▪ Cf. Engl tau, from Grk tau ‘tau’; tav, from Hbr tāw ‘tav’; both from Phoen *taww ‘mark; twenty-second letter of the Phoen alphabet’ - Huehnergard2011.
▪ TāBūT_1 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ TāBūT_2 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ TāBūT_3 ‘...’ ↗...♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘[a borrowing, said to be from Aram, Gz, Hbr or others; philologists also derive it from various Ar roots, e.g. ↗TBT and ↗TBH]’
▪ TBː (TBB)_1 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ TBː (TBB)_2 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ TBː (TBB)_3 ‘...’ ↗...♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to stamp down, to flatten, to crush, to ruin; to cause to lose, to destroy; to become stable, to settle down, to become well-ordered’
▪ TBʕ_1 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ TBʕ_2 ‘(title of the Kings of the Himyarites)’ ↗tubbaʕ ▪ TBʕ_3 ‘...’ ↗...♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘an attachment, to follow, succeed, pursue, abide by, comply with; to send after, cause to go after; a follower, creditor; result; liability; consequence; follow up, successor; uniformity; one’s shadow’
Title of the Kings of the Himyarites – Jeffery1938
▪ …
▪ eC7 Q xliv, 36; 1, 13 – Jeffery1938.
.
▪ Jeffery1938: »The philologers would derive the word from tabaʕa ‘to follow’, and explain the title as meaning that each king followed his predecessor, cf, Bagh. on xliv, 36. / Fraenkel, Vocab, 25, connected it with the Eth [Gz] tabʕa ‘strong, manly’, and Nöldeke in Lidzbarski’s Ephemeris, ii, 124, supports the connection. The word itself, however, is clearly SAr, and occurs in the inscriptions in the compound names tbʕ-ʔl, ʔlh-tbʕ, tbʕ-krb, etc. Hartmann in ZA, xiv, 331-7, would explain it from √BTʕ = Hbr √BṮʕ, but this seems very unlikely.1
, and everything is in favour of the other derivation. The word was apparently well known in pre-Islamic Arabia, for it occurs not infrequently in the old poetry.2
.«
▪ TǦR_1 ‘trade, commerce; to trade, deal, do business; tradesman, merchant; merchandise’ ↗tiǧāraẗ ▪ TǦR_2 ‘…’ ↗… BAH2008: ‘wine merchant, wine seller; to barter, buy or sell; to trade, exchange; (of a camel) to be saleable’
▪ TǦR_1: It seems clear that the root goes back, via Aram, to Akk tamkāru ‘merchant, trader, money-lender’, a deriv. of makāru ‘to do business, use (silver etc.) in business transactions’. However, previous research differs on what should be considered the basis of derivation for all other items of the root—tāǧir ‘merchant’ or tiǧāraẗ ‘commerce, trade’. For phonetic reasons, we follow Jeffery1938 in favouring the latter.
▪ For Schall1982, tāǧir is a borrowing and the basis from which all other TǦR items are derived. But it is more likely that it is a regular PA from the vb. I, taǧara, which is denominative from ↗tiǧāraẗ (which is the real borrowing, via Aram, from Akk).
▪ Jeffery1938, 90-91: tāǧir occurs commonly enough in the old poetry, particularly in connection with the wine trade.1
▪ Schall1982 would derive Ar tāǧir via Aram ṯaggārā from Akk tamkāru ‘merchant’,3
and the latter from Sum damgar ‘id.’. – Cf. however HalloranSumLex3.0, who says that Sum dam-gàr(-a) is in itself borrowed from Akk tamkāru, not the other way round. – Cf. also the arguments, put forward by Jeffery1938, against tāǧir as the n. that is dependent on Aram taggārā; the direct loan is rather Ar ↗tiǧāraẗ ‘merchandise; trade, commerce’; for details see s.v..
Via Syr têgûrtâ ‘trade, commerce, wares’, Aram taggārā ‘merchant’ from Akk tamkāru, tamgāru ‘merchant, trader, money-lender’, a deriv. of makāru ‘to do business, use (silver etc.) in business transactions’.
▪ eC7 (merchandise) Q 2:282 ʔillā ʔan takūna tiǧāraẗan ḥāḍiraẗan tudīrūna-hā bayna-kum fa-laysa ʕalay-kum ǧunāḥun ʔallā taktubūhā ‘unless it be ready merchandise which you hand one to the other, there is no blame on you if you do not write it down’; (commerce, business, trade) Q 2:16 ʔulāʔika ’llaḏīna ’štaraw-u ’l-ḍalālaẗa bi’l-hudà fa-mā rabiḥat tiǧāraẗu-hum ‘these are the ones who have purchased error in exchange for guidance, so their trade brought no gain’. ▪ The primary sense was probably ʻmerchandiseʼ. »It will be noticed that the word occurs only in late passages. In three passages (2:16; 4:29; 24:37) it bears the sense of ʻtraffickingʼ rather than ʻmerchandiseʼ or the substance of traffic, and this latter is perhaps a derived sense. The word tāǧir ʻmerchantʼ does not occur in the Qurʔān, nor any derived verbal form« – Jeffery1938.
▪ Akk tamkāru, tamgāru ‘merchant, trader, money-lender’, Mand tangara, Syr têgûrtâ1
‘trade, commerce, wares’, taggārā ‘merchant’. ▪ Cf. also, for Sem *MKR, (CAD:) Akk mākiru, makkāru ‘trader’, makkūru ‘valuable, treasures, property, assets, estate’, (Tropper2008:) Ug mkr (N-, G-, D-stems pass.) ‘to be sold’, mkr /makkāru/ ‘tradesman’), (BDB1906:) Hbr māḵar ‘to sell’, mäḵär ‘merchandise, value’, Phoen mkr ‘to sell’, Aram Syr mᵊḵar ‘to marry’ (i.e. *‘to buy as a wife’), (Tropper2008:) Ar †makkara ‘to buy up, store up (grain)’.
▪ Fraenkel1886:181, who takes Ar tāǧir (not tiǧāraẗ) as the word that was borrowed from Aram (more precisely, from a dialectal form tāgᵊrāh, as suggested to him by Nöldeke), would derive the underlying Aram taggârâ from ʔagrâ (√ʔGR), which he translates as ‘price’ (cf. Ar ↗ʔaǧr). But this suggestion is not taken up by later researchers (not mentioned, e.g., in DRS, nor even by Jeffery1938), given that the ʔ with which Syr têgûrtâ ‘trade, commerce, wares’ is written (tʔgwrtʔ) seems to be secondary, owing its existence to contamination with Syr ʔagrā (√ʔGR) ‘pay, reward’, D-stem ʔeggar ‘to hire, rent’ (see above, COGN). ▪ Schall1982 thinks that Aram ṯaggārā (for him, as for Fraenkel, the source of Ar tāǧir, not tiǧāraẗ4
) is from Akk tamkārum, which, he thinks, in turn goes back to Sum dam-gàr(-a) ‘merchant’. But the latter is a loan from the Akk, not the other way round – HalloranSumLex3.0. ▪ Zimmern1914: Akk tamkaru, tamgaru ‘merchant, businessman’ > Aram taggārā, Mand tangara > Ar tāǧir (interpreted as PA of a denom. vb. I, taǧara), Arm t’angar, perh. also Hbr taggār (1 Kings 10:15; 2 Chron 9:14). ▪ Jeffery1938, 90-91: »There can be no doubt that the word came from the Aram. Fraenkel, Fremdw, 182, thinks that tiǧāraẗ was formed from the verb taǧara which is a denominative from tāǧir, the form which he thinks was originally borrowed from Aram. In view, however, of the Aram tiggârâ, Syr têgûrtâ both of which have the meaning ʻmercaturaʼ, there would seem no reason for refusing to derive the Ar tiǧāraẗ directly. In fact, as Fraenkelʼs discussion shows (p. 181), there is some difficulty in deriving tāǧir, a participial form, from Aram taggārâ, Syr taggārâ, and Nöldeke had to suggest a dialectal form ṯāgᵊrâ to ease the difficulty. If, however, the original form in Ar were tiǧāraẗ from [Aram] tiggârâ, and the verb taǧara a denominative from this, it is easy to see how ʻmerchantʼ, i.e. ʻone who trafficsʼ, would be formed as a participle from this verb. – That the borrowing was from the Aram is clear from the fact that the original word was the Akk tamkāru or tamgāru,5
whence comes the Arm tankar or tangar,6
so that in the Aram ṯaggârâ the doubled g represents an original *n, which we find still unassimilated in the Mand tngʔrʔ. The word was well known in Arabia in pre-Islamic days, as is clear from the fact that we find both tgrʔ meaning ʻmerchantʼ and tgrtʔ meaning ʻcommerceʼ in the NAr inscriptions,7
while [Ar] tāǧir occurs commonly enough in the old poetry, particularly in connection with the wine trade.8
.
▪ Tu ticaret (Osm ticāret) 1437 ʕÖmer b. Mezîd, Mecmūʕatü’n-neẓāʔir : cānını verüp ayağuŋ tozını satun alan / assı kıldı ol ticāretden peşīmān olmasun – NişanyanSözlük13Jan2015.
►tiǧāraẗ ḫāsiraẗ, n.f., a losing business ►taǧarau, vb. I, to carry on commerce: denom. ►tāǧara, vb. III, to do business, trade (DO with s.o.): D-stem, denom. or coined from I, associative. ►ĭttaǧara, vb. VIII, to do business; to trade, deal (fī or bi‑ in s.th.): tG-stem, self-refl./autobfact. ►BP#836tiǧārī, adj., commercial, mercantile, trade, trading, business (used attributively); commercialized; commercially profitable or productive: nsb-adj.; pl. tiǧāriyyūn, n., merchants, vendors, business people: nominalization | bayt ~, n., commercial house, business house; al-ḥarakaẗ al-tiǧāriyyaẗ, n.f., trade, traffic; širkaẗ tiǧāriyyaẗ, n.f., trading company; ĭttifāq ~, n., trade agreement. ►matǧar, pl. matāǧirᵘ, 1 business, transaction, dealing: quasi-vn.; 2 merchandise: quasi-n.instr.; 3 store, shop: n.loc. ►matǧarī, adj., commercial, trade, trading, business (used attributively): nsb-adj. of preceding item. ►mutāǧaraẗ, n.f., commerce: vn. III. ►ĭttiǧār, n., trade, business (fī or bi‑ in s.th.) : vn. VIII. ►BP#1662tāǧir, pl. tuǧǧār, tiǧār, n., merchant, trader, businessman, dealer, tradesman: PA I, or the etymon proper (see DISC) | ~ al-ǧumlaẗ, n., wholesale dealer; ~ al-taǧziʔaẗ and ~ al-qiṭāʕī, n., retailer; adj.: biḍāʕaẗ tāǧiraẗ, n.f., salable, marketable merchandise.
▪ TRB_1 ‘dust, earth, dirt; ground, soil’ ↗turāb ▪ TRB_2 ‘…’ ↗…♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘earth, dust, to cover with dust; to become poor, poverty, need; playmates, people of similar age; to become wealthy; to become tame, to become docile; the base of the neck, the area between the breasts and collar bone’
▪ TRǦM_1 ‘interpreter, dragoman; to interpret, translate’ ↗turǧumān ▪ TRǦM_2 ‘’ ↗ Other values, now obsolete, include:
TRǦM_ ‘’ : †
▪ Huehnergard2011#RGM: from Sem *RGM ‘to say, speak, call, shout, contest, lay claim to’; there may have been a t-stem *t-RGM ‘to speak to one another, translate’ already in protoSem times. ▪ The theory, summarized by Huehnergard in the prededing paragraph, is contested by a more recent one that argues (on account of the ending -annu) that the Akk term is a borrowing from Luwian – Smelik2013:141 (referring to Starke1993, Rahim1963 and Von Soden1989).
▪ …
▪ BDB1906, Zimmern1914, CAD: Akk targumānu, turgumānu (CAD: targumannu ~ targamannu, turgumannu, targumjanu, from oAkk on) ‘interpreter, dragoman’, Aram targᵊmānā, turgᵊmānā, Ar tarǧamān ~ tarǧumān, turǧumān; Hbr tirgēm, Aram Syr targem, Ar tarǧama ‘to interpret, translate’; pBiblHbr targūm ‘translation, Targum’. – Cf. perh. also Ar raǧama ‘to conjecture, opine’.
▪ Wellhausen1897 notes that Ar tarǧīm (vn. of D-stem raǧǧama) has the same meaning as ḍarb bi’l-ḥaṣy, i.e. ‘[the art of prophesy from] throwing pebbles’. From this, the sense of ‘to assume, conjecture’ could be derived: ‘to throw stones > to interpret the results, try to give them a meaning > to assume’. »Vielleicht hängt damit auch [Hbr] trgm zusammen: ‘enträtseln’, dann ‘dolmetschen’« (207, fn. 4), i.e., tarǧama, too, may be dependent on the heathen practice: ‘to throw stones > to interpret the results, solve the riddle > to explain, interpret’; cf. raǧǧama, D-stem of ↗raǧama (with Wellhausen1897:111-2 on ĭrtiǧām, ruǧmaẗ, raǧm). ▪ BDB1906: (on Akk targumānu ‘interpreter’, Hbr tirgēm, Aram Syr targem, Ar tarǧama ‘to interpret, translate’): perh. from √RGM, cf. Ar raǧama ‘to conjecture, opine’. ▪ Zimmern1914: Ar tarǧamān ~ tarǧumān ~ turǧumān < Aram targᵊmānā ~ turgᵊmānā < Akk targumānu ~ turgumānu ‘interpreter’. ▪ Huehnergard2011#RGM: Ar tarǧumān ‘translator’ < Aram targᵊmānā < Akk targumannu ‘interpreter’, either from Akk ragāmu ‘to speak, call, contest’ or from an earlier Sem t-stem vb., *t-rgm ‘to speak to one another, translate’. ▪ Smelik2013:141: “Although most scholars still hold that [Akk] targumannu(m) is related to the root [Akk] ragāmu ‘to call out’, this connection—and the supposedly inherited meaning of ‘speaking out aloud’ of the root TRGM—is almost certainly wrong. The noun-formation of targumannu(m) is neither Akk nor Sem, but points to a Luwian loanword in Akk. Via Aram, targumannu(m) was adopted in Hbr and Ar, and later in many IE langs.”
▪ Huehnergard2011#RGM: Not from Ar tarǧumān, but akin to the latter’s source, is Engl targum, from Mishnaic Hbr targūm ‘translation’, from Aram targᵊmtā (< *targᵊmā), back-formation from targᵊmānā, from Akk targumannu ‘interpreter’.
▪ Via Aram targᵊmānā from Akk targumannu ‘interpreter’. Traditionally, the Akk word is believed to derive either from Akk ragāmu ‘to speak, call, contest’ or from an earlier Sem t-stem, *t-rgm ‘to speak to one another, translate’ (so, e.g., Huehnergard2011). More recent theory however argues (on account of the ending -annu) that the Akk term is a borrowing from Luwian – Smelik2013:141, referring to Starke1993, Rahim1963 and Von Soden1989). ▪ Ar tarǧumān or turǧumān, appearing in OttTu as tercüman, ‘interpreter’. »The word is of Aram origin, and is familiar in the form targum for the Aram translations or paraphrases or interpretations of the Hbr OT which came into use when the use of Hbr as a living, spoken language amongst ordinary people declined. The Ar term, and the verb tarǧama ‘to translate’, was certainly in familiar usage by ʕAbbāsid times« – art. »tardjumān« (C.E. Bosworth), in EI².
▪ …
▪ BDB1906, Zimmern1914, CAD: Akk targumānu, turgumānu (CAD: targumannu ~ targamannu, turgumannu, targumjanu, from oAkk on) ‘interpreter, dragoman’, Aram targᵊmānā, turgᵊmānā, Ar tarǧamān ~ tarǧumān, turǧumān; Hbr tirgēm, Aram Syr targem, Ar tarǧama ‘to interpret, translate’; pBiblHbr targūm ‘translation, Targum’. – Cf. perh. also Ar raǧama ‘to conjecture, opine’. ▪ For the wider context, cf. ↗TRǦM, ↗RǦM ↗raǧama.
▪ BDB1906: (on Akk targumānu ‘interpreter’, Hbr tirgēm, Aram Syr targem, Ar tarǧama ‘to interpret, translate’): perh. from √RGM, cf. Ar raǧama ‘to conjecture, opine’. ▪ Zimmern1914: Ar tarǧamān ~ tarǧumān ~ turǧumān < Aram targᵊmānā ~ turgᵊmānā < Akk targumānu ~ turgumānu ~ targumannu ‘interpreter’. Huehnergard2011#RGM thinks that Akk targumannu ‘interpreter’ is either from Akk ragāmu ‘to speak, call, contest’ or from an earlier Sem t-stem vb., *t-rgm ‘to speak to one another, translate’. ▪ Wellhausen1897 notes that Ar tarǧīm (vn. of D-stem raǧǧama) has the same meaning as ḍarb bi’l-ḥaṣy, i.e. ‘[the art of prophesy from] throwing pebbles’. From this, the sense of ‘to assume, conjecture’ could be derived: ‘to throw stones > to interpret the results, try to give them a meaning > to assume’. »Vielleicht hängt damit auch [Hbr] trgm zusammen: ‘enträtseln’, dann ‘dolmetschen’« (207, fn. 4), i.e., tarǧama, too, may be dependent on the heathen practice: ‘to throw stones > to interpret the results, solve the riddle > to explain, interpret’; cf. raǧǧama, D-stem of ↗raǧama (with Wellhausen1897:111-2 on ĭrtiǧām, ruǧmaẗ, raǧm).
▪ Heth tarkummiya is from Akk targumannu, Arm tarkman from Aram targᵊmānā (< Akk) – Nişanyan10Mar2015. ▪ Tu tercüman (<1500) Kıpçak Türkçesi Sözlüğü : from Ar tarǧumān ‘interpreter’ < Aram targᵊmānâ < Akk targumannu, from Akk ragāmu ‘to call, invite’– Nişanyan10Mar2015. – »in mysticism, [tercüman is also] a term used by the members of Futuwwa groups and by the Turkish dervish orders of the Mawlawiyya and Bektās̲h̲iyya for speech utterances, generally in verse, recited during the ritual or, outside this, during the accomplishment of some piece of work or some particular act. These formulae, which are made up of a prayer, are pronounced in order to seek pardon for some offence. ~ can also denote a sum of money or a sacrifice made in order to secure pardon for an offence. In practice, ~ is often mixed up with gül-bank (gulbāng), which is reserved for longer prayers in prose« – entry »terd̲j̲ümān«, in EI², Glossary of terms. ▪ Tu tercüme (1429) Aḥmed b. Ḳāḍı-i Manyās, Gülistān tercümesi : sekiz bābını türkī’ye tercüme kılup tamām itdim, from Ar tarǧumaẗ, var. of Ar tarǧamaẗ , from Aram ṯargūm ‘interpretation, esp. the Aram commentary on the Torah’ – Nişanyan14May2015. ▪ Engl dragoman (eC14): from oFr drugemen, from lGrk dragoumanos, from Ar tarǧumān ‘interpreter’, from tarǧama ‘to interpret’. Treated in Engl as a compound, with plural -men – EtymOnline. ▪ Fr dragoman (c1200) drogeman ‘interpreter’, 1213droguement, 1553 id., prob. (as also It dragomanno) from ByzGrk dragoúmanos, from EgAr targumān (Ar tarǧumān). – truchement (lC12) drugement ‘interpreter’, lC14trucheman, C15truchement ‘s.o. who speaks for s.o. else, speaker, porte-parole, representative’, 1557 ‘explanation, s.th. that makes know or understand’: from Ar turǧumān ‘interpreter, translator’ – TLF. ▪ Ge Dragoman (C16): via It dragomanno, nFr dragoman, Span dragoman, from Ar tarǧumān ‘interpreter’, from tarǧama ‘to interpret’, from Syr targem ‘to explain, interpret’ – Kluge2002. ▪ Lokotsch1927#2033: Ar tarǧumān ‘interpreter, translator’ (vb. tarǧama, from Syr targem ‘to explain’, cf. targūm ‘explanation, commentary’; cf. also Akk ragāmu ‘to speak’, rigmu ‘word’, orig. ‘to shout, call’, ‘shouting, yelling, call’, targumānu ‘interpreter’) > It dragomanno, turcimanno (under infl. of turco ‘Turk’), Prov drogoman, Fr drogoman, drogman, trucheman, Cat Sp drogoman, trujaman, Port dragomano, trugimão; Engl dragoman, druggerman, Du dragoman, drogman, Ge Dragoman, (older) Drutzelmann, Trutschelmann; Ru dragoman.
►tarǧama, vb. I, 1 to translate; to interpret; to treat (of s.th.) by way of explanation, expound (s.th.); 2 to write a biography (li‑ of s.o., also DO): either denom. from turǧumān or directly from Aram Syr targem ‘to interpret, translate’. ►BP#2228tarǧamaẗ, pl. tarāǧimᵘ, n.f., 1 translation; interpretation; 2 biography (also ~ al-ḥayāẗ); 3 introduction, preface, foreword (of a book): lexicalized vn. I | al-~ al-sabʕīniyyaẗ, n.f., the Septuagint; ~ ḏātiyyaẗ, n.f., autobiography. ►mutarǧim, n., 1 translator, interpreter; 2 biographer: PA I. ►mutarǧam, adj., translated: PP I | ~ ʕalà ’l-fīlm, synchronized (film)
▪ TRF_1 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ TRF_2 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ TRF_3 ‘...’ ↗...♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘a watering place within easy access, (of plants) to be watered; good food; to live in luxury, provide with lavish means, affluence’
▪ TRQ_1 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ TRQ_2 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ TRQ_3 ‘...’ ↗...♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘(no evidence of verbal root) collarbone, the uppermost of the chest’
▪ TRK_1 ‘to let be, leave, abandon, etc.; to leave behind, bequeath’ ↗taraka ▪ TRK_2 ‘…’ ↗…♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to relinquish, to abandon, to let be, to do without, to finish with, to leave behind; neglected, forlorn, spinster’
1a to let be, leave, relinquish, renounce, give up, forswear (s.th.); b to desist, refrain, abstain (from s.th.); c to leave, quit(s.o., a place); d to leave out, omit, drop, neglect, pass over, skip; e to leave (s.th. li‑ or ʔilà to); f to leave behind, leave, bequeath, make over (s.th., a legacy li‑ to s.o.) – WehrCowan1979.
▪ TSʕ_1 ‘nine’ ↗tisʕat ▪ TSʕ_2 ‘…’ ↗… ▪ TSʕ_3 ‘…’ ↗… ♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘this root revolves around the number nine’
BP#4899tisʕūnᵃ, num., 1 ninety: num.card.; 2 ninetieth: num.ord. BP#4433tisʕīnᵃ: al‑tisʕīnāt the 90s. BP#4789tisʕīnī: al‑tisʕīniyyāt, n.pl.f., the 90s: abstr. formation from f. nisba in ‑iyyaẗ.
▪ TʕS_1 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ TʕS_2 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ TʕS_3 ‘...’ ↗...♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘peril, misfortune, destruction; to fall on one’s face, meet with disaster, evil, to be wretched’
▪ Accord. to SEDV#72, the word is from Sem *TPP ‘to spit’. – Cf., however, also Eg tf ‘to spit; saliva’. ▪…
▪ …
▪ SEDV#72: Hbr tōp̄ät ‘spittle, expectoration’, JudAram təpap, təpē ‘to spit’, tūp ‘spittle’, Ar tff ‘to spit, Gz tafʔa ‘to spit, spit out’, Tña täfʔa, Arg täffa, əntəf ala, Har tuf bāya, Wol tuf balä ‘to spit’. ▪ ? Cf. also Ug ypṯ (< *wpṯ, inf. wpṯ-m /wuppaṯu-/) ‘to call s.o. names, scorn’, and Ar ↗NFṮ ? ▪ ErmanGrapow1921: Eg tf ‘to spit; saliva’ ▪ Outside Sem, also Borg2021 #71 (t-f-f) compares Eg tf (Pyr) ‘Speichel, ausspeien (besonders mit Bezug auf die Schöpfung der Göttin Tefnut durch Atum); spucken, vomieren’; tpi͗ ‘to spew out’ (Wb V 297; Hannig 1999: 923; DLE II 207), Copt ⲧⲁϥ ‘spittle’ (Crum 1939: 453a). ▪ …
▪ See above, section CONC. ▪ See also EgAr ↗taftif.
–
►taffafa, vb. II, to say “phew”: denom. from tuff (?). ►tuff, n., dirt under the fingernails | ~an la-ka, interj., phew!, fie on you! ►taffāfaẗ, n.f., spittoon, cuspidor: ints.f. as n.instr.
▪ TFṮ_1 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ TFṮ_2 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ TFṮ_3 ‘...’ ↗...♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘hair matting and dirt accumulating on the body as a result of leaving off acts of body cleansing, to become dirty in such a manner’
▪ SED#v73: The modSAr forms are poorly attested and may be Arabisms. ▪ SED#v73: Is Sem *TPP (Ar ↗taffa) ‘to spit’ the source for TPL (suffixed * L)? ▪ Cf. ↗taffa, ↗tuff. ▪ Cf. also ↗ṯufl and ↗ṭufāl.
–
►tafala, u (tafl), vb. I, to spit: denom. (?) ►tufāl, n., spit, spittle, saliva: var. of tufl. ►tafil, adj., ill-smelling, malodorous:… ►mitfalaẗ, n.f., spittoon, cuspidor: n.instr.
▪ TQN_1 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ TQN_2 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ TQN_3 ‘...’ ↗...♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘dregs of a well, to dredge up a well; nature; to do s.th. well, be skilful, be eloquent; to perfect, perfection’
▪ TLː (TLL)_1 ‘hill, elevation’ ↗tall ▪ TLː (TLL)_2 ‘…’ ↗…♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘hill, heap, mound, elevation, to mount, to heap up; to knock dow.-n, to lay down, to be tough, to be stocky, to agitate’
▪ TLW_1 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ TLW_2 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ TLW_3 ‘...’ ↗...♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to leave behind, overcome; to come after, come one after another; to accumulate, be wealthy; to attach; the hind part; to read after, recite, follow a singer’
▪ TMː (TMM)_1 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ TMː (TMM)_2 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ TMː (TMM)_3 ‘...’ ↗...♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘complete, whole, entire, to become complete, to complete; to perform, carry out, fulfil; to come to the end, finish one’s term; to be tough’
▪ According to etymonline.com, Ar tunn (on which Engl tuna seems to be based) is a borrowing, probably made in Spain, from Lat thynnus, thunnus ‘tuna, tunny’, which is from Grk thýnnos ‘id.’, possibly with a literal sense of ‘darter’, from thýnein ‘to dart along’. For a possible relation between the Grk etymon and Ar tinnīn ‘dragon’, see ↗tinnīn. ▪ Rolland2014 summarizes: perhaps from Grk thýnnos ‘id.’, unless it is the other way round or both stem from the “Mediterranean word” mentioned by Chantraine1977.
▪ …
…
See section CONCISE, above.
▪ Ar tunn, with def.art. al-tunn /at-tunn/, gave Span atun and, via Amer(Calif.)Span tuna, entered Engl as tuna by 1881. In contrast, Engl tunny (1520 s) ‘large sea-fish of the mackerel order’, seems to have taken another way where Ar was not involved: probably from mFr thon (C14), from oProv ton and directly from Lat thynnus, thunnus ‘tuna, tunny’, from Grk thýnnos ‘id.’ – EtymOnline. Grk thýnnos, however, may have a Sem background, cf. Ar ↗tinnīn ‘dragon’.
▪ Kogan2011: [from Hbr/Aram?, ultimately from] protWSem *t˅n˅n‑ ‘mythical snake (dragon)’. ▪ As a loan word most probably directly taken from Aram tannīnā. The latter may, however, be older, cf. the Ug and Hbr cognates. Alongside with the Can ancestors, there are also words in EthSem with similar semantic values, but with the root TMN rather than a reduplicated TNː (TNN). For the Sem period, Sem *tannīn‑ (part. redupl.) ‘big serpent, crocodile’ or Sem *t˅nn˅n‑ ‘(mythical) snake, dragon’ and (based on the EthSem forms) *taman‑ ‘snake, dragon’ have been suggested. Taken together with what some scholars think are parallels in Eg, WCh and CCh languages, AfrAs *tan‑ ‘snake, worm’ and AfrAs *tam(-an)‑ ‘fish’ have been suggested as long-term etymologies for the two strings. ▪ Ar tinnīn may be related to Engl tunny and tuna and corresponding words in other Eur langs (Fr thon, It tonno, G Thun fisch, etc.).
▪ …
▪ BDB1906: Hbr tannîn (erroneously also tannîm), Ar tannīn, Aram tannînâ, Syr tunnînâ, Gz taman. ▪ Klein1987: Ug tnn, Hbr tannîn ‘1 sea monster; 2 serpent; 3 dragon; 4 nHbr crocodile’, EgAram tnyn, JudAram Syr tannînâ, Gz taman, Ar tinnīn ‘dragon’. ▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#2367: Hbr tannīn, Ar tinnīn. – Outside Sem: (WCh) Hs tānā ‘earth worm’. ▪ Militarev2006#179: Ug tnn /*tunnanu/ ‘dragon (kind of monster accompanying the sea- god Ym) ’, Hbr tannîn ‘sea-monster, sea-dragon; serpent; crocodile’, OffAram tnyn ‘dragon’, JudAram tannīnā ‘sea-monster, crocodile; large snake’, Syr tannīnā ‘sea-monster, dragon, serpent’, nSyr tanînâ ‘dragon’, Mand tanina (also tiniana, tinita) ‘dragon’, Ar tinnīn‑ ‘serpent de grandeur énorme; dragon’. – NB: Eth forms with ‑m‑ instead of ‑n‑ may be related: Gz taman ‘snake, dragon’, Tña Amh tämän ‘snake’. For these, cf. Militarev2006#2686: (Sem) Gz taman, Te Amh tämän; outside Sem: oEg tm.t (med) ‘kind of fish’; (CCh) tamwi, tum, túm, tumi, túmí, tǝǝmǝ ‘to fish; fish; (group) fishing’ in several langs. (Cf. also next paragraph.) ▪ Dolgopolsky2012#2279: (Sem) Gz taman,Tña Amh tämän ‘snake, dragon’; (ECush) Saho timbakiyā ‘worm’.
▪ BDB1906 is the first, after Fraenkel1886, to repeat that Ar tannīn is borrowed from Aram tannīnā. ▪ Tropper2008 says Ug tnn and its cognate Hbr tannîn are the origin of the corresponding words in other WSem langs. ▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#2367 reconstruct Sem *tannīn‑ ‘big serpent, crocodile’ and WCh *tan‑ ‘earth worm’, both from AfrAs *tan‑ ‘snake, worm’. The second half of Sem *tannīn‑ would thus be the result of partial reduplication. ▪ Militarev2006#179 repeats that Ar tinnīn is »almost certainly borrowed from Aram«. Based on the Can (and Ar) evidence, the author reconstructs Sem [Can] *t˅nn˅n‑ ‘(mythical) snake, dragon’. No AfrAs dimension mentioned. ▪ On account of the EthSem evidence (Gz, Tña, Amh), Militarev2006#2686 reconstructs Sem *taman‑ ‘snake, dragon’. Together with oEg tm.t ‘kind of fish’ and CCh *ta/um‑ ‘to fish; fish; (group) fishing’, these forms may go back to AfrAs *tam(-an)‑ ‘fish’. – NB: (Reflexes of) this root may form the second component of Cush composites for ‘fish’: LEC *ḳur-tum‑ (Or qurtummi, Gdl kurtum-et) and HEC *ḳir-tum‑ /*ḳur-tum‑ (Sid ḳiltiʔmi, Dar ḳultuʔme, Had ḳurṭume, Ala ḳurč̣um-et, Bmb ḳur-ṭume, Kmb ḳurtum). Cf. also Sem. *t˅nn˅n‑ ‘(mythical) snake, dragon’.
▪ Klein1987 thinks that Grk thýnnos ‘tunny’ probably is from Hbr tannîn (though influenced by Grk thýnein ‘to shake’). If this is true, Eur words for ‘tuna, tunny’ ultimately go back to the same source as Ar tinnīn. Other sources, however, are more reluctant, or refuse, to accept such an etymology. Kluge2002, e.g., formulates rather vaguely (s.v. Thunfisch): Grk thýnnos is »a Mediterranean word« that is »probably from a Sem lang«. EtymOnline thinks that Engl tunny (1520 s) ‘large sea-fish of the mackerel order’ is probably from mFr thon (C14), from oProv ton and directly from Lat thynnus, thunnus ‘tuna, tunny’, which is from Grk thýnnos ‘id.’, »possibly with a literal sense of ‘darter’, from thýnein ‘to dart along’«; no Sem dimension suggested (so also Littmann, Lokotsch, EtymDud, Nişanyan). And DeCaprona2013 explicitly denies that Grk thýnnos, though from a Mediterranean lang, is from Hbr tannîn, but does not explain his opinion. ▪ On a completely other line, Dolgopolsky2012#2279, puts (reconstructed) EthSem *taman‑ together with (reconstructed) narrowIE *dem(-el)‑ ‘worm’ (Alb dhemjë ‘caterpillar, maggot’, dhemizë, dhëmizë, dhimizë, dhemizë, dhemë ‘id.; blowfly’, and other words for ‘leeches’) and reconstructs Nostr *t˅m˅ ‘worm, snake’.
Rolland2014: From Fr tanin, derived from tan, with high probability from a Celtic *tanno‑ ‘oak’.
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–
▪ Cf. also the etymology of Engl tannin ‘tannic acid, vegetable substance capable of converting animal hide to leather’, as given in etymonline.com : 1802, from Fr tannin (1798), from tan ‘crushed oak bark containing tannin’, probably from a Celtic source (such as Breton tann ‘oak tree’). The Engl vb. to tan can be traced back, via late oEngl tannian ‘to convert hide into leather (by steeping it in tannin)’, to mLat tannare ‘to tan, dye a tawny colour’ (c900), from Lat tannum ‘crushed oak bark (used in tanning leather)’. The meaning ‘to make brown by exposure to the sun’ (as tanning does to hides) first recorded 1520 s; intransitive sense also from 1520 s. Of persons, not considered an attractive feature until 20c.; in Shakespeare, ‘to deprive of the freshness and beauty of youth’ (Sonnet CXV). As an adj. from 1620 s. Related: G Tanne ‘fir tree’ (as in Tannenbaum) might be a transferred meaning from the same Celtic source.9
▪ [v1] Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): [a borrowing, said to be from Pers, Hbr or undetermined origin, occurring twice in the Qur’an. Some Arab philologists link it to either ↗nūr or ↗nār while Ibn ʕAbbās describes it as common to all languages; variously rendered by the commentators as: ‘oven/furnace; spring; surface of the ground’ ▪ [v2] … ▪ …
a kind of baking oven, a pit, usually clay-lined, for baking bread – WehrCowan1979.
▪ Acc. to BAH2008 a borrowing, said to be from Pers, Hbr or undetermined origin, occurring twice in the Qur’an. Some Arab philologists link it to either ↗nūr or ↗nār while Ibn ʕAbbās describes it as common to all languages; variously rendered by the commentators as: ‘oven/furnace; spring; surface of the ground’. ▪ …
▪ …
▪ Akk tinūru ‘oven’ (Parpola 2007: 125), Hbr tannūr ‘portable stove or firepot’ (BDB 1072). ▪ Outside Sem, Borg2021 #76 (t-n-r) compares Eg trr (NK) ‘Ofen des Bäckers’; ‘oven’; ta=ru₂=ru₂ (Wb V 318; Hoch 1994: 359; DLE II 162). ▪ …
▪ TWB_1 ‘to repent, turn away from’ ↗tāba, ‘the Relenting one (one of the names of God)’ ↗tawwāb ▪ TWB_2 ‘…’ ↗…♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): (this root could be a variant of ṮWB) ‘to return, go back, relent, to encourage s.o. to abandon their bad deeds’
to repent, be penitent, do penance; with ʕan: to turn from (sin), be converted from, renounce, forswear s.th.; (said of God) to restore to His grace, forgive (ʕalà s.o.) – WehrCowan1979.
▪ (adj.) doing penance; repentant, penitent, contrite; forgiving, merciful (God) – WehrCowan1979. ▪ (n.) the Relenting one (one of the names of God, used only of Him in the Qurʔān and only in Madinan passages) – Jeffery1938
▪ Jeffery1938: »The Muslim authorities take it as a formation from tāba. We have already seen, however, that tāba is a borrowed religious term used by Muḥammad in a technical sense, and Lidzbarski in SBAW, Berlin 1916: 1218, argues that tawwāb instead of being a regular Arabic formation from the already borrowed tāba, is itself a distinct borrowing from the Aram. The Akk taiaru, he says,[(cn :: Lidzbarski admits that Delitzsch, Assyrisches Handwörterbuch, 703a, and Zimmern, Akkadische Fremdwörter, 66, had earlier shown the connection between taiaru and tawwāb]) was borrowed into Aram, e.g. into Palm, and the Mand tʔyʔbʔ is but a rendering of the same word. Halevy, JA, viiᵉ sér., vol. x, p. 423, would recognize the word in twb of a Safaite inscription, and if this is correct there would be clear evidence of its use in NArabia in pre-Islamic times.« ▪ … ▪ …
▪ For Fraenkel, the word is clearly of Aram origin (as direct source, at least); Klein says this is “probably” so. ▪ Rolland2014a: »Pour Rajki, le mot, qui a des cognats en Akk, en Hbr et en Aram, serait d’origine Sem, mais l’existence du Skr tuda permet d’en douter. Quant au Pers tūt ou tūṯ, il est de même difficile de savoir s’il est d’origine Skr ou Sem.«
▪ …
▪ Akk tuttu (CAD), pBiblHbr tūṯ (Klein1987), Aram Syr tūṯā (Klein1987, Brockelmann1895) ‘mulberry’
▪ Fraenkel1886: The variation tūt ~ tūṯ is a clear indication of an Aram origin. Nişanyan, too, thinks the source is Aram Syr tūṯā. ▪ CAD: Akk tuttu ‘mulberry tree’ is a foreign word (Nişanyan: from Aram). ▪ Klein1987: pBiblHbr tūṯ ‘mulberry’, probably from Aram tūṯā, whence also Ar tūt
▪ Tu dut: 1680 Meninski, Thesaurus : tūt… ak ve tatlü tūt, kara tūt…, tūtı wahşī – Nişanyan_24Aug2013. – The word is also part of the composite n. ahududu ‘raspberry’: 1892 Tıngır & Sinapian, Iṣṭılaḥāt Luġāti : [Fr] framboise = [Tu] ahu tutu, böğürtlen, ağaç çileği Nişanyan_24Jun2015.1
Via Pers probably from an Ind language, cf. Skr tutthā ‘blue vitriol (cupric sulfate), used as eye drops’. The Ar word is the source of words for ‘zinc (oxide)’ in some Eur langs.
▪ …
▪ Brockelmann1895: Syr tūtiyā ‘antimon’
▪ from Pers tūtiyā, from Skr tutthā – en.wiktionary (07Jan2016)#tutty.
▪ Fr tut(h)ie1256tutie, 1432tuthie. From Ar tūtiyāʔ «tutie, zinc, oxyde de zinc», probably itself a loan from an Ind lang, cf. Skr tutthā «vitriol bleu (sulfate de cuivre), utilisé comme collyre» – TLF. ▪ Engl tutty (a powdered form of impure zinc oxide used for polishing) from Fr tutie (cf. also Sp tutia, atutia), from Lat tutia, from Ar tūtiyāʔ, from Pers tūtiyā, from Skr tutthā – en.wiktionary (07Jan2016).2 ▪ Lokotsch1927#2120: Ar tūtiyāʔ ‘zinc, zinc oxide’ [perh. from an Ind lang, ZDMG L: 650; cf. also Grk toutía; in the East formerly often used as remedy against eye diseases], also Tu; hence Rum tutea ‘zink oxide’, Span Port atutia, Cat tutia, Fr tutie, tuthie ‘id.’; Pol tucyja ‘Art Zinkkalk’; Engl tutty ‘zink oxide’ [used for cleaning]. – From Pers tūtyānāk ‘like tutia’ [s. De Sacy ChrAr III, 44:2; 4529/442, on Ar tūtiyāʔ ] developed the Engl tutenag ‘Indian zinc; alloy from copper, nickel and zinc, for cutlery’; Fr toutenague, tintenague, Port tutenaga ‘id’.
▪ eC7 (a time, one time, one turn) Q 20:55 min-hā ḫalaqnā-kum wa-fī-hā nuʕīdu-kum wa-min-hā nuḫriǧu-kum tāraẗᵃⁿ ʔuḫrà ‘out of it [earth] We created you, into it We will return you, and from it We will bring you forth yet another time’
▪ …
▪ ...
–
tāraẗᵃⁿ... tāraẗᵃⁿ... , tāraẗᵃⁿ... ṭawrᵃⁿ... , tāraẗᵃⁿ... tāraẗᵃⁿ ʔuḫrà... , adv., sometimes, at times…, at other times…
▪ TaWRā_1 ‘Torah, Pentateuch; Old Testament’ ↗tawrāẗ
▪ According to Jeffery1938 and others, Ar tawrāẗ is a borrowing from Hbr The etymology of the latter is not clear, though. BDB1906, Leslau2008 (CDG), and also EtymOnline (see section WEST), regard Hbr tōrāʰ as a vn. of the Hi (*Š-stem) of Hbr yārāʰ ‘to throw, shoot’ (√YRY), nHbr ‘to shoot’, (Hi) ‘to teach’,1
but this view has been contested. Instead of deriving tōrāʰ from ‘to throw, shoot’, the authors of DRS, for instance, hold that the word most likely belongs to a semantic complex *‘to show, teach’ (reflexes of which may be the dial. Ar ↗²warrà, ʔawrà ‘to show, indicate’, which others, however, would see as deriving from raʔà ‘to see’). See below, section DISC, for more details.
▪ If the Hbr etymon tōrāʰ is from (Hi) hōrē ‘to indicate, point to (with a finger), teach, instruct’, could there then be a connection to Hbr ʔōr ‘light; to be clear’, ʔūr ‘fire’, Ar ʔirraẗ ‘fire’, ↗ʔuwār ‘heat, blaze’ (all < protSem *ʔR ‘fire, light’)? Such a connection is discussed nowhere so far although semantics (‘teaching = enlightening’) would be easily conceivable.
▪ ...
▪ eC7 Q iii, 2, 43, 44, 58, 87; v, 47-50, 70, 72, 110; vii, 156; ix, 112; xlviii, 29; lxi, 6; lxii, 5 – Jeffery1938.
▪ eC7 (generic name for the Law or Scripture revealed to Moses comprising the Pentateuch, as distinct from al- ↗ʔinǧīl, the ‘Evangel, Gospel, New Testament’) Q 3:65 yā-ʔahla ’l-kitābi li-mā tuḥāǧǧūna fī ʔibrāhīma wa-mā ʔunzilat-i ’l-tawrāẗu wa’l-ʔinǧīlu ʔillā min baʕdi-hī ʔa-fa-lā taʕqilūna ‘O People of the Scripture! Why will ye argue about Abraham, when the Torah and the Gospel were not revealed till after him? Have ye then no sense?’
▪ …
▪ NB: The cognates indicated by BDB1906 and Leslau2008 blend the notions of ‘throwing, shooting’ and ‘showing, teaching’ that DRS treats as distinct. Below, only the ‘showing, teaching’ group suggested by DRS is mentioned. For ‘throwing, shooting’, see root entry.
▪ According to BDB1906, Leslau2008 (CDG), and others, Hbr tōrāʰ should be seen in the context of: Ug yrw (Tropper2008: yry), Hbr yārāʰ ‘to throw, shoot’ (√YRY), nHbr ‘to shoot’, (Hi) ‘to teach’, Aram (Af) ʔôrî ‘to teach’, Gz warawa ‘to throw, throw away, cast off, cast down, cast forth’, Te wärwära, Tña wärwärä, Amh wäräwwärä, Gur wəräwärä ‘to throw’, SAr wrw ‘to attack’, Ar warra (√WRː (WRR)) ‘to throw’.2
– Cf. also Ar ↗raʔà, ↗rawà?
▪ DRS 7 (1997) #WRY-1 Akk (w)arū(m), oAkk oAss warāʔum ‘conduire’3
– ?2 Hbr (Hi) hōrē ‘montrer (avec le doigt), instruire’; – ? tōrāʰ ‘direction, instruction, loi’; mōräʰ ‘enseignant, maître’; JudPalAram ʔōrī ‘enseigner, instruire’; Ar [dial.] warrà, ʔawrà ‘montrer, désigner’, MġrAr warra (i) ‘montrer, faire voir, enseigner’, OranAr wāri ‘évident’, ? YemAr *warā ‘violer l’honneur d’une femme’; Sab hwry ‘annoncer, publier’, Soq ʔere ‘marque (?)’, Gz waraya ‘dire les nouvelles, raconter’, Te wära ‘annoncer’, Tña wäre ‘nouvelle, avis, renommée’, ʔawräyä, Amh ʔawärra ‘donner des nouvelles’, Amh Arg Gur wäre, Har war ‘nouvelle’; Tña wäräyä ‘être utile, servir, aider, assister, être fécond’. -3 Gur wäriya, wērä, wäyä, Gaf wäyä ‘nouveau’. -4-6 ....
▪ (given here only for the sake of completeness, as earlier research would often see Hbr tōrāʰ as akin to ‘to throw, cast’ ; DRS itself groups tōrāʰ under #WRY-2, see preceding paragraph) : DRS 7 (1997) #WRW~WRR-1 Ug *yrw ‘tirer (une flèche)’, Hbr yārā ‘jeter, lancer, tirer (flèche, etc.)’, ? Syr ʔeštawrī ‘arriver par hasard, venir à la rencontre, percer; oser’; EAr warra ‘jeter, rejeter’, warwar ‘jeter, lancer’; Gz warawa, warrawa ‘jeter, lancer, rejeter’, Te Tña wärwärä, Amh Arg wäräwwärä, Gur wəräwwarä ‘jeter, lancer’.4/5/6/7
-2 ....
▪ …
▪ Jeffery1938: »It is used as a general term for the Jewish Scriptures,10
but particularly as associated with Moses, and in a few passages (iii, 44, 87; lxi, 6, etc.) it seems to have the definite sense of ʰo nómos. With the possible exception of vii, 156, it occurs only in Madinan passages. / Clearly it represents the Hbr tôrâʰ, and was recognized by some of the early authorities to be a Hbr word, as we learn from al-Zaǧǧāǧ in TA, x, 389; and Bagh. on iii, 2. Some, however, desired to make it an Arabic word derived from ↗WRY, a view which Zam. on iii, 2, scouts, though it is argued at length in LA, xx, 268, and accepted without question by Rāġib, Mufradāt, 542. Western scholars from the time of Marracci, Prodromus, i, 5, have recognized it as a borrowing direct from the Hbr,11
and there is no need to discuss the possible Aram origin mentioned by Fraenkel, Vocab, 23.12
. The word was doubtless well known in Arabia before Muḥammad’s time, cf. Ibn Hišām, 659.«
▪ DRS 7 (1997), comment on #WRY-2 : « .... – Pour Hbr tōrāʰ, sa place ici, qui semble la mieux justifiée, ne fait pas l’objet d’un accord général; on a proposé en particulier de rattacher la forme à YRY ‘jeter, lancer’, v.s. ↗WRW~WRY, en rapport avec ‘lancer pour tirer au sort’, v. BiblHbr, BDB 435; pour ‘lancer’, Koehler Theologie d. AT; autre hypothèse : emprunt de l’Akk tērtu(m) ‘instruction, directives’ (AHW 1350) ...; présentation générale de la question dans HAL 1575; le mot est passé en Aram sous la forme ʔōrāytā, en éth [Gz] sous la forme ʔorit. – ... ; l’histoire de la forme Ar warra, présente dans la plupart des dialectes n’est pas très claire ; on l’a expliquée par une métathèse à partir de ↗raʔà ‘voir’ ...; Marçais Tanger 494 propose de prendre en compte une valeur *‘être clair’ pour ClassAr warà(y), “négligé par les lexicographes..., mais conservé dans les dialectes”, comp. par exemple wāri ‘évident’ dans les dialectes d’Oranie; EgAr: BadawiHinds 934;13
pour la valeur YemAr ‘déshonorer une femme’, d’ap. HAB 92/20, Glos. 96: même rapport sémantique que dans PḎḤ par exemple; SAr: hwry (vb. dual), Müller Wurzeln 112; Dic.Sab., p. 162 renvoie à p. 57 s. HWR (v. ici s. #HWR-5); cependant, sémantiquement, la forme semble appartenir ici; Soq: sens douteux, Leslau LS 72; sur le rapprochement des formes EthSem signifiant ‘nouvelles’, etc., v. Praetorius AMS 242; Barth ES 14: rapport avec ↗RWY (Ar ↗rawà ‘rapporter, raconter d’après qn’)?; Cerulli Harar 435 fait dépendre du Cush: Bil Or Af Sa warē, Som war, Caffa warō. »
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▪ TYH_1 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ TYH_2 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ TYH_3 ‘...’ ↗...♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘expanse of desolate unmarked featureless desert; wilderness; to lose one’s way, be misguided; to be conceited, be obstinate’
Complete text
ʔ