Bibliotheca Polyglotta

▪ ^†QRY_4 ‘to flow together; place where water (or juice etc.) flows together; bassin, reservoir, pool, trough, cup’
▪ ^†QRY_5 ‘(kind of auspicious bird); hence good omen; generous person’
▪ ^†QRY_6 ‘to collect, store’
▪ ^†QRY_7 ‘to travel across the country, perambulate (in search or pursuit of s.th.)’
▪ ^†QRY_8 ‘to follow with o.’s eyes, observe’
▪ There is also partial overlapping with ↗QRW.

Not related but loanword:
↗qayrawān ‘caravan’.

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘hole in the root of a palm tree where the sap collects; to offer hospitality; to travel; to investigate; to collect, to store; village, town, city’

▪ With Huehnergard2011, we tend to trace [v1] through [v6] back to a WSem *QR(Y) ‘to come together, meet’, while [v7] and [v8] seem to depend more on Ar √QRW ‘to approach, turn to, follow’. But given the many overlappings of QRW and QRY, the situation is not at all clear. QRY_2 ‘village, small town’ (qaryaẗ) and QRY_3 ‘yard (naut.)’ (qariyyaẗ) may be inner-Sem borrowings (Ar < Syr).

–

▪ BDB1906: Hbr qārā ‘to encounter, meet, befall’, cf. also qārā̈h ‘chance, accident’, qərī ‘misfortune, (specif.) (nightly) pollution’ (so also Aram qiryūṯā, Syr qeryā).

▪ Previous research regards both Ar qaryaẗ ‘village, small town’ [v2] and qariyyaẗ ‘yard (naut.)’ [v3] as loans from Syr, while it remains silent on the complex of ‘treating a guest, receiving hospitably’ [v1].
▪ A look into dictionaries of ClassAr makes clear that given the large semantic variety within √QRY (and the partially overlapping ↗√QRW), we are obviously dealing with a very old root and therefore have to reckon with a high degree of diversification and complexity.
▪ Treating items of [v2], Huehnergard2011 suggested the meaning ‘to meet’ as the basic value of a WSem vb. *qr or *qry, cf. Hbr qārā ‘to encounter, meet, befall’. BDB connects the latter to ClassAr ^†qarā, u, ‘to go, seek earnestly’ (↗QRW, ↗taqarrà, ↗ĭstaqrà) as well as to qarà, i, ‘to receive hospitably (as a guest)’ (and also Gz ʔaqāraya ‘to present, offer as a sacrifice’). Should this be correct, then both [v1] and [v2] would derive from this notion of ‘meeting, coming together’: ‘hospitality’ as s.th. that is (to be) applied when people ‘meet’, and ‘village, town’ as a place where people come together. [v3] ‘yard’ (of a sailship), too, has been interpreted as ultimately going back to the idea of beams or planks ‘meeting’ each other (↗qariyyaẗ).
▪ ClassAr also has the notion of ‘to meet’, though only in the specialized form of [v4] ‘water running down a hill and collecting (= meeting) in a meadow’, or ‘hole in the root of a palm tree where the sap collects (i.e., meets)’. Cf. also:¹ ^†qarà, i, ‘to collect water in a reservoir’, ^†qiran, ‑à, ‘eau recueillie et ramassée dans le réservoir’, ^†muqtarin, ‑ī, ‘s.o. who collects water in a reservoir’² , ^†qariyy (pl. quryān) ‘endroit au bas d’une hauteur où s’amasse l’eau qui descend des hauteurs; canal, ruisseau par lequel l’eau descend des collines’,³ ^†maqran, ‑à, ‘lieu où l’on ramasse l’eau, réservoir’, ^†miqrāẗ ‘grand réservoir d’eau’. To this complex belongs also (usually assigned to ↗QRW, not QRY) the n. ^†qarw (pl. ʔaqrāʔ, ʔaqrin / ‑ī, ʔaqruwaẗ, quriyy) ‘abreuvoir, bassin; long water vessel approached by camels / for camel foals;⁴ tuyau ou conduit par lequel s’écoule le suc du raisin exprimé dans le pressoir / outlet of a wine-press; tronc de palmier creusé dans lequel on fait du vin; espèce d’ auge faite d’un tronc de palmier; vase à boire, coupe; petite auge dans laquelle on donne à boire aux chiens / trough to feed dogs’, and perhaps also [v5] ^†qāriyaẗ, qāriyyaẗ ‘sorte d’oiseau aux jambes courtes, au bec long et au plumage du dos vert, qui présage la pluie’ (= *‘the one making the clouds meet and rain’?).⁵ . As another kind of ‘flowing together’ (= meeting) could be conceived the n. ^†qarw ‘gonflement du scrotum / hydrocele, hernia, orchiocele/scrotal hernia’.⁶
▪ From the intr. ‘flowing together / meeting’ may be the more general trans. [v6] *‘to collect, store’, as in the vb. ^†qarà, i, ‘to chew the cud, have an inflated cheek from storing the cud in the mouth (camel)’ and the n. (usually derived from QRW) ^†qaran, ‑ā (pl. ʔaqrāʔ) ‘courge vidée dans laquelle on conserve des mets’.
▪ ClassAr also has the PA I f. ^†qāriyaẗ with the meaning ‘settlement’ and this is explained as al-miṣr al-jāmiʕ ‘the city/town that brings together, collects, unites (sc. people)’, i.e., derived from [v6]. Should this be, against all previous assumptions, the etymon of qaryaẗ (qāriyaẗ > *qā̆ryaẗ > qaryaẗ)? The same would of course be thinkable if qāriyaẗ was not *‘the one (sc. settlement) that brings together’ but (from [v1]) *‘the hospitable one, (settlement) that receives strangers hospitably’.
▪ [v1] ‘hospitality’ itself is perhaps not from [v4] *‘to meet’ but from ‘bowl’ (i.e., *‘to entertain a guest with s.th. to drink, offered to him in a bowl’).
▪ [v7] and [v8] are treated as belonging to ↗QRW_3 rather than to QRY.

1. French as in Kazimirski, Engl as in Steingass1894 and Badawi2008). 2. ‘человек, собирающий воду в водоём’ – Ḥuṭayʔa 28,1 yā ǧafnatan… malʔà… ka-ḥawḍi ’l-muqtarī (Polosin1995). 3. Cf. Polosin1995: ручей, стекающий с возвышенности на луг (brook flowing down from a hill to a meadow), eC7 Ḥuṭayʔa 2,2 bi-mustaʔsidi ’l-quryāni ḥuwwin nabātuhū. 4. ? Hence also : ‘wide land that is difficult to cross’. 5. Hence also ‘précurseur (du bien), et homme généreux dont l’arrivée présage des dons, comme l’apparition de l’oiseau qāriy(y)aẗ présage la pluie’. 6. Usually grouped under ↗QRW. – Cf. also the denom. vb.s ^†qarā, u, ‘se gonfler / to swell, être enflé (se dit du scrotum affecté d’un hydrocèle ou d’un sarcocèle)’, and vb. X ^†ĭstaqrà ‘être rempli, gonflé de pus (se dit d’un abcès)’.

▪ Engl n.geogr. Carthage ↗qaryaẗ) (and ↗ḥadīṯ).

–

qarà قَرَى , qaray‑ , i (qiran , det. al-qirà)

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√QRY

vb., I

to receive hospitably, entertain – WehrCowan1979.

▪ It seems that, ultimately, the word goes back to a WSem *QR(Y) ‘to meet’—either derived directly from there (hospitable reception as what happens when people meet), or possibly (denom.) via ↗qarw ‘drinking trough’ (for animals) or ‘bowl, drinking cup’, which may have become synonymous with what strangers find (for their animals, or themselves) in a place they approach for hospitality.
▪ Given that the PA I qārin also means ‘villager’ (and in ClassAr, its f. ^†qāriyaẗ also is lexicalized as ‘village’) makes it appear thinkable that qaryaẗ ‘village’, unless loaned from Aram (as is usually assumed), is based on the notion of ‘receiving hospitably’. On the other hand, qārin means also ‘s.o. who arrives at a village’, a fact that would suggest the PA (and the corresponding vb.) to be itself dependent on qaryaẗ.

▪ lC6 ʕAntara b. Šaddād 52,3 lam yaqri ’l-ḍuyūfa ʔiḏā ʔatawhu, ▪ eC7 Ḥuṭayʔa 117,7 qarāhā fa-lam yabḫal wa-lam yataʕallali ‘to receive hospitably, treat as a guest’ (Polosin1995)
▪ (qiran :) lC6 ʕAntarah b. Šaddād 133,5; ▪ eC7 Ḥuṭayʔa 9,10; 16,13 fa-man▪ … laysa li-ʔidmāni ’l-qirà bi-malūlī, etc.; lC6 ʕUrwa b. al-Ward 17,2 ʔuḥaddiṯuhū ʔinna ’l-ḥadīṯa min al-qirà (Polosin1995).
▪ In ClassAr, the vb. VIII ĭqtarà can also mean ‘to ask for hospitality;¹ to suffice and refresh (food)’

1. al-Rabīʕ b. Ziyād 1,4 – Polosin1995.

…

▪ It seems that, ultimately, the word goes back to a WSem *QR(Y) ‘to meet’.
▪ But it is not clear whether it is a direct derivation from there, or whether it is not possibly based on ↗qarw in the meaning of ‘drinking trough’ (for animals) or ‘bowl, drinking cup’ (which belongs to ↗QRY_4 ‘to flow together; place where water (or juice etc.) flows together; bassin, reservoir, pool, trough, cup’).
▪ Given that the PA I qārin also means ‘villager’ (and in ClassAr, its f. ^†qāriyaẗ also is lexicalized as ‘village’, as opposite of bādiyaẗ ‘desert’) makes it appear thinkable that qaryaẗ ‘village’, unless loaned from Aram (as is usually assumed) is based on the notion of ‘receiving hospitably’.
▪ ClassAr also has ^†qārāẗ, synonymous with ^†qāriyaẗ ‘village’.
▪ The fact that, in ClassAr, the PA I qārin is not only ‘villager’ but also ‘s.o. arriving at a village’ would make the vb. qarà look denominative from qaryaẗ.

–

► ĭqtarà, vb. VIII, = I: in MSA reduced to ‘receiving’ as a guest, i.e., ‘to invite s.o. to be o.’s guest’, while in ClassAr it can still also mean ‘to ask for hospitality’.

► qiran, det. al-qirà, n., hospitable reception, entertainment (of a guest): vn. I; meal served to a guest: synekd. use of vn. I.
► ^BP#665qaryaẗ ↗s.v.
► qarawī: ↗qaryaẗ; from Kairouan, inhabitant of K.; a member of al-Qarawiya College in Fès (Morocco): nsb-adj.
► qarawiyyaẗ: ↗qaryaẗ
► miqran, det. al-miqrà, adj., very hospitable: ints.
► miqrāʔ, adj., very hospitable: ints.
► qārin, det. al-qārī, n., villager: PA I (?)

Is also qariyyaẗ, pl. qarāyā, n., yard (naut.) related ?

qaryaẗ قَرْيَة , pl. quraⁿ , det. al-qurà

√QRY

n.f.

village; hamlet; small town; rural community – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Although the root QRY exists in Ar, the common opinion is that qaryaẗ, like other administrative terms (cf., e.g., ↗bāb, ↗madīnaẗ, ↗ḥiṣn, ↗sulṭān), is borrowed from Aram/Syr. The word is found also in other WSem langs where it signified a fortified settlement as opposed to a ‘village’ in the countryside (ComSem *kapar‑, see Ar ↗kafr).
▪ According to Huehnergard2011, the WSem root *QR(Y) to which the etymon of Ar qaryaẗ belongs, meant ‘to meet’, so that the proper meaning of the WSem n. *qart‑, *qary(at)‑, *qiryat‑ ‘village, town’ probably was *‘meeting place’ (as suggested in BDB1906 as possible etymology of Hbr qiryāh).
▪ The question whether or not qaryaẗ is in any way akin to ‘hospitality’ (QRY_1) and/or the nautical term ‘yard’ (QRY_3) is not completely clear yet and needs further research, though it seems likely that, ultimately, all three go back to the same WSem ‘to meet’, cf. ↗QRY.
▪ Meanwhile, Orel&Stolbova reconstructed Sem *ḳary‑ ‘town, village’ and suggested a derivation of the latter from AfrAs *ḳer‑ ‘dwelling’ ~ *ḳor‑ ‘house, place’.

▪ eC7 ‘settlement’ (селение) ▪ eC7 Ḥuṭayʔa 38,1 raʔà ʔanna ʔaryāfa ’l-qurà muniʕat; 72,4 nuqātilu ʕan qurà Ġaṭafāna lammā ḫašīnā ʔan taḏilla wa-ʔan tubāḥā
▪▪ eC7 Occurs some fifty-seven times in the Q, both in sg. and pl. forms, all meaning ‘town, city, township, village, dwelling’, e.g., 16:112 wa-ḍaraba ’ḷḷāhu maṯalan qaryatan kānat ʔāminatan muṭmaʔinnatan ‘God presents the parable of a city that was secure and at ease’.
▪ Cf. also Fück1950: 110 fn4.
▪▪ …

▪ Jeffery1938: 236 : Hbr qiryāh, Syr qerīṯā ‘town, city’; cf. also Hbr qǟrǟṯ, Phn qrt, Ras Shamra qr, qrt, Moab qr. – To this, Pennacchio2014: 90-1 adds also Ug qr and JA qiryā.
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#1568: Ug qr-t, qry-t, Hbr qiryā, JudAram qurəyātā, Syr qerī-t‑ ‘town’, Ar qary-at‑ ‘village’, SAr qr, Jib ṣ-írɛ́-t ‘town’. – Outside Sem: kerī ‘house’ in 1 ECh lang; ḳera ‘house, dwelling’ in 1 Omot lang. In StarLing2007 the authors add also [Berb] Ghad ta-ɣurǝmt ‘lieu-dit’, Ayr a-ɣrǝm, pl. i-ɣǝrm-an, Ahag a-ɣrem, pl. i-ɣerm-ân, Taw a-ɣrǝm, pl. i-ɣǝrm-an ‘town’. – Cognates outside Sem to the Ar pl. qur-an ‘villages’: kwaro ‘hut’ in 1 WCh lang,¹ kwókwár (partial redupl.) ‘world, region’ in 1 CCh lang; kūr, kɔrr ‘place’ in ECh langs; Or qoroo ‘block’; qoori ‘brick house’ in 1 Rift lang.
▪ Cohen1969 #240 viewed (Sem) Hbr qiryā(h) ‘ville’ and Ar qiryaẗ ‘hameau, bourg’ (and also modSAr qaʕər ‘maison’) together with (Cush) Ag Bil Sa qaʕrat, Bed gaʔra ‘enclos, cour’, Som gūri ‘maison, hutte’ (gār ‘maison’ in some SEth languages), as well as (Chad) Ha gari ‘ville’.
▪ Wellnhofer (pers. communication, Feb. 2016) suggests to add also Tña qäräyä / Amh qärrä ‘to stay, to remain, (to sojourn)’ as cognates.
▪ Cf. also ↗QRY and ↗qarà ‘to receive hospitably’.

1. StarLing2007 adds: Ha ḳwaryar (ḳīra) ‘cosmopolitan town’, kwàrò ‘hut’, kúur ‘foundation of a house’, kóro ‘abode, world, life’ in 3 langs.

▪ Jeffery1938: 236 : » Hbr qiryāh is a poetical synonym for ʕīr, a ‘town’ or ‘city’, and it is a question whether it and the related qǟrǟṯ; Phoen qrt (cf. Carthage); Ras Shamra qr, qrt; and Moab qr (Mesha Inscription, 11, 12, 24) are not really related to the Hbr ʕīr and derived from the Sumerian uru, a ‘state’.⁷ In any case the Hbr qiryāh is parallel with the Syr qerīṯā, a ‘town’ or ‘village’, and from the Syr came the Ar qaryaẗ, as Zimmern, Akk Fremdw, 9, notes. (Cf. Nöldeke, Beiträge, 61 ff., and Neue Beiträge, 131.)«
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#1568 reconstruct Sem *ḳʷary‑ ‘town, village’, Berb a-ɣaram, ECh *kyar‑, Omot *ḳer‑ ‘house, dwelling’), all from AfrAs *ḳer‑ ‘dwelling’. The latter, the authors say, is a morphophonological variant of (#1589) AfrAs *ḳor‑ ‘house, place’ [StarLing2007: *ḳʷar‑ ‘block of houses, settlement, town’] which appears as Sem *ḳur-an‑ ‘villages’ (pl., with suffix ‑an‑), WCh *ḳwar‑ ‘hut’, CCh *kwa-kwar‑ (partial redupl.) ‘town’), ECh *kwaru‑ ‘place’, LEC *ḳor‑ ‘block’, Rift *ḳor‑ ‘brick house’.
▪ Is the ‘settlement’ (town, village) connected to the notion of ‘hospitality’ so that ‘to receive hospitably’ (↗qarà) could be seen as denominative, properly *‘to grant the protection (and comfort) of a (fortified) settlement’?
▪ ClassAr has also ^†qāriyaẗ (the PA I f. of ↗qarà) with the meaning ‘settlement’ and this is explained as al-miṣr al-jāmiʕ ‘the (fortified) settlement that brings together, collects, unites (sc. people)’, i.e., derived from QRY_6. Should this be, against all previous assumptions, the proper etymon of qaryaẗ (qāriyaẗ > *qā̆ryaẗ > qaryaẗ)? The same would of course be thinkable if qāriyaẗ was not *‘the one (sc. settlement) that brings together’ but (from QRY_1) *‘the hospitable one, (settlement) that receives strangers hospitably’.

7. In contrast, Wellnhofer thinks Hbr ʕīr ‘town’ etc. is related to Ar ↗GYR ‘to protect, envy, (differ)’ – personal communication, 02Feb2016.

▪ Not from Ar but from the related Pun word is the name of the capital Carthage < Lat Carthāgō < Pun *qart-ḥadašt ‘new town’.

► al-qaryatān, n.du., Mecca and Taif; Mecca and Medina.
► ʔumm al-qurà, n., Mecca.

► qarawī, adj., village-, country- (in compounds), rustic, rural; peasant (adj.): nsb-adj; (pl. ‑ūn) villager, rustic, countryman, inhabitant of the country: nominalized nisba.
► qarawiyyaẗ, n.f., countrywoman, peasant woman: nominalized nisba.

qariyyaẗ قَرِيَّة , pl. qarāyā

√QRY

n.f.

yard (naut.) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Probably via Syr qarīṯā ‘beam, plank’ from Akk qarītu ‘storeroom, granary’ (properly ‘beams, woodwork’). The term seems to have come out of wider use in the course of time, surviving into MSA only in the specialized meaning of a nautic technical term.
▪ If the Akk or Hbr/Aram terms have anything to do with the notion of ‘to meet’, then qariyyaẗ is also, ultimately, akin to other items of ↗√QRY, esp. ↗qarà ‘to receive hospitably, entertain as a guest’ and/or ↗qaryaẗ ‘village’.

In ClassAr, the word had still a broader meaning, as evidenced, for instance, by the entry in Kazimirski1860: 1 bâton, 2 poutre dans laquelle on emboîte les piliers qui supportent la maison, [▪ …] 4 vergue.² It seems then that its use became limited to the specific sphere of sailing where it survived as a term.techn. for the ‘yard’ of sailing vessels (Kazimirski’s no. 4).

2. Cf. also Freytag1835 (numbered to fit Kazimirski’s list): 1 baculus, 2 lignum crenatum, cui imponitur caput pali tentorium fulcientis, [▪ …] 4 lignum, quod in superiore parte veli navis in latitudine eius est, aliis in superiore pilenti parte.

▪ Zimmern1917: 31 Akk qarītu [var. qirītu ] ‘Kornboden’ [CAD: storeroom, granary], probably properly ‘woodwork’: from this (?) > Hbr qōrāh, Aram qarītā ‘rafter, beam’.
▪ BDB1906: Hbr qōrāh ‘rafter, beam’ (prop. a thing meeting, fitting into, another), whence denom. Pi ‘to lay the beams of, furnish with beams’.

▪ Fraenkel1886: 10-11 is ‘pretty sure’ that the word is from Syr qarīṯā.
▪ BDB1906 explains Hbr qōrāh ‘rafter, beam’ as related to Hbr qārā ‘to meet’. If this is true the word may be akin to WSem *QR or *QRY ‘to meet’, which is also the origin of ↗qarà ‘to receive hospitably, entertain as a guest’ and (via Syr) ↗qaryaẗ (see also ↗QRY).
▪ Zimmern1917: 31 thinks that the Akk qarītu ‘storeroom, granary’, which accord. to him properly means ‘beams, woodwork, entablature’, is at the origin of both Hbr qōrāh and Aram qarīṯā ‘beam, plank’, whence Ar qariyyaẗ.

–

Permanent link

http://www2.hf.uio.no/common/apps/permlink/permlink.php?app=polyglotta&context=ctext&uid=d9f67404-06ff-11ee-937a-005056a97067

Choose languages

Choose images, etc.

Choose languages

Choose display