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Etymological Dictionary of Arabic
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ḥamuḍ‑ حَمُضَ , u (ḥumūḍaẗ) 
ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ḤMḌ 
vb., I 
to be or become sour – WehrCowan1979. 
▪ Youssef2003 thought the word is a loan from Copt (from Eg), but the current opinion is that it is the other way round. Rather, the Ar root √ḤMḌ is probably related to Eg ḥm3 ‘salt’. For details ↗ḥamḍ.
▪ Kogan2011: from protSem *ḥmṣ́ ‘to be sour’.
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▪ DRS 9 (2010) #ḤMḌ-1 Akk emēṣ‑ ‘être aigre, acide’, emṣ‑, enṣ‑ ‘aigre’, Ug ḥmṣ, Hbr ḥōmeṣ ‘vinaigre’, ḥāmēṣ ‘être sure, levée (pâte de pain)’, JP ḥᵃmaʕ ‘être sur, aigre’, Ar ḥamiḍa, ḥamuḍa ‘être aigre’, ḥamaḍa ‘manger des plantes amères et salsugineuses’, ḥamḍ: plante de ce type, Mhr ḥəmūź, Ḥrs ḥəmōź, Jib oḥõź, aḥmíź, EJib ḥõź ‘battre le beurre’, Mhr ḥayməź, Jib ḥĩź ‘tourner en beurre’, Mhr Jib ḥamź ‘yoghourt’, Soq ḥémaḍ ‘lait caillé’, Mhr ḥāməź, Ḥrs ḥāməḏ̣ ‘aigre’, Soq móḥmiḍ ‘outre à beurre’; Gz Amh ḥomṭāṭṭā ‘aigre, vinaigre’.
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▪ Youssef2003 thinks that Ar ḥāmiḍ is from Eg ḥmḏ, Copt ḥmǧ ‘vinegar’. But both
▪ Calice and Erman1892 think the word is a borrowing.1 In addition, also
▪ TLÆ, which does have an Eg ḥmǧ ‘vinegar’ (lemma no. 105840), says that it is a loan word from Sem.
▪ For a relation of Ar √ḤMḌ with Eg ḥm3 ‘salt’ cf. ↗ḥamḍ.
 
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►ḥammaḍa, vb. II, 1 to make sour, sour, acidify, acidulate (s.th.); 2 to develop (a photographic plate, a film; phot.); 3 to cause (s.th.) to oxidize

►ḥamḍ, pl. ʔaḥmāḍ, n., acid (chem.) | ~ bawlī, n., uric acid
►šaǧar ḥamḍī, n. pl., citrus trees
►ḥamḍiyyaẗ, pl ‑āt, n.f., citrus fruit
►ḥumūḍaẗ, n.f., sourness, acidity | muwallid al‑~, n., oxygen (chem.)
►ḥummāḍ, var. ḥummayḍ, n., sorrel (bot.)
►taḥmīḍ, n., 1 souring, acidification; 2 development (phot.)
►ʔiḥmāḍ, n., jocular language, joking remark
►ḥāmiḍ, adj., n., 1 sour, acid; 2 acidulous; 3 (pl. ḥawāmiḍᵘ), acid (chem.) | ~ al-faḥm, n., carbonic acid; ~ kibrītī, n., sulphuric acid 
ḤML حمل 
ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ḤML 
“root” 
▪ ḤML_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ ḤML_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘load, burden, to bear, to carry; to bear up, to sustain; animals of burden; to take up, to carry off; to become angry, to charge; to depart, a camel’s litter; to forebear; to conceive a child, pregnancy, to fruit; a lamb’ 
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▪ DRS 9 (2010) #ḤML-1 Hbr ḥāmal ‘avoir de la compassion pour; épargner, ménager’. -2 Ar ḥamala ‘porter; être enceinte; attaquer (ʕalà)’, ḥiml ‘charge’, ḥammāl ‘portefaix’, Sab ḥml ‘amener, faire entrer (dans un lieu), refouler dans un endroit, prendre d’assaut; offrir’, Mhr ḥəmūl, Ḥrs ḥəmōl, Soq ḥə́mɔl ‘porter, supporter’, Jib ḥõl ‘porter, emporter; transhumer, aller çà et là’, Ḥrs ḥəmōl ‘attaquer’, Mhr ḥāməl, ḥəmáwlət, Ḥrs ḥəmélət, Jib ḥĩlət ‘charge’, Gz ḥamala ‘porter, transporter (une charge)’, ḥəml ‘charge, fardeau’, Amh ḥammälä ‘portefaix’. -3 Gz Te ḥaml ‘verdure’, Tña ḥamli ‘légume (spécialement chou, moutarde, sénevé vert)’, Har ḥūl, Gaf amlä, Gur amel ambel, ambi ‘chou’; – Te ḥamle, Tña ḥamälä ‘recueillir des légumes’. -4 Te hamlä ‘être ou devenir tendre, mou’, täḥammälä ‘devenir insouciant, se croire sûr’. -5 Ar ḥamal ‘agneau’.
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▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl hamal, from Ar ḥammāl ‘porter’, from ḥamala ‘to carry’. 
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