▪ KRZ_1 ‘to hide, seek refuge’ ↗karaza ▪ KRZ_2 ‘preacher; to preach, spread (the Gospel)’ ↗kāriz ▪ KRZ_3 ‘cherries’ ↗karaz Other values, now obsolete or dialectal, include
†KRZ_4 ‘to lean towards (Hava1899), to stoop, bend down, crouch (WKAS, DRS)’: karaza, i (kurūz).
†KRZ_5 ‘verser, répandre (de l’eau); égorger un mouton’: EAr karaz – DRS.
†KRZ_6 ‘shepherd’s bag, knapsack; (? hence also: worthless fellow, lazybone)’: kurz (pl. kirazaẗ). – Deriv: karraza ‘to sew the eyes of a falcon (DRS), to put the falcon during the moulting-season into the kurz (WKAS)’ (whence also: kurriza ‘to moult, cast o.’s feathers’ – WKAS, Freytag iv 1837), MġrAr karraz ‘to close, sew a full bag’ (DRS); karrāz, pl. karārīzᵘ, n., ‘ram carrying the ḫurǧ / kurz of the pastor, ram carrying the shepherd’s bag, or the bell’.
†KRZ_7 ‘vile, worthless fellow, lazybone, miser; noble; intelligent, sharp-sighted, skilled, masterly, ingenious; falcon, hawk’: kurraz. Also kurrazī and mukarraz.
†KRZ_9 ‘sour cheese (Hava1899), curds, cottage cheese (WKAS)’: karīz. Hence: kariza, a (karaz), vb. I, ‘to eat much of the soft sour cheese called karīz or ʔaqiṭ ’.
▪ KRZ_1 karaza ‘to hide, seek refuge’: In ClassAr realized as vb. III, †kāraza ‘to hurry towards, flee towards’, derived from vb. I, karaza in the sense, now obsolete, of ‘to stoop, bend down, crouch’ (KRZ_4). There is no obvious reason to treat this value (as does DRS) as etymologically distinct from KRZ_4. (Or should there be any link to Pers gurez, goriz ‘flying; flight’, from goriḫtan ‘to fly, flee, run away, escape’?) ▪ KRZ_2 kāriz ‘preacher’: (? via Aram kārôz ‘herald’) from Grk kêryx ‘herald, messenger’. ▪ KRZ_3 karaz ‘cherries’: according to Rolland2015 probably from the same Sem source as Grk kerásion and Akk girīṣu. For more details see main entry ↗karaz. ▪ KRZ_4 karaza†‘to lean towards (DRS, Hava1899), to stoop, bend down, crouch (WKAS)’: This is probably the primary value, now obsolete, of KRZ_1. ▪ KRZ_5 EAr karaz ‘verser, répandre (de l’eau); égorger un mouton’ (DRS): mentioned only in DRS; of unknown etymology. ▪ KRZ_6 †kurz ‘shepherd’s bag, knapsack’: (via Aram kurzā ?) from Pers ḫurǧ ‘id.’ (cf. Lane vii 1885 on kurz : ‘double bag/sack called ḫurǧ ’; Fraenkel1886).1
– ClassAr †karraza, vb. II, ‘to sew the eyes of a falcon (DRS), to put the falcon during the moulting-season into the kurz (WKAS)’ seems to be denom. from kurz. – The vb. II pass. †kurriza ‘to moult’ thus is, literally, *‘to be put into a kurz (during the moulting-period)’, while MġrAr karraz ‘to close, sew a full bag’ (DRS) evidently is a generalization of the former. – Derived from kurz is also †karrāz in the meaning of ‘ram carrying the ḫurǧ / kurz of the pastor, ram carrying the shepherd’s bag, or the bell (Hava1899)’.2
– According to Freytag iv 1837, †kurz is also ‘worthless fellow, lazybone’, i.e., the same as †kurraz (see next item); should this be correct, we would be dealing with fig. use here. ▪ KRZ_7 : In WKAS, the basic meaning of †kurraz is given as ‘one or two year old (hunting-) falcon in moult’. These semantics suggest a relation to the pass. vb. II kurriza ‘to moult’ (which is from †kurz = KRZ_6). But Ullmann follows Ǧawālīqī in assuming an origin in a Pers kurrah, without giving the meaning of the latter. According to Steingass1892, however, kurrah is not a ‘falcon’, but ‘colt of a horse, camel, or ass (one or two years old)’. Thus, if Ǧawālīqī is right, the tertium comparationis that made the shift of meaning ‘colt > falcon’ possible would be the age of the animal/bird. – Another theory assumes the value ‘falcon’ to be secondary, transferred to the bird from what originally is ‘cunning, wicked, sly, artful’. This value is listed in DRS as the primary one (without mentioning ‘falcon’ at all), and in Freytag1837 and WKAS as another value that comes in addition to ‘falcon’ (and the latter’s ‘sharp-sightedness’). This theory, too, assumes a Pers origin, either in a word written krw (not identfiable in my sources) or karaš (as the editor of Ǧawālīqī’s Muʕarrab, F. ʕAbd al-Raḥīm, has it – ʕAbdalraḥīm1990: 537). This does not seem unlikely, both from a phonological and a semantic point of view, since Pers karš, karaš, var. kuras, kurus, is (? originally ‘scurf, dirt of the body’, hence also) ‘deceit, meanness, baseness’ (Steingass1892). – Be that as it may, other values given in several sources in addition to those already mentioned, like ‘noble; intelligent’ (DRS), ‘skilled (fī ṣināʕati-hī, in one’s work)’ (Hava1899), ‘impeditus in sermone, non distincte loquens’ (Freytag iv 1837), are specific uses of either ‘falcon’ or ‘cunning, wicked, sly, artful’. – To the same semantic complex belong also kurraziyy and mukarraz, adj., ‘vile, contemptible (Hava1899), worthless fellow, miser (Wahrmund1887). ▪ KRZ_8 : DRS, though grouping the two items together as one etymological unit, makes a distinction between †kurāz ‘flask’ and †karrāz ‘jug, narrow-necked gugglet’. †kurāz is also in WKAS (with the variants †kurrāz and vulg. †kurāzaẗ) ‘water-flask’ and classified as a borrowing from Aram karrāzā (as in PayneSmith1903, but meaning ‘earthen water-jar with narrow orifice’). Rolland2014 says kurāz ‘flask’ either is from a Pers kurāz ‘id.’ (which, however, is not to be found in Steingass1892 – SG), or it is the other way round. – †karrāz ‘jug, etc.’ is missing from WKAS, but listed by Freytag iv 1837 and said to stem, again, from a Pers kurāz. As mentioned, the latter is not in Steingass1892, we only find Pers karrāz, meaning (among other things) both ‘jug’ and ‘flask’ and said to be of Ar origin! ▪ KRZ_9 †karīz ‘sour cheese (Hava1899), curds, cottage cheese (WKAS)’: of unknown etymology; just a simple var. of †karīṣ ‘fromage aigrelet et tendre mêlé d’herbes ṭarāṣīṣ et ḥ˅mṣīṣ ’ (Kazimirski),3
and/or related to †qariṣa ‘to become sour (milk)’, or ↗qarīš ‘sour cheese, kind of cottage cheese’? – The vb. I †kariza, a (karaz), ‘to eat much of the soft sour cheese called (Wahrmund1887: karīz or) ʔaqiṭ (Freytag iv 1837)’ is clearly denominative. ▪ KRZ_10 †karīzaẗ ‘carnival’, †karraza ‘to hold carnival’: only in Wahrmund1887; etymology unclear, but may be related to karaza ‘to preach’ (KRZ_2).4 ▪ KRZ_11 EgAr kirīzaẗ ‘outbreak, crisis’: from Fr crise. ▪ KRZ_12 MġrAr †kurziyyaẗ ‘woolen turban’: mentioned only in WKAS.
▪ DRS 10 (2012)#KRZ–1 Ar karaza ‘s’incliner, se pencher, s’accroupir’. –2 EAr karaz ‘verser, répandre (de l’eau); égorger un mouton’. –3 Aram kurzā, kurstā, Ar kurz : sorte de sac, de besace, karraza ‘coudre les yeux d’un faucon’, MġrAr karraz ‘fermer, coudre un sac plein’, Te kärräza ‘coudre dans un sachet de cuir’. –4 Ar kāraza ‘fuir qn et se cacher’. –5 Ar kurraz ‘vil; noble; intelligent, sagace’. –6 Ar kurāz ‘flacon’, karrāz ‘cruche à goulot étroit’. –7karaz ‘cerises’.
▪ … ▪ …
▪ KRZ_8 : Ar karrāz ‘jug, narrow-necked gugglet’ (to keep water fresh/cold), with preceding def.art. al-, gave Span Portug alcarraza ‘earthen jug, vessel used to cool water’ (as also albarrada is from Ar al‑ ↗barrād), which in turn gave Prov alcarazas, Fr alcarazas – Lokotsch1927#1101.1
What in MSA is the value of form I now was that of form III in ClassAr: karaza meant †‘to stoop, bend down, crouch’ (WKAS), and kāraza was, literally, the action expressed in vb. I, directed towards some place or person (associative). It seems that form I lost its proper meaning in the course of time and “took over” from form III, especially after the latter had increasingly been used with the directional preposition ʔilà instead of a DO. Note, however, that DRS seems to distinguish karaza†‘to stoop, bend down, crouch’ from kāraza ‘to flee from [sic!] s.o. and hide’ etymologically (no reason given).
▪ …
▪ DRS 10 (2012)#KRZ–1 Ar karaza ‘s’incliner, se pencher, s’accroupir’. –4 Ar kāraza ‘fuir qn [sic!] et se cacher’.
▪ DRS 10 (2012) lists the modern value ‘to hide, seek refuge in’ as a value that is distinct from ‘to stoop, bend down, crouch’. But there is no reason for not considering the former a derivation from the latter. ▪ Or is Pers gurez, goriz ‘flying; flight’ (from goriḫtan ‘to fly, flee, run away, escape’) involved here in any way? ▪ If not, then the modern value ‘to hide, seek refuge’ has to be regarded as a secondary value, developed from earlier ‘to stoop, bend down, crouch’.
While the obs. var. †kārūz seems to be directly from the Aram Syr n. kārôz ‘herald’ (which, according to most sources, is from Grk kêryx ‘herald, deputy, ambassador, public messenger, envoy, crier who makes proclamations’), the MSA form kāriz is probably a secondary formation, a PA from the vb. karaza ‘to preach, spread (the Gospel)’, itself probably denom. from the obsol. †kārūz.
▪ …
See DISC below.
▪ The item is missing from DRS, probably on account of the fact that it is not of Sem origin (which in other cases however does not prevent DRS from listing “Semiticised” items). ▪ Hava1899 marks karaza ‘to preach the Gospel’, karz, kirāzaẗ ‘sermon’, and kāriz, var. kārūz, ‘preacher’ as LevAr forms, which would point to an origin of the Ar words in Aram/Syr. ▪ Freytag iv 1837 mentions a “Chald” vb. kᵊraz, which however is absent from PayneSmith1903, where only extended vb. stems (D-, tD-,…) are listed. The n. Syr karôz, kārôz ‘herald’ is nevertheless listed as a deriv., not made the main entry. ▪ Klein1987 (neither mentions Ar karaza nor kāriz, but) says that the lHbr vb. kāraz ‘to announce, proclaim’ is denom. from lHbr kārôz ‘herald’, which is a loan from BiblAram kārôzā, cf. Aram Syr kārôz. ▪ BDB1906 traces this Aram kārôz(ā) back to Grk kêryx ‘herald, deputy, ambassador, public messenger, envoy, crier (who makes proclamations)’, vb. (inf.) kērýss-ein ‘to be a kêryx ’. ▪ Rolland2015 makes karaza, vb. I, his main entry and says it is from Grk (1sg.prs) kērýss-ō ‘to be a herald, a public crier, to cry out aloud, make publicly known’, itself from Grk kêryx ‘herald, deputy, ambassador, public messenger, envoy, crier (who makes proclamations)’, a word that corresponds neatly to Skr kārú ‘singer, poet’, from IE *kar‑ ‘to praise, vaunt in a loud voice’. ▪ In contrast, Klein1987 thinks that Aram kārôz probably is borrowed from oPers krausa ‘caller’.
–
►karazai (karz), vb. I, to preach, spread (bi’l-ʔInǧīl the Gospel): denom. (unless itself the etymon proper from which kāriz is derived). ►karz and karāzaẗ (Hava1899: kirāzaẗ), n., sermon, preaching of the Gospel: vn. I | al-karāzaẗ al-marqusiyyaẗ, n., the missionary province of St. Mark, the Jurisdiction of the Coptic Patriarchate. ►takrīz, pl. takārīzᵘ, n., consecration, benediction (Chr.): vn. II, from an obsol. vb. II, *karraza.
▪ Rolland2015: probably from the same Sem source as Grk kerásion ‘cherry’ and Akk girīṣu (see DISC below).
▪ …
▪ DRS 10 (2012)#KRZ-7: Ar karaz ‘cerises’, without cognates in other Sem langs.
▪ DRS 10 (2012)#KRZ-7, like many other sources, traces Ar karaz ‘cherry’ back to Grk kerásion ‘id.’. ▪ Rolland2015: Ar karaz ‘cherry’ and Grk kerásion ‘id.’ are probably from the same Sem source (as also Akk girīṣu1
). ▪ Hava1899 marks Ar karaz with a “T”, signaling Tu origin. According to Nişanyan (18Aug2014), Tu kiraz ‘cherry’2
is from Grk kerási ‘cherry’, from oGrk kerasós ‘bird cherry, hackberry’, from IE *ker-5 ‘cherry (or similarly red fruit)’. ▪ BadawiHinds1986: EgAr kirēz, kirēzaẗ, kirezāyaẗ ‘cherry’ are from Tu kiraz ‘id.’. ▪ Cf. also ↗qarāṣiyaẗ (var. qarāṣiyā, qarāsiyā).
▪ Words for ‘cherry’ in Western langs (e.g. Engl cherry, which is from Fr cerise, Ge Kirsche, etc.), all go back, via Lat cerasus, to Grk kerásion. Not related to the n.prop.loc. Giresun. The Grk word is assumed to be of non-IE (Kluge2008) or Sem (Rolland2014) origin, or from a Thrak or oAnat lang (Nişanyan18Aug2014).
Complete text
ʔ