Bibliotheca Polyglotta

▪ Pennacchio2011: 10: »‘Shabbat’, sabt in Ar and šābaṯ in Hbr, which can only come from Judaism. This argument could be sufficient to prove a Jewish origin«.

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▪ DBD 1906: Ass šabātu prob. ‘to cease, be completed’, Hbr šāḇaṯ ‘to cease, desist, rest’, Ar sabata ‘to cut off, interrupt’. – Hbr šabbāṯ, Aram šabṯā ‘Sabbath’.
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#2215: Outside Sem: Hs šabta ‘to strike with a knife’ [?].

▪ Jeffery1938, 160-61: »(Sprenger and others would add to this subāt ‘rest’ in xxv, 49; lxxviii, 9.¹ ) – We find sabt only in relatively late passages and always of the Jewish Sabbath. The Muslim authorities treat it as genuine Ar from sabata ‘to cut’ [↗√SBT ], and explain it as so called because God cut off His work on the seventh day² (cf. Baiḍ. on ii, 61; and Masʕūdī, Murūǧ, iii, 423). – There can be no doubt that the word came into Ar from Aram ³ and probably from the Jewish šaḇtā rather than from the Syr šbtā. The verb sabata of vii, 163, is then denominative, as Fraenkel, Vocab, 21, has noted. It is doubtful if the word occurs in this meaning earlier than the Qurʔān.«
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#2215: AfrAs *sebit‑ ‘to cut’ > Sem *š˅bit‑ /*š˅but‑ (secondary variant with u after a labial) ‘cut, shave’ > Ar sbt‑, i, u. Also AfrAs > WCh *syab˅t‑. – AfrAs *sebit‑ is in its turn derived from *sib‑ ‘to cut, strike’ (cf. ↗√SBː (SBB)).

1. Leben, ii, 430; Grunbaum, ZDMG, xxxix, 584, but see Horovitz, KU, 96. 2. It is curious that the Muslims object to deriving it from the sense of ʻto restʼ (šbt) on the ground of Sura 1, 37. See Grunebaum, ZDMG, xxxix, 585. 3. Geiger, 54; von Kremer, Ideen, 226 n.; Hirschfeld, New Researches, 104; Horovitz, KU, 96; JPN, 186; Fischer, Glossar, 52.

▪ Not from Ar sabt but from the same etymon are Engl Sabbath, sabbatical, Shabbat: EtymOnline: »oEngl sabat ‘Saturday as a day of rest,’ as observed by the Jews, from Lat sabbatum, from Grk sabbaton, from Hbr šabbaṯ, properly ‘day of rest,’ from šāḇaṯ ‘he rested.’ Spelling with ‑th attested from lC14, not widespread until C16. – The Babylonians regarded seventh days as unlucky, and avoided certain activities then; the Jewish observance might have begun as a similar custom. Among Eur Christians, from the seventh day of the week it began to be applied early 15c. to the first day (Sunday), “though no definite law, either divine or ecclesiastical, directed the change” [Century Dictionary], but elaborate justifications have been made. The change was driven by Christians’ celebration of the Lord’s resurrection on the first day of the week, a change completed during the Reformation. – The original meaning is preserved in Span Sabado, Ital Sabbato, and other languages’ names for ‘Saturday.’ Hung szombat, Rum simbata, Fr samedi, Ge Samstag ‘Saturday’ are from VulgLat sambatum, from Grk *sambaton, a vulgar nasalized variant of sabbaton. Sabbath-breaking attested from 1650s.«
▪ Kluge2002#Sabbat: The word entered Ge in c13 as mHGe sabbat. From Lat sabbatum, sabbata < nLat-Grk sábbaton < Hbr šabbāṯ. The genuinely Jiddish form entered Ge as Schabbes, an elder variant of which resulted in Samstag ‘Saturday’.

► sabata, u, vb. I, to rest; to keep the Sabbath: Jeffery1938 thinks the verb is denominative.
► ʔasbata, vb. IV, to enter on the Sabbath: denom. (acc. to Jeffery1938).

► sabtī, pl. ‑ūn, adj./n., Sabbatarian (Chr.): nsb-adj.
► subāt lethargy; slumber, sleep:.
► subātī, adj., lethargic: nsb-adj from subāt.
► musbit, adj., lethargic, inactive, motionless: PA IV.

SBḤ سبح

√SBḤ

“root”

▪ SBḤ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SBḤ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SBḤ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to swim, to cover a long distance; to spread or disperse in the land, to dig or burrow in the earth; to be active, to toil; to be free, to declare as free from impurity’

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SBṬ سبط

√SBṬ

“root”

▪ SBṬ_1 ‘...’ ↗ʔasbāṭ
▪ SBṬ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ SBṬ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

▪ [v1] BAH2008: asbāṭ ‘tribes of the children of Israel’ (occurring five times in the Qur’an, e.g., 7:160) is a borrowing from Hbr.
▪ [v2] : …
▪ [v3] : …

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SBʕ سبع

√SBʕ

“root”

▪ SBʕ_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ SBʕ_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘number seven, to make up a group of seven, to be the seventh; animals and birds of prey (this meaning is said to be derived from seven, which is considered a perfect and powerful number)’

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▪ Bergsträsser1928: (*‘seven’) Akk (sību), Hbr šéḇaʕ, Syr šḇaʕ, Gz sabʕū́.
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▪ Several items in Eur langs derive from the Hbr cognate of Ar ↗sabʕ(aẗ). (Huehnergard2011:) Engl Shavuot, from Hbr šābûʕôt, pl. of šābûaʕ, ‘week’, from šebaʕ ‘seven’; shiva, from Hbr šibʕâ ‘seven’, f. of šebaʕ (see above)’. – Bathsheba, from Hbr bat šebaʕ ‘daughter of an oath’ (bat ‘daughter; cf. Ar bint); Elizabeth, from Hbr ʔĕlîšebaʕ ‘my God (is) an oath’ (ʔĕlî ‘my God; cf. Ar allāh); Beersheba, from Hbr bᵊʔēr šebaʕ ‘well of oath’ (bᵊʔēr ‘well’, cf. Ar biʔr); all from šebaʕ ‘oath’, from *šābaʕ ‘to swear’, possibly denom. from šebaʕ ‘seven’ (? < *‘to bind oneself with sevens’ in swearing oaths).

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