ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ZWR
▪ ZWR_1 ‘to (pay) visit, call on; (fig.) to afflict’ ↗zāra
▪ ZWR_2 ‘upper part of the chest; throat’ ↗zawr
▪ ZWR_3 (= ZYR_3) ‘ladies’ man, philanderer’ ↗zīr_3
▪ ZWR_4 ‘lie, untruth, falsehood; to forge, counterfeit, fake, simulate’ ↗zūr_1
▪ ZWR_5 ‘force’ ↗zūr_2
▪ ZWR_6 ‘to incline, turn aside; inclination, obliqueness; squint’ ↗zawar
▪ ZWR_7 (= ZYR_1) ‘large jar’ ↗zīr_1, arranged under √ZYR.
▪ ZWR_8 (= ZāR) : ‘zār ceremony’ ↗zār, arranged under √ZāR. Other values, now obsolete or dialectal only, include: - †ZWR_9 ‘phantom in sleep’ : †zawr
- †ZWR_10 ‘intellect; [? hence:] resoluteness, (strength of) determination’ : †zawr
- †ZWR_11 ‘stone which appears to a person digging a well, and which, being unable to break it, he leaves apparent; a mass of rock’ : †zawr (Lane)
- †ZWR_12 ‘(straight and slender) palm-branch from which the leaves have been stripped off : YemAr †zawr (Lane)
- †ZWR_13 ‘one time’ : †zawraẗ
- †ZWR_14 ‘slave’ : †zawraẗ
- †ZWR_15 (= ZYR_5) ‘angry, enraged’ : †zīr
- †ZWR_16 ‘deep (well)’ : †zawrāʔᵘ
- †ZWR_17 ‘silver vessel’ : †zawrāʔᵘ
- †ZWR_18 ‘Bagdad (town)’ : †zawrāʔᵘ
- †ZWR_19 ‘Tigris (river)’ : †zawrāʔᵘ
- †ZWR_20 (= ZYR_4) ‘rope binding the fore to the hind-girth’ : †ziwār, see MorAr ↗zayyar ‘to close (a button)’
♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘1 whole, centre or upper part of the chest, cleavage; 2 twist; 3 leaning towards; 4 paying a visit, visitor; 5 perjuring o.s.’
▪ The extremely large variety of meanings attached to √ZWR (and √ZYR) in ClassAr is reduced on MSA to ca. 8 major themes. Some few of these may be etymologically related to each other. DRS identifies 3 basic etyma, the first of which shows in itself a rather broad spectrum of meanings the interrelatedness of which is not always clear and well-established. variety is divided into treated as being based.
▪ In spite of still unclear semantics, we can assume values ZWR_9 through ZWR_19 to be secondary, based on one of the others.
▪ The distribution of the remaining values among the three major groups in DRS is as follows: - DRS #ZW/YR-1 covers: ZWR_1 (≙ DRS #1f) ‘to visit’; ZWR_4 (≙ DRS #1b) ‘lie, untruth, falsehood; to forge, counterfeit, fake, simulate’; ZWR_6 (≙ DRS #1a) ‘to incline, turn aside; inclination, obliqueness; squint’; ZWR_9 (≙ DRS #1g) ‘phantom appearing while one is asleep’: probably based on ZWR_1 ‘to visit’; ZWR_13 (≙ DRS #1c) ‘one time’: probably akin to ZWR_1 ‘to visit’ and/or ZWR_6 ‘to turn aside’; ZYR_6 (≙ DRS #1e) ‘angry, enraged’. – While ClassAr lexicography usually derives ZWR_1 ‘to visit’ from ZWR_6 ‘to turn aside’, others think it is rather from the value DRS #1d ‘to hate, dislike, abandon; stranger; enemy’ (not represented as such in Ar). – Relations within this complex are not really clear, a fact that is reflected in the question marks figuring in the DRS entry.
- DRS #ZW/YR-2 covers: ZWR_20 (= ZYR_4) †‘rope binding the fore to the hind-girth’, MorAr ↗zayyar ‘to close (a button)’, EgAr ‘to attach’ – The item seems to go back to a WSem root *ZW/YR ‘to join, press together’.
- DRS #ZW/YR-3 comprises only 1 item: ZWR_7 (= ZYR_1) ‘large jar’ – The etymology of this item is underresearched, though commonly believed to be Sem.
▪ ZWR_2 ‘upper part of the chest’ : does not seem to be Sem—but what then?
▪ ZWR_3 ‘ladies’ man, philanderer’ : commonly assumed to be dependent on ZWR_1 ‘to visit’.
▪ ZWR_4 ‘lie, untruth, falsehood; to forge, counterfeit, fake, simulate’ : regarded as Sem in DRS but elsewhere treated as a loanword.
▪ ZWR_5 ‘force’: regarded as a loanword in DRS, and therefore not attributed to theWSem theme *‘to compress’ (cf. ZWR_20 ≙ DRS #2a).
▪ ZWR_6 ‘to incline, turn aside; inclination, obliqueness; squint’: see above.
▪ ZWR_7 (= ZYR_1) ‘large jar’ : ≙ DRS ZW/YR#3.
▪ ZWR_8 (= ZāR) : ‘zār ceremony’ : commonly believed to to back (via EthSem) to a Cush etymon.
▪ DRS 8 (1999)#ZW/YR-1 (a) Akk zāru ‘tordre, être tordu’, Hbr JP zār ‘s’écarter de’, zawwēr ‘rouler’, Ar zawira ‘être penché, courbé; aller en biais’, (b) zāra ‘mentir, accuser faussement’, zawwara ‘altérer, falsifier, défigurer, embellir, orner’, zūr ‘mensonge vanité’, (c) zuraẗ ‘fois’, S Ar zāra ‘quelquefois’, Syr zawar ‘regarder de travers’, Gz Te Arg zora, Tña Amh Gur zorä, Gaf zärä ‘tourner, aller autour’, Gz zawwara ‘durer, subsister’; Amh zäwärwärra ‘vagabond; tortueux (chemin)’, zəwərwər ‘en vrille’, žort ‘hérisson’. – (d)? Akk zēru ‘ne pas aimer, haïr, éviter; abandonner’, zayyār ‘ennemi’, Hbr zār, Phoen oYa zr ‘étranger, d’autrui’, TargAram zār ‘loger chez qn’. – (e) Ar zīr ‘qui est en colère’; (f) zāra ‘visiter (un lieu saint)’, MġrAr zār ‘rendre visite’; zyāra ‘visite’; Qat štzr ‘tenter de visiter’, Mhr Jib Ḥrs zōr ‘visiter’, Te Amh Gur zäyyärä ‘visiter, aller en pèlerinage’, Te təzäyyärä ‘être fatigué, épuisé’. – (g) Ar zawr : ombre que l’on voit dans le sommeil.
▪ DRS 8 (1999)#ZW/YR-2 (a) Hbr zār ‘presser, écraser’, nHbr məzōrā ‘pressoir’, māzōr ‘pansement’, TargAram zār ‘retenir’, zəyārā ‘pressoir’, Syr zār, zəwar ‘prendre, tenir; frapper du poing’, zəwārā ‘poing, poignée; main, pouvoir; massue’; Ar zayyara ‘serrer, presser, serrer les lèvres à un cheval avec des tenailles; attacher’, tazayyara ‘être mis à l’étroit, être embarrassé’, ziyār ‘tenailles, étau’, EgAr zayyar ‘attacher’, MġrAr ‘serrer, comprimer’, HispAr ziyār ‘bâillon’, EAr zawr ‘jointée, poignée’; IrqAr zōr ‘sous-bois, buisson dans un lieu marécageux’, Gz zawwara ‘garder, cacher’. – (b)? Hbr zēr ‘bordure’, JP zīrā ‘couronne, guirlande’.
▪ DRS 8 (1999)#ZW/YR-3 Ar zīr, Mhr zayr, Jib zir ‘grande jarre à eau’, Sab zwyr (pl.) ‘distributeur d’eau’ ?
▪ ZWR_1 (≙ DRS #ZW/YR-1f) zāra ‘to (pay) visit, call on; (fig.) to afflict’ : probably to be seen together with ZWR_4 ‘lie, untruth, falsehood’ and ZWR_6 ‘to turn aside’; the latter may be the etymon proper, representing the basic value from which ZWR_1 ‘to visit’ (> ZWR_3) and ZWR_4 ‘to lie’ are derived. Others would derive it from ZWR_2 ‘upper part of the chest’. – Kogan2015: 552 (#23) takes it for given that Ar zāra ‘to visit’ and close values in SSem langs6
, if belonging together with Akk zêru ‘to dislike, to hate, to avoid’ and SamAram zr ‘strange, other’, all go back to the basic meaning of ‘to be an outsider; to be strange, foreign’. – Dolgopolsky2012 thinks (but also has some doubts) that we could be dealing with two—originally distinct—values that have flown together and overlapped in Ar zāra ‘to visit’: a WSem *-zūr- ‘to visit’7
that gave the vb. zāra in the sense of ‘to visit a holy place (e.g., the tomb of a saint) or a person whom one wants to pay respect to’,8
and a Sem *zar- ‘foreign(er), enemy’,9
whence the Sem vb. root *√ZʔR or *√ZWR ‘to be foreign, hostile’ (»with insertion of an additional cons. in the root-medial position due to requirements of the Sem verbal morphology and on the analogy of triconsonantic verbs«)10
that gave Ar zāʔir ‘visitor, pilgrim’, which was interpreted as a PA of zāra ‘to visit’ although deriving from Sem *√ZʔR or *√ZWR and originally meaning ‘foreign, hostile’. – DRS mentions that, in the WAr Jewish dialects a distinction is made between zwāraẗ ‘visit to a person’ and zyāraẗ ‘visit to the tomb of a revered person’. The latter value may be the more original one. – Cf. also ZWR_9 and ZWR_13, below.
▪ ZWR_2 zawr ‘upper part of the chest; throat’: This value is neither mentioned in DRS nor in Militarev&Kogan2000, obviously because it does not have a Sem dimension. Nevertheless, Dolgopolsky2012 tentatively (and with doubts) reconstructs Sem *zawr- and suggests to link the latter to words for ‘heart’ in Turk langs (e.g., Tu yürek, Turk *jür-äk); on this basis, he reconstructs a common origin in Nostr *ʒ̍ûr˅ ‘inside of body’. – Some ClassAr lexicographers regard it as the etymon of the vb. ‘to visit’ (ZWR_1), interpreting the latter as *‘to meet s.o. with one’s zawr (chest, bosom), or: to repair to s.o.’s zawr (i.e., direction)’; hence, zawr is also, in a fig. sense, the ‘direction of a person to whom one repairs’ (Lane). – To zawr in the sense of ‘upper part of the chest; throat’ belong probably also the obsol. nouns †zāraẗ, zāwiraẗ, and zāwūraẗ, all meaning ‘bird’s crop’. – An interesting link between ZWR_2 ‘upper part of the chest’ and ZWR_6 ‘to turn aside, be crooked, be distorted’ is the obsol. intr. vb. I, †zawira ‘to have a distorted zawr ’; cf. also †zawr ‘camel having the hump inclining’ (Lane).
▪ ZWR_3 : According to Lane iii (1867), a ‘ladies’ man, philanderer’ is called zīr because of his frequent visits to women, so the word seems to be dependent on ↗zāra ‘to visit’ (ZWR_1).
▪ ZWR_4 zūr ‘lie, untruth, falsehood; to forge, counterfeit, fake, simulate’: According to one research tradition, the word is from mPers. According to another tradition (≙ DRS #ZW/YR-1b), zūr has probably to be seen together with ZWR_1 and ZWR_6; the latter (‘to turn aside’ etc.) may be the etymon proper, representing the basic value from which both ZWR_1 ‘to visit’ (> ZWR_3) and ZWR_4 ‘to lie’ are derived. – In MSA, the corresponding D-stem (vb. II), zawwara, shows an exclusively negative meaning (‘to forge, falsify, counterfeit; to fake, simulate’), while in earlier times it was also often used with a positive connotation (†‘to set right; to improve; to embellish’).
▪ ZWR_5 zūr ‘force’ : probably (via Tu zor ?) from mPers zūr, zōr ‘strength, power, vigour, violence, strong effort, force’. – DRS, where the word is seen as a specifically IrqAr (and Ṭur nSyr) phenomenon, says that the item does not seem to be related (»ne relève apparemment pas…«) to the complex ‘to compress’ treated in DRS as #ZW/YR-2 (incl. Hbr zār ‘to press down and out’, Syr zār, zəwar ‘to compress’, Ar †zayyara ‘to twist the lip of a beast’, †ziwār ‘rope binding the fore to the hind-girth’, etc., MorAr ↗zayyar ‘to close [a button]’ = ZWR_20/ZYR_4). – Wahrmund1887 thinks it is vulgar for zawr which, according to the same author, is distorted from ↗ǧawr ‘injustice, oppression, outrage, wanton deviation’. – Should one also compare ZWR_10 ‘(strength of) determination’ (? > ‘lord, leader, master, chief’)?
▪ ZWR_6 (≙ DRS #ZW/YR-1a) zawar ‘inclination, obliqueness; squint’ and (ĭzwarra, vb. IX., ‘to turn aside’; ʔazwarᵘ, adj., ‘inclined, slanting, oblique; crooked, curved; squint-eyed, cross-eyed’11
: probably to be seen together with ZWR_1 ‘to visit’ (> ZWR_3) and perh. also ZWR_4 ‘lie, falsehood’ as their etymon proper; Zammit2002, at least, reports the ClassAr view that ‘to visit’ actually is from *‘to turn aside’. – An interesting link between ZWR_6 ‘to turn aside, be crooked, be distorted’ and ZWR_2 ‘upper part of the chest’ is the obsol. intr. vb. I, †zawira ‘to have a distorted zawr ’; cf. also †zawr ‘camel having the hump inclining’ (Lane).
▪ ZWR_7 (≙ DRS #ZW/YR-3) zīr ‘large jar’ : = ZYR_1; of unknown origin, probably Sem (< AfrAs?). – For details see ↗s.v.
▪ ZWR_8 zār ‘zar ceremony’: perh. via EthSem from a Cush lang. – For details see ↗s.v.
▪ ZWR_9 (≙ DRS #ZW/YR-1g) †zawr ‘phantom in sleep’ : ?, perhaps lit. *‘s.th. that visits you while you are asleep, dreaming’, from ZWR_1 ‘to visit’?
▪ ZWR_10 †zawr ‘intellect; [? hence:] resoluteness, (strength of) determination’, hence (?) also †zawr, zūr, ziwar ‘master, lord, chief, leader’, †ziwwar, †ziwarr ‘id.’, †ziwarr ‘hard, solid’ (Wahrmund): unclear whether we are dealing with the same item as ZWR_9 or with a derivation from ZWR_2 ‘upper part of the chest’ (as the seat of resoluteness?), or none of these. – Lane wants the reader to compare also zūr ‘force’ (ZWR_5).
▪ ZWR_11 †zawr ‘stone which appears to a person digging a well, and which, being unable to break it, he leaves apparent; a mass of rock’ (Lane) : obscure.
▪ ZWR_12 †zawr ‘(straight and slender) palm-branch from which the leaves have been stripped off’ : according to the lexicographers a value specific to YemAr use (Lane); semantics unclear, etymology obscure.
▪ ZWR_13 (≙ DRS #ZW/YR-1c) †zawraẗ ‘one time’ : according to DRS (following Nöldeke in Landberg, Glos. 1875) to be seen together with ZWR_1a ‘to turn aside’. As already observed by Nöldeke, the derivation of ‘one time’ from a vb. of motion has parallels in ↗marraẗ (from ↗marra ‘to pass by’), ↗ṭawr (from †ṭāra ‘to go round, hover round, approach’, ↗ṬWR), ↗tāraẗ (from †tāra ‘to run, flow’, ↗TWR).
▪ ZWR_14 †zawraẗ ‘slave’ : semantics obscure.
▪ ZWR_15 (≙ DRS #ZW/YR-1e) †zīr ‘angry, enraged’ : = ZYR_6. – Originally from √ZʔR?
▪ ZWR_16 †zawrāʔᵘ ‘deep (well)’ : so called because of its crookedness? The word is obviously the f. of adj. ʔazwarᵘ , see ZWR_6, above.
▪ ZWR_17 †zawrāʔᵘ ‘silver vessel’ : as ZWR_16.
▪ ZWR_18 †zawrāʔᵘ ‘Bagdad (town)’ : as ZWR_16.
▪ ZWR_19 †zawrāʔᵘ ‘Tigris (river)’ : as ZWR_16.
▪ ZWR_20 (≙ DRS #ZW/YR-2a) †ziwār ‘rope binding the fore to the hind-girth’ : cf. also †zāra (zawār) ‘to bind the fore to the hind-girth of a camel, (Lane:) to bind upon it the rope called ziwār ’; †ziyār ‘horse-twitchers’ barnacles, instrument with which a farrier twists the lip of a beast’ : see MorAr ↗zayyar ‘to close (a button)’, ClassAr †zayyara ‘to twist the lips (of a horse, of an animal) with a ziyār ’. Given the cognates mentioned in DRS, should we reconstruct a WSem root *ZW/YR ‘to join, press together’? – DRS does not think that the complex ‘to compress’ is etymologically related to ZWR_5 zūr ‘force’, which is treated as a specifically IrqAr (and Ṭur nSyr) phenomenon and believed to be (via Tu zor ?) from mPers zūr, zōr ‘strength, power, etc.’ (see above, ZWR_5). – Frequent overlapping with √ZR: (ZRR), cf. ↗zarra ‘to button up’, ↗zirr ‘button’.
6.
Qat s¹t -zr ‘to ask to visit’ (LIQ 59), Gz zora ‘to go around’ (CDG 646), Te zäwärä ‘to go around, to circulate’ (WTS 502), Tña zorä ‘to go about, to wander around’ (TED 2009), Amh zorä ‘to go around, to roam, not to be able to remain in the same place’ (AED 1664), Gog zorä ‘to go around’ (EDG 714, with cognates in other Gur). 7.
According to Dolgopolsky2012#2674 from AfrAs < Nostr *z̍UR˹i˺ (= *z̍Uŕ˹i˺ ?) ‘to look at, examine’ (or *žUR˹i˺ ‘to watch, to spy’). 8.
Dolgopolsky2012#2674: Cf. also Qtb štzr ‘tenter de visiter’, Te Amh zäyyärä ‘visiter, aller en pélérinage’, Mhr zōr ‘to visit a saint’s tomb’, ‘to visit (s.o.)’, E/CJib zɔr ‘to visit’, ? SamAram zrw ‘idolatry’. 9.
Sem < AfrAs < Nostr *z̍oR˅ ‘foreign, hostile’ – Dolgopolsky2012#2673. 10.
> Akk zêru ~ zeʔāru ‘to dislike, hate, avoid’, zāʔiru ~ zēʔiru ~ zêru ‘hostile’ (√ZʔR), BiblHbr zār ‘strange, foreign(er), non-Israelite’ (deriv. PP Š-stem mûzār ‘estranged’ > nHbr mûzār ‘strange, queer’), Phoen zr ‘strange, other’, oAram zr ‘foreigner’, Yd zr ‘stranger’. 11.
Hence also †zawraẗ, n.f., ‘she-camel that looks from the outer angle of her eye, by reason of her vehemence and sharpness of temper’ (Lane); zāwara, vb. III, ‘mit e-m scheelen Blicke ansehen’ (Wahrmund1887); †zawrāʔᵘ, n.f., ‘bow’ (Hava1899). http://www2.hf.uio.no/common/apps/permlink/permlink.php?app=polyglotta&context=ctext&uid=d8cd45f8-06ff-11ee-937a-005056a97067