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Etymological Dictionary of Arabic
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ʕād عاد 
ID … • Sw – • BP 1369 • APD … • © SG | 29Oct2021
√ʕWD 
adv. 
1 (LevAr GulfAr) so; 2 (IrqAr) already – BuckwalterParkinson2011. 
▪ (Kogan2015, 76-77 #6:) from protWSem *ʕād- ‘(he is) still.’
▪ »The use of ʕād with the meaning ‘still, yet’ is curiously absent from the classical sources and is not recognized by the standard dictionaries of ClassAr (such as Lane 2188-2189). This is in glaring contrast with its broad presence in a variety of modern Ar dialects and in post-classical written sources. Nöldeke’s inability to cope with this contradiction is more than understandable: “So nahe es liegt, dies ʕād einfach mit Hbr ʕôd zu identifizieren, so wäre das doch angesichts der historischen Entwicklung unrichtig” (Nöldeke 1904: 66)« – Kogan2015, 76-77 #6 n217.
▪ Prob., we also have to compare the older use as attested in Hava1899, see below, section HIST.
▪ …
 
▪ Though semantics remain to be explained, we prob. have to compare †ʕādi as given by Hava1899 (cf. †ʕWD_5 in root entry ↗√ʕWD): ‘(1) indeclinable particle having the sense of ʔinna, e.g., raqadtu wa-ʕādi ʔabāka sāhir “I slept while thy father remained awake”; (2) interrog. part. in the sense of hal, e.g., ʕādi ʔabūk muqīm “Is thy father abiding?”; (3) negative answer to a question, e.g., ʕādi ḫaraǧa Zayd? ʕādi-h “Has Zeyd gone forth? He has not”’.
▪ …
 
▪ Kogan2015, 76-77 #6: Hbr ʕōd, BiblAram ʕōd, Ar ʕād(a), Gz ʕādi, Mhr ʔād, Jib ʕɔd, Soq ʕad.
▪ …
 
▪ Kogan2015, 76-77 #6: »Standard etymological treatments of [Sem] *ʕād ‘(he is) still’ typically present it as having no Akk cognates. It may therefore appear as a likely candidate for a protWSem lexical innovation, ultimately connected with the verbal root *ʕWD ‘to turn’ [↗ʕāda]. It is hard to avoid thinking, however, that the functional equivalent of *ʕād- in Akk, namely adīni ‘until now; not yet’, has something to do with it also in terms of etymology.1 In a broader perspective, an eventual connection between *ʕād and the protSem preposition *ʕaday ‘until’ is not to be excluded.2 «
▪ …
 
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For other items pertaining to √ʕWD/ʕYD, cf. ↗ʕāda, ↗ʕūd, ↗ʕādaẗ, ↗ʕādī, ↗ʕiyādaẗ, and ↗ʕīd (√ʕYD), as well as, for the whole picture, root entries ↗√ʕWD and ↗√ʕYD. 
ʕWḎ عوذ 
ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 3Mar2023
√ʕWḎ 
“root” 
▪ ʕWḎ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ʕWḎ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ʕWḎ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘refuge, protection, curtain, hideout, to seek refuge, to invoke the protection of; amulet, charm, incantation, tight circle’ 
▪ … 
– 
. 
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ʕWR عور 
ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021, last update 17Jul2023
√ʕWR 
“root” 
▪ ʕWR_1 ‘one-eyed’ ↗ʔaʕwarᵘ; ‘defectiveness, faultiness, deficiency, imperfection; weakness, weak spot; pudendum, genitals’ ↗ʕawraẗ; ‘to damage, mar, spoil’ ↗²ʕawwara; ? ‘to lend, loan (s.th. to s.o.)’ ↗ʔaʕāra; ? (EgAr) ‘false, artificial (teeth, hair)’ ↗ʕīraẗ
▪ ʕWR_2 ‘to alternate, take turns, do by turns’ ↗¹taʕāwara; ‘to befall, affect (alternately, successively) (s.o.), come (alternately, successively) (over s.o.)’ ↗¹ĭʕtawara; ? ‘to lend, loan (s.th. to s.o.)’ ↗ʔaʕāra; ? (EgAr) ‘false, artificial (teeth, hair)’ ↗ʕīraẗ
▪ ʕWR_3 ‘to shape, mold, form (said of heterogeneous influences or factors)’ ↗²ĭʕtawara
▪ ʕWR_4 ‘to stand in the way of, hinder’ ↗³ĭʕtawara
▪ ʕWR_5 ‘a variety of swallow’ ↗ʕuwwār
▪ ʕWR_6 ‘to gauge (measures, weights), test the accuracy (of measures, of weights)’ ↗ʕiyār, ↗miʕyār (s.r. ↗ʕYR)
▪ ʕWR_7 ‘naked, bare, nude’ ↗ʕariya (arranged s.r. ↗ʕRY)
▪ ʕWR_

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘loss of an eye, to be one-eyed, to be vulnerable, bad word, bad deed, defect, shame, s.th. to be kept from the eyes, infamous person; difficult, uncharted road; to fall prey; to borrow’ 
▪ [v1] Kogan2015 77 #8: from protWSem *ʕwr‘to be blind’ (SED I #5ᵥ). In Ar, semantic marginalization from ‘to be blind’ into ‘to be one-eyed’ took place. The basic meaning ‘to be blind’ is expressed by the root ↗ʕMY, of uncertain etymology (cf. SED I #3ᵥ). – The notions of ‘defectiveness, faultiness; weakness; pudendum, genitals’ expressed in the concept of ʕawraẗ seem to be generalisations from the basic ‘one-eyedness’ < *‘blindness’. In ‘pudendum, genitals’, the value comes close to that of ↗ʕār (↗ʕYR) ‘shame, disgrace, dishonor, ignominy’, but the causatives still make clear the different origin: while ²ʕawwara means ‘to damage, mar, spoil’, ↗ʕayyara is ‘to reproach, rebuke, insult, revile’. With this in mind, EgAr ↗ʕīraẗ ‘false, artificial (teeth, hair)’ is prob. better grouped here, under √ʕWR *‘defectiveness’, than under ↗ʕYR ‘shame, disgrace, etc.’; cf. also ʕWR_2 in the sense of ‘borrowing’ (‘false, artificial’ < *‘borrowed’)? – The idea of ‘lending, loaning’ (↗ʔaʕāra) is prob. rather akin to [v2], although it is not inconceivable that ‘lending, loaning’ is regarded as *‘leaving (the one who is lending s.th.) defective’ or *‘making (the receiving part) obliged, with a debt, i.e., with a “weak point”’.
▪ [v2] : A relation to [v1] is unlikely. No obvious Sem cognates either. BadawiHinds1986 arranges corresponding values (e.g, ʔaʕārᵃ, vb. IV, ‘to second, send on secondment’, muʕār ‘out on loan’) s.r. ↗√ʕYR, but this does not make things much clearer. – The basic value seems to be similar to the tL-stem, ¹taʕāwara, i.e., ‘to alternate, take turns, do by turns’, a notion that is repeated in the Gt-stem ↗¹ĭʕtawara ‘to befall, affect, come over s.o. alternately, successively’ (*‘alternation’ here combined with [v1] *‘damage < blindness’? But compare also ↗ʕRW, with ʕarā ‘to befall, grip, seize, strike, afflict’, ʕurwaẗ ‘tie, bond’, etc.). Thus, the *Š-stem, ʔaʕāra, today mostly used in the sense of ‘to lend, loan (s.th. to s.o.)’, originally must have meant *‘to alternate ownership, let people take turns in owning/using s.th.’, cf. the meaning ‘to second, send on secondment’ of vb. IV in EgAr (but see also the option mention sub [v1]). – DialAr ʕīraẗ ‘false, artificial’ may also be *‘borrowed’ rather than *‘deficient’.
▪ [v3] ²ĭʕtawara ‘to shape, mold, form (said of heterogeneous influences or factors)’: etymological affiliation unclear.
▪ [v4] ³ĭʕtawara ‘to stand in the way of, hinder’: etymological affiliation unclear.
▪ [v5] ʕuwwār ‘a variety of swallow’: no obvious cognates in Sem or outside. MilitarevStolbova2007 (StarLingTB) #2678 suggest kinship with the obsol. Ar †ʔaʕwar, dim. ʕuwayr ‘raven’, from Sem *ʕarw/y- ~ *ʕawr- ‘bird of prey’, but semantics would be slightly problematic here. There may also be some overlapping/influence from Ar ↗warwār ‘bee-eater’ (accord. to MilitarevStolbova2007 StarLingTB from Sem *ʔarVr- ~ *warwar- ‘bee-eater, used to find honey’; cf. also Eg wr ‘swallow’, etc. – see entry ↗warwār).
▪ [v6] ‘to gauge (measures, weights), test the accuracy (of measures, of weights)’: ↗ʕiyār, ↗miʕyār (s.r. ↗ʕYR)
▪ [v7] ‘naked, bare, nude’ ↗ʕariya (arranged s.r. ↗ʕRY)
 
– 
▪ [v1] Kogan2015 77 #8: Ug ʕwr, Hbr ʕiwwēr, Syr ʕwārā, Ar ʔaʕwarᵘ, Gz ʕora, Mhr ʔáywər, Jib ʕēr, Soq ʕóuhɛr. There is no trace of *ʕwr ‘to be blind’ in Akk; all the alleged cognates mentioned in SED I #5ᵥ are highly unreliable. – BDB1906 includes also forms in ‑m: Hbr ʕērōm, ʕêrōm ‘naked; nakedness’, ʕārōm, ʕârōm ‘naked’ (cf. ↗ʕRY). – Borg2021 #476: Saf ʕwr ‘to obliterate’, Ar ʕāra ‘to damage, destroy’, ʕawwara ‘to mar, spoil’, PalAr IrqAr OmanAr ‘to hurt, injure; bruise’, DamAr EgAr ‘to damage, mutilate’. – Outside Sem, Borg2021 compares Eg (Pyr) ʕwꜢ ‘to go bad, rot, become sour’ (cf. also ḥwꜢ.w ‘to rot; to putrefy; to be foul, offensive’).
▪ [v2] : BadawiHinds1986 arranges corresponding values (e.g, ʔaʕārᵃ, vb. IV, ‘to second, send on secondment’, muʕār ‘out on loan’) s.r. ↗√ʕYR. – Perh. overlapping with ↗ʕRW.
▪ [v3] : ?
▪ [v4] : ?
▪ [v5] : ? Cf. (with MilitarevStolbova2007 StarLingTB) Akk arru ‘bird used for decoy’, Syr ʔarrā ‘avis illicebra’ (< Akk ?), Tña ʔirir, ʔǝrir ‘bird which has an instinct to lead a honey gatherer to where there is honey’; ? Tña wari ‘kind of blackbird whose feathers have a metallic sheen’, Amh wari ‘a kind of blackbird’ ; outside Sem: Eg (Pyr) wr ‘swallow’; (WChad) Ha wā́rà ‘eagle’, (CChad) Higi-Futu, H.-Nkafa waři, H.-Kamale (Kapsiki) wəři, H.-Ghye wǝrì ‘kite’; Beja ḗrʔe ‘white-tailed sea-eagle’, (SCush) Dahalo (Sanye) weere ‘peafowl’; (NOmot) Woleta awriya ‘cock’ (< Sem?). – Or related to / influenced by ↗warwār (for cognates see s.v.) ?
▪ [v6] : ↗ʕiyār, ↗miʕyār (↗√ʕYR)
▪ [v7] : ↗ʕariya (↗√ʕRY)
 
▪ See above, section CONC.
 
▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl average, from Ar ʕawārīya ‘damaged goods’, from ʕawār ‘blemish’, from ʕawira ‘to become one-eyed, damaged’.
▪ Tu avarya: from It avaria ‘damage (esp. during transport by ship) < Ar ʕawāriyyaẗ ‘damage, damaged freight\goods’ < ʕawār ‘defective, damaged, rotten’ < vb. ʕāra ‘to be disabled, faulty, defective’. First attested 1870 in Schlechta-Wssehrd, Manuel terminologique français-turque : « [Fr] Avarie: [Tu] Hasarât-ı bahriye, âvârya » – NişanyanSözlük_1Sep2020. – Ge Havarie ‘Unfallschaden, Bruch’, from Ar ʕawāriyyaẗ ‘goods\freight damaged by sea water’ < ʕawār ‘defect, lack’ (cf. Ar ʕawwara ‘to damage, spoil’). Maritime trade brought the word to It (avaria) already by c. 1300, > oProv avarias (pl.) ‘expenditure, costs’, oFr mFr avaries (pl.) ‘charges levied on the transport of goods by sea, including for actual or potential damage’. From Fr is Du averij and haverij (made similar to Du haven by folk etymology) ‘operating costs of shipping, damage suffered by ship and cargo during the voyage, and resulting costs’, borrowed lC16 into nGe and NGe as Haverye, Haferye; in lit. lang. as Havarie only during C19; general for ‘accidental damage to vehicles and aircraft, damage and malfunctions to machines and equipment’ not earlier than C20 – DWDS_Pfeifer.
▪ Engl average ‘any small charge over freight cost, payable by owners of goods to the master of a ship for his care of the goods; financial loss incurred through damage to goods in transit’, lC15, from Fr avarie ‘damage to ship’ and It avaria. A word from C12 Mediterranean maritime trade, of uncertain origin; sometimes traced to Ar ʕawāriyyaẗ ‘damaged merchandise’. Du avarij, Ge haferei, etc., also are from Romanic languages. ... The meaning developed to ‘equal sharing of loss by the interested parties’. Transferred sense of ‘statement of a medial estimate, proportionate distribution of inequality among all’ is first recorded 1735. The mathematical sense ‘a mean proportion arrived at by arithmetical calculation’ is from 1755. Sports sense, of batting, attested by 1845, originally in cricket – EtymOnline. – Tu averaj < Fr average ‘sharing of costs of damage among partners in ship insurance’ (C15), ‘arithmetic mean’ (C18, suff. ‑age) < It avariaggio ‘insurance statement’ < It avaria ‘loss, damage in maritime trade’ < Ar ʕawār (ʕWR) ‘damage, fault, defect’; sense of ‘arithmetic middle’ is from 1938 (in Cumhuriyet) : Futbolun doğduğu memleket olan İngiltere’nin kullanmakta olduğu averaj şeklini – NişanyanSözlük_6Nov2013.
 
– 
²ʕawwar‑ عَوَّرَ , ‑ʕawwir‑ (taʕwīr)
 
ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 16Jul2023
√ʕWR 
vb., II
 
1 to deprive of one eye, make blind in one eye; 2 to damage, mar, spoil; 3 ↗ʕYR
 
▪ Like [v1], which is clearly dependent on ↗ʔaʕwarᵘ ‘one-eyed, half-blind’, also [v2] ‘to damage, mar, spoil’ is likely a function of the same base, though with a much more generalized meaning.
▪ ...
 
. 
▪ ↗ʔaʕwarᵘ
▪ Borg2021 #476: Saf ʕwr ‘to obliterate’, Ar ʕāra ‘to damage, destroy’, ʕawwara ‘to mar, spoil’, PalAr IrqAr OmanAr ‘to hurt, injure; bruise’, DamAr EgAr ‘to damage, mutilate’. – Outside Sem: Eg (Pyr) ʕwꜢ ‘to go bad, rot, become sour’ (cf. also ḥwꜢ.w ‘to rot; to putrefy; to be foul, offensive’).
 
▪ The Gt-stem (see DERIV) may be related, though semantics are not really clear: the element of ‘befalling, affecting’ is close to ‘damaging, spoiling’, but ‘alternately, successively’ points to the complex of ‘alteration’ treated sub ↗taʕāwara. – Cf. also ↗ʕRW (with ʕarā ‘to befall, grip, seize, strike, afflict’, etc.)
▪ ...
 
▪ For Tu avarya, Ge Havarie as well as Engl average, Tu averaj, see root entry ↗ʕWR.
▪ ...
 
►? ¹ĭʕtawara, vb. VIII, to befall, affect (alternately, successively) (s.o.), come (alternately, successively) (‑h over s.o.): see above, section DISC.

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗ʔaʕwarᵘ, ↗ʕawraẗ, EgAr ↗ʕīraẗ, ↗ʔaʕāra, ↗¹taʕāwara, ↗¹ĭʕtawara, ↗²ĭʕtawara, ↗³ĭʕtawara, and ↗ʕuwwār, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗ʕWR (with overlappings also from ↗ʕYR, ↗ʕRW and ↗ʕRY)
 
ʔaʕār‑ / ʔaʕar‑ أَعارَ / أَعَرْـــ , ‑ʕīr‑ (ʔiʕāraẗ) 
ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 16Jul2023
√ʕWR 
vb., IV
 
to lend, loan (‑h ‑h, s.th. to s.o.) – WehrCowan1976
 
▪ No obvious cognates in Sem. BadawiHinds1986 arranges EgAr vb. IV ʔaʕār ‘to second, send on secondment’ and related items (e.g., muʕār ‘out on loan’) sub ↗√ʕYR, but this does not make things much clearer. – The basic value seems to be similar to the tL-stem, ↗¹taʕāwara, i.e., ‘to alternate, take turns, do by turns’, a notion that is repeated in the Gt-stem ↗¹ĭʕtawara ‘to befall, affect, come over s.o. alternately, successively’ (*‘alternation’ here combined with *‘damage < blindness’, cf. ↗ʔaʕwarᵘ ? But also overlapping with ↗ʕarā ‘to befall, grip, seize, strike, afflict’, √ʕRW). Thus, the *Š-stem ʔaʕāra, today mostly used in the sense of ‘to lend, loan s.th. to s.o.’, originally must have meant *‘to let people take turn in owning/using s.th.’.
▪ A relation to ↗ʔaʕwarᵘ ‘one-eyed, half-blind’ is unlikely, though not completely inconceivable: perhaps, ‘lending, loaning’ is, originally, a *‘leaving (the one who is lending s.th.) defective’ or *‘making (the receiving part) obliged, with a debt, i.e., with a “weak point”’.
▪ ...
 
. 
▪ ↗¹taʕāwara. – BadawiHinds1986 arrange corresponding items (EgAr ʔaʕār ‘to second, send on secondment’, muʕār ‘out on loan’, etc.) sub ↗√ʕYR.
 
. 
See below, notes to ĭstiʕāraẗ and mustaʕār in section DERIV. 
►ĭstaʕāra, vb. X, to borrow (s.th., min from): t-stem of ʔaʕāra, self-refl.
►? EgAr ʕīraẗ, n.f., false, artificial (teeth, hair): < *‘borrowed’? See also ↗ʕawraẗ.
►ʔiʕāraẗ, n.f., lending: vn. IV
►ʔiʕārī, adj.: maktabaẗ ʔiʕāriyyaẗ, lending library, circulating library: nsb-formation from the preceding
►ĭstiʕāraẗ, n.f., 1 borrowing; 2 metaphor: vn. X, ¹lit., ²fig. use1
►ĭstiʕārī, adj., metaphorical, figurative: nsb-formation from the preceding (²ĭstiʕāraẗ)
►ʕāriyaẗ, var. ʕāriyyaẗ, n.f., pl. ʕawāriⁿ, 1a s.th. borrowed, borrowing; b loan: PA.f., functioning as quasi-vn.2
►muʕīr, n., lender: PA IV
►muʕār, adj., lent, loaned: PP IV
►mustaʕīr, n., borrower: PA X
►mustaʕār, adj., 1 borrowed; 2 used metaphorically or figuratively; 3 false, artificial (e.g., hair): PP X | ĭsm mustaʕār, pseudonym; wuǧūh mustʕāraẗ, masked faces; hypocrites3

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗ʔaʕwarᵘ, ↗ʕawraẗ, EgAr ↗ʕīraẗ, ↗²ʕawwara, ↗¹taʕāwara, ↗¹ĭʕtawara, ↗²ĭʕtawara, ↗³ĭʕtawara, and ↗ʕuwwār, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗ʕWR (with overlappings also from ↗ʕYR, ↗ʕRW and ↗ʕRY)
 
¹taʕāwar‑ تَعاوَرَ , ‑taʕāwar‑ (taʕāwur)
 
ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 16Jul2023
√ʕWR 
vb., VI
 
1 to alternate, take turns (‑h in s.th.), do by turns, take alternately (s.th.); 2 ↗ʕarā (√ʕRW) – WehrCowan1976
 
▪ A relation of [v1] to the most prominent notion attached to the root √ʕWR, that of *‘blindness’ (> Ar ‘one-eyedness’ > ‘deficiency, imperfection’, ↗ʔaʕwarᵘ, > ‘weakness > pudenda’ ↗ʕawraẗ) is unlikely. No obvious Sem cognates. Within Ar, closer kinship seems to exist only to the Gt-stem ↗¹ĭʕtawara ‘to befall, affect, come over s.o. alternately, successively’ and the *Š-stem ↗ʔaʕāra ‘to lend, loan s.th. to s.o.’ (< *‘to let own by turn, alternately’). – The basic value seems to be similar to that of the present tL-stem, i.e., ‘to alternate, come in intervals, take turns, do by turns’.
▪ The identity of meaning between [v2] and ↗ʕarā ‘to befall, grip, seize, strike, afflict’ shows that √ʕWR often overlaps with ↗ʕRW.
 
. 
▪ no obvious cognate in Sem.
▪ BadawiHinds1986 arranges corresponding values (e.g, ʔaʕār, vb. IV, ‘to second, send on secondment’, muʕār ‘out on loan’) s.r. ↗√ʕYR.
 
. 
– 
►¹ĭʕtawara, vb. VIII, to befall, affect (alternately, successively) (s.o.), come (alternately, successively) (‑h over s.o.): Gt-stem, prob. derived from same base as also ¹taʕāwara, perh. with overlapping/influence from ↗ʕawwara ‘to damage, spoil’ as well as ↗ʕRW (with ʕarā ‘to befall, grip, seize, strike, afflict’, ʕurwaẗ ‘tie, bond’, etc.).
►taʕāwur, n., alternation, variation, fluctuation: vn. VI

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗ʔaʕwarᵘ, ↗ʕawraẗ, EgAr ↗ʕīraẗ, ↗²ʕawwara, ↗ʔaʕāra, ↗²ĭʕtawara, ↗³ĭʕtawara, and ↗ʕuwwār, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗ʕWR (with overlappings also from ↗ʕYR, ↗ʕRW and ↗ʕRY)
 
¹ĭʕtawar‑ اِعْتَوَرَ , -ʕtawir- (ĭʕtiwār)
 
ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 17Jul2023
√ʕWR 
vb., VIII
 
1 to befall, affect (alternately, successively) (s.o.), come (alternately, successively) (‑h over s.o.); [2 to shape, mold, form ↗²ĭʕtawara; 3 to stand in the way, hinder ↗³ĭʕtawara] – WehrCowan1976
 
▪ Semantic relation (if any) between [v1] ‘to alternate, take turns, etc.’ and the two other values [v2]-[v3] remains unclear. The latter two are treated separately here, see ↗²ĭʕtawara and ↗³ĭʕtawara.
▪ [v1] seems to be a merger of two main ideas attached to the root ↗ʕWR: (a) *‘defectiveness, weakness’ (↗ʕawraẗ), which is prob. a generalisation from the basic ‘one-eyedness’ (↗ʔaʕwarᵘ) (< Sem *‘blindness’) and akin to the caus. D-stem ‘to damage, mar, spoil’ (↗²ʕawwara); (b) *‘alternation, taking turns’, as in tL-stem ↗¹taʕāwara ‘to alternate, take turns, do by turns’ (cf. also the *Š-stem ↗ʔaʕāra, today mostly used in the sense of ‘to lend, loan s.th. to s.o.’, prob. < *‘to alternate ownership, let people take turns in owning/using s.th.’). – Further etymology obscure. – Conspicuous semantic overlapping with ↗ʕarā ‘to befall, grip, seize, strike, afflict’, ↗√ʕRW.
 
. 
▪ ↗ʔaʕwarᵘ, ↗ʕawraẗ, ↗²ʕawwara, ↗¹taʕāwara; perh. also ↗ʕRW.
 
▪ See above, section CONC.
 
– 
►? taʕāwara, vb. VI, 1 to alternate, take turns (‑h in s.th.), do by turns, take alternately (s.th.); 2 to seize, grip, befall, overcome (alternately, successively) (s.o., s.th.): tL-stem, see above, section CONC as well as own entry ↗¹taʕāwara.

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗ʔaʕwarᵘ, ↗ʕawraẗ, EgAr ↗ʕīraẗ, ↗²ʕawwara, ↗ʔaʕāra, ↗²ĭʕtawara, ↗³ĭʕtawara, and ↗ʕuwwār, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗ʕWR (with overlappings also from ↗ʕYR, ↗ʕRW and ↗ʕRY)
 
²ĭʕtawar‑ اِعْتَوَرَ , -ʕtawir- (ĭʕtiwār)
 
ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 17Jul2023
√ʕWR 
vb., VIII
 
[1 to alternate, take turns, etc. ↗¹ĭʕtawara;] 2 to shape, mold, form (‑h s.th., said of heterogeneous influences or factors); [3 to stand in the way, hinder ↗³ĭʕtawara] – WehrCowan1976
 
▪ [v1] : see individual entry
▪ [v2] :Etymological affiliation obscure. Thus, also the semantic relation (if any) between this ²ĭʕtawara ‘to shape, mold, form’ and the other two values (↗¹ĭʕtawara’ and ↗³ĭʕtawara) remains unclear.
▪ [v3] : see individual entry
 
. 
▪ ?
 
▪ See above, section CONC.
 
– 
For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗ʔaʕwarᵘ, ↗ʕawraẗ, EgAr ↗ʕīraẗ, ↗²ʕawwara, ↗ʔaʕāra, ↗¹taʕāwara, ↗¹ĭʕtawara, ↗³ĭʕtawara, and ↗ʕuwwār, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗ʕWR (with overlappings also from ↗ʕYR, ↗ʕRW and ↗ʕRY)
 
³ĭʕtawar‑ اِعْتَوَرَ , -ʕtawir- (ĭʕtiwār)
 
ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 17Jul2023
√ʕWR 
vb., VIII
 
1 ↗¹ĭʕtawara; 2 ↗taʕāwara; 3 to stand in the way of (‑h), hinder (s.th.) – WehrCowan1976
 
▪ [v1], [v2] : see individual entries.
▪ [v3] : Etymological affiliation obscure. Thus, also the semantic relation (if any) between this ³ĭʕtawara ‘to stand in the way of (‑h), hinder (s.th.)’ and the other two values (↗¹ĭʕtawara’, ²ĭʕtawara) remains unclear.
 
. 
▪ ?
 
▪ See above, section CONC.
 
– 
For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗ʔaʕwarᵘ, ↗ʕawraẗ, EgAr ↗ʕīraẗ, ↗²ʕawwara, ↗ʔaʕāra, ↗¹taʕāwara, ↗¹ĭʕtawara, ↗²ĭʕtawara, and ↗ʕuwwār, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗ʕWR (with overlappings also from ↗ʕYR, ↗ʕRW and ↗ʕRY)
 
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