ, n.f., office of dean, deanship; (also ʕamādaẗ) office of the dean (university)
►ʕamīdaẗ, n.f., dean (f.); directress: quasi-PP I, f.

For other meanings of the root, cf. ↗ʕamada, ↗ʕammada, ↗ʕamūd, ↗ʕumdaẗ, as well as, for the overall picture, ↗√ʕMD.

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