Bibliotheca Polyglotta

1 nobility; high-mindedness, noble-heartedness; generosity, magnanimity; liberality, munificence. – 2 honor, dignity; respect, esteem, standing, prestige. – 3 mark of honor, token of esteem, favor. – 4 (pl. ‑āt) miracle that God works through a saint or allows to happen to him (Islamic popular belief) – WehrCowan1979.

For etymology see ↗KRM_2 and ↗karam.

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KRH كره

√KRH

“root”

▪ KRH_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ KRH_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ KRH_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘hardship; to dislike, loathe, antipathy; to force; calamity’

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KRW كرو

√KRW

“root”

▪ KRW_1 ‘globe, sphere; ball’ ↗kuraẗ ▪ KRW_2 ‘(a variety of) curlew, plover (Oedicnemus crepitans)’ ↗karawān
▪ KRW_3 ‘to dig’ ↗karā, also karà, hence grouped under ↗KRW/Y
▪ KRW_4 ‘caraway’ ↗karawyā (↗KRWYā)
▪ KRW_5 : see also ↗KRW/Y and ↗KRY

Other values, now obsolete, include (WKAS I 1970, Hava1899, BK1860):

▪ ^†KRW_6 ‘to round s.th.; to line (a well) with wood | garnir de troncs d’arbres l’intérieur (un puits)’: ^†karā (u, karw)
▪ ^†KRW_7 ‘to walk or prance in a particular manner (as an innate defect, of a horse)’: ^†²karā (impf. u); cf. also ^†mukarriⁿ, mukāriⁿ ‘walking or prancing in a particular manner (of a camel)’ (WKAS)
▪ ^†KRW_ ‘…’: ^†...

▪ [gnrl] : Many values in the defective root KRW can be analyzed as extensions of the 2-cons. root nucleus ↗*KR , the “purest” reflex of which are ↗KRː (KRR) and the reduplicating ↗KRKR but which also reappears in KRW, ↗KRW/Y, ↗KRY, ↗KWR, and others (cf. DRS #KR ).
▪ [v1] : The 2-cons. kuraẗ is usually analyzed as from 3-cons. √KRW. But the basic idea of *‘roundness’ is already present in the 2-cons. root nucleus ↗*KR , the “purest” reflexes of which are ↗KRː (KRR) and the reduplicating ↗KRKR. – Within √KRW, the closest relative is the (now obsol.) vb. ^†karā (u, karw) ‘to round s.th.; to line (a well) with wood’ (↗KRW). However, ‘ball’ can also be analyzed as the result of ‘piling up, heaping up’, as found in ^†⁴karkara ‘to collect, blow into a ball (wind the clouds); to pile up (s.th.)’ (↗^†KRKR_4), a specialised development from ↗²karra ‘to return with the aim of resupplying o.s. with ammunition/troops’.¹ Cf. also EgAr ↗ku(r)rāriyyaẗ ‘spool, bobbin, reel (WehrCowan1976); ball (of string, wool etc.) (BadawiHinds1986)’. – In DRS, other Sem items meaning ‘ball’ etc. do not appear sub √KRW but ↗√KRː (KRR) (cf. below, section COGN).
▪ [v2] : Accord. to Asbaghi1988, Ar karawān ‘(a variety of) curlew, plover’ is from Pers kārwānak.² – Ḍinnāwī2004 and Rolland2014, too, think the word is of Pers origin, but give the etymon as Pers kerwān. Rolland2014 would not exclude an inverse dependence, though, i.e., Pers < Ar, in which case one may assume a relation to ^†[v7] and/or sup>†²kariya (a, karàⁿ) ‘to have thin and parted legs | avoir les jambes minces et écartées’, on account of the thinness of the bird’s legs (↗^†KRY_5).
▪ [v3] : Like *‘roundness’, also *‘to dig’ is a basic notion of the 2-cons. nucleus ↗*KR . In Ar, its reflexes show both W and Y as R₃, therefore karā ~ karà is grouped under ↗KRW/Y in this dictionary.
▪ [v4] : karawyā ‘caraway’ is a borrowing and therefore treated separately, see ↗KRWYā.
▪ ^†[v6] : see above, [v1] ‘ball’.
▪ ^†[v7] : ^†²karā (u) ‘to walk or prance in a particular manner (as an innate defect, of a horse)’ seems to be akin to, or perh. even identical with, sup>†²kariya (a, karàⁿ) ‘to have thin and parted legs | avoir les jambes minces et écartées’ (↗^†KRY_5, with also ^†karāⁿ ‘thinness of the shank’), listed s.r. √KRW in DRS (see COGN below, DRS #KRW-4) and compared to ^†karaʕ ‘thinness of the shank’ by Ullmann in WKAS I 1970 (↗√KRʕ); further related is possibly also ^†karà (i, kary) ‘to run swiftly | se mettre à courir à toutes jambes, courir en ramassant, pour ainsi dire, rapidement ses pieds’ (↗^†KRY_6), and perh. also [v2] (unless borrowed from Pers).
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1. Cf. also ^†kirkiraẗ ‘callosity on the breast of the camel etc.; mass, crowd, troop of horsemen’ – in a broader sense, all these clouds, crowds, troops, callosities, etc. are “balls”… . 2. Following Moḥammad Ḥoseyn Ḫalaf Tabrizi Borhān, Borhān Qāṭeʕ (Dictionnaire de la langue Persane), ed. Moḥammad Moʕin, 5 vols., Teheran 1964.

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▪ DRS #KRW-1 Akk karū, Syr kᵊrā, kᵊrī ‘être court, devenir court’ [↗KRY]. -2 kurwah ‘champ ensemencé’. -3 Ar karā ‘jouer à la balle’. -4 karāⁿ ‘minceur des jambes’ [↗KRY]. -5 karawān : nom d’un oiseau (courlis ? pluvier ?).
▪ Cf. also ↗KRː (KRR) and ↗KRKR.
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DISC ▪ [v1]/[v2] DRS ad #KRW-3/4: Nöldeke NBSS:158 does not think that kuraẗ ‘ball’ and ^†karāⁿ ‘thinness of the shank’ are related.
▪ [v7] : For some reason (unclear to me – S.G.), BK1860 analyzes an animal’s (but also a woman’s) ‘walking or prancing in a particular manner’ (‘marcher en posant les pieds tout droit et roide sur le sol’) as extended use (« de là ») of ↗karā/à (√KRW/Y) ‘to dig |creuser la terre, creuser un canal)’.
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