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Etymological Dictionary of Arabic
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Click to Expand/Collapse OptionEtymArab
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miʕyār مِعْيار , pl. maʕāyīrᵘ
 
ID – • Sw – • BP 1677 • APD … • © SG | 19Jul2023
√ʕYR 
n. 
1 measuring, mensuration, gauging, measurement, measure; – 2 (pl. maʕāyīrᵘ) a standard measure, standard, gauge (of measures and weights); b standard; c norm – WehrCowan1976
 
▪ Etymology obscure. In MSA almost exchangeable with ↗ʕiyār.
▪ Perh. related to ↗ʕāra ‘to wander, etc.’, the index of scales *‘going to and fro’? Or to ↗†ʕYR_9 *‘prominent\protuberant part of s.th.’, as the scales show the excess of weight etc.? Cf. also below, section DISC.
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▪ No obvious cognates in Sem or outside, but cf. perh. ↗ʕāra or †²ʕayr (↗ʕYR_9) (see above, section CONC); see also below, section DISC.
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▪ According to Leslau2006 (CDG, s.v. Gz ʕarraya), Lindberg1897: 87 compares Gz ʕarräyä with Ar ʕāyara (L-stem) ‘to make even’.
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►miʕyār al-ʕayš, Iiving standard;
►miʕyār al-ḏahab, gold standard

►ʕāyara, vb. III, to gauge (measures, weights), test the accuracy (‑h of measures, of weights)
►ʕiyār, pl. ‑āt, n., 1 standard measure, standard, gauge (of measures and weights); 2a fineness (of gold and silver articles), standard (of gold and silver coins); b caliber; 3 (pl. -āt, ʔaʕyiraẗ) (rifle) shot (also ʕiyār nārī)
►ʕayyār, pl. ‑ūn, n., 1 ↗¹ʕayyār; 2 (pl. -āt) crane (machine)
►muʕāyaraẗ, n.f.: muʕāyaraẗ al-mawāzīn wa’l-makāyīl, verification of weights and measures of capacity (by the bureau of standards)

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗ʕāra, ↗ʕayyara, ↗ʕār, ↗¹ʕayr, ↗ʕīr, ↗ʕiyār, ↗¹ʕayyār, and ↗²ʕayyār, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗ʕYR (with overlappings also from ↗ʕWR, ↗ʕRW and ↗ʕRY).
 
ʕYS عيس 
ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 3Mar2023
√ʕYS 
“root” 
▪ ʕYS_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ʕYS_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ʕYS_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘camels of good stock, camel breeding, yellowish white (i.e. the colour of such camels)’. Philologists almost unanimously attribute the proper name ʕĪsà to a borrowing from either Hbr or Syr. A few, however, regard it as a derivation from forms associated with the concepts of camels of good stock and guidance. 
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ʕYŠ عيش 
ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ʕYŠ 
“root” 
▪ ʕYŠ_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ ʕYŠ_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘state and way of living, life (particularly of animals), to live, to make one’s home in a particular place or with a particular person, livelihood’ 
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