Bibliotheca Polyglotta

DRS 8 (1999)#ZMRGD: a [ZMRGD], nHbr ʔizmaragd , Syr zamargᵊda, Ar zabarǧad, Gz zamaragd. – b [ZMRD] JP zᵊmōrad, ʔizmīrad, Syr zumrud, Ar zumurrud, Gz zamrud ‘émeraude’.

DRS 8 (1999)#ZMRGD-a: From Grk smáragdos. »Une autre étymologie propose la dérivation inverse, du Sem au Grk (Akk barraqt-, Hbr baräqät, etc., racine BRQ, v.s., ‘briller’)«. In a similar vein, an origin in Skr marak(a)ta-m ‘emerald’ has been both proposed and contested; »pour Zimmern[1914] […] et aujourd’hui selon Xavier Tremblay (communication personnelle), Skr marak(a)tam est au contraire un emprunt ancien au Sem, de même que Grk smáragdos est un emprunt plus récent, à moins que le Skr ne soit un archaïsme savant fondé sur le prâkrit emprunté au Grk.«

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ZBN زبن

√ZBN

“root”

▪ ZBN_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ZBN_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ZBN_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to push, kick; to sell dates on the tree by estimating their quantity; to divert, keep good things away’.

▪ zabāniyaẗ is considered by some as a borrowing from either Akk or Syr – BAH2008
▪ …

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ZǦː (ZǦǦ) زجّ / زجج

√ZǦː (ZǦǦ)

“root”

▪ ZǦː (ZǦǦ)_1 ‘ferrule, arrow-, spearhead’ ↗zuǧǧ
▪ ZǦː (ZǦǦ)_2 ‘to throw, hurl; to push, urge, drive; to press, squeeze, force’ ↗zaǧǧa
▪ ZǦː (ZǦǦ)_3 ‘having beautifully arched eyebrows; to pencil (eyebrows)’ ↗ʔazaǧǧᵘ
▪ ZǦː (ZǦǦ)_4 ‘glass’ ↗zuǧāǧ

Other values, now obsolete, include:

ZǦː (ZǦǦ)_5 ‘to run (ostrich)’ : zaǧǧa u (zaǧǧ)
ZǦː (ZǦǦ)_6 ‘point/tip of the elbow’ : zuǧǧ
ZǦː (ZǦǦ)_7 ‘to produce a dull sound, mumble, murmur, cry’: zaǧǧa ; ‘drum’: zinǧ
ZǦː (ZǦǦ)_8 ‘berries; glass-vessels of the clove-tree; pellitory, wall-wort’ : (ḥašīšaẗ al-) zaǧāǧ

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘iron base of a spoon; arrow head; arching eyebrow; glass’. – zuǧāǧaẗ is regarded by some as a borrowing from Syr.

▪ Out of the 6 values listed for Sem √ZGG in DRS, only 4 are represented in Ar; of these, 3 have survived into MSA.
▪ Apart from ZǦː (ZǦǦ)_4 (zuǧāǧ ‘glass’), which seems to be of Aram (< Phoen?) origin, at least one other item—ZǦː (ZǦǦ)_1 (zuǧǧ ‘ferrule, arrow-, spearhead’) —is probably a loanword (from a Pers word for arrows with pointed arrow-heads). On zuǧǧ ‘arrow-head’ and zuǧāǧ ‘glass’ seem to depend a number of secondary values: from ‘arrow-head’ are probably ZǦː (ZǦǦ)_2 ‘to throw, hurl; to push, urge, drive; to press, squeeze, force’ (see DISC, below) and ZǦː (ZǦǦ)_6 ‘point of the elbow’ (probably just a metaphorical use: an elbow as pointed as an arrow-head), while ZǦː (ZǦǦ)_8 ‘glass-vessels of the clove-tree’ with all likelihood is related to, if not identical with, ‘glass’. However, little research has been done on the root so far, and the relations suggested here are far from being established.
▪ The etymologies of ZǦː (ZǦǦ)_3 (ʔazaǧǧᵘ ‘having beautifully arched eyebrows’) and ZǦː (ZǦǦ)_5 (zaǧǧa ‘to run’, said of an ostrich)’ remain quite obscure.
▪ ZǦː (ZǦǦ)_7: Acc. to DRS without doubt based on a Pers etymon.

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▪ DRS 8 (1999)#ZGG-1 Hbr zāg, TargAram zaggā, zuggā ‘peau de raisin’. -2 Syr zag ‘tinter (oreille); crier’, zənāgā ‘tintement, bruit; chœur’, Ar zaǧǧa ‘produire un bruit sourd, murmurer, crier’, zinǧ ‘tambour’. -3 Ar zaǧǧa ‘frapper avec le bout de la lance’, zuǧǧ ‘ferrure au bout de la lance, fer de flèche, pointe du coude’, MġrAr zəǧǧ ‘pousser’, tzəǧǧəǧ ‘se pousser mutuellement, se battre (chameaux)’, HispAr zaǧǧ ‘donner un coup de poing’, zuǧǧ ‘poing’, ʕAnâze zaǧǧ ‘jeter, vider’, DaṯAr zaǧǧ ‘boire d’un trait’. -4 zaǧǧa ‘être fin, allongé (sourcil)’, EgAr zaggig ‘se faire les sourcils (au crayon)’. -5 Ar zaǧǧa ‘courir’, HispAr zaǧǧaǧ ‘sortir en courant’, Malt zegg ‘glisser, patiner’, Jib zegg ‘courir’, Soq n-zgzg ‘marcher vite’, Mhr Soq zəg ‘changer de route’. -6 Te zəgaga ‘scrofules’, Tña zəgag : sorte de maladie.

▪ ZǦː (ZǦǦ)_1 zuǧǧ (pl. zuǧāǧ, ClassAr ziǧāǧ, ziǧaǧaẗ) ‘ferrule, arrow-, spearhead’: acc. to Rolland2014a, the word is from Pers zuǧ ‘flèche dont le fer est en corne ou en ivoire, flèche courte, sans plumes’ (Steingass1892: ‘bone-headed arrow, very short arrow’). In ClassAr, there are also the (probably extended) meanings ‘point of the elbow’ [ZǦː (ZǦǦ)_6] and ‘tush of a stallion’ (Hava1899), all sharing the notion of peakedness or pointedness. – Cf. also ^†zuǧaǧ ‘darts, javelins, furnished with iron-heads’; ^†zaǧǧa (u, zaǧǧ), vb. I, ‘to hit s.o. with the butt-end of a spear, shoot arrows at; to strike (with the iron-foot of a spear)’, ^†mizaǧǧ ‘short lance’; ^†ʔazaǧǧa, vb IV, ‘to put an iron-foot to (a spear)’, muziǧǧ ‘ironed (spear-butt)’ (Hava1899).
▪ ZǦː (ZǦǦ)_2 zaǧǧa (u, zaǧǧ) ‘1 to throw, hurl; 2 to push, urge, drive; to press, squeeze, force’: With all likelihood, and as already suggested by ClassAr lexicographers, [v1] seems to be a development from the obsol. denom. vb. I, ^†zaǧǧa (u , zaǧǧ), ‘to hit s.o. with the butt-end of a spear, shoot arrows at; to strike with (the iron-foot of a spear)’, cf. ZǦː (ZǦǦ)_1, while [v2] can be thought of as being a denom. vb. derived from zuǧǧ in the meaning of ‘(tip of the) elbow’ [ZǦː (ZǦǦ)_6, which seems to be essentially the same item as ZǦː (ZǦǦ)_1].
▪ ZǦː (ZǦǦ)_3 ʔazaǧǧᵘ ‘having beautifully arched eyebrows’: cf. also (denom.?) ^†zaǧǧa (zaǧiǧ-) (a, zaǧaǧ) and ^†ĭzdaǧǧa, vb. VIII, ‘to be thin and arched (eyebrows)’ (Hava1899). – In ClassAr, the vb. II, zaǧǧaǧa, would not only mean ‘to pencil the eyebrows’ but still also ‘to level (a place)’ (Hava1899), from *‘to clip the redundant portions of the hair or the eyebrows’. The etymology of the value itself remains obscure so far.
▪ ZǦː (ZǦǦ)_4 zuǧāǧ(aẗ), var. (acc. to Hava1899) ^†zaǧāǧ, ^†ziǧāǧ ‘glass’: from Aram zgūgīṯā ‘glass’ (Nişanyan_22Jun2015, reporting common opinion). For details cf. also Jeffery1938: 149-50 (see ↗zuǧāǧ). – Nişanyan believes that the ultimate origin of the word must be Phoenicia where glass was “invented” around 2500 BC.
▪ ZǦː (ZǦǦ)_5 : ^†zaǧǧa (u, zaǧǧ) ‘to run (ostrich)’; cf. also ^†ʔazaǧǧᵘ in the sense of ‘walking with widestreched legs (ostrich)’ (Hava1899): explained by ClassAr lexicographers as from ZǦː (ZǦǦ)_2 zaǧǧa in the sense of ‘to throw’, i.e., *‘he [the ostrich] threw out his legs’.
▪ ZǦː (ZǦǦ)_6 ^†zuǧǧ (pl. ziǧāǧ, ziǧaǧaẗ) ‘point/tip of the elbow’: probably figurative use, likening the elbow with an arrow-head, i.e. = ZǦː (ZǦǦ)_1.
▪ ZǦː (ZǦǦ)_7 : ^†zaǧǧa ‘to produce a dull sound, mumble, murmur, cry’; zinǧ ‘drum’: According to DRS, items belonging to this value are »[s]ans doute fondées sur une forme d’origine persane.« In the entry on Sem ZGG, DRS mentions Ar ^†zinǧ ‘drum’, which obviously corresponds to Pers zinǧ ‘two brass orbs, which when struck together make a kind of music or accompaniment to other instruments’ (Steingass1892);¹ but cf. also Pers zanǧ ‘plaint, lamentation; crying, weeping; [etc.]’ (ibid.). On the other side, the same entry refers the reader-user to the entry on ZÂG, where we find ZÂG#3 ‘clochette’ (little bell), not represented in Ar, but in nHbr zag, JP Syr zaggā, zuggā, Mand zanga, nSyr zīgā, zāgā, Ṭur zāgo and traced back to Pers zang ‘a bell carried by courier and qalandar-monks (Steingass1892), bell (VahmanPedersen1998)’.
▪ ZǦː (ZǦǦ)_8 : (ḥašīšaẗ al-) ^†zaǧāǧ ‘berries; glass-vessels of the clove-tree; pellitory, wall-wort’ (Lane, Hava1899): dependent on ZǦː (ZǦǦ)_4 zuǧāǧ(aẗ) ‘glass’?

1. Dozy1881, however, explains ^†zinǧ as just a var. of ↗ṣanǧ ‘cymbal’. According to Rolland2014a, the latter is from Pers sanǧ ‘cymbal’.

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