Bibliotheca Polyglotta

Men, types

Hver eru manna nǫfn ókend? Maðr er hverr fyrir sér. It fyrsta ok it œzta heiti manns er kallat maðr keisari, því næst konungr, þar næst jarl.

LXIII. “What are the simple terms for men? Each, in himself, is Man; the first and highest name by which man is called is Emperor; next to that, King; the next thereto, Earl:

Þessir þrír menn eigu saman þessi heiti ǫll.
Allvaldr, svá sem hér er kveðit:
(381) Allvalda kann ek alla
austr ok suðr of flausta
— Sveins er sonr at reyna —
setr — hverjum gram betri.
Hér er ok gramr kallaðr.

these three men possess in common all the following titles: All-Ruler, as this song showeth:
I know all All-Rulers
East and south, o’er the Ships’ seat
Sveinn’s son in proof is better
Than any other War-Prince.

Því heitir hann allvaldr at hann er einvaldi alls ríkis síns.

Here he is called War-Prince also; for this reason he is called All-Ruler, that he is sole Ruler of all his realm.

Fylkir, sem Gizurr kvað:
(382) Fylkir gleðr í fólki
flags blðakk ok svan Hlakkar.
Óláfr of viðr élum
Yggs gǫgl fegin Skǫglar.

Host-Arrayer, as Gizurr sang:
The Host-Arrayer feedeth
The wolf and the raven in folk-mote;
Óláfr gladdens, in Skögul’s sharp showers
Of battle, the geese of Odin.

(100,1) Fyrir því er fylkir kallaðr konungr at hann skipar í fylkingar herliði sínu.

(226,1) “A King is called Host-Arrayer because he divides his war-host into companies.

Vísi, sem kvað Óttarr svarti:
(383) Vísi tekr — víg-Freys —
víst austr munlaust
— aldar hefir allvaldr —
Óska víf — gott líf.

Leader, as Ottarr the Swarthy sang:
The Leader taketh
Odin’s loved Wife,
The lordless land;
His a warrior’s life.

Harri eða herra, sem kvað Arnórr:
(384) Harri fekk í hverri
Hjaltlands þrumu branda
— greppr vill grams dýrð yppa —
gagn, sá er hæstr er bragna.

Lord or Lording, as Arnórr sang:
The Lord of Hjaltland, highest
Of heroes, gained the victory
In every thunderous sword-clash:
The bard will extol his glory.

Hertogi heitir jarl ok er konungr svá kallaðr ok fyrir því er hann leiðir her til orrostu.

An earl is called Host-Duke, and a king also is so termed, forasmuch as he leads his host to battle.

Svá kvað Þjóðólfr:
(385) Ok hertoga hneykir
herfengnum lét stinga
— leyfð ber ek hans — ór haufði
haugs skundaði augu.

Thus sang Thjódólfr:
He who put to shame the Host-Duke
Thrust out the eyes of prisoners,--
He who speeds the sacrifices;
In song I chant his praises.

Sinnjór eða senjór, sem Sighvatr kvað:
(386) Lát auman nú njóta,
Nóregs, ok gef stórum
— mál halt† — svá sem sælan,
sinnjór, laga þinna.

Signor, or Señor, as Sigvatr sang:
O Norway’s gracious Signor,
Grant the wretched, as the happy,
May now enjoy thy wise laws;
Give greatly, hold thy word!

Mildingr, sem Markús kvað:
(387) Mildingr fór of óþjóð eldi,
auðit varð þá flotnum dauða;
hæstan kynduð, hlenna þrýstir,
hyrjar ljóma suðr at Jómi.

Munificent One, as Markús sang:
(227,1) The Munificent Prince brought fire’s destruction
O’er the base people; to the pirates
Death was fated: Thief-Compeller,
South at Jóm highest flame-glow kindle!

Mæringr, sem Hallvarðr kvað: (101,1)
(388) Erat und jarðar hǫslu
— orðbrjótr Dǫnum forðar
moldreks — munka valdi
mæringr en þú nærri.

Illustrious One, as Hallvardr sang:
No Illustrious One nearer
Under Earth’s Hazel liveth
Than thou, O Monks’ Upholder:
The Gold-Minisher Danes protecteth.

Landreki, sem Þjóðólfr kvað:
(389) Eyss landreki ljósu
lastvarr Kraka barri,
sem fyrr var ritat.

Land-Driver, as Thjódólfr sang:
The guileless Land-Driver sprinkles
Kraki’s gleaming barley,
as was written before;

Því heitir hann svá at hann rekr her um land annara konunga eða rekr her ór sínu landi.

he is called so because he drives his host about the lands of other kings, or drives a host out of his own land.

Konungr er nefndr Hálfdan gamli er allra konunga var ágætastr. Hann gǫrði blót mikit at miðjum vetri ok blótaði til þess at hann skyldi lifa í konungdómi sínum þrjú hundruð vetra. En hann fekk þau andsvǫr at hann myndi lifa ekki meir en einn mikinn mannsaldr, en þat mundi þó vera þrjú hundruð vetra er engi mundi vera í ætt hans kona eða ótiginn maðr. Hann var hermaðr mikill ok fór víða um Austrvegu. Þar drap hann í einvígi þann konung er Sigtryggr hét. Þá fekk hann þeirar konu er kǫlluð er Alvig in spaka, dóttir Emundar konungs ór Hólmgarði ins ríka. Þau áttu sonu átján ok váru níu senn bornir. Þeir hétu svá: einn var Þengill er kallaðr var Manna-fiengill, annarr Ræsir, þriði Gramr, fjórði Gylfi, fimti Hilmir, sétti Jǫfurr, sjaundi Tiggi, átti Skyli eða Skúli, níundi Harri eða Herra. Þessir níu brœðr urðu svá ágætir í hernaði at í ǫllum frœðum síðan eru nǫfn þeira haldin fyrir tignarnǫfn svá sem konungs nafn eða nafn jarls. Þeir áttu engi bǫrn ok fellu allir í orrostum.

LXIV. “There was a king named Hálfdan the Old, who was most famous of all kings. He made a great sacrificial feast at mid-winter, and sacrificed to this end, that he might live three hundred years in his kingdom; but he received these answers: he should not live more than the full life of a man, but for three hundred years there should be no woman and no man in his line who was not of great repute. He was a great warrior, and went on forays far and wide in the Eastern Regions: there he slew in single combat the king who was called Sigtryggr. Then he took in (228,1) marriage that woman named Alvig the Wise, daughter of King Eymundr of Hólmgardr: they had eighteen sons, nine born at one birth. These were their names: the first, Thengill, who was called Manna-Thengill; the second, Ræsir; the third, Gramr; the fourth, Gylfi; the fifth, Hilmir; the sixth, Jöfurr; the seventh, Tyggi; the eighth, Skyli or Skúli; the ninth, Harri or Herra. These nine brothers became so famous in foraying that, in all records since, their names are used as titles of rank, even as the name of King or that of Earl. They had no children, and all fell in battle.

Svá sagði Óttarr svarti:
(390) Þengill var þegar ungr
þreks gjǫrr vígǫrr.
Haldask bið ek hans aldr,
hann tel ek yfirmann.

Thus sang Ottarr the Swarthy:
In his youth stalwart Thengill
Was swift and staunch in battle:
I pray his line endureth;
O’er all men I esteem him.

Svá kvað Markús:
(391) Ræsir lét af roðnum hausi
Rínar sól á marfjǫll skína.

Thus sang Markus:
The Ræsir let the Rhine’s Sun shimmer
From the reddened Skull’s ship on the Sea-Fells.

Svá kvað Egill: (102,1)
(392) Gramr hefir gerðihǫmrum
grundar upp of hrundit . . .

Thus sang Egill:
The Gramr the hood hath lifted
From the hair-fenced brows of the Singer.

Svá kvað Eyvindr:
(393) Lék við ljóðmǫgu,
skyldi land verja,
gylfi inn glaðværi
stóð und gullhjálmi.

Thus sang Eyvindr:
He played with the land-folk
Who should have defended;
(229,1) Gylfi the gladsome
Stood ‘neath the gold helmet.

Svá kvað Glúmr:
(394) Hilmir rauð und hjálmi
heina laut ágætum.

Thus sang Glúmr Geirason:
Hilmir beneath the helmet
Reddened the sword hone-hollowed.

Svá kvað Óttarr svarti:
(395) Jǫfurr heyri upphaf
— ofrask mun konungs lof,
háttu nemi hann rétt
hróðrs míns — bragar síns.

Thus sang Óttarr the Swarthy:
Let Jöfurr hear the beginning
Of his laud: all the king’s praises
Shall be maintained, and justly
Let him mark my praise-song’s measures.

Sem Stúfr kvað:
(396) Tíreggjaðr hjó tiggi
tveim hǫndum lið beima;
reifr gekk herr und hlífar
hizig suðr fyrir Nizi.

As Stúfr sang:
The glory-ardent Tyggi
South before Niz with two hands
Beat down the band of heroes:
Glad beneath their shields the host went.

Svá kvað Hallfrøðr:
(397) Skiliðr em ek við skylja,
skálmǫld hefir því valdit;
vætti ek virða dróttins;
vil er mest ok dul flestum.

Thus sang Hallfredr:
From Skyli I am parted:
This age of swords hath caused it.
’T is greatest of all self-mockings
To hope that the king’s guard cometh.

Svá kvað Markús:
(398) Harra kveð ek at hróðrgjǫrð dýrri
hauklundaðan Dana grundar.

Thus sang Markús:
I bid the hawklike Danish Harri
Hark to my cunning web of praises.

(103,1) Enn áttu þau Hálfdan aðra níu sonu er svá heita:

(230,1) “Hálfdan and his wife had nine other sons also;

Hildir, er Hildingar eru frá komnir;

these were Hildir, from whom the Hildings are come;

annarr Nefir, er Niflungar eru frá komnir;

Nefir, from whom the Niflungs sprang;

þriði Auði, er Ǫðlingar eru frá komnir;

Audi, from whom the Ödlungs are come;

fjórði Yngvi, er Ynglingar eru frá komnir;

Yngvi, from whom the Ynglings are descended;

fimti Dagr, er Daglingar eru frá komnir;

Dagr, from whom come the Döglings;

sétti Bragi, er Bragningar eru frá komnir (þat er ætt Hálfdanar ins milda);

Bragi, from whom the Bragnings are sprung (that is the race of Hálfdan the Munificent);

sjaundi Buðli — af Buðlunga ætt kom Atli ok Brynhildr;

Budli, from whom the Budlungs are come (from the house of the Budlungs Atli and Brynhildr descended);

átti er Lofði, hann var herkonungr mikill, honum fylgði þat lið er Lofðar váru kallaðir, hans ættmenn eru kallaðir Lofðungar, þaðan er kominn Eylimi, móðurfaðir Sigurðar Fáfnisbana;

the eighth was Lofdi, who was a great war-king (that host who were called Lofdar followed him; his kindred are called Lofdungs, whence sprang Eylimi, Sigurdr Fáfnisbani’s mother’s sire);

níundi Sigarr, þaðan eru komnir Siklingar, þat er ætt Siggeirs er var mágr Vǫlsungs ok ætt Sigars er hengði Hagbarð.

the ninth, Sigarr, whence come the Siklings: that is the house of Siggeirr, who was son-in-law of Völsungr,--and the house of Sigarr, who hanged Hagbardr.

Af Hildinga ætt var kominn Haraldr inn granrauði, móðurfaðir Hálfdanar svarta.

From the race of Hildings sprang Haraldr the Red-Bearded, mother’s father of Hálfdan the Swarthy.

Af Niflunga ætt var Gjúki.

Of the Niflung’s house was Gjúki;

Af Ǫðlinga ætt var Kjárr.

of the house of Ödlings, Kjárr;

Af Ylfinga ætt var Eiríkr inn málspaki.

of the house of the Ylfings was Eiríkr the Wise in Speech.

Þessar eru ok konunga ættir ágætar:

These also are illustrious royal houses:

frá Yngvari er Ynglingar eru frá komnir, frá Skildi í Danmǫrk er Skjǫldungar eru frá komnir,

from Yngvi, the Ynglings are descended; from Skjöldr in Denmark, the Skjöldungs are come;

frá Vǫlsungi á Fraklandi (þeir heita Vǫlsungar).

from Völsungr in the land of Franks, those who are called Völsungs.

Skelfir hét einn herkonungr ok er hans ætt kǫlluð Skilfinga ætt. Sú kynslóð er í Austrvegum.

One war-king was named Skelfir; and his house is called the House of Skilfings: his kindred is in the Eastern Region.

Þessar ættir er nú eru nefndar hafa menn sett svá í skáldskap at halda ǫll þessi fyrir tignarnǫfn.

“These houses which were named but now have been used in skaldship for titles of rank.

Svá sem Einarr kvað:
(399) Frá ek við hólm at heyja
hildingar fram gingu
— lind varð grœn — inn grána
geirþing — í tvau springa.

Even as Einarr sang:
I learned that the Hildings sallied
To hold the Spear-Assembly
On the Gray Isle; the broad shields,
Green lindens, burst in sunder.

Sem Grani kvað:
(400) Dǫglingr fekk at drekka
danskt blóð ara jóði.

(231,1) As Grant sang:
The Dögling to eagle’s kindred
For drink gave Danish blood.

Sem Gamli kvað Gnævaðarskáld:
(401) Ǫðlingr drap sér ungum
ungr naglfara á tungu
innan borðs ok orða
aflgjǫrð meðalkafla.

As Gamli Gnævadar-Skald sang:
Not long since, the young Ödlin
With ship’s deck and with sword-blade
Joined battle, waging fiercely
Of points the bitter tempest.

Sem Jórunn kvað: (104,1)
(402) Bragningr réð í blóði
— beið herr konungs reiði,
hús lutu opt fyrir eisum —
óþjóðar slǫg rjóða.

As Jórunn sang:
The Bragning bade the weapons
Be dyed in blood of vile folk;
The people endured his anger:
Houses bowed before red embers.

Svá kvað Einarr:
(403) Beit buðlungs hjǫrr,
blóð fell á dǫrr.
Raufsk Hildar ský
við Hvítabý.

Thus sang Einarr:
The Budlung’s blade sheared,
Blood on darts was smeared;
The storm-cloud of Hildr
At Whitby spilled.

Svá kvað Arnórr:
(404) Siklinga venr snekkjur
sjálútar konr úti.
Hann litar herskip innan
— hrafns góð er þat — blóði.

Thus sang Arnorr:
The Kin of Siklings inureth
To the waves the ships sea-tossing;
With blood he dyes the warships
Within: ‘t is the weal of ravens.

Sem Þjóðólfr kvað:
(405) Svá lauk siklings ævi
snjalls at vérom allir
— lofðungr beið inn leyfði
lífs grand — í stað vandum.

(232,1) As Thjódólfr sang:
Thus the doughty Sikling ended
His life; in dire straits were we:
The glorious Lofdung waited
Bravely surcease of living.

Lofða konungi fylgði þat lið er Lofðar heita.

The folk who were called Lofdar followed King Lofdi.

Sem Arnórr kvað:
(406) Skjǫldungr mun þér annarr aldri œðri, gramr, und sólu fœðask.

As Arnórr sang:
Chief, another Skjöldung higher
Than thou shall ne’er be born ‘neath sun’s light.

Vǫlsungr, sem kvað Þorkell hamarskáld:
(407) Mér réð senda
of svalan ægi
Vǫlsunga niðr
vápn gullbúin.

Völsung, as Thorkell Hamar-Skald sang:
The Kin of Völsungs
Gave counsel to send me
The gold-decked weapon
O’er the cool waters.

Ynglingr, sem kvað Óttarr svarti: (105,1)
(408) Engi varð á jǫrðu
ógnbráðr, áðr þér náði,
austr, sá er eyjum vestan,
ynglingr, und sik þryngvi.

Yngling, as Ottarr the Swarthy sang:
In the East no mighty Yngling
To earth fell, ere o’ertook thee
He who subjected to him
The Sea-isles from the westward.

Yngvi; þat er ok konungs heiti, sem Markús kvað:
(409) Eiríks lof verðr ǫld at heyra,
engi maðr veit fremra þengil
— yngvi helt við orðstír langan
jǫfra sess — í verǫld þessi.

Yngvi: that too is a king’s title, as Markús sang:
The age shall hear the praise of Eiríkr:
None in the world a prince hath known of
Lordlier; thou holdest, Yngvi,
The Seat of Kings with long-kept glory.

Skilfingr, sem Valgarðr kvað:
(410) Skilfingr, helztu þar er skulfu
skeiðr fyrir lǫnd hin breiðu —
auð varð suðr um síðir
Sikiley — liði miklu.

(233,1) Skilfing, as Valgardr sang:
The Skilfing kept a great host
Southward in the broad lands,
Where the swift ships shivered:
Sicily soon was desolated.

Sinnjór, sem Sighvatr kvað:
(411) Lát auman nú njóta,
Nóregs, ok g[ef stórum.

Signor, as Sigvatr sang:
O Norway’s gracious Signor,
Let the poor enjoy; give greatly.

Skáld heita greppar ok rétt er í skáldskap at kenna svá hvern mann ef vill. Rekkar váru kallaðir þeir menn er fylgðu Hálfi konungi ok af þeira nafni eru rekkar kallaðir hermenn ok er rétt at kenna svá alla menn. Lofðar heita ok menn í skáldskap sem fyrr er ritat. Skatnar váru þeir menn kallaðir er fylgðu þeim konungi er Skati mildi var kallaðr. Af hans nafni er skati kallaðr hverr er mildr er. Bragnar heita þeir er fylgðu Braga konungi inum gamla. Virðar heita þeir menn er meta mál manna. Fyrðar ok firar ok verar heita landvarnarmenn. Víkingar ok flotnar, þat er skipa herr. Beimar: svá hétu þeir er fylgðu Beimuna konungi. Gumnar eða gumar heita flokkstjórar, svá sem gumi er kallaðr í brúðfǫr. Gotnar eru kallaðir af heiti konungs þess er Goti er nefndr er Gotland er við kent. Hann var kallaðr af nafni Óðins ok dregit af Gauts nafni, þvíat Gautland eða Gotland var kallat af nafni Óðins, en Svíþjóð af nafni Sviðurs — þat er ok heiti Óðins. Í þann tíma var kallat alt meginland þat er hann átti Reiðgota- (106,1) land, en eyjar allar Eygotaland. Þat er nú kallat Danaveldi ok Svíaveldi.

LXV. “Skalds are called bards; and in skaldship it is correct to call any man so whom one will. Those men who served King Hálfr were called Champions, and from their name warriors are called champions; and it is correct to call all men so. In skaldship men are called Lofdar also, as is written above. Those men were called Skatnar who served the king named Skati the Munificent: from his name every one who is munificent is called Skati. They who followed Bragi the Old were called Bragnar. They who assess the transactions of men are called taxers. Fyrdar and Firar are they called who defend the land. Vikings and fleet-men form a ship-army. They who followed King Beimuni were called Beimar. Captains of companies are called Grooms, even as he is called who carries home a bride. The Goths are named after that king who was called Goti, from whom Gotland is named: he was so called after Odin’s name, derived from the name Gautr, (234,1) for Gautland or Gotland was named after Odin’s name, and Sweden from the name of Svidurr, which is also a title of Odin’s. At that time all the mainland which he possessed was called Reid-Gotaland, and all the islands, Ey-Gotaland: that is now called the Realm of Danes or of Swedes.

Drengir heita ungir menn búlausir meðan þeir afla sér fjár eða orðstír, þeir fardrengir er milli landa fara, þeir konungs drengir er hǫfðingjum þjóna, þeir ok drengir er þjóna ríkum mǫnnum eða bœndum. Drengir heita vaskir menn ok batnandi.

“Young men not householders are called Drengs, while they are acquiring wealth and glory: sea-faring Drengs are they who voyage from land to land; King’s Drengs are they who serve rulers. They also are Drengs who serve wealthy men or franklins; valiant and ambitious men are called Drengs.

Seggir eru kallaðir ok kníar ok liðar, þat eru fylgðarmenn. Þegnar ok hǫlðar (ok hǫlða), svá eru búendr kallaðir. Ljónar heita þeir menn er ganga um sættir manna. Þeir menn eru er svá eru kallaðir: kappar, kenpur, garpar, snillingar, hreystimenn, harðmenni, afarmenni, hetjur.

Warriors are also called Champions and Troops: these are soldiers. Freeholders are called Thanes and Yeomen; those men who go about reconciling men are called Day-Men. These men are they who are called Champions, Kemps, Men of War, Brave Men, Valiant Men, Hardy Men, Overpowerers, Heroes.

Þessi heiti standa hér í mót at kalla mann blauðan, veykan, þjarfan, þirfing, blotamann, skauð, skreyju, skrjáð, vák, vám, leyra, sleyma, teyða, dugga, dási, dirokkr, dusilmenni, ǫlmusa, auvirð, vílmǫgr.

Over against these are the following terms: Soft, Weak, Unleavened, Leavenless, Melting One, Sheath, Coward, Skulker, Weakling, Qualmish, Caitiff, Scamp, Vile One, Dog, Lout, Feeble One, Paltry’ One, Imbecile, Bungler, Son of Wretchedness.

Ǫrr maðr heitir mildingr, mæringr, skati, þjóðskati, gullskati, mannbaldr, sælingr, sælkeri, auðkýfingr, ríkmenni, hǫfðingi.

“A good man of his hands is called Munificent, Illustrious, Towerer, Mighty Towerer, Towering Gold-Giver, Prince of Men, Wealthy One, Prosperous, Heaper-Up of Riches, Mighty Man, Chieftain.

Hér í mót er svá kallat: hnøggvingr, gløggvingr, mælingr, vesalingr, féníðingr, gjǫflati.

In contrast to these are they who are called Niggard, Miser, Calculator, Wretched One, Wealth-Hiding, Gift-Tardy One.

Heitir spekingr ráðvaldr,

A man wise in Counsel is called Wielder of Counsel.

heitir ok óvitr maðr fífl, afglapi, gassi, ginningr, gaurr, glópr, snápr, fóli, œrr, óðr, galinn.

A witless man is called Clown, Oaf, Gander, Dupe, Boor, Idiot, Dolt, Fool, Madman, Maniac, Moon-Struck.

Snyrtimaðr: ofláti, drengr, glæsimaðr, stertimaðr, prýðimaðr.

One who thinks much of dress is called Gaudy, Dreng, Glittering One, Careful (235,1) of Attire, Tricked-Out.

Heitir hraumi, skrápr, skrokkr, skeiðklofi, flangi, slinni, fjósnir, slápr, drǫttr.

A noisy fellow is called Shark-Skin, Braggart, Sheath-Cleaner, Fawner, Brawler, Good-for-Naught, Worthless One.

Lýðr heitir landfólk eða ljóðr.

Common-folk are called Country-folk or People.

Heitir ok þræll kefsir, þjónn, ǫnnungr, þírr.

A thrall is called Kept-Man, Serf, Laborer, Servant.

Maðr heitir einn hverr,
tá ef tveir ró,
þorp ef þrír ró,
fjórir ró fǫruneyti,
flokkr eru fimm menn,
sveit ef sex eru,
sjau fylla sǫgn,
átta bera ámælisskor,
nautar eru níu,
dúnn ef tíu eru,
ærir eru ellifu,
toglǫð er ef tólf fara,
þyss eru þréttán,
ferð er fjórtán,
fundr er þá er fimtán hittask,
seta eru sextán,
(107,1) sókn eru sjautján,
œrnir þykkja óvinir þeim er átján mœtir,
neyti hefir sá er nítján menn hefir,
drótt er tuttugu menn,
þjóð eru þrír tigir,
fólk eru fjórir tigir,
fylki eru fimm tigir,
samnaðr of eru sex tigir,
sørvar eru sjau tigir,
ǫld eru átta tigir,
herr er hundrað.

LXVI. “Each one singly is called man; ‘t is twain if they are two; three are a thorp; four are a group; a band is five men; if there are six, it is a squad; seven complete a crew; eight men make a panel; nine are ‘good fellows;’ ten are a gang; eleven form an embassy; it is a dozen if twelve go together; thirteen are a crowd; fourteen are an expedition; it is a gathering, when fifteen meet; sixteen make a garrison; seventeen are a congregation; to him who meets eighteen, they seem enemies enough. He who has nineteen men has a company; twenty men are a posse; thirty are a squadron; forty, a community; fifty are a shire; sixty are an assembly; seventy are a line; eighty are a people; one hundred is a host.

Enn eru þau heiti er menn láta ganga fyrir nǫfn manna. Þat kǫllum vér viðkenningar eða sannkenningar eða fornǫfn. Þat eru viðkenningar at nefna annan hlut réttu nafni ok kalla þann er hann vill nefna eiganda eða svá at kalla hann þess er hann nefndi fǫður eða afa; ái er hinn þriði. Heitir ok sonr ok arfi, arfuni, barn, jóð ok mǫgr, erfingi. Heitir ok bróðir blóði, barmi, hlýri, lifri.

LXVII. “Beside these there are those terms which men prefix to the names of men: we call such terms epithets of possession, or true terms, or surnames. It is an epithet of possession when one names a thing by its true name, and calls him whom one desires to periphrase Owner of that thing; or Father or Grandfather of that which was named; Grandsire is a third epithet. Moreover, a son is also called Heir, Heritor, Bairn, Child and Boy, Inheritor. A blood-kinsman is called Brother, Twin, Germane, Consanguine;

Heitir ok niðr nefi, áttungr, konr, kundr, frændi, kynstafr, niðjungr, ættstuðill, ættbarmr, kynkvísl, ættbogi, afkvæmi, afspringr, hǫfuðbaðmr, ofskǫpt. Heita ok mágar sifjungar, hleytamenn. Heitir ok vinr ok ráðunautr, ráðgjafi, máli, rúni, spjalli, aldaþopti, einkili, sessi, sessunautr. Þopti er hálfrýmis félagi. Heitir ok óvinr dólgr, andskoti, fjándi, søkkvi, skaðamaðr, banamaðr, þrøngvir, søkkvir, ósvifruðr.

a relation is also called Nephew, Kinsman, Kin, (236,1) Kith, Friend, Kin-Stave, Descendant, Family-Prop, Family-Stem, Kin-Branch, Family-Bough, Offshoot, Offspring, Head-Tree, Scion. Kinsmen by marriage are further called Sib-folk, Minglers of Blood. A friend is called Counsel-Mate, Counsel-Giver, Adviser, Secret-Sharer, Converser, Bench-Fellow, Fondling, Seat-Mate; bench-fellow also means Cabin-Mate. A foe is called Adversary, Shooter Against One, Hater, Attacker, Scather, Slayer, Hard Presser, Pursuer, Overbearer.

Þessi heiti kǫllum vér viðkenningar ok svá þótt maðr sé kendr við bœ sinn eða skip sitt þat er nafn á eða eign sína þá er einkarnafn er gefit.

“These terms we call epithets of possession; and so also if a man is known by his dwelling or his ship, which has a name of its own, or by his estate, when a name of its own is given to it.

Þetta kǫllum vér sannkenningar at kalla mann spekimann, ætlunarmann, orðspeking, ráðsnilling, auðmilding, óslœkinn, gæimann, glæsimann. Þetta eru fornǫfn.

“This we call true terms: to call a man Wise Man, Man of Thought, Wise in Speech, Sage in Counsel, Wealth Munificent, Not Slack, Endower, Illustrious One; these are surnames.

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