Bibliotheca Polyglotta

ǧīm جيم

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√

R₁

The letter ǧ of the Arabic alphabet.

▪ From protSem *gaml‑ ‘throwstick’ – Huehnergard2011.
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▪ Cf. Engl gamma, from Grk gamma, from Phoen *gaml ‘throwstick (?), third letter of the Phoen alphabet’; gimel, from Hbr gîmel ‘gimel’, alteration of Phoen *gaml (see above) - Huehnergard2011.

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ǦʔR جأر

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 5Mar2023

√ǦʔR

“root”

▪ ǦʔR_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ǦʔR_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ǦʔR_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘(of cattle) to low; to cry for help; anxiety; (of plants) to grow tall and plentiful; to be stout’

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Ǧālūt جالوت

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 22Oct2022

√ǦāLūT, ǦLT

n.prop.

Goliath

▪ According to Jeffery1938, the Qurʔānic Ǧālūt is (prob. influenced by Hbr gālûṯ, Aram galūṯā ‘exile’) from Hbr Gālyaṯ ‘Goliath’.
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▪ Q 249-51.
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▪ Jeffery1938: »There was very general agreement among the Muslim authorities that the name was not Arabic, even Rāġib, Mufradāt, 94 […]; cf. also al-Ǧawālīqī, Muʕarrab, 46; LA, ii, 325; TA, i, 535. / Clearly Ǧālūt is an attempt to reproduce the Hbr Gālyaṯ of the OT narrative, of which the Qur’ānic story is obviously a garbled version.¹ Hirschfeld, New Researches, 13, suggested that the Qurʔānic / form is due to Muḥammad’s informant having misread the [Hbr] Gālyaṯ of his MS as Gālûṯ, which of course it was very easy to do, and vowelling it [Hbr] Gālûṯ gave Muḥammad his Ǧālūt. This is very ingenious and has in its favour the fact that the Goliath story occurs only in the late Madina period when Muḥammad was beginning to pick up more and more detailed information from the Jews. It is difficult, however, to think that any Jewish informant skilled enough to read the Hbr text would not have known the Biblical story well enough to have avoided such a mistake, unless indeed he deliberately misled Muḥammad. / Like the Aram glwtʔ (Syr galūṯā),² the word [Hbr] gālûṯ means an exile, and in the Talmud (e.g. Sukkah, 31a), the Exilarch is called ryš glwtʔ, so Horovitz, KU, 106, suggests that this glwt, which must have been commonly used among the Jews of Arabia, may have become confused in Muḥammad’s mind with the Gālyaṯ of the Biblical story, and so have given rise to Ǧālūt. In any case we are safe in attributing the introduction of the name to Muḥammad himself, for no trace of it can be found in pre-Islamic days.³ «
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1. Geiger, 182; Syez, Eigennamen, 44. 2. Which indeed was borrowed into Armenian. Cf. gałowť Hübschmann, Arm. Gramm, i, 301). 3. It occurs in a verse of the Jewish poet as-Samawʔal, but Nöldeke, ZA, xxvii, 178, shows that the verse in question is post-Islamic and under Qur’ānic influence.

▪ Not from Ar Ǧālūt but ultimately from the same Hbr source are the Western names for the Biblical giant, e.g., Engl Goliath, 1590s, from lLat Goliath, from Hbr Gālyaṯ, name of the Philistine giant slain by David (I Samuel xvii).
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ǧāmūs جامُوس , pl. ǧamāmīsᵘ

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ǦāMūS, ǦMS

n.

buffalo – WehrCowan1979.

From the same mPers etymon as modPers gāvmīš ‘(water) buffalo’, from Av gāvo-māešī ‘id.’, lit. ‘cow-sheep/ram’, first component from IE *gʷou‑ ‘cow, ox, bull, domestic animal’ (which also gave, with reduction to the female, Germ *k(w)ōw‑ ‘cow’, cf. Engl cow, G Kuh; Kluge2002: cf. also Sum gu_x, gud, guř_x ‘domestic ox, bull’¹ ? ), second component from (Nourai:) IE *moiso ‘sheep’.

1. Halloran3.0

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▪ DRS 3 (1993) #GMŠ-1-3 .... -4 Syr gawmūš, gamīšā, Mnd gamušan, gamišan, gamšin, Ar ǧāmūs ‘buffle’, Gz Te gamus : tête de bétail européen sans bosse, Amh Arg goš, Har goōš, Gur gäs ‘buffle’; Gz gamas : anneau en corne de buffle, Te gamus : anneau fait d’ongle de buffle. -5 ....
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See section CONCISE above.

The first part of the word ǧā-mūs goes back to the same IE word *gʷou‑ for ‘cow, ox, bull, domestic animal’ as Engl cow, Ge Kuh, etc.

► ǧāmūsaẗ, n.f., buffalo cow

*ǦB- جبـ

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 18Oct2022

√*ǦB-

2-cons. root nucleus

▪ DRS #GB: Diverses rac. contenant ces deux consonnes accompagnées d’une liquide, d’une nasale, d’une pharyngale ou d’une laryngale, semblent sémantiquement liées. Avec le sens de

[1] *‘hauteur, éminence’, on peut citer GBʔ/W/Y, GBB, GBH, GBḤ, GBL, GBN, GBʕ, ?GWB. – Le sens de
[2] *‘puits, fosse’ est vraisemblablement lié au précédent, la valeur de base étant alors celle de ‘dénivellation’, et se trouve illustré en particulier par GBʔ/W/Y, GBB, GBL; v. peut-être aussi GBʕ, GYB, QBʕ. – Pour une valeur
[3] *‘rassembler, réunir, coaguler’, non sans rapport sans doute avec celle de
[4] *‘tresser’, et peut-être aussi de
[5] *‘mélanger, pétrir’, v.s. GBʔ/W/Y, GBB, GBH, GBL, GBN, GWB, GʕB. –
[6] *‘s’affaiblir, devenir mou, lâche’: GBʔ/W/Y, GBB, GBGB, GBH, GBḤ, GBN, GʕB.

D’autres renvois pour des valeurs d’une extension plus limitée se trouvent s. les différentes rac.
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▪ See above, section ENGL.
▪ For Ehret1995#262, the bi-consonantal “pre-Proto-Semitic” (pPS, i.e., preSem) root *GB ‘great’ (DRS #GB-1)) has a background in AfrAs *gâb- ‘great (esp. in size and number)’.
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▪ According to Ehret1995#262, the 2-cons. “pre-Proto-Semitic” root *GB ‘great’ has several extensions, reflected in Ar:

*GB- + “durative” *-gʷ > √ǦBǦ vn. ǧabǧ ‘to recover and regain strength’
*GB- + “adjective suffix” *-r > ↗√ǦBR, adj. ǧabbār ‘strong, powerful’
*GB- + “adjective suffix” *-l > ↗√ǦBL, adj. ǧabl ‘numerous’

▪ For other 3-cons. extensions see above, section ENGL.
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ǦBː (ǦBB) جبّ/جبب

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 16Oct2022, last updated 20Oct2022

√ǦBː (ǦBB)

“root”

▪ ǦBː (ǦBB)_1 (≙ DRS #GBB-2) ‘well, cistern, pit’ ↗¹ǧubb
▪ ǦBː (ǦBB)_2 (≙ DRS #GBB-7) ‘long outer garment, jubbah’ ↗¹ǧubbaẗ

Other values, now obsolete, include (BK1860, Lane II 1865, Hava1899):

▪ ^†ǦBː (ǦBB)_3 (cf. DRS #GBB-1) ‘déchet, rebut’ : ^†¹ǧubāb
▪ ^†ǦBː (ǦBB)_4 (cf. DRS #GBB-2) ‘eye-bone, bone that surrounds the cavity of the eye’ : ^†²ǧubbaẗ, meaning also ‘poignet; cheville, point où le sabot se joint au tibia | joint between the hind shank and the thigh, shank-joint; part of a spearhead into which the shaft enters’
▪ ^†ǦBː (ǦBB)_5 (cf. DRS #GBB-3) ‘to cut off; to emasculate’ : ^†ǧabba (u, ǧabb) (vb. I); cf. also ^†¹ĭǧtabba (vb. VIII) ‘couper | trancher (la bosse du chameau); châtrer (par ablation totale), supprimer, retrancher’, ^†maǧbūb ‘eunuch’, ^†ʔaǧabbᵘ ‘having its hump cut off or eroded by the saddle, or having no hump (camel), having no buttocks or thighs (woman); qui n’a pas de fesses; qui a la peau usée, consumée par les pustules’; ? cf. also ^†³ǧubbaẗ ‘bourrelet du sabot (du cheval)’
▪ ^†ǦBː (ǦBB)_6 (cf. DRS #GBB-4) ‘dearth | sécheresse, disette’ : ^†ǧabāb, ^†²ǧubāb
▪ ^†ǦBː (ǦBB)_7 (cf. DRS #GBB-5) ‘plain, open space, field, desert’: ^†¹ǧabābaẗ; cf. also ^†ǧabūb ‘earth (in general); hard, rugged land’, ^†ǧabūbaẗ ‘morceau, motte de terre, de boue’, ^†maǧabbaẗ (pl. āt) ‘grand chemin, grande route, route (frayée) | middle, or main part (of a road)’
▪ ^†ǦBː (ǦBB)_8 (cf. DRS #GBB-6) ‘to impregnate, fecundate (palmtrees, with the pollen of the male trees)’: ^†ǧabba (u, ǧabāb) (vb. I)
▪ ^†ǦBː (ǦBB)_9 (≙ DRS #GBB-8) ‘to overcome’: ^†ǧabba (u, ǧabb) (vb. I); cf. also ^†ǧābba (vb. III) ‘l’emporter sur | to vie, contend with s.o. for superiority in goodliness, beauty, etc.’, ^†ǧibāb, n., ‘lutte, dispute, émulation’; (?) also related: ^†taǧābba (vb. VI) ‘to marry one another’s sister (two men)’
▪ ^†ǦBː (ǦBB)_10 ‘white hair from the feet to the knees of a horse’: ^†ǧabab, taǧbīb; cf. also ^†¹ǧabbaba (vb. II) ‘to be white-footed (horse)’, ^†muǧabbab ‘having white hair from his feet to his knees (horse)’; cf. perh. also ^†³ǧubbaẗ ‘bourrelet de sabot (du cheval)
▪ ^†ǦBː (ǦBB)_11 (cf. DRS #GBB-1?) ‘se couvrir d’écume’: ^†ʔaǧabba (vb. IV); cf. also ^†³ǧubāb ‘crème (de lait de chamelle) | butter, or what is produced by churning, of camels’ milk’
▪ ^†ǦBː (ǦBB)_12 ‘bush, shrub’: ^†²ǧubb
▪ ^†ǦBː (ǦBB)_13 ‘to shrink, be averse, withdraw; to escape, fly’: ^†²ǧabbaba (vb. II)
▪ ^†ǦBː (ǦBB)_14 ‘parcourir et visiter (des pays, des villes)’: ^†²ĭǧtabba (vb. VIII)
▪ ^†ǦBː (ǦBB)_15 ‘portion, partie, quantité déterminée payable à l’échéance’: ^†²ǧabābaẗ
▪ ^†ǦBː (ǦBB)_ ‘…’ : ^†…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to cut, sever; the crust of the earth; hard rocky land; any kind of well, a large-mouthed well, well containing much water, deep well, also well that is not deep’

▪ ǦBː (ǦBB)_1 (cf. DRS #GBB-2): from WSem² *gibb- ‘pit, well’ – Kogan2015 117#7. Cf., however, DRS where the authors “without doubt” assume that not only the Akk but also Ar word is dependent on Aram (so also already Jeffery1938).
▪ ǦBː (ǦBB)_2 (cf. DRS #GBB-7) ‘long outer garment, jubbah’: …
▪ ^†ǦBː (ǦBB)_3 (cf. DRS #GBB-1) ‘déchet, rebut’ : prob. same as ^†[v6].
▪ ^†ǦBː (ǦBB)_4 (cf. DRS #GBB-2) ‘eye-bone’: prob. related to [v1], sharing with ‘pit, well’ the idea of surrounding the cavity of s.th.; dto. the ‘part of a spearhead into which the shaft enters’
▪ ^†ǦBː (ǦBB)_5 (cf. DRS #GBB-3) ‘to cut off, castrate, emasculate, eunuch; having no hump etc.’: … – Cf., however Kogan2011: Ar ^†ǧabab ‘erosion of the hump of a camel’ from protWSem *gbb, *gbn ‘hump, hunchback’.
▪ ^†ǦBː (ǦBB)_6 : prob. identical with ^†[v3].
▪ ^†ǦBː (ǦBB)_7 (cf. DRS #GBB-5) ‘plain, open space, field, desert’: …
▪ ^†ǦBː (ǦBB)_8 (≙ DRS #GBB-6) ‘to impregnate, fecundate (palmtrees, with the pollen of the male trees)’: related to ^†[v5] ‘to cut off’?
▪ ^†ǦBː (ǦBB)_9 (cf. DRS #GBB-8) ‘to overcome’: …?
▪ ^†ǦBː (ǦBB)_10 ‘white hair from the feet to the knees of a horse’: …
▪ ^†ǦBː (ǦBB)_11) : According to DRS, comm. ad #GBB-1, the value ‘se couvrir d’écume; crème (de lait de chamelle) | butter, or what is produced by churning, of camels’ milk’ should perh. be seen as related to DRS #GBB-1, due to the frequent association ‘to pile up – coagulate’.
▪ ^†ǦBː (ǦBB)_12 ‘bush, shrub’: …
▪ ^†ǦBː (ǦBB)_13 ‘to shrink, be averse, withdraw; to escape, fly’: according to DRS, comm. on #GBB-3, Ar ǧabbaba (as also Hbr gaband Gz gäbbo ‘côté, côte’) depend on Sem √GNB (see Ar ↗ǧanb ‘side’), with assimilation *nb > bb.
▪ ^†ǦBː (ǦBB)_14 ‘parcourir et visiter (des pays, des villes)’: …
▪ ^†ǦBː (ǦBB)_15 ‘portion, partie, quantité déterminée payable à l’échéance’: …
▪ ^†ǦBː (ǦBB)_ ‘…’ : ^†…

2. Akk agubbū, egubbū ‘bassin pour l’eau sacrée’ et ‘eau sacrée’ ne dépend pas de cette rac.; c’est un empr. Sum – DRS, notes on #GBB_2.

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▪ DRS #GBB-1 nHbr gibbēb, JudPalAram gᵊbab, gabbēb ‘entasser, rassembler, ratisser’; PhlvAram gbb ‘foin’, TalmAram gᵊbābā ‘herbes sèches, ramilles, flocons de laine’, Mnd *gbaba, *gababa ‘écheveau, pelote de fil’; Ar ǧubāb ‘déchet, rebut’?, Te gabäbä ‘tresser les cheveux’. -2 Akk gubb‑ ‘citerne, puits’, Hbr gēb, Aram gubbā ‘fosse, citerne’, Ar ǧubb ‘puits naturel et permanent; bassin-citerne’, Gz Te gəbb ‘fosse’, Amh gubbät ‘golfe’, Syr gūbᵃtā ‘jonc creux avec lequel on éteint les chandelles’, Ar ǧubbaẗ ‘encoche dans le fer où s’enfonce le bois de la lance’, Hbr gab ‘arcade sourcillière’, Ar ǧubbaẗ ‘os qui entoure l’œil, orbite’, Hbr gab ‘jante de roue’?, nWAram gappōnā ‘mur’. -3 Hbr gab, PhlvAram gb (?), JudPalAram gabbā ‘dos, corps’, nWAram guppōtā ‘croupe, derrière’, JudPalAram gab, gabbē ‘vers, avec’, nWAram gapp ‘près de’, nSyr gībā ‘côté’, Hbr gab ‘hauteur’, JudPalAram gibᵊbā ‘ sommet’, Syr gᵊbibā ‘bossu’, Mnd ɛtg’b’b ‘être courbé’, Amh gʷäbbäbä, Te gäb belä ‘être courbé, s’incliner’, gobäbb alä ‘avoir le dos vouté’, Hbr gab ‘bosses de bouclier’, Ar ʔagabbᵘ ‘(chameau) amputé de la bosse, blessé par le bât; castré’, ĭǧtabba ‘trancher (la bosse du chameau); châtrer (par ablation totale), supprimer, retrancher’; ? Ar ǧubbaẗ ‘bourrelet du sabot (?)’. -4 Ar ǧabāb ‘sécheresse, disette’, Te gäbbä ‘devenir pauvre’, gεbub ‘pauvre’, gäb belä ‘être affamé’. -5 Ar ǧabūb ‘sol, terrain, glèbe, terre friable’, maǧabbaẗ ‘route (frayée)’, ? Akk gabīb- : sorte de terre de pâture. -6 Ar ǧabba ‘féconder (un palmier)’. -7 ǧubbaẗ, Te gäbbät: sorte de robe. -8 Ar ǧabba ‘surpasser’, ǧābba ‘l’emporter sur’. -9 Soq geb(b) ‘nager’. -10 Akk gabb-: partie du corps : ‘cervelle (?)’.
▪ ad ^†ǦBː (ǦBB)_5 (DRS #GBB-3) in the value ‘having no hump etc.’ cf. also Kogan’s (2011 #7.4.3) juxtaposition: Hbr gibben ‘hunchbacked’, JudPalAram gbynth ‘hump’, Syr gbab ‘to be hunchbacked’, Ar ǧabab ‘erosion of the hump of a camel’, Amh gʷäbäbb alä ‘to be hunchbacked’, Muh gʷəbən ‘hunchbacked’; SED I #67); cf. perh. also (from protWSem *gbṯ >) Ug gbṯt ‘humps’ Te gäbəs ‘crook-backed’, Wol gumbus ‘hunchbacked’; SED I #82^v).
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▪ For Engl jumper, see ↗ǧubbaẗ.

▪ See ↗√*ǦB- .
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ǧubb جُبّ , pl. ʔaǧbāb, ǧibāb

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 16Oct2022

√ǦBː (ǦBB)

n.

well, cistern; pit – WehrCowan1976

▪ from WSem *gibb- ‘pit, well’ – Kogan2015 117#7.
▪ Cf., however, DRS where the authors “without doubt” assume that not only the Akk but also Ar word is dependent on Aram (so also already Jeffery1938).
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▪ Kogan2015 117#7 : Hbr gēb, Syr gubbā, Ar ǧubb, Gz gəbb. – Akk gubbu ‘well’ is borrowed from Aram (cf. AbrahamSokoloff2011: 31).
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▪ see above, section CONC.
▪ Earlier, Jeffery1938 had argued: »The word is usually taken as a derivation from ǧabba ‘to cut off’, though exactly how it is to be derived from this root is not clear. Rāġib, Mufradāt, 82, gives an alternative explanation, that it is so called because dug out of the ǧabūb, i.e., ‘rough ground’. / It is used only in the Joseph story, where in the OT we have bwr, but the Targums read gbʔ or gwbʔ, and the Peshitta has gwbʔ. The origin would thus be Aram and probably it was an early borrowing.⁴ There is a Min gwb but the meaning is uncertain (Rossini, Glossarium, 121).«
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4. Bräunlich, Islamica, i, 327, notes that it is a borrowed term. – Cf. also Zimmern, Akkadische Fremdwörter, 44. – It is also the origin of the Arm gub; cf. Hübschmann, i, 302.

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For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗ǧubbaẗ as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√ǦBː (ǦBB).

ǧubbaẗ جُبّة , pl. ǧubab, ǧibāb, ǧabāʔibᵘ

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 16Oct2022

√ǦBː (ǦBB)

n.f.

jubbah, a long outer garment, open in front, with wide sleeves – WehrCowan1976

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▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl jumper, from Ar ǧubbaẗ, a long garment with wide, open sleeves, from Ar ^†ǧabba, vb. I, ‘to cut’, cf. ↗ǦBː (ǦBB).

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗ǧubb as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√ǦBː (ǦBB).

ǦBʔ جبأ

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 18Oct2022, last update 22Oct2022

√ǦBʔ

“root” (extinct)

▪ ^†ǦBʔ_1 (≙ DRS #GBʔ/W/Y-1) ‘hollow of stagnating water’: ^†¹ǧabʔ (pl. ǧabʔaẗ, ǧibʔaẗ, ʔaǧbuʔ)
▪ ^†ǦBʔ_2 (cf. DRS #GBʔ/W/Y-1 and -4) ‘to conceal o.s.’: ^†ǧabaʔa ( a, ǧabʔ, ǧibāʔ, ǧubūʔaẗ); ^†¹ʔaǧbaʔa (vb. IV) ‘to conceal s.th.; to extinguish (a fire)’; ^†ǧabaʔa ʕalà ‘to come upon s.o. of a sudden; to come out against s.o. (snake, wild beast)’; (ǧabʔ, ǧubūʔ) ʕan ‘to shrink, desist from; to draw back in fear; to recoil from s.th. (eye, sword)’; ^†ǧubaʔ, ǧubaʔaẗ ‘cowardly, dastardly man’
▪ ^†ǦBʔ_3 (? cf. DRS #GBʔ/W/Y-1) ^†²ǧabʔ (pl. ǧabʔaẗ, ǧibʔaẗ,ʔaǧbuʔ) and ‘red truffles’ ^†ǧabaʔ, ‘red truffles’, ^†²ʔaǧbaʔa, vb. IV, ‘to bring forth truffles (soil)’, ^†ʔarḍ muǧbaʔaẗ, ‘land full of truffles’
▪ ^†ǦBʔ_4 (? cf. DRS #GBʔ/W/Y-1) ‘locust’: ^†ǧābiʔ
▪ ^†ǦBʔ_ ‘…’: …

▪ From WSem *√GBʔ ‘to gather, collect’ – Huehnergard2011.
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▪ DRS #GBʔ/W/Y-1 nHbr gābā ‘encaisser’, gibbuy ‘collecte’, gabbāy ‘collecteur’; TalmAram gᵊbā ‘faire rentrer’, gabbāyā, gābōyā ‘collecteur’, cf. Palm gbʔ, gby ‘taxer, lever des impôts’, Syr gᵊbā ‘recueillir (de l’eau, les impôts), choisir, élire’, Mnd gba ‘rassembler, choisir’, nSyr gāwi ‘mendier, recueillir (des souscriptions, etc.), choisir’; (Aysor) gʸävi ‘mendier’, gʸäb ‘rassembler; fermenter, déborder’; Ar ǧabā (w/y) ‘recueillir (de l’eau, un tribut), rebrousser chemin’; MġrAr ǧbā ‘descendre; passer’, ǧtabā ‘choisir’, SAr gbʔ ‘revenir’, ʔgbyw ‘temps de la collecte des impôts’, Soq *gébe ‘trouver’, Gz gabʔa ‘revenir à, se réunir à’, tagabʔa ‘confluer’ ; Te gäbʔa, gäʔa ‘arriver, se produire’, təgabʔa ‘rencontrer’, Tña gäbʔe ‘se tourner’, Amh gäbba, čaha gäpa-m ‘entrer’, Har gäbaʔa ‘retourner’, Gz gubāʔe, Te Tña Amh gubaʔe ‘réunion’, Hbr gebē ‘étang, marais’, gēb ‘fossé, réservoir à eau’, Nab Palm gbʔ, Ar ǧabʔ ‘fosse, anfractuosité où l’eau s’amasse‘, Hbr *gēb, gōb (coll. gobay, gōbay), JudPalAram gōbā, gōbay ‘sauterelle’, Ar ǧabiʔa, ǧabaʔa ‘surgir, s’abattre sur’, ǧābiʔ ‘nuée de criquets’, Akk gabb- ‘totalité; ?Ar ǧabʔ ‘truffe’.¹ -?2 ǧabʔà ‘(fille) aux seins qui pointent’, ǧabāʔ ‘pointe de la corne (de l’oryx)’. -3 ǧabʔaẗ ‘région ombilicale’. -4 ǧabiʔa, ǧabaʔa ‘s’émousser (sabre), s’affaiblir (vue)’, ǧubbaʔ ‘poltron’. -5 ǧabaʔa ‘teindre à l’ocre rouge’.
▪ ^†ǦBʔ_4 : SED II #75: Akk [g]i-bu ² , Ebl gi-ba-um³ , Hbr gōbay ‘swarm of locust’;⁴ JudAram gōbā ‘locust’, gābay ‘a species of edible locusts’, gwb, gwbyy, SamAram gwb ‘locust’; Ar ǧābiʔ ‘locustae quod natae properunt e terra’, ‘the locust; locusts’, ǧarad ǧābiʔ ‘nuée de criquets’ (cf. also al-ǧābī ‘le Dévorant (apell. du Criquet)’, ‘the locust’; Tña gʷäbib ‘chicken mite’.
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1. 1 Akk ǧabb ‘totalité’ < *gabʔ-; Hbr gēb ‘fossé’ < *gebʔ? – Nab gbʔ perh. < Ar ǧubb (v.s. GBB), une forme Aram aurait été *gwbʔ; Har gäbti ‘porte’: from GBʔ or Galla gäfti? Cette derrière étymologie semble plus vraisemblable. 2. Identified with the present root in Sjöberg1996b. 3. = Sum AMA.UG₅.GA, tentatively identified with the present root in Sjöberg1996a. 4. Attested in two passages, both somewhat difficult for interpretation but the meaning ‘harmful insect’ is clear from the parallelism with ʔarbā̈ ‘locust’ as well as from the general context (g. is said ‘to finish up eating the grass of the earth’). Cf. also the variant form *gēb (in the pl. gēbīm) in Is 33.4.

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▪ ^†ǦBʔ_4 : DRS (ad #GBʔ/W/Y-1:) «Pour le nom de la ‘sauterelle’, le rapport avec GBʔ/W/Y ‘rassembler’ paraît évident. Les formes attestées sont d’ailleurs, pour l’essentiel, des collectifs nommant la ‘multitude’, la ‘nuée’ de sauterelles. – Gesenius propose cependant une autre explication mettant en relation Hbr gēb, gōb avec Ar ǧabaʔa ‘sortir de terre (comme un serpent de son trou)’ [see ^†ǦBʔ_2, particularly ǧabaʔa ʕalà] et invoque un parallélisme avec Gz ʔanbaṭā: nom d’une variété de sauterelles rapproché de l’Ar nabaṭa ‘émerger, sortir de l’eau’.»
▪ ^†ǦBʔ_4 : SED II #75: »Gz dagobəyā (dagabəyā, dagobiyā, dogabiyā) ‘kind of locust, cricket, caterpillar’ has been compared to the present root (for a number of similar nEthSem forms v. *gʷa(n)dab- // *ga(n)dab- ‘cricket, locust’, SED #80, ≙ Ar ↗ǧundub ‘grasshopper’). While it is hard to believe that d- in these forms goes back to “an original t-, serving to form reflexives” (as suggested in Dillmann1907 136), interpreting dagobəyā as a result of contamination of the present root with *gʷa(n)dab- //*ga(n)dab- ‘cricket, locust’ (#80) cannot be ruled out (admittedly, the EthSem forms may be regarded as metathetic variants of the latter without any relationship to the present root).«
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ǦBT جبت

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 5Mar2023

√ǦBT

“root”

▪ ǦBT_1 ‘idol, sorcery, devil (?)’ ↗ǧibt
▪ ǦBT_2 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): hapax in the Qur’an (Q 4:51) of uncertain meaning

▪ [v1] Accord. to Jeffery1938 from Gz gəbt ‘recent event’ (in the phrase ʔamāləkta gəbt ‘idols of recent (time), recent gods’), see ↗ǧibt.
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ǧibt جِبْت

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 5Mar2023

√ǦBT

n.

(variously interpreted by ClassAr lexicographers as:) ‘false deity’, ‘sorcery’, ‘the devil’, ‘idol’, a name of a certain idol, said to belong to the tribe of Quraysh – BAH2008

▪ acc. to BAH2008 hapax in the Qurʔān, of either Gz or Hbr origin

▪ ec7 Q 4:51 ʔa-lam tara ʔilà ’llaḏīna ʔūtū naṣīban min-a ’l-kitābi yuʔminūna bi’l-ǧibti wa’l-ṭāġūti ‘have you considered those given a portion of the Scripture, who believe in idols and evil powers’

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▪ Jeffery1938: »It occurs only along with the Ethiopic word ṭāġūt in the sentence “they believe in Jibt and Ṭāghūt”. The exegetes knew not what to make of it, and from their works we can gather a score of theories as to its meaning, whether idol (ṣanam), or priest (kāhin), or sorcerer (sāḥir), or sorcery (siḥr), or Satan, or what not. It was generally agreed that it was an Ar word. Bayḍ., e.g., claiming that it was a dialectal form of ǧibs, a theory that was taken up by Rāġib, Mufradāt, 83, and others.⁵ Some of the philologers, however, admitted that it was a foreign word (cf. Jawharī, sub voc., LA, ii, 325),⁶ and from al-Suyūṭī, Itq, 320, we learn that some of them even knew that it was Ethiopic. / Margoliouth in ERE, vi, 249, suggested that it was the γλυπτά of the LXX from γλύφω ‘to carve, engrave’, which is used to translate Hbr fsl in Lev. xxvi: 1. This assumes that its meaning is very much the same as Ṭāġūt, i.e. ‘idol’, and this has the weight of evidence from the Commentators in its favour. It is a little difficult, however, to see how the Grk word could come directly into Arabic without having left any trace in Syriac. It is more likely that al-Suyūṭī’s authorities were right for once, and that it is an Abyssinian word. This has been recognized by Dvořák, Fremdw, 50, and by Nöldeke, Neue Beiträge, 48, who shows that [Gz] ʔamlāk gəbt = θεός πρόσφατος [‘new, recent god], and in [Gz] gəbt we have the form we need.«⁷
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5. ǧibs itself is a foreign word according to al-Khafājī, 58. Vollers, ZDMG, li: 206, says it is from γύψος. 6. Jawharī’s clinching argument is that ǧ and t do not occur as the first and last radicals of any genuine Ar word. 7. Leslau2006 (CDG, s.v. √wgb) gives the meaning of Gz gəbt as ‘sudden occasion, unexpected opportunity, accidental event, recent event’, cf. also Gz ʔawgaba ‘to arrive suddenly, attack suddenly, come upon suddenly, surprise, take unawares, (hence also:) to startle, frighten’. Leslau adds: »gəbt in Gz does not mean ‘idol’. It was misunderstood as such because of the expression ʔamāləkta gəbt ‘idols of recent (time), recent gods’. On the various opinions concerning Ar ǧibt expressed by Western scholars and Arab lexicographers, wee Wahib Atallah, Arabica 17 (1970): 71ff. On p. 81 he derives ǧibt from Qibṭ, a name given by the Arabs to the (ancient) Egyptians.«

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ǦBǦ جبج

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 18Oct2022

√ǦBǦ

“root”

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ǦBǦB جبجب

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 18Oct2022

√ǦBǦB

“root”

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▪ …

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ǦBR جبر

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 16Oct2022, last updated 9Jan2023

√ǦBR

“root”

▪ ǦBR_1 ‘force, compulsion, coercion, duress; power, might; (predestined, inescapable) decree of fate’ ↗¹ǧabr. – ‘giant, gigantic, colossal, huge; tyrant, oppressor; almighty, omnipotent (God); Orion (astron.)’ ↗ǧabbār
▪ ǦBR_2 ‘to set (broken bones); to restore, bring back to normal; to help back on o.’s feet, help up’ ↗ǧabara (incl. ʕilm al-ǧabr ‘algebra’)
▪ ǦBR_3 ‘to treat with kindness, friendliness, be nice to s.o.’ ↗ǧābara
▪ ǦBR_4 ‘pride, haughtiness’ ↗ǧibriyāʔᵘ
▪ ǦBR_5 ‘(the archangel) Gabriel’ ↗Ǧibrīlᵘ

Other values, now obsolete, include (BK1860, Lane ii 1865, Wahrmund1886, Hava1899):

▪ ^†ǦBR_6 ‘man; young man, courageous (Lane) | homme, surtout fort, puissant (BK1860)’: ^†²ǧabr
▪ ^†ǦBR_7 ‘king’: ^†³ǧabr
▪ ^†ǦBR_8 ‘slave’: ^†⁴ǧabr
▪ ^†ǦBR_9 ‘aloes-wood’: ^†⁵ǧabr
▪ ^†ǦBR_10 ‘1 vanité, mensonge; 2 ce qui est en pure perte; 3 sang versé et non vengé; 4 exempt, libre ou innocent de qc (BK1860)| thing of which no account, or for which no revenge or retaliation or mulct, is taken (Lane ii 1865) | erlaubtes Blutvergießen; Krieg; frei, quit (Wahrmund1886)’: ^†¹ǧubār
▪ ^†ǦBR_11 ‘torrent’: ^†²ǧubār
▪ ^†ǦBR_12 ‘(pre-Islamic name of) Tuesday’: ^†³ǧubār ~ ǧibār
▪ ^†ǦBR_13 ‘bandage; truss; splints (pieces of wood with which bones are set)’: ^†ǧibāraẗ, ^†¹ǧabīraẗ (pl. ǧabāʔirᵘ)
▪ ^†ǦBR_14 ‘leather bag; portfolio’: ^†²ǧabīraẗ
▪ ^†ǦBR_15 ‘middling in wealth, talents; simple, good (man) (Hava1899) | Mensch von geringem Vermögen od. Talent (Wahrmund1886)’: ^†ĭnǧibārī
. ▪ ^†ǦBR_ ‘…’: ^†…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to set broken bones; to restore, assist; to compel, force, be impregnable; giant, tyrant, almighty’

▪ [v1] : (Kogan2011:) from protCSem *gabr ‘man / (DRS:) homme fait, dans toute sa force’ (> Ar [v6] ‘man’) < protSem *gbr ‘to be strong’. According to Huehnergard2011, *√GBR is a WSem variant (assimilated form) of protSem *√GPR ‘to be(come) strong, prevail, work’. – According to Palache1959: 18, the basic meaning of the root in Sem is *‘to rise, raise o.s.; hence also: strength; to restore; to compel, overpower > man’. – In a similar vein, Ar lexicography tends to regard [v1]/[v6] ‘strength; man’ as secondary, developed from [v2] when ‘setting broken bones’ became equated with ‘force’ and ‘power’. – According to Ehret1995#262, Ar ǧabbār ‘strong, powerful’ represents an extension in an adj. suffix *-R from a bi-consonantal “pre-Proto-Semitic” root *√GB ‘great’ < AfrAs *gâb- ‘great (esp. in size and number)’. For other extensions from the same pre-protSem root, cf. ↗√ǦBǦ (ǧabǧ ‘to recover and regain strength’, cf. [v2]) and ↗√ǦBL (ǧabl ‘numerous’). – See also below, section DISC. – For the specialized meaning ‘(predestined, inescapable) decree of fate’, see directly s.v. ↗¹ǧabr.
▪ [v2] : According to DRS, the value ‘to set (broken bones), repair, restore’ is a « notion dérivée », dependent on [v1]/^†[v6] ‘power, strength; man’ (*‘to press/force broken bones together in order to set them’). In contrast, indigenous Ar lexicography would derive the latter from the former. – For Landberg1920, DaṯAr ǧabar equals ↗ǧabal ‘to form, shape, build up’. – See also below, section DISC. – For (ʕilm al-) ǧabr ‘algebra’ as a *‘restoring, repairing’, see ↗ǧabara.
▪ [v3] : ?Reflecting value ^†[v6] ‘man’, prominent mostly in Can, thus orig. *‘to treat as a fellow human being’, or rather simply *‘(friendly) coercion’ (i.e., from [v1]), or *‘to make it easy/comfortable for s.o.’ (from [v10])? As a support of the first option could serve ClassAr ^†ʔaǧbara, vb. IV, ‘to consider (s.o.) as honest’ (Hava1899), obviously a denom., thus perh. *‘to consider as a man’; on the other hand, an expression like ClassAr ^†ǧabara ḫāṭira-hū ‘to converse kindly with s.o’ (ibid.) literally means *‘to force/exert [mild?] coercion on s.o.’s mind’. Cf. also the ClassAr expression ^†fulān ǧābirᵘⁿ/mustaǧbirᵘⁿ lī ‘s.o. exerting himself much/exceedingly/to the utmost in paying frequent attention to me, taking care of me, putting my affairs into a right/proper state’ (Lane ii 1865) / Wahrmund: ‘einem (fī mit etw.) ein Vergnügen machen’.
▪ [v4] : Dependent on [v1], orig. *‘to feel powerful, think of o.s. as mighty, behave arrogantly’. Cf. also ^†al-mutaǧabbir ‘the lion’, nominalized PA V, prob. *‘the one boasting of his power’ (see also ^†[v7] ‘king’). – Pattern FiʕLiyāʔᵘ in accordance with ↗kibriyāʔᵘ ‘pride, arrogance’? – For other historically attested synonymous forms, see directly s.v. ↗ǧibriyāʔᵘ.
▪ [v5] : According to Jeffrey1938 via Aram (ChrPal, Syr) ultimately from Hbr Gaḇrīʔēl ‘my strength / strong one is God’, explained by Huehnergard2011 as composed of gaḇrî ‘my strong one’, from gaḇr‑, presuffixal form of geḇer ‘strong one, man’ (cf. ^†[v6]), from gāḇar ‘to be strong’ (see [v1]), and Hbr ʔēl ‘god’, cf. Ar ↗allāh, ʔLH.
▪ ^†[v6] ²ǧabr ‘(young, courageous) man | homme, surtout fort, puissant’ (Lane|BK); cf. also DaṯAr ǧuburraẗ ‘naturel de l’homme’ (Landberg1920): value apparently only scarcely attested in Ar,³ , but the most prominent value in the Hbr Aram context. – Either via protCSem *gabr ‘man’ (Kogan2011) / ‘homme fait, dans toute sa force’ (DRS) or directly from protSem *gbr ‘to be strong’ (see [v1]). – In Aram, successors of protAram *gabr-⁴ became the main exponent of the value ‘man’, gradually replacing successors of protCSem *ʔinš- ‘man’ (> Ar ↗√ʔNS, ↗nās, ↗ʔinsān, etc.). ⁵
▪ ^†[v7] ³ǧabr ‘king’: for Lane ii 1865 »of uncertain derivation«, but prob. simply specialized use of ^†[v6] ²ǧabr ‘man’ (which may depend on [v1] or [v2]). Or it is *‘the one boasting of power’ (see [v4]), similar to ^†al-mutaǧabbir ‘the lion’.
▪ ^†[v8] ⁴ǧabr ‘slave, servant’: Lane ii 1865 remarks that ^†[v7] ‘king’ and ^†[v8] ‘slave, servant’ seem to be »two contrary significations« of ǧabr; however, given the basic notion of *‘strength, strong man’, both can be interpreted as specialized use of the latter, i.e, [v1]/^†[v6]. – Kogan2015: 382 #6 thinks the value may be due to acquaintance with Gz gabr ‘slave’. Thus, [v7] ‘king’ may be an intrinsic, inner-Ar development, while [v8] ‘slave’ could be an Ethiopism.
▪ ^†[v9] ⁵ǧabr ‘aloes-wood’: etymology obscure. – See below, ^†[v13], and section DISC.
▪ ^†[v10] ¹ǧubār ‘1 vanité, mensonge; 2 ce qui est en pure perte; 3 sang versé et non vengé; 4 exempt, libre ou innocent de quelque chose (BK1860)| thing of which no account, or for which no revenge or retaliation or mulct, is taken (Lane ii 1865) | erlaubtes Blutvergießen; Krieg; frei, quit (Wahrmund1886)’; to this complex one prob. has to add DaṯAr ǧabar ‘qui ne paie pas d’impôts/l’octroi’, ǧabar (sens du Sud:) ‘être exempt d’impôt, ne pas être assujetti à l’octroi’, ǧabbar ‘exempter de payer la dime/l’octroi’ (Landberg1920) (with cognates in Gz gəbr, Amh Te Gur gəbər, Tña Har gəbri ‘taxes’, etc., see section COGN). – Ultimately, all these values seem to be based on [v2], with a hypothetical semantic development *‘to set (broken bones), restore, repair > help to recover | raffermir, consolider > …’. Cf., e.g., Ar ^†ǧabbara ‘reverdir (se dit d’une plante foulée ou mangée en partie); reprendre les forces, renaître, recouvrer la santé, être rétabli (se dit d’un malade)’, and even more general, ‘rétablir ses affaires, redevenir riche après avoir été dans la misère; relever qn, le remettre dans l’aisance, le remettre à flot; faire du bien à qn’, ^†ĭǧtabara ‘s’enrichir et recouvrer l’ancienne aisance, le bien-être’ (BK1860). In short, ¹ǧubār seems to be based on a development along the line *‘to set (broken bones) > repair > help to recover > do s.th. good to s.o., exempt/relieve s.o. from s.th.’. With the latter, this value comes close to [v3].
▪ ^†[v11] ²ǧubār ‘torrent’: connected to [v1] ‘force, power’, as *‘the powerful one’? Cf. also yawm ǧabr al-baḥr, name for a local holiday of Cairo, orig. *‘day of “forcing”, i.e., channeling the water (of the Nile) (into the now-abandoned ↗ḫalīǧ, or City Canal)’. Thus, the meaning ^†‘torrent’ could also be *‘water masses forced into a narrow bed’.
▪ ^†[v12] ³ǧubār ~ ǧibār ‘(pre-Islamic name of) Tuesday’: original attestation apparently only in a single verse which Fischer1896 thought was a »distichon memoriale« made by a little gifted poet for his students to help them memorize the names of the pre-Islamic weekdays.⁶ In contrast, Rotter1993 is convinced that ^†³ǧubār can be equated with Mars, the Roman god of war, and that therefore the name for the weekday is identical with Lat Martis dies (> Fr mardi, It martedi etc.).[(»Der veneris dies im vorislamischen Mekka, eine neue Deutung des Namens „Europa” und eine Erklärung für kobar = Venus«, Der Islam 70 (1993): 112-32, here 120.)] If this is correct, the “martial” name is related to [v1]/^†[v6] ‘strength, power; man’.
▪ ^†[v13] ǧibāraẗ ~ ¹ǧabīraẗ ‘bandage; truss; splints (pieces of wood with which bones are set)’ (Hava1899), ‘poignet; bracelet, ornement du poignet’ (BK1860): The basic value here is prob. ‘splints’, which evidently belongs to [v2] ‘to set (broken bones)’, hence also ‘truss’ (*structure made of several splints) and ‘wrap, bandage’ (with which the splints are fixed to broken bones), hence also ‘bracelet’ (*“wrapping”) around the wrist > ‘wrist’. – Does also (DRS #GBR-4) Akk gub/pr- ‘needle, pin’ belong here?
▪ ^†[v14] ²ǧabīraẗ ‘leather bag; portfolio’: cf. Amh gäbär ‘board or piece of leather or cloth used as a cover for a book’ (DRS #GBR-3). – According to Hava1899, ²ǧabīraẗ here stands for ^†ǧafīraẗ ‘id. (?)’; cf. ^†ǧafīr ‘kind of quiver (for arrows etc.)’ (Lane ii 1865).
▪ ^†[v15] ĭnǧibārī ‘middling in wealth, talents; simple, good (man) (Hava1899) | Mensch von geringem Vermögen od. Talent (Wahrmund1886)’: marked as »modern sense/use« in Wahrmund1886, explained as »for ranǧ-bar« by Hava1899; if the latter etymology is valid, the adj. would be a “naturalized” borrowing from Pers, meaning ‘working/toiling person, worker, toiler, drudge; proletarian’ (Steingass1892 has still ‘artificer, mechanic’).
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3. Kogan2015: 382 #6: »Lane LA iv 133 adduces one verse in support of this meaning (wa-ʔanʕim ṣabāḥan ʔayyuhā l-ǧabru ‘Good morning, oh man!’), commented upon as ʔayy ʔayyuhā l-raǧulu. One may legitimately wonder whether such a usage could be ascribed to the author’s acquaintance with Aram. 4. Kogan2015: 382 #6 oAram gbr ‘man’, cont. in JudPalAram gᵊbar, Syr gabrā, Mlaḥso gavro. 5. Kogan2015: 382 #6: »The details of this process are intricate enough to deserve a special study. While practically no trace of *ʔinš- seems to be present in such later Aram idioms as JudPalAram or Syr, it is relatively well attested in EmpAram (with the remarkable exception of the BiblAram corpus), where it coexists with *gabr- (cf. Fitzmyer 1995:120). It remains to be investigated whether there is any kind of semantic, syntactic or stylistic distribution between the two terms in various EmpAram corpora. As far as the oAram inscriptions are concerned, ʔš is attested twice in Sefire and once in KAI 202 as opposed to three examples of gbr in Sefire. There is hardly any perceptible difference in the usage of these terms (…).« 6. August Fischer, »Die altarabischen Namen der sieben Wochentage«, ZDMG 50 (1896): 220-26, here 222. The other six days mentioned in the verse are ↗ʔawwalᵘ (also ʔawl) ‘Sunday’, ʔahwanᵘ (also ʔahwadᵘ or ʔawhadᵘ) ‘Monday’, dubārᵘ ‘Wednesday’, muʔnis ‘Thursday’, ↗ʕarūbaẗᵘ ‘Friday’, and šiyārᵘ (var. šibārᵘ, sibārᵘ) ‘Saturday’. Fischer considered the possibility of a specifically South Arabian origin of these names, but no SAr or EthSem cognates seem to have been found until today. Moreover, he questioned the reliability of the transmission of verse in general.

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▪ DRS GBR-1 Akk gabr- ‘fort’, gab/pāru ‘vaincre, être supérieur’; Hbr geber ‘homme’,⁵ gibbōr ‘héros’, gābar ‘être fort’; Phoen gbr ‘homme’, Pun gybrh ‘puissance’?; Moab gbrn ‘homme’; YaAram gbrh, epigAram gbrʔ, gbrtʔ ‘force’ ; JudPal Syr gᵊbar ‘être fort, gabrā, Mand gabra, nWAram gabrōnā ‘homme’, JudPal gibbār, Syr gabbārā, Mnd gabara, nSyr (aysor) gʸäbärä ‘héros, géant’, gʸörä, (Ur) gōrā ‘mari’, gōrūnā ‘garçon’; Ar ǧabr ‘puissant’, gabbār ‘puissant, orgueilleux’, ǧabr ‘esclave corvéable; force, contrainte’, ǧubār ‘violence’; Gz gabr ‘travailleur, valet, esclave’, gabra ‘faire’; Te gäbr ‘esclave’, gäbrä ‘faire, faire violence’; Te Amh gəbr ‘tribut’, gäbbärä ‘payer le tribut’; Ar ǧabara ‘se ressouder (os), se rétablir, se raffermir; aider’; Te gäbbärä ‘réparer, sauver’. -?2 Amh gubbər ‘durillon, callosité; mammelon de bouclier, hernie’. -?3 Amh gäbär ‘planchette ou morceau de cuir ou de toile servant de couverture à un livre’. -4 Akk gubr- (gupr- ?) ‘aiguille, broche’. -5 sorte de table. -6 Akk gubār- : barre (de métal) (?). -7 Ar ǧabar ‘nécropole (?)’.
▪ Leslau2006: Akk gapāru ‘to surpass’, gabru, gapru ‘strong’, Hbr gāḇar ‘to prevail’, gibbōr ‘manly’, Phoen gbr-t ‘mighty deeds’, Syr gabber ‘to prevail’, Mnd gbr ‘to be strong, prevail’, Ar ǧabara ‘to force to do s.th., submit’, ǧabr ‘powerful man, constraint, coercion’, Gz gabra (yəgbar) ‘to act, do, work, make, be active, practice, labor, perform, manufacture, produce, bring forth, create, build, fashion, function, carry out, prepare, achieve, execute, procure, enact, keep (ordinances), observe (ordinances, fast)’; gabbara ‘to cultivate land, till land, pay taxes’; ʔagabbara ‘to constrain, force, compel, coerce, impose tribute’; gəbr ‘affair, matter, thing, act, work, workmanship, manner, mode, action, task, office, duty, event, deed, service, business, function, procedure, charge, activity, occupation, doing of work, situation, product, produce, conduct, tribute, contribution, religious service, magical activity, force, reality, compulsion, constraint, necessity, (K*) taxes’; gabir ‘practice, conduct, prescription against black magic, practice of magic’; gabbār ‘workman, laborer, farmer, peasant; one who pays taxes’, gəbrat ‘work, working, construction, building, workmanship’; gabbārāwi ‘workman, laborer, farmer, peasant’; gəbrənāt ‘service, action, servitude, enslavement, bondage’, ʔagbərtāwi (< ʔagbər , pl. of gabr + āwi) ‘pertaining to servants’, Te gäbra ‘to do, make’, gäbbära ‘to enslave, subdue’, Tña gäbärä ‘to make, do’, Amh gäbbärä ‘to farm’, agäbbärä ‘to force’, Har agäbära ‘to tame’, Gur gäbbärä. For Gz gəbr ‘taxes’, cp. Tña Amh gäbbärä ‘to pay taxes’, Te Arg gäbbära, Gur gäbärä, Amh Te Gur gəbər ‘taxes’, Tña Har gəbri. The root passed into Cush: Kam gabbárro ‘to tame’, Ṭem gäbärre, Sa gibr-e ‘to work’, Had gibirā-kko ‘to pay taxes’, Kam gibirro.
▪ [v2]/[v10]: Borg2021 #85 ǧ-b-r: Ar ǧabara ‘to be restored to a former state’, EgAr gabar ‘to repair’ (Spiro 1895: 92), Tangier žbaṛ ‘trouver’ (W. Marçais 1911: 247), HispAr ⟨anjabar⟩ ‘be restored’ (Corriente 1997: 88), S. Arabia ⟨ǧabar⟩ ‘contenter, satisfaire (chez tous les Bédouins d’Arabie)’ (Landberg 1909: 540), NYemAr ǧabar ‘beistehen, erhalten’ (Behnstedt 1992: 163), Kǝndērīb ǧabaṛ ‘zwingen’ (O. Jastrow 2005: 29), AlepAr ǧabar ‘obliger, assister qn dans le besoin’ (Barthélemy 1935–69: 101), DamAr ja žāber ‘o (Gott) der du Gedeihen gibst’ (Bergsträßer 1924: 107), LebAr jabar ‘faire avoir de bonheur par faire profiter de (fî)’; jabr ‘compensation, bonheur’ (Feghali 1935: 64; 1938: 589), PalAr žabar ‘to console’ (Piamenta 2000: 199); ǧabr ‘zufriedenstellen’ (Kampffmeyer 1 936: 10); maǧbūr il-ḫāṭir ‘höchst zufrieden’ (Schmidt & Kahle 1918 I 273), ḤassAr jbaṛ ‘trouver’ (Taine-Cheikh 1990: 147), Malta ⟨ġabar⟩ ‘cogliere, raccogliere, risarcire, ristaurare’ (Vassalli 1796: 207). | Outside Sem, the author compares Eg (Pyr) ḏbꜣ ‘ersetzen, vergelten | to restore, replace, repay’ (Wb V 555; Faulkner 1962: 321).
▪ Sabaweb: Sab gbr ‘Arbeit, Werk’, gbry ‘Arbeiter, Beauftragter’ (both not reliably attested)
▪ …

5. Kogan2015: 382 #6: »Hbr gäbär with the general meaning ‘man’ is relatively common in poetic texts only. Outside the poetic corpus, attestations of gäbär are sparse, and in most of them this term is markedly opposed to designations of women and/or children (cf. Dt 22:5, Ex 10:11 and 12:37, Jer 43:6, 44:20). Such a distribution suggests a specialized meaning ‘adult male’ rather than simply ‘man’.«

▪ [gnrl] Most values attached to the root can be explained as belonging to the complex [v1]/[v2]/[v6]. For the time being, it seems impossible to disentangle these three main notions and decide with certainty which of them may have been the “most original” one. Evidently interrelated, [v6] ‘man’ and [v1] ‘strength, power, force’ and prevalent in Sem and have to be regarded as the source of derivation for the larger part of the GBR/ǦBR vocabulary, while [v2] ‘to set (broken bones), restore, repair’ seems to be an Ar peculiarity. Given the Sem evidence, it is prob. safe to reject the derivation, maintained by ClassAr lexicographers, of ‘strength, power, force’ from [v2] ‘to set (broken bones)’. Should we assume an inverse dependence then, i.e., regard ‘to set (broken bones), restore, repair’ as developed from ‘strength, power, force’? Not inconceivable, as the setting of bones is a kind of “forcing” the broken ends back into their place with the help of a splint etc., cf. [v13]. Nevertheless, this looks a bit far-fetched as it would imply that, for the speaker, the element of ‘strength, force’ is the main aspect in setting broken bones. Therefore, as a personal hypothesis, I would prefer to interpret [v2] ǧabara ‘to set (broken bones)’ as a variant of ↗ǧabala ‘to form, shape, build up’, i.e., as a “reshaping” rather than a “forcing” (into previous shape), perh. originating from SArabia. An argument in favour of this view is the semantic identity of ǧabar and ǧabal ‘to form, shape, build up’ in DaṯAr (Landberg1920), and perh. also the fact that, outside Ar, the notion of [v10] ‘relief, ease, exemption (from due taxes etc.)’, which seems to be related to [v2] in the sense of ‘restore, repair, help up again’, is common in EthSem only. – If this is valid, one may assume two lines of development, both originating from a pre-protSem 2-rad. root nucleus *GB with the general meaning ‘to amass, bring together, pile up’ (cf. Ehret1995: *GB ‘great’): (1) > *GBR ‘height, eminence, greatness’ (cf. Palache1956: *‘to rise, raise o.s.’) > ‘power, strength’ (Ehret1995: *‘strong, powerful’) > ‘man’; and (2) > *GBL ‘to assemble, bring/put together, (re)collect, (re)unite; to plait; (pile up >) multitude; mountain’ > (in SArabia?, with liquid L > R) Ar *ǦBR ‘to (re)shape, bring into form (again), repair, restore, set (broken bones)’ > ‘to help recover’ > ‘to relieve, exempt (from paying blood-money, taxes, etc.)’.
▪ [v1]/[v2]/[v6] : In their comments, the authors of DRS mention that, « [d]ans plusieurs langues, le nom de la femme (ou de la «Dame») se tire par suffixation de la désinence du fém. à une forme de *gabr-. - Amh connaît une forme de cette rac. développée en GBRR : gäbärrärä ‘roidir, devenir raide’. - De la notion dérivée ‘restaurer, réparer’, Ar a tiré un nom métaphorique du ‘pain’: (ʔabū) ǧābir, dont il faut peut-être rapprocher Te Tña gäbbara ‘plat à pétrir’; Amh mägbärya ‘vase dans lequel on prend la pâte pour faire le pain’. – […] Comp. GBB, GBʕ et v. s. GB. »
▪ ^†[v6] ²ǧabr ‘man’: Kogan2015: 382 #6: »protAram *gabr- ‘man’ has transparent cognates in Hbr gäbär and Ar ǧabr and, therefore, must be traced back to protCSem – fn: Or even protWSem if Gz gabr ‘slave’ (cf. [v8]) is thought to be related⁸ – *gabr- ‘man’.
▪ ^†[v8] ⁴ǧabr ‘slave’: see fn. to DISC of [v6], and above, section CONC.
▪ ^†[v9] ⁵ǧabr: According to Lane ii 1865, the value ‘aloes-wood’ is explained in the Qāmūs as signifying ʕūd ‘wood (in general, as well as aloes-wood in particular)’ while the Tāǧ interprets it as …allaḏī yuǧbarᵘ bih ‘wood with which one sets bones’, see [v2]. Lane thinks that yuǧbarᵘ is a mistranscription for yuǧammarᵘ ‘…with which one fumigates’.
▪ …

8. »Interestingly enough, the meaning ‘slave’ for ǧabr- was also known to Arab lexicographers (see a lengthy discussion in LA 4 133), with all probability because of some kind of acquaintance with Gz gabr.«

▪ For Engl algebra and Gabriel see ↗ǧabara and ↗Ǧibrīl, respectively.
▪ …

–

ǧabar- جَبَرَ , u (ǧabr, ǧubūr)

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 23Oct2022, last updated 9Jan2023

√ǦBR

vb., I

1a to set (broken bones); b to restore, bring back to normal; c to help back on o.’s feet, help up (e.g., one fallen into poverty); 2 to force, compel (s.o. ʕalà to do s.th.) – WehrCowan1976

▪ Ultimately, both values of ǧabara are certainly connected, though the nature of this relation is not exactly clear. ClassAr lexicographers tend to derive [v2] ‘to force, compel’ (and ↗ǧabr ‘strength, power; ^†man’) from [v1] ‘to set (broken bones)’. But the evidence of Sem, where ‘(strong) man; strength, power, force’ prevails and possible reflections of *‘restoring, repairing, helping, making easy/comfortable’ are restricted to the EthSem context, seems to forbid such a derivation. In contrast, the authors of DRS think [v1] is from [v2], in which case the ‘setting of broken bones’ would be a specialization from ‘to force, compel’, namely *‘to force broken bones back into their original place/shape’. Though not inconceivable, such a dependence looks a bit unlikely, given the broad field of derivations, esp. in ClassAr (see HIST), building on the basic idea of ‘restoring, repair, helping’ – should all these have developed from the only instance where ‘to force, compel’ had taken a positive meaning, namely when interpreted as ‘setting broken bones’? Therefore, I [S.G.] am inclined to regard [v1] as the result of a development that may have started in a southern Arabian environment, where an original ↗ǧabala ‘to form, shape, build’ became confused with ǧabara ‘to force, compel’; in DaṯAr, ǧabar has even become identical with ǧabal ‘to form’ (Landberg1920). – Irrespective of these considerations, ultimately, both values prob. go back to a 2-cons. pre-protSem root nucleus *GB ‘to assemble, amass, bring together, pile up’ (cf. Ehret1995: *GB ‘great’); for more details, cf. ↗√ǦBR.
▪ For the use of [v1] in mathematics, cf. Lane ii 1865: ǧabr ‘(in computation:) addition of s.th. for the purpose of reparation; [hence: ] algebra, more commonly called al-ǧabr al-muqābalaẗ, perfective addition and compensation subtraction, or restoration and compensation (because of the frequency of these operations in the reduction of equations)’
▪ For derivations from [v1] as given in section HIST below, see ↗^†ǦBR_10.
▪ The L-stem ↗ǧābara ‘to treat with kindness, be nice to s.o.’ is possibly based on [v1.d] in an extended sense of ‘to make things easy/comfortable for s.o.’. – Cf., however, the expression ǧabara ḫāṭira-hū ‘to console, comfort, gratify, oblige s.o.; to treat (s.o.) in a conciliatory or kindly manner’ where the underlying notion also could be [v2] ‘to force, compel’. If ǧābara is from there, its original sense would be *‘to oblige s.o., force s.o. into a feeling of indebtedness (by treating him/her so friendly/nicely)’.
▪ For the semantic field around [v2], see ↗¹ǧabr and ↗ǧabbār.
▪ …

▪ [v1] ^†ǧibāraẗ, ^†¹ǧabīraẗ (pl. ǧabāʔirᵘ) ‘bandage; truss; splints (pieces of wood with which bones are set)’
▪ [v1]: (BK1860, Hava1899:) ^†taǧabbara and ^†ĭǧtabara ‘to recover from illness; to recover from destitution, regain wealth; to be reinstated in a former state’, ^†ĭstaǧbara ‘to recover wealth’ (Hava1899); fig., ^†ʔabū ǧābir, ^†ǧābir b. ḥabbaẗ ‘bread’ (*‘what restores, sc. one’s constitution’
▪ ?[v1]: ^†¹ǧubār ‘1 vanité, mensonge; 2 ce qui est en pure perte; 3 sang versé et non vengé; 4 exempt, libre ou innocent de qc (BK1860)| thing of which no account, or for which no revenge or retaliation or mulct, is taken (Lane ii 1865) | erlaubtes Blutvergießen; Krieg; frei, quit (Wahrmund1886)’ – see ↗^†ǦBR_10.
▪ For [v2], see ↗¹ǧabr and ↗ǧabbār.
▪ …

▪ ↗¹ǧabr, ↗ǦBR, for [v1] perh. also ↗ǧabala, ↗ǦBL.
▪ Borg2021 #85 ǧ-b-r: Ar ǧabara ‘to be restored to a former state’, EgAr gabar ‘to repair’ (Spiro 1895: 92), Tangier žbaṛ ‘trouver’ (W. Marçais 1911: 247), HispAr ⟨anjabar⟩ ‘be restored’ (Corriente 1997: 88), S. Arabia ⟨ǧabar⟩ ‘contenter, satisfaire (chez tous les Bédouins d’Arabie)’ (Landberg 1909: 540), NYemAr ǧabar ‘beistehen, erhalten’ (Behnstedt 1992: 163), Kǝndērīb ǧabaṛ ‘zwingen’ (O. Jastrow 2005: 29), AlepAr ǧabar ‘obliger, assister qn dans le besoin’ (Barthélemy 1935–69: 101), DamAr ja žāber ‘o (Gott) der du Gedeihen gibst’ (Bergsträßer 1924: 107), LebAr jabar ‘faire avoir de bonheur par faire profiter de (fî)’; jabr ‘compensation, bonheur’ (Feghali 1935: 64; 1938: 589), PalAr žabar ‘to console’ (Piamenta 2000: 199); ǧabr ‘zufriedenstellen’ (Kampffmeyer 1 936: 10); maǧbūr il-ḫāṭir ‘höchst zufrieden’ (Schmidt & Kahle 1918 I 273), ḤassAr jbaṛ ‘trouver’ (Taine-Cheikh 1990: 147), Malta ⟨ġabar⟩ ‘cogliere, raccogliere, risarcire, ristaurare’ (Vassalli 1796: 207). | Outside Sem, the author compares Eg (Pyr) ḏbꜣ ‘ersetzen, vergelten | to restore, replace, repay’ (Wb V 555; Faulkner 1962: 321).
▪ …

▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ …

▪ Engl algebra, from Ar al-ǧabr ‘the might, force, restoration’, vn. of ǧabara, vb. I, ‘to force, restore, set (bones)’ – Huehnergard2011.
▪ For related Engl Gabriel see ↗Ǧibrīl.
▪ …

NB: Given that the etymological relation between [v1] and [v2] is still unclear, this section lists derivations from both, but tries to keep them apart for systematic reasons:

[v1]
►ǧabbara, vb. II, to set (broken bones): D-stem, ints.
►taǧabbara, vb. V, 1a see [v2]; 2 to be set (broken bones): tD-stem, self-ref.
►ĭnǧabara, vb. VII, to be mended, repaired, restored: N-stem, pass.
►¹ǧabr, n., 1 setting (of broken bones); 2 see [v2]: vn. I | ʕilm al-ǧabr, algebra
►ǧabrī, adj., 1 algebraic; 2 see [v2]: nsb-adj. of ↗¹ǧabr in the sense of ‘restoring, repairing’
►ǧibāraẗ, n.f., (art of) bonesetting: vn. I
►ǧabīraẗ and ǧibāraẗ, pl. ǧabāʔirᵘ, n.f., splint (surg.): quasi-PP I.f.
►taǧbīr, n., taǧbīr al-ʕiẓām, orthopedics: vn. II
►ǧābir and muǧabbir, n., bonesetter: PA I and PA II

[v2]
►ʔaǧbara, vb. IV, 1 to force, compel (s.o. ʕalà to do s.th.); 2 to hold sway (ʕalà over): *Š-stem, ints.
►taǧabbara, vb. V, 1a to show o.s. proud, haughty; b to act strong, throw one’s weight around; c to show o.s. strong or powerful, demonstrate one’s strength or power; 2 see [v1]: tD-stem, self-ref. | taǧabbara ḷḷāhu bi-bni-ka, God has demonstrated His power on your son, i.e., He has taken him unto Himself
►¹ǧabr, n., 1 see [v1]; 2a force, compulsion; b coercion, duress; c power, might; d (predestined, inescapable) decree of fate; ǧabrᵃⁿ forcibly, by force: vn. I, but perh. the etymon proper, see also ↗s.v. | yawm ǧabr al-baḥr, a local holiday of Cairo (the day on which, in former times, the water of the Nile was channeled into the now-abandoned ↗ḫalīǧ, or City Canal, thus marking the beginning of the irrigation season)
►ǧabrī, adj., 1 see [v1]; 2 compulsory, forced: nsb-adj. of ↗¹ǧabr
►ǧabarī, adj./n., 1a adherent of the doctrine of predestination and the inescapability of fate; b fatalist: nsb-adj., from ↗¹ǧabr (2.d)
►ǧabariyyaẗ, n.f., 1a an Islamic school of thought teaching the inescapability of fate; b fatalism: abstr. formation in -iyyaẗ, from ↗¹ǧabr (2.d)
►^BP#4246ǧabbār, pl. -ūn, ǧabābirᵘ, ǧabābiraẗ, 1 n., a giant; colossus; b tyrant, oppressor; 2 adj., a almighty, omnipotent (God); b gigantic, giant, colossal, huge; 3 Orion (astron.): ints. formation | ǧabbār al-ḫuṭwaẗ, striding powerfully, taking huge strides
►ǧabarūt, n.f., 1a omnipotence; b power, might; 2 tyranny: n. formation along the FaʕaLūt pattern
►ǧibriyāʔᵘ, n., pride, haughtiness: see ↗s.v.
►ʔiǧbār, n., compulsion, coercion: vn. IV
►ʔiǧbārī, adj., forced, forcible, compulsory, obligatory: nsb-adj., from vn. IV | al-taǧnīd al-ʔiǧbārī, compulsory recruitment; military conscription
►maǧbūr and muǧbar, adj., forced, compelled: PP I and PP IV
►Ǧabraʔīlᵘ, Ǧibrīlᵘ, Gabriel: see ↗s.v.

[v1] or [v2]?
►ǧabara ḫāṭira-hū, expr., to console, comfort, gratify, oblige s.o.; to treat (s.o.) in a conciliatory or kindly manner
►ǧābara, vb. III, to treat with kindness, with friendliness, be nice (to s.o.): L-stem, assoc., see also ↗s.v.

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗¹ǧabr, ↗ǧabbār, ↗ǧābara, ↗ǧibriyāʔᵘ, and ↗Ǧibrīlᵘ as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√ǦBR.

ǧābar- جابَرَ (muǧābaraẗ)

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 23Oct2022, last updated 9Dec2022

√ǦBR

vb., III

to treat with kindness, with friendlinss, be nice to s.o. – WehrCowan1976

▪ The associative L-stem ǧābara is possibly based on ↗¹ǧabara ‘to set (broken bones); (hence also:) to restore, bring back to normal, help back on o.’s feet, help up (e.g., one fallen into poverty)’ in an extended sense of ‘to make it easy/comfortable for s.o.’. – Cf., however, the expression ǧabara ḫāṭira-hū ‘to console, comfort, gratify, oblige s.o.; to treat (s.o.) in a conciliatory or kindly manner’ where the underlying notion also could be that of ²ǧabara, namely ‘to force, compel’. If ǧābara is from there, the original sense would be *‘to oblige s.o., force s.o. into a feeling of indebtedness (by treating him/her so friendly/nicely)’.
▪ …

▪ …

▪ ↗ǧabara (< ↗ǧabala?), ↗¹ǧabr, ↗ǧabbār
▪ ↗…

▪ See above, section CONC.

–

No derivations in the proper sense, but a related item is certainly

►ǧabara ḫāṭira-hū, expr., to console, comfort, gratify, oblige s.o.; to treat (s.o.) in a conciliatory or kindly manner

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗ǧabara, ↗¹ǧabr, ↗ǧabbār, ↗ǧibriyāʔᵘ, and ↗Ǧibrīlᵘ as well as, for the overall picture, root entry √ǦBR.

¹ǧabr جَبْر

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 23Oct2022, last updated 9Dec2022

√ǦBR

n.

1 setting (of broken bones): see ↗ǧabara; 2a force, compulsion; b coercion, duress; c power, might; d (predestined, inescapable) decree of fate; ǧabrᵃⁿ forcibly, by force – WehrCowan1976

▪ vn. of ↗ǧabara, vb. I, with both of its main values.
▪ This entry focusses on [v2] only. For [v1], also in the use in computation/mathematics (algebra), see ↗ǧabara.
▪ Ultimately, both values of ¹ǧabr are certainly connected, though the nature of this relation is not exactly clear. ClassAr lexicographers tend to derive [v2] ‘to force, compel’ (and ǧabr ‘strength, power; ^†man’) from [v1] ‘to set (broken bones)’. But the evidence of Sem, where ‘(strong) man; strength, power, force’ prevails and possible reflections of *‘restoring, repairing, helping, making easy/comfortable’ are restricted to the EthSem context, seems to forbid such a derivation. In contrast, the authors of DRS think [v1] is from [v2], in which case the ‘setting of broken bones’ would be a specialization from ‘to force, compel’. – For a possible derivation of [v1] from ǧabala, see ↗ǧabara and root entry ↗ǦBR. – Irrespective of these considerations, ultimately, both values go prob. back to a 2-cons. pre-protSem root nucleus *GB ‘to assemble, amass, bring together, pile up’ (cf. Ehret1995: *GB ‘great’); for more details, cf. ↗√ǦBR.
▪ [v2] : (Kogan2011:) from protCSem *gabr- ‘man / (DRS:) homme fait, dans toute sa force’ (> Ar ^†ǧabr ‘man’) < protSem *gbr ‘to be strong’. According to Palache1959: 18, the basic meaning of the root in Sem is *‘to rise, raise o.s.; hence [!] also: strength; to restore; to compel, overpower > man’. – According to Ehret1995#262, Ar ǧabbār ‘strong, powerful’ represents an extension in an adj. suffix *-R from a bi-consonantal “pre-Proto-Semitic” root *√GB ‘great’ < AfrAs *gâb- ‘great (esp. in size and number)’.⁷
▪ [v2d] ‘(predestined, inescapable) decree of fate’: means the alleged »doctrine of djabr, “compulsion”, viz. that man does not really act but only God. It was also used by later heresiographers to describe a group of sects. The Muʕtazila applied it, usually in the form Mudjbira, to Traditionists, Ashʕarite theologians and others who denied their doctrine of ḳadar or “free will” [↗qadar]«.⁸
▪ …

7. For other extensions from the same pre-protSem root, cf. ↗√ǦBǦ (ǧabǧ ‘to recover and regain strength’, cf. [v2]) and ↗√ǦBL (ǧabl ‘numerous’). 8. W.M. Watt, art. »Djbriyya«, in EI².

▪ …

▪ DRS GBR-1 Akk gabr- ‘fort’, gab/pāru ‘vaincre, être supérieur’; Hbr geber ‘homme’,⁶ gibbōr ‘héros’, gābar ‘être fort’; Phoen gbr ‘homme’, Pun gybrh ‘puissance’?; Moab gbrn ‘homme’; YaAram gbrh, epigAram gbrʔ, gbrtʔ ‘force’ ; JudPal Syr gᵊbar ‘être fort, gabrā, Mand gabra, nWAram gabrōnā ‘homme’, JudPal gibbār, Syr gabbārā, Mnd gabara, nSyr (aysor) gʸäbärä ‘héros, géant’, gʸörä, (Ur) gōrā ‘mari’, gōrūnā ‘garçon’; Ar ǧabr ‘puissant’, gabbār ‘puissant, orgueilleux’, ǧabr ‘esclave corvéable; force, contrainte’, ǧubār ‘violence’; Gz gabr ‘travailleur, valet, esclave’, gabra ‘faire’; Te gäbr ‘esclave’, gäbrä ‘faire, faire violence’; Te Amh gəbr ‘tribut’, gäbbärä ‘payer le tribut’; Ar ǧabara ‘se ressouder (os), se rétablir, se raffermir; aider’; Te gäbbärä ‘réparer, sauver’. -2-7 […].
▪ Leslau2006: Akk gapāru ‘to surpass’, gabru, gapru ‘strong’, Hbr gāḇar ‘to prevail’, gibbōr ‘manly’, Phoen gbr-t ‘mighty deeds’, Syr gabber ‘to prevail’, Mnd gbr ‘to be strong, prevail’, Ar ǧabara ‘to force to do s.th., submit’, ǧabr ‘powerful man, constraint, coercion’, Gz gabra (yəgbar) ‘to act, do, work, make, be active, practice, labor, perform, manufacture, produce, bring forth, create, build, fashion, function, carry out, prepare, achieve, execute, procure, enact, keep (ordinances), observe (ordinances, fast)’; gabbara ‘to cultivate land, till land, pay taxes’; ʔagabbara ‘to constrain, force, compel, coerce, impose tribute’; gəbr ‘affair, matter, thing, act, work, workmanship, manner, mode, action, task, office, duty, event, deed, service, business, function, procedure, charge, activity, occupation, doing of work, situation, product, produce, conduct, tribute, contribution, religious service, magical activity, force, reality, compulsion, constraint, necessity, (K*) taxes’; gabir ‘practice, conduct, prescription against black magic, practice of magic’; gabbār ‘workman, laborer, farmer, peasant; one who pays taxes’, gəbrat ‘work, working, construction, building, workmanship’; gabbārāwi ‘workman, laborer, farmer, peasant’; gəbrənāt ‘service, action, servitude, enslavement, bondage’, ʔagbərtāwi (< ʔagbər , pl. of gabr + āwi) ‘pertaining to servants’, Te gäbra ‘to do, make’, gäbbära ‘to enslave, subdue’, Tña gäbärä ‘to make, do’, Amh gäbbärä ‘to farm’, agäbbärä ‘to force’, Har agäbära ‘to tame’, Gur gäbbärä. For Gz gəbr ‘taxes’, cp. Tña Amh gäbbärä ‘to pay taxes’, Te Arg gäbbära, Gur gäbärä, Amh Te Gur gəbər ‘taxes’, Tña Har gəbri. The root passed into Cush: Kam gabbárro ‘to tame’, Ṭem gäbärre, Sa gibr-e ‘to work’, Had gibirā-kko ‘to pay taxes’, Kam gibirro.
▪ Sabaweb: Sab gbr ‘Arbeit, Werk’, gbry ‘Arbeiter, Beauftragter’ (both not reliably attested)
▪ …

6. Kogan2015: 382 #6: »Hbr gäbär with the general meaning ‘man’ is relatively common in poetic texts only. Outside the poetic corpus, attestations of gäbär are sparse, and in most of them this term is markedly opposed to designations of women and/or children (cf. Dt 22:5, Ex 10:11 and 12:37, Jer 43:6, 44:20). Such a distribution suggests a specialized meaning ‘adult male’ rather than simply ‘man’.«

▪ Does the associative L-stem ↗ǧābara ‘to treat with kindness, with friendliness, be nice to s.o.’ reflect ^†ǧabr ‘man’, thus orig. *‘to treat as a fellow human being’, or is it a *‘(friendly) coercion’, or rather *‘to make it easy/comfortable for s.o.’ (↗ǧabara)? As a support of the first option could serve ClassAr ^†ʔaǧbara ‘to consider (s.o.) as honest’ (Hava1899), perh. denom., thus *‘to consider as a man’; on the other hand, an expression like ClassAr ^†ǧabara ḫāṭira-hū ‘to converse kindly with s.o’ (ibid.) may mean *‘to force/exert [mild?] coercion on s.o.’s mind, oblige s.o.’ or *‘to make s.o. feel at ease/comfortable’. Cf. also the ClassAr expression ^†fulān ǧābirᵘⁿ/mustaǧbirᵘⁿ lī ‘s.o. exerting himself much/exceedingly/to the utmost in paying frequent attention to me, taking care of me, putting my affairs into a right/proper state’ (Lane ii 1865) / Wahrmund: ‘einem (fī mit etw.) ein Vergnügen machen’.
▪ The ClassAr values ^†‘king’ and ^†‘slave’ for ǧabr are with all likelihood instances special use of the underlying *‘strong one, strong man’ (though ‘slave’ may be an Ethiopism as the notion of ‘slave, servant’ is prevalent in the EthSem region.⁹ ) – ^†al-mutaǧabbir ‘the lion’ is prob. *‘the one boasting of his power’; cf. also ↗ǧibriyāʔᵘ ‘pride, arrogance’.
▪ In MSA, ǧabr is no longer used in the sense of ‘man’ but is attested as such in ClassAr: ^†‘(young, courageous) man | homme, surtout fort, puissant’ (Lane|BK); cf. also DaṯAr ǧuburraẗ ‘naturel de l’homme’ (Landberg1920). – Cf., however, Kogan’s remark that this attestation may be spurious, built on only one single verse.¹⁰
▪ Perh. ClassAr ^†²ǧubār ‘torrent’ is connected to [v2] as *‘the powerful one’? –Cf. also yawm ǧabr al-baḥr, name for a local holiday of Cairo, orig. *‘day of “forcing”, i.e., channeling the water (of the Nile) (into the now-abandoned ↗ḫalīǧ, or City Canal)’. Thus, the meaning ^†‘torrent’ could also be *‘water masses forced into a narrow bed’.
▪ ^†³ǧubār ~ ǧibār in the meaning of ‘(pre-Islamic name of) Tuesday’ seems to go back to an original attestation apparently only in a single verse, according to Fischer1896 a »distichon memoriale« made by a little gifted poet for his students to help them memorize the names of the pre-Islamic weekdays.¹¹ Fischer considered the possibility of a specifically South Arabian origin of these names, but no SAr or EthSem cognates seem to have been found until today. Moreover, he questioned the reliability of the transmission of the verse in general. In contrast, Rotter1993 is convinced that ^†³ǧubār can be equated with Mars, the Roman god of war, and that therefore the name for the weekday is identical with Lat Martis dies (> Fr mardi, It martedi etc.).¹² If this is correct, the “martial” name is related to [v2] ‘strength, power; ^†man’.
▪ …

9. Kogan2015: 382 #6 thinks the Ar value ‘slave’ may be due to acquaintance with Gz gabr ‘slave’. 10. Kogan2015: 382 #6: »Lane LA iv 133 adduces one verse in support of this meaning (wa-ʔanʕim ṣabāḥan ʔayyuhā l-ǧabru ‘Good morning, oh man!’), commented upon as ʔayy ʔayyuhā l-raǧulu. One may legitimately wonder whether such a usage could be ascribed to the author’s acquaintance with Aram. 11. August Fischer, »Die altarabischen Namen der sieben Wochentage«, ZDMG 50 (1896): 220-26, here 222. The other six days mentioned in the verse are ↗ʔawwalᵘ (also ʔawl) ‘Sunday’, ʔahwanᵘ (also ʔahwadᵘ or ʔawhadᵘ) ‘Monday’, dubārᵘ ‘Wednesday’, muʔnis ‘Thursday’, ↗ʕarūbaẗᵘ ‘Friday’, and šiyārᵘ (var. šibārᵘ, sibārᵘ) ‘Saturday’. 12. »Der veneris dies im vorislamischen Mekka, eine neue Deutung des Namens „Europa” und eine Erklärung für kobar = Venus«, Der Islam 70 (1993): 112-32, here 120.

▪ Engl algebra, from Ar al-ǧabr ‘the might, force; restoration’, from ǧabara, vb. I, ‘to force; to restore, set (bones)’ – Huehnergard2011.
▪ For related Engl Gabriel see ↗Ǧibrīl.
▪ …

NB: Given that the etymological relation between [v1] and [v2] is still unclear, this section lists derivations from both, but tries to keep them apart for systematic reasons

[v1]
►ʕilm al-ǧabr, algebra: orig. *‘reparing’.
►ǧabara, u (ǧabr, ǧubūr), vb. I, 1a to set (broken bones); b to restore, bring back to normal; c to help back on o.’s feet, help up (e.g., one fallen into poverty); 2 see [v2] : vn. I
►ǧabbara, vb. II, to set (broken bones): D-stem, ints.
►taǧabbara, vb. V, 1a see [v2]; 2 to be set (broken bones): tD-stem, self-ref.
►ĭnǧabara, vb. VII, to be mended, repaired, restored: N-stem, pass.
►ǧibāraẗ, n.f., (art of) bonesetting: vn. I
►ǧabīraẗ and ǧibāraẗ, pl. ǧabāʔirᵘ, n.f., splint (surg.): quasi-PP I.f.
►taǧbīr, n., taǧbīr al-ʕiẓām, orthopedics: vn. II
►ǧābir and muǧabbir, n., bonesetter: PA I and PA II

[v2]
►yawm ǧabr al-baḥr, a local holiday of Cairo (the day on which, in former times, the water of the Nile was channeled into the now-abandoned ↗ḫalīǧ, or City Canal, thus marking the beginning of the irrigation season)
►ǧabara, u (ǧabr, ǧubūr), vb. I, 1 see [v1]; 2 to force, compel (s.o. ʕalà to do s.th.) | ǧabara ḫāṭira-hū, expr., to console, comfort, gratify, oblige s.o.; to treat (s.o.) in a conciliatory or kindly manner: vn. I
►ʔaǧbara, vb. IV, 1 to force, compel (s.o. ʕalà to do s.th.); 2 to hold sway (ʕalà over): *Š-stem, ints.
►taǧabbara, vb. V, 1a to show o.s. proud, haughty; b to act strong, throw one’s weight around; c to show o.s. strong or powerful, demonstrate one’s strength or power; 2 see [v1]: tD-stem, self-ref. | taǧabbara ḷḷāhu bi-bni-ka, God has demonstrated His power on your son, i.e., He has taken him unto Himself
►ǧabrī, adj., 1 algebraic; 2 compulsory, forced: nsb-adj. of ↗¹ǧabr
►ǧabarī, adj./n., 1a adherent of the doctrine of predestination and the inescapability of fate; b fatalist: nsb-adj., from ↗¹ǧabr (2.d)
►ǧabariyyaẗ, n.f., 1a an Islamic school of thought teaching the inescapability of fate; b fatalism: abstr. formation in -iyyaẗ, from ↗¹ǧabr (2.d)
►^BP#4246ǧabbār, pl. -ūn, ǧabābirᵘ, ǧabābiraẗ, 1 n., a giant; colossus; b tyrant, oppressor; 2 adj., a almighty, omnipotent (God); b gigantic, giant, colossal, huge; 3 Orion [perh. *‘the Giant’] : ints. formation; see also ↗s.v. | ǧabbār al-ḫuṭwaẗ, striding powerfully, taking huge strides
►ǧabarūt, n.f., 1a omnipotence; b power, might; 2 tyranny: n. formation along the FaʕaLūt pattern
►ǧibriyāʔᵘ, n., pride, haughtiness: see ↗s.v.
►ʔiǧbār, n., compulsion, coercion: vn. IV
►ʔiǧbārī, adj., forced, forcible, compulsory, obligatory: nsb-adj., from vn. IV | al-taǧnīd al-ʔiǧbārī, compulsory recruitment; military conscription
►maǧbūr and muǧbar, adj., forced, compelled: PP I and PP IV
►Ǧabraʔīlᵘ, Ǧibrīlᵘ, Gabriel: see also ↗s.v.

[v1] or [v2]?
►ǧabara ḫāṭira-hū, expr., to console, comfort, gratify, oblige s.o.; to treat (s.o.) in a conciliatory or kindly manner
►ǧābara, vb. III, to treat with kindness, with friendliness, be nice (to s.o.): L-stem, assoc., see also ↗s.v.

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗ǧabbār, ↗ǧabara, ↗ǧābara, ↗ǧibriyāʔᵘ, and ↗Ǧibrīlᵘ as well as, for the overall picture, root entry √ǦBR.

ǧabbār جَبّار , pl. -ūn, ǧabābirᵘ, ǧabābiraẗ

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√ǦBR

n., adj.

1 n., a giant; colossus; b tyrant, oppressor; 2 adj., a almighty, omnipotent (God); b gigantic, giant, colossal, huge; 3 Orion (astron.) – WehrCowan1976

▪ Ints. formation on the FaʕʕāL pattern, from ǧabara ‘to force, compel’ (see ↗¹ǧabr ‘strength, power; ^†man’), from protSem *gbr ‘to be strong’ (Kogan2011) / protCSem *gabr- ‘man / (DRS:) homme fait, dans toute sa force’. According to Palache1959: 18, the basic meaning of the root in Sem is *‘to rise, raise o.s.; hence [!] also: strength; to restore; to compel, overpower > man’. Cf., however, Ehret1995#262, according to whom Ar ǧabbār represents an extension in an adj. suffix *-R from a bi-consonantal “pre-Proto-Semitic” root *√GB ‘great’⁹ < AfrAs *gâb- ‘great (esp. in size and number)’.¹⁰
▪ [v3] : »For Orion, the translators introduced al-djabbār, “the Giant”, perhaps adopting an older Syr designation, gabbārā.«¹¹
▪ …

9. Perh. rather *‘to assemble, amass, bring together, pile up’. 10. For other extensions from the same pre-protSem root, cf. ↗√ǦBǦ (ǧabǧ ‘to recover and regain strength’) and ↗√ǦBL (ǧabl ‘numerous’). 11. W. Hartner & P. Kunitzsch, art. »Minṭaḳat al-Burūdj«, in EI².

▪ …

▪ ↗ǧabr
▪ ↗…

▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ …

–

NB: Below only items of most direct / immediate relation are listed (no derivations in the proper sense). For other values, ultimately prob. all related, cf. ↗ǧabara, ↗ǧābara, ↗¹ǧabr, ↗ǧibriyāʔᵘ, and ↗Ǧibrīlᵘ as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√ǦBR.

►ǧabbār al-ḫuṭwaẗ, striding powerfully, taking huge strides

►taǧabbara, vb. V, 1a to show o.s. proud, haughty; b to act strong, throw one’s weight around; c to show o.s. strong or powerful, demonstrate one’s strength or power; 2 ↗ǧabara: tD-stem, self-ref. | taǧabbara ’ḷḷāhu bi-’bni-ka, God has demonstrated His power on your son, i.e., He has taken him unto Himself
►ǧabarūt, n.f., 1a omnipotence; b power, might; 2 tyranny
►ǧibriyāʔᵘ, n., pride, haughtiness: see also ↗s.v.

ǧibriyāʔᵘ جِبْرِياءُ

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√ǦBR

n.f.

pride, haughtiness – WehrCowan1976

▪ Coined on the rather rare FiʕLiyāʔᵘ pattern, perh. in analogy to the almost synonymous and similarly sounding ↗kibriyāʔᵘ ‘grandeur, glory, magnificence, majesty; pride, haughtiness, presumption, arrogance’. According to Lane ii 1865, in its essence, the noun signifies the ‘(quality denoted by the epithet ↗ǧabbār, i.e.) self-magnification, pride, haughtiness, insolence […]’, and is thus dependent on ↗¹ǧabr ‘strength, power; ^†man’, from protSem *gbr ‘to be strong’, protCSem *gabr- ‘man’ (Kogan2011), ‘homme fait, dans toute sa force’ (DRS).
▪ Given the many synonyms, listed below (section HIST), that are coined on similarly rare “un-Arabic” patterns, esp. those in -iyyāʔᵘ, -uwwaẗ, -ūt, -aʔūt, -ūtà, as well as the taFʕāL pattern, it seems safe to assume that these items are borrowings, prob. from Aram.
▪ …

▪ also ǧabariyyaẗ, ǧabriyyaẗ, ǧibriyyaẗ, ǧibiriyyaẗ, ǧabariyyāʔᵘ, ǧabaruwwaẗ, ǧabarūt, ǧubrūt, ǧabraʔūt, ǧabrūtà, ǧabbūr(aẗ), ǧubbūr, ǧubūraẗ, taǧbār
▪ …

▪ ↗ǧabr
▪ …

▪ …

–

NB: Below only items of most direct / immediate semantic proximity are listed (no derivations in the proper sense). For other values, ultimately prob. all related, cf. ↗ǧabara, ↗ǧābara, ↗¹ǧabr, ↗ǧabbrār, and ↗Ǧibrīlᵘ as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√ǦBR.

►taǧabbara, vb. V, 1a to show o.s. proud, haughty; b to act strong, throw one’s weight around; c to show o.s. strong or powerful, demonstrate one’s strength or power; 2 to be set (broken bones): tD-stem, self-ref. | taǧabbara ḷḷāhu bi-bni-ka, God has demonstrated His power on your son, i.e., He has taken him unto Himself
►^BP#4246ǧabbār, pl. -ūn, ǧabābirᵘ, ǧabābiraẗ, 1 n., a giant; colossus; b tyrant, oppressor; 2 adj., a almighty, omnipotent (God); b gigantic, giant, colossal, huge; 3 Orion (astron.): ints. formation, see also ↗s.v. | ǧabbār al-ḫuṭwaẗ, striding powerfully, taking huge strides
►ǧabarūt, n.f., 1a omnipotence; b power, might; 2 tyranny

Ǧibrīl جِبْريل , var. Ǧabraʔīlᵘ

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√ǦBR

n.prop.

Gabriel – WehrCowan1976

▪ According to Jeffrey1938 ultimately from Hbr Gaḇrīʔēl, »name of one of the high angels and the agent of Revelation, just as he is in the Qurʔān«, prob. via (ChrPal Syr) Aram Gaḇrīlā.
▪ The underlying Hbr words – Hbr geḇer ‘strong one, man’, and Hbr ʔēl ‘god’ – are of course etymologically related to Ar ↗¹ǧabr and Ar ăḷḷāh (↗ʔLH).
▪ …

▪ eC7 Q ii, 91, 92; lxvi, 4.
▪ …

▪ ↗¹ǧabr
▪ …

▪ Jeffery1938: »Always as the Angel of Revelation, and by name only in Madinan passages. (There is possibly a reference to his name [Hbr] Gaḇrîʔēl ‘mighty one of God’, in liii, 5, ‘one mighty in power’.) / There was considerable uncertainty among the early authorities as to the spelling of the name, for we find Ǧibrīlᵘ, Ǧabraʔīlᵘ, Ǧabrāʔilᵘ, Ǧabrayīlᵘ, Ǧabrāʔīlᵘ, Ǧabraʔillᵘ, Ǧabrīlᵘ, Ǧabrāllᵘ, and even Ǧabrīnᵘ and Ǧibrīnᵘ.¹³ as-Suyūṭī, Muzhir, i, 140, notes that these variants point to its non-Arabic origin,¹⁴ and this was admitted by some of the philologers, cf. Ṭab. on ii, 91; al-Ǧawālīqī, 144, and al-Khafājī, 60. / The ultimate origin, of course, is the Hbr Gaḇrīʔēl, and in Dan. viii, 16; ix, 21, Gabriel is one of the high angels and the agent of Revelation, just as he is in the Qurʔān. There is, however, the possibility that the Gabriel of the Qurʔān is of Christian rather than Jewish origin, and the form Gbrylʔ which is found in the Christian Palestinian dialect,¹⁵ gives us the closest approximation to the usual Arabic form. / There is some question how well the name was known in Arabia before Muḥammad’s time. Gabriel was known and honoured among the Mandaeans,¹⁶ and this may have been a pre-Islamic element in their faith. The name occurs also in verses of poets contemporary with Islam, but seems there to have been influenced by Qurʔānic usage. Cheikho, Naṣrāniyya, 235, gives an instance of a personal name containing the word, but Horovitz, KU, 107, rightly insists on the incorrectness of this.¹⁷ Muḥammad seems to have been able to assume in his Madinan audience some familiarity with the name, and the probabilities are that it came to him in its Syr form.«
▪ …

13. Vide al-Ǧawālīqī, Muʕarrab, 50, and Bayḍ. and Zam. on ii, 91. 14. See also Ibn Qutaybaẗ, ʔAdab al-Kātib, 78. 15. Schulthess, Lex, 34. 16. Brandt, Mandäer, 17, 25; Jidzharski, Johannesbuch, xxvi. It is interesting to note that Gabrāīl occurs in a Pers Manichaean fragment from Turfan; cf. F. Müller, SBAW, Berlin, 1904, 351, Salemann, Manichaeische Studien, i, 33. 17. Ṭulayḥa, one of Muḥammad’s rival Prophets, claimed support from Gabriel (Ṭab, Annales, i, 1890, Beladhorī, 96), but this may have been in imitation of Muḥammad, though the weight of evidence seems to point to his having come forward quite independently as a preacher of higher religion.

▪ Not from Ar ↗ǧabr, though ultimately from the same source is Engl Gabriel, from Hbr gaḇrîʔēl ‘my strong one (is) God’, from Hbr gabrî ‘my strong one’, from gabr‑, presuffixal form of geber ‘strong one, man’, from gābar ‘to be strong’ (for Hbr ʔēl ‘god’, cf. Ar ↗allāh, ʔLH) – Huehnergard2011.

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗ǧabr, ↗ǧabbār, ↗ǧabara, ↗ǧābara, and ↗ǧibriyāʔᵘ, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√ǦBR.

ǦBL جبل

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√ǦBL

“root”

▪ ǦBL_1 ‘to mold, form, shape, fashion, knead, create’ ↗ǧabala
▪ ǦBL_2 ‘mountain’ ↗ǧabal
▪ ǦBL_ ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘mountain; to form, to shape, to create with a firm natural disposition; intrinsic nature, idiosyncrasy; population, crowd, multitude’

▪ ǦBL_1 : from protWSem *gbl ‘to be massive, solid’ – Kogan2015: 426 n.1223.
▪ ǦBL_2 : prob. related to ǦBL_1, though dealt with as distinct value in DRS.
▪ According to Ehret1995#262, the value ‘numerous’ (as in ǧabl ‘numerous’) is the result of an extension in an “adjective suffix” *-l from a 2-cons. “pre-Proto-Semitic” root *GB ‘great’, from AfrAs *gâb- ‘great (esp. in size and number)’. Other 3-cons. extensions from the same pre-protSem root include ↗ǦBǦ (vn. ǧabǧ) ‘to recover and regain strength’ and ↗√ǦBR (adj. ↗ǧabbār) ‘strong, powerful’.
▪ …

–

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #GBL-1 nHbr gābal ‘pétrir, délayer’; ChrPal gbl, Talm Syr gᵊbal ‘coaguler; former, façonner, créer’; Talm gublā, gᵊbīlā ‘pâte’; Syr gᵊbīlāttā ‘masse; image; création’; Mnd gbal ‘prendre forme, être formé’; nSyr gāwil ‘former, façonner; mélanger’; (Aysor) gʸävil ‘mélanger’, gʸämbil ‘tournoyer’; Ar ǧabala ‘former, créer; mêler de la terre avec de l’eau, de la chaux, du sable’. – Palm gbl ‘collectivité, peuple’; nSyr ǧablā ‘troupe, troupeau’; Ar ǧabl ‘foule, multitude (d’hommes)’, ǧibl ‘nombreux’; Liḥ gbl ‘rassemblement (de gens)’; Te gäbbälä ‘rassembler du butin’, təgäbbälä ‘être rassemblé, entassé; être noble, honoré’, gäbil(ät) ‘tribu (étrangère); population’; ? Amh gubl ‘enfant’. -2 Soq gibʔéleh ‘flaque d’eau, creux empli d’eau’; Gz gablā, gəblā ‘abreuvoir, bassin’, Te gäbla ‘abreuvoir’. -3 Ar ǧabal ‘montagne’, ǧubulaẗ ‘bosse’; SAr gblt ‘région montagneuse’; nSyr ǧabāl ‘montagne; forêt naturelle; lit de roseaux’. -?4 Hbr gᵊbūl, gᵊbūlā ‘frontière’, gōbel ‘lisière de champ’; Phoen gbl, Pun gubulim (?); oYaAram gbl ‘frontière’, ‘territoire’. -?5 Te gobal ‘côte’. -6 Har (ta)gēbälä ‘s’asseoir, rester’. -7 Amh gäbälo: espèce de lézard; Tña gäbäl ‘serpent’.

▪ ǦBL_1 : Hbr gābal, Aram gᵊbal ‘to knead’, Syr gᵊbal ‘to form, mould; to mix, make up (medicine); gᵊbīltā ‘that which is formed or moulded, formation, creation; a mass (of dough or clay)’, SAr gbl ‘tribus’ (?), Ar ǧibill(aẗ) ‘a crowd, multitude’ (Zammit2002)
▪ ǦBL_2 : Akk gablu ‘Hügel’, Ug gbl ‘Berg, Fels’, Hbr gᵊbūl ‘border, boundary, territory’, Phoen gbl ‘boundary; territory with boundary’, Aram gbwl ‘territory, border, district’, SAr gblt ‘(hill) country; territory, district; cultivated land (surrounding village or dwelling)’, Ar ǧabal ‘mountain’ (Zammit2002)
▪ ǦBL_2 : Ar ǧabala ‘formen, bilden, schaffen | mix water with clay’, Kǝndērīb ǧǝbbālǝt ṭīn ‘Lehmmörtel’ (O. Jastrow 2005: 29), AlepAr ǧabal ‘délayer avec de l’eau (du plâtre, du mortier); pétrir’ (Barthélemy 1935–69: 102), ʕAqra yǝǧbǝl ‘anrühren’ (O. Jastrow 1990: 331), PalAr ǧabal ‘Mörtel anmachen, bereiten’; ǧabbāl ‘Mörtelzurichter’; maǧbal ‘Mörtelplatz’ (Bauer 1957: 210; Dalman VII 45). | Outside Sem, the author compares Eg (MK) dbn (<*dbl < *ǧbl) ‘builder’s mortar | etwas das Maurer und Töpfer gebrauchen’ (Faulkner 1962: 311; Wb V 438); dbn n jqdw ‘Ton des Töpfers; Dung des Maurers (zum Bau des Hauses)’ (Hannig 1995: 975) -- Borg2021 #86 ǧ-b-l.
▪ …

▪ ǦBL_1/2 : Kogan2015 426 n.1223 : The value ‘territory, border’ (oAram Hbr Phoen) has no obvious cognates outside Can, except perh. for Sab gblt ‘cultivated land surrounding village or dwelling’. Comparison with Ar ǧabal ‘mountain’, widely accepted in Semitological literature, must remain hypothetical because of the semantic difference (cf. DRS where ‘mountain’ and ‘border’ are carefully separated). If it is nevertheless accepted, one cannot exclude an eventual connection with protWSem *gbl ‘to be massive, solid’
▪ ad ǦBL_2 : Ug gbl ‘summit, mount’ is a hapax legomenon; translation as ‘mountain’ possible, but hardly compelling (alternatively, Renfroe1992 suggested ‘Byblos’; tentatively accepted in Parker1997) – Kogan2015: 325 #7. – oAram gbl ‘territory, border’: identical with Hbr gəbūl, Phoen gbl; in later Aram dialects replaced by təḥūmā, presumably borrowed from Akk taḫūmu; JudPalAram gbwl is almost certainly a Hebraism – Kogan2015: 426 #4.

▪ …

▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl javelina ↗ǧabal.

-

ǧabal- جَبَلَ , u, i (ǧabl)

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Oct2022, last update 9Jan2023

√ǦBL

vb., I

1 to mold, form, shape, fashion (s.th.); 2 to knead (s.th.); 3 to create (ʕalà s.o. with a natural disposition or propensity for); 4 pass. ǧubila ʕalà to be born for, be naturally disposed to, have a propensity for – WehrCowan1976

▪ from protWSem *gbl ‘to be massive, solid’ – Kogan2015: 426 n.1223.
▪ Cf. also ↗ǧabal ‘mountain’ (?)
▪ …

▪ …

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #GBL-1 nHbr gābal ‘pétrir, délayer’; ChrPal gbl, Talm Syr gᵊbal ‘coaguler; former, façonner, créer’; Talm gublā, gᵊbīlā ‘pâte’; Syr gᵊbīlāttā ‘masse; image; création’; Mnd gbal ‘prendre forme, être formé’; nSyr gāwil ‘former, façonner; mélanger’; (Aysor) gʸävil ‘mélanger’, gʸämbil ‘tournoyer’; Ar ǧabala ‘former, créer; mêler de la terre avec de l’eau, de la chaux, du sable’. – Palm gbl ‘collectivité, peuple’; nSyr ǧablā ‘troupe, troupeau’; Ar ǧabl ‘foule, multitude (d’hommes)’, ǧibl ‘nombreux’; Liḥ gbl ‘rassemblement (de gens)’; Te gäbbälä ‘rassembler du butin’, təgäbbälä ‘être rassemblé, entassé; être noble, honoré’, gäbil(ät) ‘tribu (étrangère); population’; ? Amh gubl ‘enfant’. -2-6 […].
▪ Zammit2002: Hbr gābal, Aram gᵊbal ‘to knead’, Syr gᵊbal ‘to form, mould; to mix, make up (medicine); gᵊbīltā ‘that which is formed or moulded, formation, creation; a mass (of dough or clay)’, SAr gbl ‘tribus’ (?), Ar ǧibill(aẗ) ‘a crowd, multitude’
▪ Kogan2015 426 n.1223 : Syr gbal ‘coagulavit; finxit, formavit’, Ar ǧbl ‘to create’, ǧabl ‘big, thick, coarse’, ǧibill ‘a great company of men’, Te gäbbälä ‘to gather booty’.
▪ Borg2021 #86 ǧ-b-l: Ar ǧabala ‘formen, bilden, schaffen | mix water with clay’, Kǝndērīb ǧǝbbālǝt ṭīn ‘Lehmmörtel’ (O. Jastrow 2005: 29), AlepAr ǧabal ‘délayer avec de l’eau (du plâtre, du mortier); pétrir’ (Barthélemy 1935–69: 102), ʕAqra yǝǧbǝl ‘anrühren’ (O. Jastrow 1990: 331), PalAr ǧabal ‘Mörtel anmachen, bereiten’; ǧabbāl ‘Mörtelzurichter’; maǧbal ‘Mörtelplatz’ (Bauer 1957: 210; Dalman VII 45). | Outside Sem, the author compares Eg (MK) dbn (<*dbl < *ǧbl) ‘builder’s mortar | etwas das Maurer und Töpfer gebrauchen’ (Faulkner 1962: 311; Wb V 438); dbn n jqdw ‘Ton des Töpfers; Dung des Maurers (zum Bau des Hauses)’ (Hannig 1995: 975).
▪ …

▪ …

–

►ǧiblaẗ, var. ǧibillaẗ, pl. -āt, n.f., natural disposition, nature, temper

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗ǧabal as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√ǦBL.

ǧabal جَبَل , pl. ǧibāl, ʔaǧbāl

ID 129 • Sw 86/98 • BP 830 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021, last updated 15Oct2022

√ǦBL

n.

1a mountain; b mountains, mountain range – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Etymology obscure, but perh. based on protWSem *gbl ‘to be massive, solid’ (see ↗ǧabala) – Kogan2015 426 n.1223.
▪ …

▪ …

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #GBL-1-2 […]. -3 Ar ǧabal ‘montagne’, ǧubulaẗ ‘bosse’; SAr gblt ‘région montagneuse’; nSyr ǧabāl ‘montagne; forêt naturelle; lit de roseaux’. -?4 Hbr gᵊbūl, gᵊbūlā ‘frontière’, gōbel ‘lisière de champ’; Phoen gbl, Pun gubulim (?); oYaAram gbl ‘frontière’, ‘territoire’. -?5 Te gobal ‘côté’. -6-7 […].
▪ Zammit2002: Akk gablu ‘Hügel’, Ug gbl ‘Berg, Fels’, Hbr gᵊbūl ‘border, boundary, territory’, Phoen gbl ‘boundary; territory with boundary’, Aram gbwl ‘territory, border, district’, SAr gblt ‘(hill) country; territory, district; cultivated land (surrounding village or dwelling)’, Ar ǧabal ‘mountain’
▪ …
▪ …
▪ …

▪ Kogan2011 : There is no common Sem designation of ‘mountain’. Ar ǧabal is etymologically obscure (cf., however, Huehnergard2011: From CSem *√GBL, appearing in various n.s denoting ‘border,’ ‘frontier,’ ‘mountain’). At the same time, a few common terms for landscape elevations can be detected, e.g, protSem *k˅rm‑ ‘hill, mound’ > protCSem *karm- ‘vineyard’ > Ar karm.
▪ Kogan2015 426 n.1223 : The value ‘territory, border’ (oAram Hbr Phoen) has no obvious cognates outside Can, except perh. Sab gblt ‘cultivated land surrounding village or dwelling’. Comparison with Ar ǧabal ‘mountain’, widely accepted in Semitological literature, must remain hypothetical because of the semantic difference (cf. DRS where ‘mountain’ and ‘border’ are carefully separated). If it is nevertheless accepted, one cannot exclude an eventual connection with protWSem *gbl ‘to be massive, solid’.
▪ …

▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl javelina, from Ar (ḫinzīr) ǧabalī ‘mountain (swine)’, from ǧabal ‘mountain’.

►ǧibāl al-ʔalb, n. pl., the Alps;
►ǧibāl al-ʔawrās, n. pl., the Awes Mountains (in E Algeria);
►ǧabal ǧalīd, n., iceberg;
►ǧabal Sīnā, n., Mount Sinai;
►ǧabal Ṭāriq, n., Gibraltar;
►ǧabal nār, n., volcano

►ǧabalī, 1 adj., a mountainous, hilly; b mountain (adj.); c montane; 2 n., pl. -ūn, highlander, mountaineer: nsb-formation
►EgAr ǧabalāwī, n., highlander, mountaineer: extended nsb-formation
►EgAr ǧabalāyaẗ, pl. -āt, n.f., grotto, cave

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗ǧabala as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√ǦBL.

ǦBN جبن

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021, last updated 30Oct2022

√ǦBN

“root”

▪ ǦBN_1 ‘cowardice’ ↗¹ǧubn
▪ ǦBN_2 ‘cheese’ ↗²ǧubn
▪ ǦBN_3 ‘forehead; facade, front’ ↗ǧabīn
▪ ǦBN_4 ‘cemetry’ ↗ǧabbānaẗ
▪ ǦBN_ ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘forehead, the two sides of the forehead; to be cowardly; to be flat; cheese; cemetery’

▪ All values may have developed from the basic idea of a *‘shrinking together, forming a bumpy surface’, from a Sem *√GBN ‘to be curved, bowed, hunchback’ (SED I #67 Sem *gVb(V)b-, *gVb(b)-an- ‘hump, hunch’), itself prob. an extension in -N from the 2-rad. root nucleus ↗*ǦB- with the basic value ‘difference in altitude, elevation, level’ (see, however, below, section DISC).
▪ ǦBN_1 (≙ DRS #GBN-3): ‘cowardice’ is separated from the other values in DRS, but may easily be fig. use of ǦBN_2, likening a coward to s.o. who is *‘contracting, shrinking’, like cheese. – Cf., however, also ↗ǦBʔ_2.
▪ ǦBN_2 (≙ DRS #GBN-4): from protCSem *g˅bn-at- ‘cheese’ – Kogan2015. – Prob. lit. *‘shrinking substance, showing wrinkles, furrows’.
▪ ǦBN_3 : etymology problematic (see below, section DISC), but perh. from CSem *g˅b(b)īn- ‘eyebrow, front’. Jeffery1938 considered it a borrowing from Aram gbynʔ (Syr gᵊbīnā) ‘brow, eyebrow’. In any case, also these regions of the face show ‘wrinkles, furrows’ and are thus *‘contracting’ parts, showing wrinkles.
▪ ǦBN_4 : Cf. DRS #GBN-1? If related, ǧabbānaẗ ‘cemetry’ may originally have been an *‘elevated plain with some hills, or bumps’, fitting into the general picture of ǦBN originally meaning a *‘shrinking, or bumpy, surface, with “wrinkles”’.
▪ ǦBN_ : …

–

▪ DRS #GBN-1 Hbr gibbēn ‘bossu’, *gabnōn ‘sommet, crête (de montagne)’, JP gᵊbintā, Syr gibnā ‘bosse’, JP Syr gᵊbīn ‘bossu’, Mand gabnia ‘sommets’; Gz gʷəbən, gʷəbər ‘bossu’; ? Ar ǧabbān ‘terrain élevé de forme plate mais où on trouve des monticules’. -2 PhlvAram gbyn, JP Syr gᵊbīnā, Mand gbina, nSyr (aysor) gnīvä ‘sourcil’, Ar ǧabīn ‘côté du front, front, tempe’; Te gäbäna ‘front’. -3 Ar ǧabuna, ǧabana ‘être lâche, poltron’. -4 Akk gubnat-, Hbr gᵊbīnā; PhlvAram gbnth, JP gubnā, Syr gᵊbettā (pl. gubnē), nAram(W) gbečča, Ar ǧubn, ǧubun(n) , Gz g(ʷ)əbnat ‘fromage’; Syr gᵊban ‘contracter, coaguler’. -5 Tña Amh gäbän ‘faute, culpabilité’; ? Amh gʷäbbäññä ‘espionner’.
▪ SED I #67 Hbr gibbēn ‘hunchbacked’,⁷ , JudAram gibnā, gəbintā ‘hump’; gbynh (det. gbynth) ‘hump, hill’, Syr gəbībā ‘gibbosus’, Ar ǧabab ‘plaie faite par le bât à la bosse du chameau’, ʔaǧabbᵘ ‘qui a la bosse endommagée ou coupé (chameau); qui n’a pas de bosse’ [↗ǦBː (ǦBB)]; Amh gʷäbäbb alä ‘to be hunchbacked’, also ‘to be curved, bowed, bent’, Muh gᵊbᵊn, Gog gʷäbana ‘hunchbacked’.
▪ ǦBN_2 : Kogan2015 207-8 #5 : Hbr gᵊbīnā ‘cheese’,⁸ Syr gbettā (pl. gubne), Ar ǧubn
▪ ǦBN_3 : SED I #69 : (?) Hbr gibbēn ‘one having defective eyebrow’; EmpAram gbyn ‘forehead’, JudAram gᵊbīnā ‘eyebrow, eyelash’, gbyn ‘eyebrow’, Syr gᵊbīnā ‘supercilia; vertex, cacumen’, gᵊbīnūtā ‘supercilia’, Mnd gbina, gbana ‘brow, eyebrow, eyelash’, mMnd gᵊḇīna ‘brow’, nAss gnīvä ‘eyebrow’ (metath.), Zkh gubʔēna ‘forehead’; Ar ǧabīn ‘front’, al-ǧabīnāni (du.) ‘les deux extremites du front, les deux parties comprises entre les sourcils et les cheveux’
▪ ǦBN_4 : See prob. above, DRS #GBN-1.
▪ …

7. Hapax; though most Hbr dictionaries interpret the word as ‘humpbacked', the context of Lv 21:20 rather suggests a defect in the eye area 8. Hapax legomenon in Job 10:10.

▪ SED I #67 (Sem *gVb(V)b-, *gVb(b)-an- ‘hump, hunch’) thinks that »the root is likely related to [Sem] *ganb- ‘side and back of torso’ (#85). – Though traditionally identified with Sem *GBB ‘to be bent’, the [it] is rather influenced by, than related to, the latter. – Note a meaning shift in Ar.«
▪ ǦBN_2 : Kogan2015 207-8 #5: protCSem *g˅bn-at- ‘cheese’ is likely connected with the root *gbn ‘to be curved, bowed, hunchback’.¹⁸ – Mhr gəbn and Jib gəbn are likely borrowed from Ar. – Akk (lBab) gubnatu is a transparent Aramaism (contra Abraham-Sokoloff2011: 33). – According to Leslau (CDG 177, 1990: 72), Gz gəbnat, gʷəbnat is borrowed from Ar ǧubn, but this question requires further study in view of several potentially early attestations listed in LLA 1168. The Ar origin is certain for modEthSem forms like Tña ǧəbäna.
▪ ǦBN_3 : SED I #69 : Problematic. CSem *g˅b(b)īn- ‘eyebrow, front’, if Hbr gibbīn is related and Ar ǧabīn is not an Aram (Syr?) borrowing. – Related to *gabb(-at)- ‘eyebrow, eye-pit, front’ (SED I #66) (cf. Ar ↗ǧubb). – Cf. Ug /gabīnu/ ‘hillock (?)’, prob. derived with a feasible meaning shift. – Te ǧäbäna ‘forehead’ prob. an Arabism.
▪ …

18. SED I #67, cf. CDG 178.

–

¹ǧubn جُبْن

ID 130 • Sw – • BP 5366 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021, last updated 30Oct2022

√ǦBN

n.

cowardice – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Entry ǦBN in DRS separates the value ‘cowardice’ from the other values in the root. But it is easily conceivable that it is fig. use of ↗ǦBN_2, likening a coward to s.o. who is *‘contracting, shrinking’, like cheese (↗ǧubnaẗ). The basic idea of a *‘shrinking together, forming a bumpy surface’ seems to be connected to Sem *√GBN ‘to be curved, bowed, hunchback’ (SED I #67 Sem *gVb(V)b-, *gVb(b)-an- ‘hump, hunch’), itself prob. an extension in -N from the 2-rad. root nucleus ↗*ǦB- with the basic meaning of ‘difference in altitude, elevation, level’ (see, however, section DISC in entry *ǦB-).
▪ …

▪ …

▪ DRS #GBN-1 Hbr gibbēn ‘bossu’, *gabnōn ‘sommet, crête (de montagne)’, JP gᵊbintā, Syr gibnā ‘bosse’, JP Syr gᵊbīn ‘bossu’, Mand gabnia ‘sommets’; Gz gʷəbən, gʷəbər ‘bossu’; ? Ar ǧabbān ‘terrain élevé de forme plate mais où on trouve des monticules’. -2 PhlvAram gbyn, JP Syr gᵊbīnā, Mand gbina, nSyr (aysor) gnīvä ‘sourcil’, Ar ǧabīn ‘côté du front, front, tempe’; Te gäbäna ‘front’. -3 Ar ǧabuna, ǧabana ‘être lâche, poltron’. -4 Akk gubnat-, Hbr gᵊbīnā; PhlvAram gbnth, JP gubnā, Syr gᵊbettā (pl. gubnē), nAram(W) gbečča, Ar ǧubn, ǧubun(n) , Gz g(ʷ)əbnat ‘fromage’; Syr gᵊban ‘contracter, coaguler’. -5 […].
▪ SED I #67 Hbr gibbēn ‘hunchbacked’,⁹ , JudAram gibnā, gəbintā ‘hump’; gbynh (det. gbynth) ‘hump, hill’, Syr gəbībā ‘gibbosus’, Ar ǧabab ‘plaie faite par le bât à la bosse du chameau’, ʔaǧabbᵘ ‘qui a la bosse endommagée ou coupé (chameau); qui n’a pas de bosse’ [↗ǦBː (ǦBB)]; Amh gʷäbäbb alä ‘to be hunchbacked’, also ‘to be curved, bowed, bent’, Muh gᵊbᵊn, Gog gʷäbana ‘hunchbacked’.
▪ …

9. Hapax; though most Hbr dictionaries interpret the word as ‘humpbacked', the context of Lv 21:20 rather suggests a defect in the eye area

▪ …
▪ …

–

►ǧabuna, u (ǧubn, ǧabānaẗ), vb. I, 1a to be a coward, be fearful; b to be too much of a coward (ʕan to do s.th.), shrink (ʕan from s.th.)
►ǧabbana, vb. II, 1-3 ↗²ǧubn; 4 to accuse of cowardice, call a coward (s.o.): D-stem, appellative.

►^BP#4084ǧabān, pl. ǧubanāʔᵘ, n./adj., 1a coward; b cowardly
►ǧabānaẗ, n.f., cowardice: vn. I
►ʔaǧbanᵘ, adj., more cowardly: elat. formation

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗²ǧubn, ↗ǧabīn, and ↗ǧabbānaẗ as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√ǦBN.

²ǧubn جُبْن

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Oct2022, last update 30Oct2022

√ǦBN

n.

cheese – WehrCowan1976

▪ From protCSem *g˅bn-at- ‘cheese’ – Kogan2015. – Prob. lit. *‘shrinking substance, showing wrinkles, furrows’, from the basic idea of *‘shrinking together, forming a bumpy surface’, from a Sem *√GBN ‘to be curved, bowed, hunchback’ (SED I #67 Sem *gVb(V)b-, *gVb(b)-an- ‘hump, hunch’), itself prob. an extension in -N from the 2-rad. root nucleus ↗*ǦB- with the basic value ‘difference in altitude, elevation, level’ (see, however, below, section DISC).
▪ …

▪ …

▪ DRS #GBN-1 Hbr gibbēn ‘bossu’, *gabnōn ‘sommet, crête (de montagne)’, JP gᵊbintā, Syr gibnā ‘bosse’, JP Syr gᵊbīn ‘bossu’, Mand gabnia ‘sommets’; Gz gʷəbən, gʷəbər ‘bossu’; ? Ar ǧabbān ‘terrain élevé de forme plate mais où on trouve des monticules’. -2 PhlvAram gbyn, JP Syr gᵊbīnā, Mand gbina, nSyr (aysor) gnīvä ‘sourcil’, Ar ǧabīn ‘côté du front, front, tempe’; Te gäbäna ‘front’. -3 Ar ǧabuna, ǧabana ‘être lâche, poltron’. -4 Akk gubnat-, Hbr gᵊbīnā; PhlvAram gbnth, JP gubnā, Syr gᵊbettā (pl. gubnē), nAram(W) gbečča, Ar ǧubn, ǧubun(n) , Gz g(ʷ)əbnat ‘fromage’; Syr gᵊban ‘contracter, coaguler’. -5 […].
▪ Kogan2015 207-8 #5 : Hbr gᵊbīnā ‘cheese’,¹⁰ Syr gbettā (pl. gubne), Ar ǧubn
▪ …

10. Hapax legomenon in Job 10:10.

▪ Kogan2015 207-8 #5: protCSem *g˅bn-at- ‘cheese’ is likely connected with the root *gbn ‘to be curved, bowed, hunchback’.¹⁹ – Mhr gəbn and Jib gəbn are likely borrowed from Ar. – Akk (lBab) gubnatu is a transparent Aramaism (contra Abraham-Sokoloff2011: 33). – According to Leslau (CDG 177, 1990: 72), Gz gəbnat, gʷəbnat is borrowed from Ar ǧubn, but this question requires further study in view of several potentially early attestations listed in LLA 1168. The Ar origin is certain for modEthSem forms like Tña ǧəbäna.
▪ …

19. SED I #67, cf. CDG 178.

–

►ǧabbana, vb. II, 1 to cause to curdle (milk); 2 to make into cheese (s.th.); 3 to curdle; 4 ↗¹ǧubn: D-stem, caus.
►taǧabbana, vb. V, to curdle (milk), turn into cheese: tD-stem, intr.

►ǧubūn, n., cheese: var. of ǧubn
►ǧabbān, n., cheese merchant: n.prof.
►taǧbīn, n., cheese making, processing into cheese: vn. II

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗¹ǧubn, ↗ǧabīn, and ↗ǧabbānaẗ as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√ǦBN.

ǧabīn جَبِين , pl. ǧubun, ʔaǧbinaẗ, ʔaǧbun

ID 131 • Sw – • BP 3327 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021, last update 30Oct2022

√ǦBN

n.

1 forehead, brow; 2 facade, front; 3 face – WehrCowan1976.

▪ Etymology problematic (see below, section DISC), but perh. from CSem *g˅b(b)īn- ‘eyebrow, front’. Jeffery1938 considered it a borrowing from Aram gbynʔ (Syr gᵊbīnā) ‘brow, eyebrow’. In any case, these regions of the face show ‘wrinkles, furrows’ and are thus *‘contracting’ parts, showing wrinkles, and may thus have developed from the basic idea of a *‘shrinking together, forming a bumpy surface’, from a Sem *√GBN ‘to be curved, bowed, hunchback’ (SED I #67 Sem *gVb(V)b-, *gVb(b)-an- ‘hump, hunch’), itself prob. an extension in -N from the 2-rad. root nucleus ↗*ǦB- with the basic value ‘difference in altitude, elevation, level’.
▪ …

▪ eC7 (‘temple, side of forehead’) Q 37:103 fa-lammā ʾaslamā wa-talla-hū li-l-ǧabīni ‘Then, when they had both surrendered (to Allah), and he had flung him down upon his face’

▪ DRS #GBN-1 Hbr gibbēn ‘bossu’, *gabnōn ‘sommet, crête (de montagne)’, JP gᵊbintā, Syr gibnā ‘bosse’, JP Syr gᵊbīn ‘bossu’, Mand gabnia ‘sommets’; Gz gʷəbən, gʷəbər ‘bossu’; ? Ar ǧabbān ‘terrain élevé de forme plate mais où on trouve des monticules’. -2 PhlvAram gbyn, JP Syr gᵊbīnā, Mand gbina, nSyr (aysor) gnīvä ‘sourcil’, Ar ǧabīn ‘côté du front, front, tempe’; Te gäbäna ‘front’. -3 Ar ǧabuna, ǧabana ‘être lâche, poltron’. -4 Akk gubnat-, Hbr gᵊbīnā; PhlvAram gbnth, JP gubnā, Syr gᵊbettā (pl. gubnē), nAram(W) gbečča, Ar ǧubn, ǧubun(n) , Gz g(ʷ)əbnat ‘fromage’; Syr gᵊban ‘contracter, coaguler’. -5 […].
▪ SED I #69 : (?) Hbr gibbēn ‘one having defective eyebrow’; EmpAram gbyn ‘forehead’, JudAram gᵊbīnā ‘eyebrow, eyelash’, gbyn ‘eyebrow’, Syr gᵊbīnā ‘supercilia; vertex, cacumen’, gᵊbīnūtā ‘supercilia’, Mnd gbina, gbana ‘brow, eyebrow, eyelash’, mMnd gᵊḇīna ‘brow’, nAss gnīvä ‘eyebrow’ (metath.), Zkh gubʔēna ‘forehead’; Ar ǧabīn ‘front’, al-ǧabīnāni (du.) ‘les deux extremites du front, les deux parties comprises entre les sourcils et les cheveux’
▪ …

▪ SED I #69 : Problematic. CSem *g˅b(b)īn- ‘eyebrow, front’, if Hbr gibbīn is related and Ar ǧabīn is not an Aram (Syr?) borrowing. – Related to *gabb(-at)- ‘eyebrow, eye-pit, front’ (SED I #66) (cf. Ar ↗ǧubb). – Cf. Ug /gabīnu/ ‘hillock (?)’, prob. derived with a feasible meaning shift. – Te ǧäbäna ‘forehead’ prob. an Arabism.
▪ Jeffery1938: »The sole occurrence of the word is in the story of Abraham preparing to sacrifice his son, when he laid him down on his forehead. The exegetes got the meaning right, but neither they nor the Lexicons have any satisfactory explanation of the origin of the word from a root ǦBN. / Barth has suggested an Aram origin. [Aram] gbynʔ means ‘brow, eyebrow’ and is fairly common in the Rabbinic writings. Similarly [Syr] gbynʔ is ‘eyebrow’ and a commonly used word. From either of these it may have been an early borrowing into Ar.«
▪ …

–

►min ǧabīnī, adv., alone;
►ʕalà ǧabīn al-samāʔ, adv., in the sky

►ǧabīnī, adj., frontal: nsb-adj.

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗¹ǧubn, ↗²ǧubn, and ↗ǧabbānaẗ as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√ǦBN.

ǧabbānaẗ جَبّانة , pl. -āt

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Oct2022, last update 30Oct2022

√ǦBN

n.f.

cemetery – WehrCowan1976

▪ Ar ǧabbānaẗ ‘cemetry’ may originally have been an *‘elevated plain with some hills, or bumps’, fitting into the general picture of ǦBN originally meaning a *‘shrinking, or bumpy, surface, with “wrinkles”’, from the basic idea of *‘shrinking together, forming a bumpy surface’, from a Sem *√GBN ‘to be curved, bowed, hunchback’ (SED I #67 Sem *gVb(V)b-, *gVb(b)-an- ‘hump, hunch’), itself prob. an extension in -N from the 2-rad. root nucleus ↗*ǦB- with the basic value ‘difference in altitude, elevation, level’ (see, however, below, section DISC).
▪ …

▪ …

COGN ▪ DRS #GBN-1 Hbr gibbēn ‘bossu’, *gabnōn ‘sommet, crête (de montagne)’, JP gᵊbintā, Syr gibnā ‘bosse’, JP Syr gᵊbīn ‘bossu’, Mand gabnia ‘sommets’; Gz gʷəbən, gʷəbər ‘bossu’; ? Ar ǧabbān ‘terrain élevé de forme plate mais où on trouve des monticules’. -2 PhlvAram gbyn, JP Syr gᵊbīnā, Mand gbina, nSyr (aysor) gnīvä ‘sourcil’, Ar ǧabīn ‘côté du front, front, tempe’; Te gäbäna ‘front’. -3 Ar ǧabuna, ǧabana ‘être lâche, poltron’. -4 Akk gubnat-, Hbr gᵊbīnā; PhlvAram gbnth, JP gubnā, Syr gᵊbettā (pl. gubnē), nAram(W) gbečča, Ar ǧubn, ǧubun(n) , Gz g(ʷ)əbnat ‘fromage’; Syr gᵊban ‘contracter, coaguler’. -5 Tña Amh gäbän ‘faute, culpabilité’; ? Amh gʷäbbäññä ‘espionner’.
▪ SED I #67 Hbr gibbēn ‘hunchbacked’,¹¹ , JudAram gibnā, gəbintā ‘hump’; gbynh (det. gbynth) ‘hump, hill’, Syr gəbībā ‘gibbosus’, Ar ǧabab ‘plaie faite par le bât à la bosse du chameau’, ʔaǧabbᵘ ‘qui a la bosse endommagée ou coupé (chameau); qui n’a pas de bosse’ [↗ǦBː (ǦBB)]; Amh gʷäbäbb alä ‘to be hunchbacked’, also ‘to be curved, bowed, bent’, Muh gᵊbᵊn, Gog gʷäbana ‘hunchbacked’.
▪ …

11. Hapax; though most Hbr dictionaries interpret the word as ‘humpbacked', the context of Lv 21:20 rather suggests a defect in the eye area

▪ …

–

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗¹ǧubn, ↗²ǧubn, and ↗ǧabīn as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√ǦBN.

ǦBH جبه

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 18Oct2022, last updated 9Jan2023

√ǦBH

“root”

▪ ǦBH_1 ‘forehead, front; to meet, face, confront’ ↗ǧabhaẗ
▪ ǦBH_ ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘forehead, to strike on the forehead; chief; to embarrass, to hold the head down, to be humiliated; group of horses’

▪ SED I #68 reconstructs Sem *g˅bh(-at)- ‘forehead, front’, adding that this latter is very likely related to Sem *gabb(-at)- ‘eyebrow, eye-pit, front’ (#66) (see ↗ǦBː(ǦBB)) (with ‑h‑ as a triconsonantizer?) and comparable as a variant root with h vs. ḫ to, or probably contaminated with, *gbḫ ‘to be bald (on the forehead)’ (see Verbal Roots, #15).
▪ …

–

▪ Zammit2002 : Hbr gōbah ‘height’, Aram gūbhā ‘height, elevation’, Ar ǧibāh ‘forehead’
▪ SED I #68 : (?) postBiblHbr gōbah ‘thick, fleshy part’ (?), Mhr gəbhēt ‘front’, Ḥrṣ yábheh ‘brow’ (y- < *g-), Jib gəbhɛ́t ‘front, brow’, Ar ǧabhaẗ ‘front (tant chez l’homme que chez animaux)’, ǧabah ‘front large, vaste et beau’, Te gəbbəhit ‘forehead’, gäbbah ‘broadfronted’
▪ Borg2021 #87 ǧ-b-h : Jib gǝbhέt ‘brow’ (Johnstone 1981: 69), Ar ǧabhaẗ ‘forehead’ (Hava 1982: 77). | Outside Sem, the author compares Eg (MK) gmḥt ‘forehead | Locke oder Flechte des Haares’ (Ember 1930: 80; Wb V 171).
▪ …

▪ SED I #68 : It is not clear whether the basis of cognates is sufficient for reconstructing a comSem protoform since borrowing of the Te and modSAr forms from Ar is possible, while the postBiblHbr term is semantically problematic. Sometimes compared to Hbr gbh ‘to be high’, gābōᵃh ‘high’, JudArma gbh ‘to be high, elated’, which is perhaps a folk etymology (see [DRS 95]).
▪ …

–

ǧabhaẗ جَبْهة , pl. ǧibāh, ǧabahāt

ID – • Sw … • BP 1447 • APD … • © SG | 21Nov2022, last updated 9Jan2023

√ǦBH

n.f.

1 forehead, brow; 2 front, face, façade; 3 frontline, battle front – WehrCowan1976

▪ SED I #68: From Sem *g˅bh(-at)- ‘forehead, front’.
▪ …

▪ (Hava1899:) ǧabaha, a (ǧabh), vb. I, 1 to strike s.o. on the forehead; 2 to take (people) unawares (winter); 3 to come to (water) without means for drawing it; 4 to receive harshly (bi‑ s.o.); ǧabbaha, vb. II, to lower (the head); ĭǧtabaha, vb. VIII, to dislike (water); ǧabah ‘broadness and beauty of the forehead’; ǧabhaẗ, n.f., 1 forehead; 2 chief (al-qawm of a tribe); 3 insult; 4 mansion of the moon; 5 ignominy; ʔaǧbahᵘ, f. ǧabhāʔᵘ, 1 adj., who has a broad and fine forehead; 2 n., lion
▪ …

▪ Zammit2002 : Hbr gōbah ‘height’, Aram gūbhā ‘height, elevation’, Ar ǧibāh ‘forehead’
▪ SED I #68 : (?) postBiblHbr gōbah ‘thick, fleshy part’ (?), Mhr gəbhēt ‘front’, Ḥrṣ yábheh ‘brow’ (y- < *g-), Jib gəbhɛ́t ‘front, brow’, Ar ǧabhaẗ ‘front (tant chez l’homme que chez animaux)’, ǧabah ‘front large, vaste et beau’, Te gəbbəhit ‘forehead’, gäbbah ‘broadfronted’
▪ Borg2021 #87 ǧ-b-h : Jib gǝbhέt ‘brow’ (Johnstone 1981: 69), Ar ǧabhaẗ ‘forehead’ (Hava 1982: 77). | Outside Sem, the author compares Eg (MK) gmḥt ‘forehead | Locke oder Flechte des Haares’ (Ember 1930: 80; Wb V 171).
▪ …

▪ SED I #68 : It is not clear whether this basis [of cognates] for reconstructing a comSem protoform is sufficient since borrowing of the Te and modSAr forms from Ar is possible, while the postBiblHbr term is semantically problematic. Sometimes compared to Hbr gbh ‘to be high’, gābōᵃh ‘high’, JudArma gbh ‘to be high, elated’, which is perhaps a folk etymology (see [DRS 95]).
▪ …

–

►ǧabaha, a, vb. I, to meet, face, confront: G-stem, prob. denom.
►ǧābaha, vb. III, 1 to face, confront, oppose, defy, show a bold front to; 2 to face (a problem, a difficulty): L-stem, assoc.

►muǧābahaẗ, n.f., facing, confrontation, opposition: vn. III

ǦBY جبي

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 18Oct2022, last update 22Oct2022

√ǦBY

“root”

▪ ǦBY_1 ‘to collect, raise, levy (taxes, duties)’ ↗ǧabà
▪ ǦBY_2 ‘to prostrate o.s. (in prayer)’ ↗ǧabbà
▪ ǦBY_3 ‘pool, basin’ ↗ǧābiyaẗ
▪ ǦBY_ ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘pools; basins, cauldrons, to collect water in a basin, collected drinking water; to request; to select; to invent; to kneel down’

▪ Ultimately, all values in the root ǦBY may be derived from a basic *‘to gather, collect, amass, coagulate, etc.’, featuring in several extensions from ↗*ǦB- (cf., e.g., also ↗√ǦBʔ).
▪ ^†ǦBY_1 (≙ DRS #GBʔ/W/Y-1) : the notion of ‘collecting’ is the primary value, ‘levying taxes’ evidently being a later specialization.
▪ ^†ǦBY_2 : ? – perh. a folding/bringing-together of the limbs?
▪ ^†ǦBY_3 : Jeffery1938 reproduces Fraenkel’s view who would derive ǧābiyaẗ ‘pool, basin’ from Syr qabīṯā ‘cistern, collection of water’ (with Ar ǧ < Syr q). Against this etymology one may argue that ‘pool, basin’ can easily be linked to the basic notion of *‘collecting, gathering, amassing’ underlying both ǦBY_1 and (now extinct) ↗ǦBʔ; for the latter, cf., e.g., the obsolete ^†¹ǧabʔ (pl. ǧabʔaẗ, ǧibʔaẗ, ʔaǧbuʔ) ‘hollow of stagnating water’, i.e., *‘pit where water has assembled’.
▪ …

▪ …

▪ DRS #GBʔ/W/Y-1 nHbr gābā ‘encaisser’, gibbuy ‘collecte’, gabbāy ‘collecteur’; TalmAram gᵊbā ‘faire rentrer’, gabbāyā, gābōyā ‘collecteur’, cf. Palm gbʔ, gby ‘taxer, lever des impôts’, Syr gᵊbā ‘recueillir (de l’eau, les impôts), choisir, élire’, Mnd gba ‘rassembler, choisir’, nSyr gāwi ‘mendier, recueillir (des souscriptions, etc.), choisir’; (Aysor) gʸävi ‘mendier’, gʸäb ‘rassembler; fermenter, déborder’; Ar ǧabā (w/y) ‘recueillir (de l’eau, un tribut), rebrousser chemin’; MġrAr ǧbā ‘descendre; passer’, ǧtabā ‘choisir’, SAr gbʔ ‘revenir’, ʔgbyw ‘temps de la collecte des impôts’, Soq *gébe ‘trouver’, Gz gabʔa ‘revenir à, se réunir à’, tagabʔa ‘confluer’ ; Te gäbʔa, gäʔa ‘arriver, se produire’, təgabʔa ‘rencontrer’, Tña gäbʔe ‘se tourner’, Amh gäbba, čaha gäpa-m ‘entrer’, Har gäbaʔa ‘retourner’, Gz gubāʔe, Te Tña Amh gubaʔe ‘réunion’, Hbr gebē ‘étang, marais’, gēb ‘fossé, réservoir à eau’, Nab Palm gbʔ, Ar ǧabʔ ‘fosse, anfractuosité où l’eau s’amasse‘, Hbr *gēb, gōb (coll. gobay, gōbay), JudPalAram gōbā, gōbay ‘sauterelle’, Ar ǧabiʔa, ǧabaʔa ‘surgir, s’abattre sur’, ǧābiʔ ‘nuée de criquets’, Akk gabb- ‘totalité; ?Ar ǧabʔ ‘truffe’.¹² -2-3 […]. -4 ǧabiʔa, ǧabaʔa ‘s’émousser (sabre), s’affaiblir (vue)’, ǧubbaʔ ‘poltron’. -5 […].
▪ Zammit2002: nHbr gābā ‘to collect (a bill, taxes)’, Aram gᵊbā ‘to collect tax’, Syr gᵊbā ‘to exact tribute’, SAr gbʔ ‘to impose tithes’, Ar ǧabā ‘to collect tribute’, Gz ʔagbeʔa ‘restituere; reddere’, ʔastagābeʔa ‘ad se recipere; cogere, colligere; congregare’
▪ …

12. 1 Akk ǧabb ‘totalité’ < *gabʔ-; Hbr gēb ‘fossé’ < *gebʔ? – Nab gbʔ perh. < Ar ǧubb (v.s. GBB), une forme Aram aurait été *gwbʔ; Har gäbti ‘porte’: from GBʔ or Galla gäfti? Cette derrière étymologie semble plus vraisemblable.

▪ See above, section CONC, and individual sub-entries.
▪ …

–

ǧabà / ǧabay- جَبَى / جَبَيْـــ , i (ǧibāyaẗ)

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 22Oct2022

√ǦBY

vb., I

to collect, raise, levy (taxes, duties) – WehrCowan1976

▪ Ultimately, all values in the root ǦBY may be derived from a basic *‘to gather, collect, amass, coagulate, etc.’, featuring in several extensions from ↗*ǦB- (cf., e.g., also ↗√ǦBʔ).
▪ Thus, ‘levying taxes’ is prob. a secondary, specialized value. This value is widespread already in early times, however. Nevertheless, the Ar term may have been borrowed from, or at least been influenced by, Syr.
▪ …

▪ …

▪ DRS #GBʔ/W/Y-1 nHbr gābā ‘encaisser’, gibbuy ‘collecte’, gabbāy ‘collecteur’; TalmAram gᵊbā ‘faire rentrer’, gabbāyā, gābōyā ‘collecteur’, cf. Palm gbʔ, gby ‘taxer, lever des impôts’, Syr gᵊbā ‘recueillir (de l’eau, les impôts), choisir, élire’, Mnd gba ‘rassembler, choisir’, nSyr gāwi ‘mendier, recueillir (des souscriptions, etc.), choisir’; (Aysor) gʸävi ‘mendier’, gʸäb ‘rassembler; fermenter, déborder’; Ar ǧabā (w/y) ‘recueillir (de l’eau, un tribut), rebrousser chemin’; MġrAr ǧbā ‘descendre; passer’, ǧtabā ‘choisir’, SAr gbʔ ‘revenir’, ʔgbyw ‘temps de la collecte des impôts’, Soq *gébe ‘trouver’, Gz gabʔa ‘revenir à, se réunir à’, tagabʔa ‘confluer’ ; Te gäbʔa, gäʔa ‘arriver, se produire’, təgabʔa ‘rencontrer’, Tña gäbʔe ‘se tourner’, Amh gäbba, čaha gäpa-m ‘entrer’, Har gäbaʔa ‘retourner’, Gz gubāʔe, Te Tña Amh gubaʔe ‘réunion’, Hbr gebē ‘étang, marais’, gēb ‘fossé, réservoir à eau’, Nab Palm gbʔ, Ar ǧabʔ ‘fosse, anfractuosité où l’eau s’amasse‘, Hbr *gēb, gōb (coll. gobay, gōbay), JudPalAram gōbā, gōbay ‘sauterelle’, Ar ǧabiʔa, ǧabaʔa ‘surgir, s’abattre sur’, ǧābiʔ ‘nuée de criquets’, Akk gabb- ‘totalité; ?Ar ǧabʔ ‘truffe’.¹³ -2-3 […]. -4 ǧabiʔa, ǧabaʔa ‘s’émousser (sabre), s’affaiblir (vue)’, ǧubbaʔ ‘poltron’. -5 […].
▪ Zammit2002: nHbr gābā ‘to collect (a bill, taxes)’, Aram gᵊbā ‘to collect tax’, Syr gᵊbā ‘to exact tribute’, SAr gbʔ ‘to impose tithes’, Ar ǧabā ‘to collect tribute’, Gz ʔagbeʔa ‘restituere; reddere’, ʔastagābeʔa ‘ad se recipere; cogere, colligere; congregare’
▪ Hoch1994 #209: Ug gbb (N-stem) ‘to gather together, assemble (troops)’, MishnaHbr gābāʰ ‘to collect taxes, collect debts’, (Hi) ‘to cause taxes to be collected’, gabbāyy ‘tax collector; customs collector’, gabbāyūṯ ‘the office of (Roman) tax collector’, TalmAram gəbī ‘to collect (taxes, debts); to tax’, (Af) ‘to make s.o. pay’, gabbōyāyâ ‘(tax) collector; (customs) collector’, and the by-form gḇaḇ ‘to collect; rake up’, Palm gby ‘to collect (tax, toll)’ (common), Syr gəḇā ‘to levy impost, collect tax’, gabbāyā ‘tax collector’, Ar ǧabà ‘to collect (taxes, duties)’, ǧibāyaẗ ‘tax, duty, impost’, ǧābiⁿ ‘tax collector, revenue officer’, maǧbaⁿ ‘tax, impost’. | Outside Sem: perh. Eg (NK) ma=ša=ka=ba¹⁴ */maskaba/? (sg.), */maskabayu/a/? (pl.), a ‘state official’, prob. ‘tax official’ or ‘customs officer’. See below, section DISC.
▪ …

13. 1 Akk ǧabb ‘totalité’ < *gabʔ-; Hbr gēb ‘fossé’ < *gebʔ? – Nab gbʔ perh. < Ar ǧubb (v.s. GBB), une forme Aram aurait été *gwbʔ; Har gäbti ‘porte’: from GBʔ or Galla gäfti? Cette derrière étymologie semble plus vraisemblable. 14. Var. ma₄=ša=ka=ba, ma₄=ša=ka=bu, ma₄=ša=k=ba, ma=ša=ka=ba=yu, ma=ša=ka=ba=ya, ma₄=ša=ka=b=y

▪ Hoch1994 #209 discusses possible relation of a late Eg word for ‘(tax-)collector’ with the Sem root: »This officer is found in connection with ships, taxes, and the military (foreign campaigns). The term also occurs in the title ḥry mškb ‘superintendent of the mškb’.« The author dismisses association, made in earlier research, with Hbr škb, since the root means ‘to lie down’. However, if the word means ‘(tax) collector’, it »may possibly be connected to the [Sem] root gby or its by-form gbb ‘to collect’. The root is not attested with this meaning in BiblHbr, but is very well attested in the languages in which it does occur […; see above, section COGN]. The form would be the Š-stem participle, with the /g/ being devoiced under the influence of the sibilant. An exact parallel is not found, however, as the words for tax/customs officials are either the G-stem participle or the ‘professional’ qattāla form.[…]«
▪ …

–

►ĭǧtabà, vb. VIII, to pick, choose, elect (s.th., s.o.): Gt-stem, self-ref.

►ǧibāyaẗ, n.f., raising, levying (of taxes); (pl. ‑āt) tax, duty, impost: vn. I
►ǧibāʔī, adj., 1a tax- (in compounds); b fiscal: nsb-formation from ǧibāyaẗ
►maǧbaⁿ, pl. maǧābiⁿ, n., tax, impost: quasi-n.loc.
►ǧābiⁿ, pl. ǧubāẗ, n., tax collector, revenue officer, collector; (IrAr) (bus, etc.) conductor: PA I

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗ǧabbà and ↗ǧābiyaẗ as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√ǦBY.

ǧabbà / ǧabbay- جَبَّى / جَبَّيْــ

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 22Oct2022

√ǦBY

vb., II

to prostrate o.s. (in prayer) – WehrCowan1976

▪ Ultimately, all values in the root ǦBY may be derived from a basic *‘to gather, collect, amass, coagulate, etc.’, featuring in several extensions from ↗*ǦB- (cf., e.g., also ↗√ǦBʔ).
▪ But how exactly ‘to prostrate o.s.’ is dependent on *‘to collect’ will need further investigation. According to Lane ii 1865, some Class lexicographers give the meaning more specifically as ‘to bend down, lower one’s body (in prayer), placing one’s hands upon one’s knees’ etc., explain these body movements as a »bringing-together of the limbs«.
▪ …

▪ …

▪ DRS #GBʔ/W/Y-1 nHbr gābā ‘encaisser’, gibbuy ‘collecte’, gabbāy ‘collecteur’; TalmAram gᵊbā ‘faire rentrer’, gabbāyā, gābōyā ‘collecteur’, cf. Palm gbʔ, gby ‘taxer, lever des impôts’, Syr gᵊbā ‘recueillir (de l’eau, les impôts), choisir, élire’, Mnd gba ‘rassembler, choisir’, nSyr gāwi ‘mendier, recueillir (des souscriptions, etc.), choisir’; (Aysor) gʸävi ‘mendier’, gʸäb ‘rassembler; fermenter, déborder’; Ar ǧabā (w/y) ‘recueillir (de l’eau, un tribut), rebrousser chemin’; MġrAr ǧbā ‘descendre; passer’, ǧtabā ‘choisir’, SAr gbʔ ‘revenir’, ʔgbyw ‘temps de la collecte des impôts’, Soq *gébe ‘trouver’, Gz gabʔa ‘revenir à, se réunir à’, tagabʔa ‘confluer’ ; Te gäbʔa, gäʔa ‘arriver, se produire’, təgabʔa ‘rencontrer’, Tña gäbʔe ‘se tourner’, Amh gäbba, čaha gäpa-m ‘entrer’, Har gäbaʔa ‘retourner’, Gz gubāʔe, Te Tña Amh gubaʔe ‘réunion’, Hbr gebē ‘étang, marais’, gēb ‘fossé, réservoir à eau’, Nab Palm gbʔ, Ar ǧabʔ ‘fosse, anfractuosité où l’eau s’amasse‘, Hbr *gēb, gōb (coll. gobay, gōbay), JudPalAram gōbā, gōbay ‘sauterelle’, Ar ǧabiʔa, ǧabaʔa ‘surgir, s’abattre sur’, ǧābiʔ ‘nuée de criquets’, Akk gabb- ‘totalité; ?Ar ǧabʔ ‘truffe’.¹⁵ -2-3 […]. -4 ǧabiʔa, ǧabaʔa ‘s’émousser (sabre), s’affaiblir (vue)’, ǧubbaʔ ‘poltron’. -5 […].
▪ …

15. 1 Akk ǧabb ‘totalité’ < *gabʔ-; Hbr gēb ‘fossé’ < *gebʔ? – Nab gbʔ perh. < Ar ǧubb (v.s. GBB), une forme Aram aurait été *gwbʔ; Har gäbti ‘porte’: from GBʔ or Galla gäfti? Cette derrière étymologie semble plus vraisemblable.

▪ …

–

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗ǧabà and ↗ǧābiyaẗ as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√ǦBY.

ǧābiyaẗ جابِيَة , pl. ǧawābiⁿ

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 22Oct2022

√ǦBY

n.f.

pool, basin – WehrCowan1976

▪ Ultimately, all values in the root ǦBY may be derived from a basic *‘to gather, collect, amass, coagulate, etc.’, featuring in several extensions from ↗*ǦB-.
▪ Jeffery1938 reproduces Fraenkel’s view who would derive Ar ǧābiyaẗ from Syr qabīṯā ‘cistern, collection of water’ (with Ar ǧ < Syr q). Against this etymology one may argue that ‘pool, basin’ can easily be linked to the basic notion of *‘collecting, gathering, amassing’ underlying both ↗ǦBY and (now extinct) ↗ǦBʔ; for the latter, cf., e.g., the obsolete, but certainly related ^†¹ǧabʔ (pl. ǧabʔaẗ, ǧibʔaẗ, ʔaǧbuʔ) ‘hollow of stagnating water’, i.e., *‘pit where water has assembled’.
▪ …

▪ eC7 (‘cistern, well’) Q 34:13 yaʕmalūna la-hū mā yašāʔu min maḥārība wa-tamāṯīla wa-ǧifānin ka-l-ǧawābi wa-qudūrin rāsiyātin ‘they made for him what he willed: synagogues and statues, basins like wells and boilers built into the ground’
▪ …

▪ DRS #GBʔ/W/Y-1 nHbr gābā ‘encaisser’, gibbuy ‘collecte’, gabbāy ‘collecteur’; TalmAram gᵊbā ‘faire rentrer’, gabbāyā, gābōyā ‘collecteur’, cf. Palm gbʔ, gby ‘taxer, lever des impôts’, Syr gᵊbā ‘recueillir (de l’eau, les impôts), choisir, élire’, Mnd gba ‘rassembler, choisir’, nSyr gāwi ‘mendier, recueillir (des souscriptions, etc.), choisir’; (Aysor) gʸävi ‘mendier’, gʸäb ‘rassembler; fermenter, déborder’; Ar ǧabā (w/y) ‘recueillir (de l’eau, un tribut), rebrousser chemin’; MġrAr ǧbā ‘descendre; passer’, ǧtabā ‘choisir’, SAr gbʔ ‘revenir’, ʔgbyw ‘temps de la collecte des impôts’, Soq *gébe ‘trouver’, Gz gabʔa ‘revenir à, se réunir à’, tagabʔa ‘confluer’ ; Te gäbʔa, gäʔa ‘arriver, se produire’, təgabʔa ‘rencontrer’, Tña gäbʔe ‘se tourner’, Amh gäbba, čaha gäpa-m ‘entrer’, Har gäbaʔa ‘retourner’, Gz gubāʔe, Te Tña Amh gubaʔe ‘réunion’, Hbr gebē ‘étang, marais’, gēb ‘fossé, réservoir à eau’, Nab Palm gbʔ, Ar ǧabʔ ‘fosse, anfractuosité où l’eau s’amasse‘, Hbr *gēb, gōb (coll. gobay, gōbay), JudPalAram gōbā, gōbay ‘sauterelle’, Ar ǧabiʔa, ǧabaʔa ‘surgir, s’abattre sur’, ǧābiʔ ‘nuée de criquets’, Akk gabb- ‘totalité; ?Ar ǧabʔ ‘truffe’.¹⁶ -2-3 […]. -4 ǧabiʔa, ǧabaʔa ‘s’émousser (sabre), s’affaiblir (vue)’, ǧubbaʔ ‘poltron’. -5 […].
▪ …

16. 1 Akk ǧabb ‘totalité’ < *gabʔ-; Hbr gēb ‘fossé’ < *gebʔ? – Nab gbʔ perh. < Ar ǧubb (v.s. GBB), une forme Aram aurait été *gwbʔ; Har gäbti ‘porte’: from GBʔ or Galla gäfti? Cette derrière étymologie semble plus vraisemblable.

▪ …

–

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗ǧabà and ↗ǧabbà as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√ǦBY.

ǦṮː (ǦṮṮ) جثّ / جثث

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 11Jan2023

√ǦṮː (ǦṮṮ)

“root”

▪ ǦṮː (ǦṮṮ)_1 ‘to tear out, uproot’ ↗ǧaṯṯa
▪ ǦṮː (ǦṮṮ)_2 ‘body; corpse, cadaver; carcass’ ↗ǧuṯṯaẗ
▪ ǦṮː (ǦṮṮ)_3 ‘mujtathth’ (a poetic metre) ↗muǧtaṯṯ

Other values, now obsolete, include (Hava1899):

▪ ^†ǦṮː (ǦṮṮ)_4 ‘remains of bees mixed with honey; wax’: ^†ǧaṯṯ; cf. also ^†ǧuṯṯ ‘remains of bees in honey; dead locust; envelope of a date; hillock’
▪ ^†ǦṮː (ǦṮṮ)_5 ‘palm-tree grove; shoot of palm-tree’: ^†ǧaṯīṯ
▪ ^†ǦṮː (ǦṮṮ)_ ‘…’

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘seedling, to transplant; to uproot, eradicate; body, corpse; impurities’

▪ [v1]/[v2] : References mostly deal with [v1] and [v2] as distinct values (the other values seem to be based on the latter, see below). However, the two may be related: [v2] ǧuṯṯaẗ could be, originally, the ‘carcass (of an animal)’ left over after predatory animals have eaten from it by [v1] ‘tearing out’ pieces of flesh etc. from it. Also an inverse derivation – [v1] denominal from [v2] – is not inconceivable, perhaps even more likely.
▪ [v1] : Cognates in Akk and EthSem, perh. also Ug (and Cush). – DRS 3 (1993) thinks one should compare Sem √GD (Ar ^†ǧadda ‘to cut’, see ↗^†ǦDː (ǦDD)_7).
▪ [v2] : Cognates in Nab, Soq and Mhr. – DRS 3 (1993) thinks the item is comparable to Sem GŠD (> Ar ↗ǧasad ‘body’), GŠM (> Ar ↗ǧism ‘body; form, shape’), and GṮM (> Ar ↗ǧuṯmān ‘body, mortal frame’). – Borg2021 #88 juxtaposes Eg (Pyr) ḏt ~ ḏs ‘body of person, image, bodily form of god | Leib’. – According to Landberg1920, DaṯAr has ǧuffaẗ ‘cadavre, charogne’, while the North and Oman say ǧīfaẗ. The author thinks that ǧuṯṯaẗ might be a variant – « une très vieille pronunciation » – of ǧuffaẗ (with ṯ < *f ); « Cela semble conformé par [Hbr] gap̄ ‘corps; personne’ [so also Gesenius2015 s.v. gap̄] et [Hbr] gûp̄āʰ ʻcorps mortʼ [related to Ar ↗ǦWF ‘hollow’?]. »
▪ [v3] : According to Lane, the poetic metre with the syllabic pattern mustafʕilun fāʕilātun fāʕilātun is called muǧtaṯṯ because it looks »as if cut off from the ḫafīf [another poetic metre]«, thus derived from [v1].
▪ ^†[v4] : The values ‘remains of (dead) bees in honey; wax; envelope of a date’ resemble the [v2] ‘carcasses’ left over after predatory animals have satisfied their hunger from a dead animal body; the meaning ‘hillock’ remains obscure.
▪ ^†[v5] : The FaʕīL form ^†ǧaṯīṯ for ‘palm-tree grove; shoot of palm-tree’ suggests that it is a quasi-PP of [v1] ‘to tear out’, likening the grove or shoot of a palm-tree to a trunk.
▪ …

–

▪ [gnrl] DRS 3 (1993) GṮṮ-1 [=v1] Akk gašāšu ‘couper, trancher’, Ar ǧaṯṯa ‘déraciner, arracher’, ǧaṯṯ ‘arrachage’, Amh gässäsä ‘annuler, effacer, abîmer, vaincre, déflorer une fille’, Har agäsäsä ‘faire détester’, Gur ‘refuser, désobéir; être abîmé’.¹⁷ -?2 Akk gašīš- ‘poteau, pieu, pal’. -3 [=v2] Nab gt, Ar ǧuṯṯaẗ ‘corps, cadavre’, ǧaṯṯ ‘restes, débris (d’insectes, etc.)’, ǧiṯṯaẗ ‘vétusté, ruine’, Soq gitteh, Mhr diśśet ‘cadavre’.
▪ [v1] Zammit2002, Leslau2006: Akk gašāšu ‘abschneiden’, ?(Ug mgṯ ‘ein Lamm, zum Schlachten geeignet | fatling’), Gz gasasa ‘to scrape away, shave of, pluck out (hair)’, Te gässa ‘to wipe off with the hand, sweep’, Amh gässäsä ‘to efface, wipe out’, Gur (a)gäsäsä ‘to remove completely by cutting and digging’, Ar ĭǧtaṯṯa ‘to tear up, root up’. – Outside Sem: (Cush) Bil Sa gäsäs ‘to wipe’, Kham gis.
▪ [v2] Landberg1920: « ǧuṯṯaẗ ‘cadavre’, inusité dans notre dialecte, qui a pour cela [DaṯAr] ǧuffaẗ ‘cadavre, charogne’, = ǧīfaẗ dans le Nord et en ʿOmān […], et qui est aussi ancient […]; en Ḍofārī ǧiššaẗ ‘Rumpf einer Leiche | tronc d’un mort’ […]. On est en droit de se demander si le classique et dialectal ǧuṯṯaẗ ‘corps’ n’est pas une très vieille prononciation pour ǧuffaẗ: ṯ < f ? Cela semble conformé par [Hbr] gap̄ ‘corps; personne’ [so also Gesenius2015 s.v. gap̄]. Cf. Hbr gûp̄āʰ ʻcorps mortʼ [related to Ar ↗ǦWF ‘hollow’?]. »
▪ [v2] Borg2021 #88 ǧ-ṯ-ṯ : Ar ǧuṯṯaẗ ‘corps, taille et volume du corps (tout de l’homme que des animaux …)’, Saf ǧṯ ‘body, corpse’ (Winnett & Lankester Harding 1978: 633). – Outside Sem, the author compares Eg (Pyr) ḏt ~ ḏs ‘body of person, image, bodily form of god | Leib’ (Faulkner 1962: 317, 251; Wb V 503, 199): jp.n.f ḏt.f ‘er hat seinen Leib bezahlt’ (Assmann 1969: 113).
▪ …

17. WUS 71 rattache Ug mgt (II K 6/18), qu’il traduit par ‘agneau de boucherie’; Driver, Studia Bakos 106 et Caquot, TO 570 lui donnent le sens de ‘bête grasse’, le premier en rapportant à NGṮ, le second à GWṮ. V. MLC 574.

▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ …

–

ǧaṯṯ‑ / ǧaṯaṯ‑ جَثَّ / جَثَثْــ , u (ǧaṯṯ)

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 11Jan2023

√ǦṮː (ǦṮṮ)

vb., I

to tear out, uproot (a tree, also fig.) – WehrCowan1976

▪ References mostly deal with the vb. ǧaṯṯa ‘to tear out, uproot’ and the n.f. ↗ǧuṯṯaẗ ‘body; corpse, cadaver; carcass’ as distinct values. However, the former (and esp. its Gt-stem, ĭǧtaṯṯa) may be denominative from the latter, describing the action of ‘tearing out’ (pieces of flesh etc. from a dead animal body) performed by a predatory animal or others, resulting in the hollow, empty ‘carcass’. But also the inverse – ǧuṯṯaẗ derived from the vb. – is not inconceivable, though perh. less likely.
▪ Direct cognates in Akk and EthSem, perh. also Ug (and Cush) (see below, section CONC). – DRS 3 (1993) thinks one should compare Sem √GD (Ar ^†ǧadda ‘to cut’, see ↗^†ǦDː (ǦDD)_7). However, if ǧaṯṯa is based on ǧuṯṯaẗ (see preceding paragraph), there may be other and different cognates (see entry ↗ǧuṯṯaẗ).
▪ According to Lane, the poetic metre ↗muǧtaṯṯ got its name from the fact that it looks »as if cut off from the ḫafīf [another poetic metre]«. Obviously, the word is a PP of the vb. VIII ĭǧtaṯṯa, Gt-stem of ǧaṯṯa.
▪ …

▪ eC7 (ŭǧtuṯṯa, pass. of ĭǧtaṯṯa, vb. VIII) Q 14:26 wa-maṯalu kalimaẗin ḫabīsaẗin ka-šaǧaraẗin ḫabīsaẗin-i ’ǧtuṯṯat min fawqi ’l-ʔarḍi mā la-hā min qarārin ‘and the likeness of an evil word is as an evil tree, uprooted from the surface of the earth, with no power to endure’
▪ Hava1899: ^†miǧaṯṯaẗ, ^†miǧṯāṯ ‘gardener’s trowel’, n.instr.
▪ …

▪ DRS 3 (1993) GṮṮ-1 Akk gašāšu ‘couper, trancher’, Ar ǧaṯṯa ‘déraciner, arracher’, ǧaṯṯ ‘arrachage’, Amh gässäsä ‘annuler, effacer, abîmer, vaincre, déflorer une fille’, Har agäsäsä ‘faire détester’, Gur ‘refuser, désobéir; être abîmé’.¹⁸ -2 […]. -3 ↗ǧuṯṯaẗ.
▪ Zammit2002, Leslau2006: Akk gašāšu ‘abschneiden’, ?(Ug mgṯ ‘ein Lamm, zum Schlachten geeignet | fatling’), Gz gasasa ‘to scrape away, shave of, pluck out (hair)’, Te gässa ‘to wipe off with the hand, sweep’, Amh gässäsä ‘to efface, wipe out’, Gur (a)gäsäsä ‘to remove completely by cutting and digging’, Ar ĭǧtaṯṯa ‘to tear up, root up’. – Outside Sem: (Cush) Bil Sa gäsäs ‘to wipe’, Kham gis.
▪ …

18. WUS 71 rattache Ug mgt (II K 6/18), qu’il traduit par ‘agneau de boucherie’; Driver, Studia Bakos 106 et Caquot, TO 570 lui donnent le sens de ‘bête grasse’, le premier en rapportant à NGṮ, le second à GWṮ. V. MLC 574.

▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ …

–

►ĭǧtaṯṯa, vb. VIII, = I: Gt-stem, self-ref.

►muǧtaṯṯ, 1 adj., uprooted (also fig.); 2 n., a poetic metre: PP VIII; nominalisation in the special sense of the “cut off” metre (see above).

For other meanings attached to the root, cf. ↗ǧuṯṯaẗ as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗ǦṮː (ǦṮṮ).

ǧuṯṯaẗ جُثّة , pl. ǧuṯaṯ, ʔaǧṯāṯ

ID … • Sw – • BP 1482 • APD … • © SG | 11Jan2023

√ǦṮː (ǦṮṮ)

n.f.

1a body; b corpse, cadaver; c carcass – WehrCowan1976

▪ References mostly deal with ǧuṯṯaẗ ‘body; corpse, cadaver; carcass’ and the vb. ↗ǧaṯṯa ‘to tear out, uproot’ as distinct values. However, the two may be related: ǧuṯṯaẗ could be, originally, the ‘carcass (of an animal)’ left over after predatory animals have eaten from it by ‘tearing out’ pieces of flesh etc. from it. Perhaps even more likely is also the inverse, i.e., ǧaṯṯa (and esp. its Gt-stem, ĭǧtaṯṯa) denominal from ǧuṯṯaẗ.
▪ Direct cognates in Nab, Soq and Mhr (see below, section COGN). – For the case that ǧuṯṯaẗ is independent from ǧaṯṯa, DRS 3 (1993) suggests to compare Sem GŠD (> Ar ↗ǧasad ‘body’), GŠM (> Ar ↗ǧism ‘body; form, shape’), and GṮM (> Ar ↗ǧuṯmān ‘body, mortal frame’). – Borg2021 #88 juxtaposes Eg (Pyr) ḏt ~ ḏs ‘body of person, image, bodily form of god | Leib’. – According to Landberg1920, DaṯAr has ǧuffaẗ ‘cadavre, charogne’, while the North and Oman say ǧīfaẗ. Based on these data, the author thinks that ClassAr ǧuṯṯaẗ might be a variant – « une très vieille prononciation » – of ǧuffaẗ (with ṯ < *f ); « [c]ela semble conformé par [Hbr] gap̄ ‘corps; personne’ [so also Gesenius2015 s.v. gap̄] et [Hbr] gûp̄āʰ ʻcorps mortʼ [related to Ar ↗ǦWF ‘hollow’?]. »
▪ If related to the vb. ǧaṯṯa, cognates may be different (see entry ↗ǧaṯṯa).
▪ Cf. also ↗^†ǦṮː (ǦṮṮ)_ 4 and DRS 3 (1993) GṮṮ-3 (section COGN) for similar “carcasses”.
▪ …

▪ …

▪ DRS 3 (1993) GṮṮ-1 ↗ǧaṯṯa. -2 […]. -3 Nab gt, Ar ǧuṯṯaẗ ‘corps, cadavre’, ǧaṯṯ ‘restes, débris (d’insectes, etc.)’, ǧiṯṯaẗ ‘vétusté, ruine’, Soq gitteh, Mhr diśśet ‘cadavre’.
▪ Landberg1920: Ar ǧuṯṯaẗ ‘cadavre’ ≙ DaṯAr ǧuffaẗ (↗√ǦFː (ǦFF)), NYem ʿOmānAr ǧīfaẗ ‘cadavre, charogne’ [↗√ǦWF], thus also Hbr gap̄ ‘corps; personne’ (so also Gesenius2015 s.v. gap̄) and Hbr gûp̄āʰ ʻcorps mortʼ (cf. Ar ↗ǦWF ‘hollow’?).
▪ Borg2021 #88 ǧ-ṯ-ṯ : Ar ǧuṯṯaẗ ‘corps, taille et volume du corps (tout de l’homme que des animaux …)’, Saf ǧṯ ‘body, corpse’ (Winnett & Lankester Harding 1978: 633). – Outside Sem, the author compares Eg (Pyr) ḏt ~ ḏs ‘body of person, image, bodily form of god | Leib’ (Faulkner 1962: 317, 251; Wb V 503, 199): jp.n.f ḏt.f ‘er hat seinen Leib bezahlt’ (Assmann 1969: 113).
▪ …

▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ …

–

For other meanings attached to the root, cf. ↗ǧaṯṯa and ↗muǧtaṯṯ as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗ǦṮː (ǦṮṮ).

muǧtaṯṯ مُجْتَثّ

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 11Jan2023

√ǦṮː (ǦṮṮ)

¹adj.; ²n.

1 adj., uprooted (also fig.); 2 a poetic metre (mustafʕilun fāʕilātun fāʕilātun) – WehrCowan1976

▪ Lane: the metre muǧtaṯṯ is so called because it looks »as though it were cut off from the ḫafīf«. The name would thus be derived from (the Gt-stem of) ↗ǧaṯṯa ‘to tear out, uproot’.
▪ …

▪ …

▪ ↗ǧaṯṯa.

▪ …

–

For other meanings attached to the root, cf. ↗ǧaṯṯa and ↗ǧuṯṯaẗ as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗ǦṮː (ǦṮṮ).

ǦṮM

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 5Mar2023

√ǦṮM

“root”

▪ ǦṮM_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ǦṮM_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ǦṮM_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘body, corpse; structure; to crouch, to lie down on one’s chest, to lie face down; to be heavily laden’

▪ …

–

.

–

ǦṮW/Y

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 5Mar2023

√ǦṮW/Y

“root”

▪ ǦṮW/Y_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ǦṮW/Y_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ǦṮW/Y_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘rock-pile, mound, a small hill; to kneel; body; a grave mound’

▪ …

–

.

–

ǦḤD

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 5Mar2023

√ǦḤD

“root”

▪ ǦḤD_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ǦḤD_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ǦḤD_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘barren land, stifled plants, (of plants) to fail to grow properly; to deny, disown, reject; to become penniless, paucity’

▪ …

–

.

–

ǦḤŠ جحش

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021, last updated 9Jan2023

√ǦḤŠ

“root”

▪ ǦḤŠ_1 ‘young donkey’ ↗ǧaḥš
▪ ǦḤŠ_2 ‘…’ ↗…

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ Borg2021 #89 ǧ-ḥ-š : Ar ǧaḥš, pl ǧiḥāš, ǧiḥšān ‘young ass, colt, gazelle’. | Outside Sem, the author compares Eg (OK) gḥś, Dem kḥsꜢt/gḥs.t, Copt ϭϩⲟⲥ ‘gazelle’.
▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

ǧaḥš جَحْش , pl. ǧiḥāš , ǧiḥšān , ʔaǧḥāš ; ǧuḥūš

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021, last update 9Jan2023

√ǦḤŠ

n.

young donkey; (pl. ǧuḥūš) trestle, horse – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Youssef2003 suggests that the word is from Eg gḥs, Copt čḥos which, according to the author, means ‘young donkey’; both ErmanGrapow1921 and TLÆ however have ‘gazelle’.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ Borg2021 #89 ǧ-ḥ-š : Ar ǧaḥš, pl. ǧiḥāš, ǧiḥšān ‘young ass, colt, gazelle’. | Outside Sem, the author compares Eg (OK) gḥś, Dem kḥsꜢt/gḥs.t, Copt ϭϩⲟⲥ ‘gazelle’.
▪ …

▪ Youssef2003: from Eg gḥs, Copt čḥos ‘young donkey’ [Erman 5:191 gives ‘gazelle’]

–

► ǧaḥšaẗ, n.f., young female donkey: f.

ǦḤM جحم

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021, last updated 12Jan2023

√ǦḤM

“root”

▪ ǦḤM_1 ‘Hell, hell-fire’ ↗ǧaḥīm

Other values, now obsolete, include (Hava1899):

▪ ^†ǦḤM_2 ‘to open (the eyes)’: ^†ǧaḥama (a, ǧaḥm); cf. also ^†ǧaḥḥama (vb. II) ‘to cast a piercing look (bi at)’, and ^†ǧuḥām ‘swelling of the eyes’
▪ ^†ǦḤM_3 ‘to abstain; to depart (ʕan from)’: ^†ʔaǧḥama (vb. IV)
▪ ^†ǦḤM_ ‘…’: ^†…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘great fire, blaze, intense fire, to light a fire, to burn’

▪ [v1]/[v2] : It is not totally clear whether [v2] is the result of fig. use of [v1] or whether the latter is dependent on the former. But both seem to belong together. DRS even sees ǧaḥama ‘allumer et attiser le feu’ and ǧaḥīm ‘feu ardent’ in one group together with ǧuḥām ‘inflammation (de l’œil)’.
▪ [v1] : According to DRS 2 (1994) is Sem GḤM a little attested (cognates only in Te and Amh!) doublet of Sem GḤL (not realized in Ar). – Cf. also Sem GHM (> Ar ↗ǧahuma ‘to frown, glower’, ↗ǧahām ‘clouds’), GḤR (no relevant items in MSA), GMR (> Ar ↗ǧamara ‘to roast’), PḤM (> Ar ↗faḥm ‘coal’). – For another word for ‘hell’ see ↗ǧahannamnᵘ.
▪ ^†[v2] : Prob. fig. use of [v1]. – According to Borg2021, the Ar word is cognate with an Eg (MK) vb.
▪ ^†[v3] : etymology obscure.
▪ …

–

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #GḤM-1 Ar ǧaḥama ‘allumer et attiser le feu’, ǧaḥīm ‘feu ardent’, ǧuḥām ‘inflammation (de l’œil)’; Te gäḥam ‘charbon’, gäḥamä ‘réduire en charbon; perdre la vue’; Amh gamä ‘être chaud, chauffé’. -2 Soq géḥam ‘acquérir, pouvoir, gagner’. -3 Te ʔagḥamä ‘être assis (chien)’.
▪ [v1] : Zammit2002 : Aram gaḥᵃmūn ‘burn them’,¹⁹ Ar ǧaḥīm ‘Hell, hell-fire, fiercely burning fire’.
▪ [v2] : Borg2021 #90 ǧ-ḥ-m compares Ar ǧaḥama ‘to open (the eyes) | die Augen öffnen und auf etwas richten’ with Eg (MK) gmḥ (metathesis!) ‘catch sight of, espy, look at | sehen, erblicken; weit blicken (vom Auge)’ (Faulkner 1962: 289; Wb V 170; Ember 1930: 79).
▪ [v3] : ?
▪ …

19. DRS 2 (1994) quotes Jastrow who thinks the Aram *gḥm is an Arabism.

▪ …

–

ǧaḥīm جَحِيم

ID 132 • Sw – • BP 3067 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021, last updated 12Jan2023

√ǦḤM

n./n.f.

fire, hellfire, hell – WehrCowan1979.

▪ According to DRS 2 (1994) is Sem GḤM a little attested (cognates only in Te and Amh!) doublet of Sem GḤL (not realized in Ar). – Cf. also Sem GHM (> Ar ↗ǧahuma ‘to frown, glower’, ↗ǧahām ‘clouds’), GḤR (no relevant items in MSA), GMR (> Ar ↗ǧamara ‘to roast’), and PḤM (> Ar ↗faḥm ‘coal’).
▪ It is not totally clear whether other meanings, now obsolete, that all have s.th. to do with “burning” eyes (see ↗^†ǦḤM_2), are simply fig. use of the values connected to ‘fire’ or whether the latter is dependent on the former. But both seem to belong together. DRS even groups ǧaḥama ‘allumer et attiser le feu’, ǧaḥīm ‘feu ardent’, etc. together with ǧuḥām ‘inflammation (de l’œil)’ as forming one semantic unit.
▪ For another word for ‘hell’ see ↗ǧahannamnᵘ.
▪ …

▪ (Hava1899) ^†ǧaḥama (a, ǧaḥm) ‘to light and stir up (the fire)’, ^†ǧaḥima (a, ǧaḥm, ǧaḥam, ǧuḥūm) and ǧaḥuma (u, ǧuḥūm) ‘to be intense (fire)’, ^†ǧāḥim ‘burning (coal); (fig.) affray; thick of a fight; hot (place)’, ^†taǧaḥḥama (vb. V) ‘to burn with desires; to be in pangs (heart)’
▪ …

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #GḤM-1 Ar ǧaḥama ‘allumer et attiser le feu’, ǧaḥīm ‘feu ardent’, ǧuḥām ‘inflammation (de l’œil)’; Te gäḥam ‘charbon’, gäḥamä ‘réduire en charbon; perdre la vue’; Amh gamä ‘être chaud, chauffé’. -2-3 […].
▪ Zammit2002 : Aram gaḥᵃmūn ‘burn them’,²⁰ Ar ǧaḥīm ‘Hell, hell-fire, fiercely burning fire’
▪ …

20. DRS 2 (1994) quotes Jastrow who thinks the Aram *gḥm is an Arabism.

▪ …
▪ …

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►ǧaḥīmī, adj., hellish, infernal: nsb-adj.

ǦD‑

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ǦD‑

"2-cons. nucleus"

▪ DRS 2 (2012)#GD: *trancher, couper, etc.; (souvent connotation de violence:) arracher; frapper, broyer, etc.
▪ Ehret1995#295 ‘to cut, lop, prune’

A bi-consonantal nucleus that is at the basis of several 3-consonantal themes, cf. section DERIV below. Etymologically, there also seems to be a relation with ↗*ǦḎ- and ↗*ǦZ-.

–

DRS 2 (1994)#GD: De nombreuses racines contenant la séquence ‘G (et aussi K, Q) + dentale’. Voir GDʔ, GḎʔ/ʕ, GDY, GDGD, GDD, GDʕ, GD/ḎP. Voir aussi à leurs places les séquences avec d’autres dentales.
For the most common representations of (some of) the ǦD+x roots in Ar, cf. the items given below in the DERIV section.

▪ …
▪ …

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► ǦDː (ǦDD): ↗ǧadda ‘to be serious’.
► ǦDʕ: ↗ǧadaʕa ‘to cut off, amputate’; cf. also ↗taǧazzaʕa ‘to break apart, break, snap’.
► ǦDF: ↗ǧadafa ‘to row (a boat)’.

▪ According to Ehret1995#295, extensions from the same pre-protSem root *√GD ‘to cut’ are:

↗√ǦDʕ: extension in “partive” *-ʕ
↗√ǦDF: extension in “intensive” *-P
↗√ǦDM: extension in “fortative” *-M

ǦDː (ǦDD) جدّ / جدد

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021, last updated 9Nov2022

√ǦDː (ǦDD)

“root”

▪ ǦDː (ǦDD)_1 ‘grandfather’ ↗¹ǧadd
▪ ǦDː (ǦDD)_2 ‘good luck, good fortune’ ↗²ǧadd
▪ ǦDː (ǦDD)_3 ‘seriousness’ ↗ǧidd
▪ ǦDː (ǦDD)_4 ‘to be new, recent’ ↗ǧadda
▪ ǦDː (ǦDD)_5 ‘Jidda (seaport in Saudi Arabia)’ ↗Ǧuddaẗᵘ
▪ ǦDː (ǦDD)_6 ‘main street’ ↗ǧāddaẗ

Other values, now obsolete, include (BK1860, Hava1899):

▪ ^†ǦDː (ǦDD)_7 I.a ‘couper (se dit du fabricant qui coupe d’une pièce d’étoffe autant qu’il en faut pour une robe); couper, séparer, retrancher en coupant | to cut out (a garment), cut off (a fruit); tailler un palmier, enlever les épines des branches’: ^†ǧadda (u, ǧadd); cf. also b ^†(ṯiyāb) ǧudād ‘coupons; pièces coupées sur le métier: chaque pièce pour faire une robe’; c ^†ǧadīd (pl. ǧudud) ‘cut, cut off | coupé, séparé de son tout; pièce d’étoffe, coupon suffisant pour une pièce de vêtement’; d ^†ʔaǧaddᵘ (f. ǧaddāʔᵘ) ‘having some part(s) cut, or cut off (e.g., ear, teats, udder), lop-eared (ewe)’: hence also

II.a ^†ǧadād ‘taille de palmiers, action de les tailler’, ^†ǧidād ‘époque, saison à laquelle on taille les palmiers’, ^†ǧuddād ‘petits arbres (palmiers ou autres)’
b ^†ʔaǧaddᵘ (f. ǧaddāʔᵘ) ‘dry (breast, udder, road), small-breasted (female)’; ^†ǧadūd (pl. ǧadāʔidᵘ) ‘having little milk (L) | brebis ou chamelle qui ne donne que fort peu ou point de lait’, ^†taǧaddada, vb. V, ‘to dry out (udder)’;
c ^†ǧaddāʔᵘ ‘waterless, cut off from the water (desert)’; ^†ǧadda (i, ǧadd) ‘dégoutter d’eau, de pluie (se dit d’une maison ou d’une tente où l’eau dégoutte des toits) | to drip, let fall drops (a house, tent, etc.)’ (L), ^†ǧudd ‘abundant, or scanty (well) | eau aux confins du désert’;
d ^†ʔaǧaddᵘ (f. ǧaddāʔᵘ) ‘hard, more easy to walk/ride upon, plain, level (road); ^†ǧadad (pl. ʔaǧdād), also ǧadǧad (L), ‘hard level ground; thin sand’, ^†ǧadd (pl. ǧudūd; BK), ^†ǧudd (BK), ^†ǧadīd (Hava, BK) , ‘surface of the earth | terrain uni et dur’; ^†ǧadīd al-turāb ‘sol dur, neuf’; ^†ʔaǧadda (vb. IV) ‘to become smooth (road) [prob.: hard, hence easy to walk/ride upon; see above]’

▪ ^†ǦDː (ǦDD)_8 ‘mark, dividing line’: a ^†ǧuddaẗ (pl. ǧudad) ‘stripe/streak on the back of an ass, differing from his general colour (L); b streak in anything (as in a mountain) differing in colour from the rest, line, mark, sign | ligne d’une nuance différente, et telle, qu’elle paraît de loin, le long d’une plaine ou sur le versant d’une montagne; c signe, marque de route; d tracé d’une route, raie | beaten way, marked with lines (cut by the feet of the men and beasts that have travelled along it), road, way, path, track, forming lines upon the ground’
▪ ^†ǦDː (ǦDD)_9 ‘way, manner | manière, façon, moyen’: ^†ǧuddaẗ; cf. also rakiba ǧuddaẗan min al-ʔamr ‘he set upon a way, or manner, of performing the affair, he formed an opinion respecting the affair, or case’
▪ ^†ǦDː (ǦDD)_10 ‘shore, bank/side of a river’: ^†ǧudd (also ǧadd and ǧidd (pl. ǧudūd), (BK: ‘côté, bord (de toute chose); littoral, côte, littoral du Hedjaz, de la Mecque’), ^†ǧiddaẗ (pl. ǧudad; H)
▪ ^†ǦDː (ǦDD)_11 ‘collier au cou du chien’: ^†ǧidd(aẗ)
▪ ^†ǦDː (ǦDD)_12 ‘fat(ness), obesity’: ^†ǧadīd ‘fat (she-ass)’ (H), ^†ǧadūd (pl. ǧidād) ‘anesse grasse’, ^†ǧudd ‘obésité, corpulence; homme puissant’ (BK)
▪ ^†ǦDː (ǦDD)_13 ‘marchand de vin; vigneron, celui qui fait le vin’: ^†ǧaddād
▪ ^†ǦDː (ǦDD)_14 a ‘intertwisted boughs | branches entrelacées, fils embrouillés, mêlés, b [fig.] chemins battus; c rags (Pers) | vêtements usés’: ^†ǧuddād

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘ancestor, grandparent; luck, good fortune; greatness, glory, majesty; hard work, seriousness; new, to renew; middle of the road, main road, straight, correct path, level land’

▪ With the exception of [v2] ‘good luck, fortune’, values [v1] through [v11] may all be based on ^†[v7] ‘to cut, cut off’. – In contrast, Kogan2015: 33 thinks that »[t]here is hardly any immediate connection betw. [v7] *‘to cut, cut off’, [v3] *‘to be great; serious’, or [v2] *‘fortune, success, luck’.« – For values ^†[v12]–^†[v14] see below.
▪ [v1] ‘grandfather’: etymology uncertain, but prob. either related to [v3] ‘great, serious’ or [v2] ‘good luck, fortune’ and corresponding Can names of divinities (and tribes) (see next paragraph).
▪ [v2] (≙ DRS #GDD-3) ‘good luck, good fortune’: from protSem *gadd- ‘fortune, chance’. – Accord. to Kogan2015: 33, there is hardly any immediate connection betw. this value and [v3] *‘to be great; serious’ or ^†[v7] *‘to cut, cut off’, a relation that is not excluded by DRS, however. ¬– Perh. the value can also be linked to [v1] ‘grandfather’ and to Can names of divinities (and tribes), such as Hbr Gad ‘Gad’, a god of fortune as well as a personal name and name of a tribe. – It is possibly also underlying Ar ↗maǧd ‘glory, honor, dignity, nobility’ (< ma- + protWSem *GD ‘to be good, lucky, excellent’; cf. also ↗ǦWD ‘to be good, approvable, excellent’).
▪ [v3] ‘to be great; seriousness’: Accord. to DRS to be analyzed, ultimately, as belonging to the complex of derivations from ^†[v7] ‘to cut, cut off’ (> ^†[v8] ‘mark, dividing line’ > *‘standing out, prominent, marking o.s. as different from the surroundings, “cutting edge”’ > greatness, “majesty”, seriousness etc.’). Against this assumption, Kogan2015: 33 thinks there is hardly any immediate connection betw. this value and [v7] *‘to cut, cut off’ (nor [v2] *‘fortune, success, luck’). – Related to [v1] ‘grandfather, ancestor’ (*‘the great, serious one, “majesty”)?
▪ [v4] ‘(to be) new, recent’: Accord. to Kogan2015: 33 (and of uncertain origin, but »[a]n ultimate derivation from ^†[v7] protSem *gdd ‘to cut, make an incision’ is not improbable« (so also DRS and ClassAr lexicographers, though differing in the details/ways of derivation).
▪ [v5] ‘Jidda’: accord. to ClassAr authors, the name refers either to the city’s location at the coast (< ^†[v10] ‘shore, bank/side of a river’, seen as as ^†[v8] ‘mark, dividing line’ < ^†[v7] ‘to cut, cut off’) or to the [v1] ‘grandmother’ (whose tomb was said to be situated close to the city wall). However, given the city’s environment, the origin of its name may also be ^†[v7-II.c] *‘scarcity of water’ (< ^†[v7-I] ‘to be cut off (sc. from water supply), dryness, scarcity of water’).
▪ [v6] ‘main street’: accord. to Rolland2014a a borrowing from oPers ǧadd ‘road’, related to Av yātem and Skr yātam ‘id.’ – Cf., however, ^†[v8] below, with the extended meaning of ‘track, beaten way, path, road’ (prob. < ^†[v7] ‘to cut’, thus orig. a path *“cut” by the feet of men and hoofs of animals)’; if this etymology should be valid, ǧāddaẗ may be genuine Ar (and, hence, a loan in Pers?), a PA I signifying a main axis in a town/city, *‘cutting’ it into clearly distinct sectors/quarters.
▪ ^†[v7] (≙ DRS #GDD-1) I.a ‘to cut, cut off, cut out (a garment)’: from protSem *GDD ‘to cut, make an incision’ – Kogan2015: 33 #59; cf. also Ehret1995#295, who thinks Ar ǦDː (ǦDD) (in ǧadd ‘to cut, lop, prune’) reflects a “pre-Proto-Semitic” bi-consonantal root *√GD ‘to cut’, from AfrAs *-gʷad-/*-gʷad- ‘to cut’. | Derivations: b ‘cut-out piece’ c ‘cut, cut off’, d ‘having some part(s) cut, or cut off (ear, teats, udder), lop-eared (ewe)’; hence also II semantic extensions: a ‘taille de palmiers, action de les tailler; époque, saison à laquelle on taille les palmiers; petits arbres (palmiers ou autres)’, b ‘dry (breast, udder, road), small-breasted (female), having little milk (goat, sheep, camel), to dry out (udder)’, c ‘waterless, cut off from the water (desert); to drip, let fall drops (house, tent, etc.); abundant, or scanty (well) | eau aux confins du désert’, d [< II.c?] ‘hard, more easy to walk/ride upon, to become smooth (road), plain and hard level ground; surface of the earth | terrain uni et dur, sol dur, neuf’. – Both DRS and Kogan2015 would not exclude a derivation of [v4] ‘to be new, recent’ from ^†[v7] ‘to cut’ (‘new’ as *‘unusual, cutting, breaking the usual’?). – [v6] ǧāddaẗ ‘main street, boulevard’ is considered a loanword from Pers by some, but could also be a PA I, orig. meaning the *‘(clearly) dividing, “cutting” one (line, track, street)’.
▪ ^†[v8] ‘mark, dividing line’: likely from ^† [v7], a ‘dividing line’ (?< ‘stripe/streak on the back of an ass; streak in anything differing in colour from the rest’) being conceived as a distinguishing *‘cut’. From this, the more general meaning ‘sign, road mark’ is easy to derive. Hence also ‘track, beaten way, path, road’ (< *‘“cut” by the feet of men and beasts that have travelled along it’). – For [v6] ǧāddaẗ ‘main street, boulevard’, see preceding paragraph.
▪ ^†[v9] ‘way, manner’: prob. fig. use of ^†[v8] in the sense of ‘path, track’.
▪ ^†[v10] (≙ DRS #GDD-1) ‘shore, bank/side of a river’: accord. to ClassAr lexicographers »so called because cut off from the river, or because cut by the water« (Lane), thus special use of ^†[v8] ‘dividing line, mark’ (< ^† [v7] ‘to cut, cut out’). – A special use of this value may be [v5] ‘Jidda’ (see above).
▪ ^†[v11] ‘collier au cou du chien’: listed as distinct item in DRS (#GDD-4), but perh. simply special use of ^†[v8], the collar around a dog’s neck being termed a *‘dividing line’.
▪ ^†[v12] ‘fat(ness), obesity (?> mighty man)’: related to, or dependent on, [v2] ‘good luck, good fortune’?
▪ ^†[v13] ‘marchand de vin; vigneron, celui qui fait le vin’: etymology obscure. – Steingass1892 gives a Pers ǧaddād ‘seller or producer of wine’ but marks this as a loan from Ar rather than into it.
▪ ^†[v14] : Accord. to Rolland2014a, ǧuddād ‘intertwisted boughs, ravelled threads, entangled branches, [fig.] chemins battus; rags, worn garments’ is from Pers ǧudād ‘vêtement usé, rapiécé’. For the latter, however, Steingass1892 gives also ‘short trees; low mountains’, i.e., values that could be related to ^†[v7-II.a].
▪ …

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▪ DRS 2 (1994) #GDD-1 Akk gadādu ‘découdre? taillader?’; Hbr *hitgōded ‘se faire des incisions’; nHbr gādad ‘couper, inciser’; Aram gᵊdad ‘couper autour, rogner’; Talm ‘couper, partager’; Syr gadd ‘amputer, retrancher’; Mnd ʕgadad ‘être coupé, raccourci’; Qat šgdd ‘répartir, accorder’; Ar ǧadda ‘couper, retrancher’; Ar ǧudd ‘puits intermittent’, ǧadda ‘être décidé, paraître sérieux (événement, fait)’, ǧidd ‘zèle, effort’; SAr gdd ‘grand’, Sab hgdd ‘magnifier’; Gz gədud ‘sérieux’; Te gäddä ‘être plus grand, surpasser, étonner’, gäddo, gado, Tña gado, Amh (way)gud: interj. admirative ‘oh! étonnant!’. – Akk gudūd- ‘bande, troupe’; Hbr gᵊdūd ‘bande de brigands’; Phoen (bʕl)ʔgddm ‘(chef de) bandes’; Syr gūddā ‘bataillon, chœur’; Mnd gud, guda ‘bande, groupe’; Talm giddūdā ‘troupe, bande’; Gz gədud, Te gäda ‘brigand’. – Gz gadada ‘empirer’; Amh gʷädda ‘endommager, nuire’, gʷäddada ‘endommager par places (comme font les sauterelles)’; Hbr *gādad, *gād ‘se précipiter ensemble contre, attaquer’; Te ʔagdoda ‘se précipiter aveuglément’, gəd ‘contrainte, force’; Amh (as)gäddädä ‘obliger, contraindre’, (a)gäddädä ‘refuser, résister’, gäddädä ‘manquer, être nécessaire’. – Hbr gᵊdūd (?), JP Syr guddā ‘mur, rempart’; Ar ǧadd, ǧudd ‘remblai (délimitant un champ)’. – Hbr giddūd ‘précipice’; Aram giddūdā ‘précipice escarpé, bord élevé’; Mnd gada, g(a)dada, gida ‘bord d’un fleuve’. – Ar ǧadad ‘terrain uni et dur; surface du sol’. -?2 Syr gaddūdā ‘adolescent’; Ar ǧadīd ‘nouveau’, ǧadda ‘être neuf’; SAr gdd ‘assignation, distribution’. -?3 Hbr gad, Aram gaddā, Ar ǧadd, Te gäd, Tña gäddi ‘fortune, chance’; Amh gäd ‘augure’, gäddam ‘qui porte chance’. -4 Ar ǧidd ‘collier (de chien)’; Amh gädda ‘entraver, enchaîner’; ?Te godädä ‘se tenir tranquille; ne pas bouger’. -5 nHbr gad, gādād ‘âpre, amer’; JP giddā, Syr geddē, Mnd g(a)dida, gida ‘absinthe’; Syr gadīdā ‘amer’. -6 Ug gdm (pl.?) – Pun goid, Hbr gad, nHbr gīd, JP giddā ‘coriandre’. -7 Akk giddē: boisson? aliment?
▪ [v1] ‘grandfather’: no immediate cognates, but cf. sections CONC and DISC.
▪ [v2] ‘good luck, good fortune’: Hbr gad ‘fortune’, JudPalAram gaddā ‘luck’, Syr gaddā ‘fortuna, sors’, Mnd gada ‘fortune, success, luck’ (MD, Ar ǧdd ‘to be fortunate’, ǧadd ‘fortune’, Te gäd ‘luck, fortune’, Tña gäddi ‘luck, good luck or good fortune’, Amh gädd ‘luck’ – Kogan2015: 33 #59 n.64.
▪ [v3] ‘seriousness’ : Aram gaddā ‘genius, godhead’, SAr(Sab) gdd ‘great’, Ar ǧadd ‘majesty, glory’ (Zammit), ‘to be great; to be serious’ (Kogan), Gz gedūd ‘serius, gravis’ (Z) | gədud ‘serious, severe’ (K), geddat ‘vehementia, gravitas’ – Zammit2002, Kogan2015: 33 #59 n.64. – Cf. prob. also ↗ǦWD.
▪ [v4] ‘new, recent’: Ar ǧadīd ‘new’, Syr gaddudā ‘adolescens, juvenis’, Sab h-gdd ‘to enforce, validate a decree’, Qat s₁-gdd ‘to renew, validate’; for less immediate parallels see perh. [v7] – Kogan2015: 33 #59.
▪ [v4][v7][v8] Zammit2002: Akk gadādu ‘abtrennen’ (?), nHbr gīddūd ‘steep or straight embankment’, Phoen, Aram gīddūdā ‘a wady between steep embankments’, Syr gūdā ‘a hedge, mount’, Qat sgdd ‘repartir, accorder’, Ar ǧudad ‘track, way on a hill side’, ǧadīd ‘new’, Gz gadgad ‘murus, macerial ambiens, septum’
▪ [v5] ‘Jidda’: no immediate cognates, but cf. either [v1], or ^†[v10] < [v7].
▪ [v6] ‘main street’: no immediate cognates, but cf. perh. ^†[v8] < [v7].
▪ [v7] (≙ DRS #GDD-1) ‘to cut, cut off’ : Akk gadādu ‘to chop’, Hbr gdd ‘to make incisions upon oneself’, JudBiblAram gədad ‘to cut off’, Syr gad ‘abscidit, amputavit’, Mnd gdd ‘to cut off’, Ar ǧdd ‘to cut, cut off’, Cha Eža gädädä, Eža Muh Msq Gog Sod gäddädä, Enm gätädä, End gättädä ‘to tear, make a hole’ – Kogan2015: 33 #59 n.64. – Dependent on/derived from ‘to cut off’: ‘having some part(s) cut, or cut off (e.g., ear, teats, udder, palm twigs), trim palm trees, season of trimming palm trees; (*cut off from milk or water >) dry (breast, udder, well, road, desert region), small-breasted (female), intermittent well, to drip, let fall drops (a house, tent, etc.); (*dry >) hard, level, plain ground, more easy to walk/ride upon > surface of the earth’
▪ …
▪ …

▪ According to DRS 2 (1994) #GDD, the many values they group under #GDD-1 »semblent toutes fondées sur la notion générale ‘couper, inciser, etc.«, i.e., the obsolete value listed here as ^†[v7]. This would include also [v3] ‘(to be) great; serious’ (as < *‘making a “cutting, decisive” difference, standing out’) (and with [v3] perh. also [v1] ‘grandfather, ancestor’, as *‘the great one, “majesty”’), as well as prob. [v5] ‘Jidda’ (perh. orig. *‘region on the West coast’), which in turn may be based on ^†[v8] ‘dividing line’, hence (?) also ^†[v10] ‘shore, river bank’; cf. perh. also [v6] ‘main street, boulevard’ (main road that clearly “cuts” the city into quarters). ^†[v11] ‘dog’s collar’ is treated separately in DRS (their #GDD-4); but why shouldn’t it be *‘streak/dividing line on the neck of a dog’? – Thus, with the exception of [v2] ‘good luck, fortune’, values [v1] through ^†[v11] may all be based on ^†[v7] ‘to cut, cut off’. – In contrast, Kogan2015: 33 #59 n.64 thinks that »[t]here is hardly any immediate connection betw. ^†[v7] *‘to cut, cut off’, [v3] *‘to be great; serious’, or [v2] *‘fortune, success, luck’.« – For values ^†[v12]–^†[v14] see below.
▪ [v1] ‘grandfather’: DRS quotes Blachère (in DAFA) who maintains that Ar ¹ǧadd ‘aïeul, grand-père’ reflects a more general notion of ‘ancêtre’ underlying [v3] ‘gravité, sérieux’. In contrast, Nöldeke1904: 94 saw ‘grandfather’ connected to [v2] ‘good luck, fortune’ and corresponding Can names of divinities and tribes (see next paragraph).
▪ [v2] (≙ DRS #GDD-3) ‘good luck, good fortune’: from protSem *gadd- ‘fortune, chance’. – Accord. to Kogan2015: 33 #59 n.64, there is hardly any immediate connection betw. this value and [v3] *‘to be great; serious’ or ^†[v7] *‘to cut, cut off’. The latter is not excluded by DRS, however, where the separation by a distinct number is preceded by a question mark. ¬– DRS further refers to Nöldeke1904: 94 who saw [v1] ‘grandfather’ connected to ‘good luck, fortune’ and the latter to Can names of divinities and, hence, also of tribes and individuals, such as Hbr Gad ‘Gad’, a god of fortune as well as a personal name (BDB1906: cf. Lat Fortunatus) and the name of a tribe (cf. also the n.prop.loc. Mᵊgiddô ‘Mageddo’). – Related is perh. also Ar ↗maǧd ‘glory, honor, dignity, nobility’ (Hbr mägäd ‘excellence (of gifts of nature)’, Syr magdā ‘fructus’, all < protCSem *magd- ‘excellence’), possibly to be analyzed as composed of an old ma-prefix derivate from the protWSem biconsonantal element *GD ‘to be good, lucky, excellent’. – Cf. also ↗ǦWD ‘to be good, approvable, excellent’.
▪ [v3] ‘to be great; seriousness’: DRS groups this value under their #GDD-1, assuming that ‘greatness, “majesty”, seriousness etc.’ are essentially a form of *‘standing out’, thus being prominent, marking o.s. as different from the surroundings, “cutting edge”, thus related to ^†[v8] ‘mark, dividing line’, from ^†[v7] ‘to cut, cut off’. Against this assumption, Kogan2015: 33 #59 n.64 thinks there is hardly any immediate connection betw. this value and [v7] *‘to cut, cut off’ (nor [v2] *‘fortune, success, luck’). – Perh. related to [v1] ‘grandfather, ancestor’ (as *‘the great, serious one, “majesty”).
▪ [v4] ‘(to be) new, recent’: Accord. to Kogan2015: 33 #59, the origin of Ar ǧadīd- is uncertain (immediate parallels only in Syr, Sab and Qat, see above, section COGN). However, »[a]n ultimate derivation from ^†[v7] protSem *gdd ‘to cut, make an incision’ is not improbable« (so also DRS where the grouping of ‘to be new, recent’ as a separate value #GDD-2 is preceded by an interrogation mark, i.e., doubtful). ClassAr lexicographers suggest a semantic development along the line *‘to cut off, separate from the whole > piece of tissue sufficient to sew a garment > new garment (cf. labisa l-ǧadīd ‘he put on a new garment’) > new; youth, young age’ (BK1860).
▪ [v5] ‘Jidda’: According to U. Freitag, most ClassAr authors »agree that the correct name is Ǧuddaẗ (‘coastline’), while others mention the designation Ǧaddaẗ (‘grandmother’) or, in dialect, Ǧiddaẗ, as referring to the tomb of Eve, which, among other locales given in the traditions, was said to be situated north of what was once the city wall […]. As the city did not have any springs, rain was collected in large cisterns both inside and outside the city walls, or to be supplied from sources outside.«²⁰ These remarks allow for three etymologies: (a) from – or actually identical with – ^†[v10] ‘shore, bank/side of a river’, itself prob. based on ^†[v7] ‘to cut’ (see above/below); (b) from – or actually identical with – ǧaddaẗ ‘grandmother’, f. of [v1] ǧadd; (c) from ^†[v7-II.c] *‘scarcity of water’ (< ^†[v7-I] ‘to be cut off (sc. from water supply), dryness’).
▪ ^†[v6]–[v14] : see above, section CONC.
▪ …
▪ …

20. U. Freitag, art. “Jidda”, in ³EI online, consulted 1Nov2022

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¹ǧadd جَدّ , pl. ǧudūd, ʔaǧdād

ID - • Sw – • BP 1226 • APD … • © SG | 30Oct2022, last updated 12Nov2022

√ǦDː (ǦDD)

n.

1 grandfather; 2 ancestor, forefather – WehrCowan1976

▪ Etymology obscure, but prob. either related to ↗ǧidd ‘greatness, seriousness, majesty’ or ↗²ǧadd ‘good luck, good fortune’ (via ↗ ^†ǦDː (ǦDD)_12 ‘fat(ness), obesity’?). See below, section DISC.
▪ Cf. perh. also ↗Ǧuddaẗ ‘Jidda’, poss. named after “grandmother” Eve (whose tomb was said to be situated close to the city wall).
▪ …

▪ …

▪ no immediate cognates, but cf. perh. ↗ǧidd or ↗²ǧadd (see sections CONC and DISC).
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▪ DRS quotes Blachère (in DAFA) who maintains that Ar ¹ǧadd ‘grandfather’ reflects a more general notion of ‘ancestor’ underlying ↗ǧidd ‘greatness, seriousness, majesty’. If this is a valid etymology, ¹ǧadd may, ultimately, perh. be traced back to ↗ ^†ǦDː (ǦDD)_7 ^†ǧadda ‘to cut, cut out, cut off’ (protSem *GDD ‘to cut, make an incision’). In this case, one would have to assume a semantic development along the line *‘to cut, cut out > to divide, make/mark a difference > to stand out, greatness, majesty > grandfather’. ¹ǧadd ‘grandfather’ would then also be cognate to ↗ǧadda ‘to be new, recent’ which likewise seems to be an essential *‘standing out, making a difference’.
▪ In contrast, Nöldeke1904: 94 saw ‘grandfather’ connected to ²ǧadd ‘good luck, fortune’. Should this be correct, ¹ǧadd would be related to Can names of divinities (and tribes), such as Hbr Gad, a god of fortune as well as a personal name and name of a tribe (protWSem *gadd- ‘fortune, chance’, *GD ‘to be good, lucky, excellent’; cf. also ↗ǦWD ‘to be good, approvable, excellent’). In this case, ‘grandfather’ would be, originally, *‘the “Gad” (= honorable, venerable person, “deity”) in our family’. – Alternatively, one could think of a development along the line *‘good fortune, luck > fat(ness), obesity [↗ ^†ǦDː (ǦDD)_12] > mighty man > grandfather’.
▪ Cf., however, Kogan2015: 33, who thinks that »[t]here is hardly any immediate connection betw. *‘to cut, cut off’, *‘to be great; serious’, or *‘fortune, success, luck’« (though he would not exclude an ultimate derivation of ‘new, recent’ from ^†ǧadda ‘to cut, cut out, cut off’; so also DRS and ClassAr lexicographers).
▪ …

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►al-ǧadd al-ʔaʕlà, n., ancestor

►^BP#1226ǧaddaẗ, pl. -āt, n.f., grandmother

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗²ǧadd, ↗ǧidd, ↗ǧadda, ↗Ǧuddaẗᵘ, and ↗ǧāddaẗ as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√ǦDː(ǦDD).

ǧadd- / ǧadad- جَدّ / جَدَدْ , i (ǧiddaẗ)

ID - • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 30Oct2022, lasst update 9Nov2022

√ǦDː (ǦDD)

vb., I

1 to be new; 2 to be a recent development, have happened lately, have recently become a fact; 3 to be added, crop up or enter as a new factor (circumstances, costs); 4 to appear for the first time (also, e.g., on the stage); 5-10 ↗ǧidd – WehrCowan1976

▪ Accord. to Kogan2015: 33 the value ‘to be new, recent’ is of uncertain origin, but »[a]n ultimate derivation from protSem *gdd ‘to cut, make an incision’ [↗^†ǦDː (ǦDD)_7] is not improbable« (so also DRS and ClassAr lexicographers, though differing in the details/ways of derivation).
▪ …

▪ …

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #GDD-1 Akk gadādu ‘découdre? taillader?’; Hbr *hitgōded ‘se faire des incisions’; nHbr gādad ‘couper, inciser’; Aram gᵊdad ‘couper autour, rogner’; Talm ‘couper, partager’; Syr gadd ‘amputer, retrancher’; Mnd ʕgadad ‘être coupé, raccourci’; Qat šgdd ‘répartir, accorder’; Ar ǧadda ‘couper, retrancher’; Ar ǧudd ‘puits intermittent’, ǧadda ‘être décidé, paraître sérieux (événement, fait)’, ǧidd ‘zèle, effort’; SAr gdd ‘grand’, Sab hgdd ‘magnifier’; Gz gədud ‘sérieux’; Te gäddä ‘être plus grand, surpasser, étonner’, gäddo, gado, Tña gado, Amh (way)gud: interj. admirative ‘oh! étonnant!’. – Akk gudūd- ‘bande, troupe’; Hbr gᵊdūd ‘bande de brigands’; Phoen (bʕl)ʔgddm ‘(chef de) bandes’; Syr gūddā ‘bataillon, chœur’; Mnd gud, guda ‘bande, groupe’; Talm giddūdā ‘troupe, bande’; Gz gədud, Te gäda ‘brigand’. – Gz gadada ‘empirer’; Amh gʷädda ‘endommager, nuire’, gʷäddada ‘endommager par places (comme font les sauterelles)’; Hbr *gādad, *gād ‘se précipiter ensemble contre, attaquer’; Te ʔagdoda ‘se précipiter aveuglément’, gəd ‘contrainte, force’; Amh (as)gäddädä ‘obliger, contraindre’, (a)gäddädä ‘refuser, résister’, gäddädä ‘manquer, être nécessaire’. – Hbr gᵊdūd (?), JP Syr guddā ‘mur, rempart’; Ar ǧadd, ǧudd ‘remblai (délimitant un champ)’. – Hbr giddūd ‘précipice’; Aram giddūdā ‘précipice escarpé, bord élevé’; Mnd gada, g(a)dada, gida ‘bord d’un fleuve’. – Ar ǧadad ‘terrain uni et dur; surface du sol’. -?2 Syr gaddūdā ‘adolescent’; Ar ǧadīd ‘nouveau’, ǧadda ‘être neuf’; SAr gdd ‘assignation, distribution’. -?3 […]. -4-7 […].
▪ Kogan2015: 33 #59 : Ar ǧadīd ‘new’, Syr gaddudā ‘adolescens, juvenis’, Sab h-gdd ‘to enforce, validate a decree’, Qat s₁-gdd ‘to renew, validate’; for less immediate parallels see perh. ↗^†ǦDː (ǦDD)_7.
▪ …

▪ See above, section CONC. – ClassAr lexicographers suggest a semantic development along the line *‘to cut off, separate from the whole > to cut off/out pieces of tissue > piece of tissue sufficient to sew a garment > new garment (cf. labisa l-ǧadīd ‘he put on a new garment’) > new > youth, young age’.
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►^BP#2950ǧaddada, vb. II, 1a to renew (s.th.); b to make anew, remake (s.th.); c to modernize (s.th.); d to restore, renovate, remodel, refit, recondition, refurbish (s.th.); e to be an innovator, a reformer; f to feature s.th. new or novel, produce s.th. new; g to rejuvenate, regenerate, revive, freshen up (s.th.); h to renew, extend (a permit); i to begin anew, repeat (s.th.), make a new start (in s.th,); j to try again (ḥaẓẓa-hū one’s luck)
►ʔaǧadda, vb. IV, 1-3 ↗ǧidd; 4 to renew, make new (s.th.): *Š-stem, caus.
►^BP#4399taǧaddada, vb. V, 1 to become new, be renewed; 2 to revive: tD-stem, intr.
►ĭstaǧadda, vb. X, 1 to be new, be added or enter as a new factor, come newly into existence; 2 to make new, renew (s.th.): *Št-stem, desid./request.

►ǧiddaẗ, n.f., 1 newness, recency, novelty; 2 modernness, modernity; 3 rebirth, renaissance
►^BP#60ǧadīd, pl. ǧudud, ǧudad, adj., 1a new, recent; b renewed; 2a modern; b novel, unprecedented | ǧidd wa-ṭarāfaẗ, expr., day and night; min ǧadīd, adv., anew, again; EgAr ǧadīd lanǧ, adj., brand-new
►ʔaǧaddᵘ, adj., 1 ↗ǧidd; 2 newer, more recent: elat. formation
►^BP#2076taǧdīd, n., 1a renewal (also, e.g., of a permit); b reorganization, reform; c renovation, restoration, remodeling, refitting, reconditioning, refurbishing; d rejuvenation, regeneration; 2 new presentation, new production (theat.); 3a creation of s.th. new, origination; b modernization; c innovation; d pl. -āt, innovations; new achievements: vn. II
►taǧaddud, n., renewal, regeneration, revival: vn. V
►muǧaddid, n., 1a renewer; b reformer; 2 innovator: PA II
►^BP#2074muǧaddad, adj., 1a renewed, extended; b remodeled, reconditioned, renovated, restored; c rejuvenated, regenerated; 2 new, recent, young: PP II
►^BP#4261mustaǧidd, adj., 1 new, recent; 2 incipient

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗¹ǧadd, ↗²ǧadd, ↗ǧidd, ↗Ǧuddaẗᵘ, and ↗ǧāddaẗ as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√ǦDː(ǦDD).

²ǧadd جَدّ , pl. ǧudūd

ID - • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 30Oct2022, last updated 12Nov2022

√ǦDː (ǦDD)

n.

good luck, good fortune – WehrCowan1976

▪ According to Kogan2015: 33, »[t]here is hardly any immediate connection« between the notion of ‘good luck, fortune, success’ and the most prominent value in the root ↗√ǦDː(ǦDD) on which most others appear to be based, namely ↗^†√ǦDː(ǦDD)_7 ‘to cut, cut off’. However, there is sufficient evidence to reconstruct protSem *gadd- ‘fortune, chance’ (DRS #GDD-3) or at least protWSem *GD ‘to be good, lucky, excellent’ (Kogan). The latter shows its clearest reflexes in Can names of divinities (and tribes), such as Hbr Gad ‘Gad’, a god of fortune as well as a personal name and name of a tribe.
▪ Unlike Kogan, DRS would not exclude a relation of ‘luck, fortune, success’ to *‘to cut, cut off’ – the authors let the numbering that otherwise would indicate a new, distinct value be preceded by a question mark (see below, section COGN); however, they remain silent about the nature of such a possible semantic relation (‘luck’ as positive *‘share, portion’ granted by a divine power?).
▪ Perhaps, the value can also be linked to the homonymous ↗¹ǧadd ‘grandfather’ which is without obvious cognates in Sem and thus probably derives from, or is somehow related to, one of the other items in √ǦDː(ǦDD). So, is ‘grandfather’ perhaps *‘the fortunate one’ or *‘the one who deserves as much respect, devotion, reverence as the fortune god Gad’? – Accord. to DRS , it was already Nöldeke1904: 94 who maintained that ‘grandfather’ related to ‘good luck, fortune’ etc. br> ▪ ²ǧadd ‘good luck, fortune, success’ may also be at the origin of the notion, now obsolete, of ↗^†ǦDː (ǦDD)_12 ‘fat(ness), obesity’ (fortune allowing people to consume much food) and, hence, ‘power’, as attested in ^†ǧudd ‘obésité, corpulence; homme puissant’ (BK1860), ^†ǧadīd (Hava1899) ~ ^†ǧadūd (pl. ǧidād; BK1860) ‘fat (she-ass) | anesse grasse’.
▪ According to Kogan2015: 33, ²ǧadd is also likely related to ↗maǧd ‘glory, honor, dignity, nobility’ (< ma- + protWSem *GD ‘to be good, lucky, excellent’; cf. also ↗ǦWD ‘to be good, approvable, excellent’).
▪ …

▪ ^†ǧadd (a, ǧadd), and pass. ǧudda bi- ‘to succeed in (an affair)’; ^†ǧadd, ^†ǧadīd (pl. ǧudud) ‘happy, lucky | heureux, fortuné’, ^†fulān ḏū ǧadd fī kaḏā ‘such a one is possessed of good fortune in such a thing’ (Lane ii)
▪ …

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #GDD-1 Akk gadādu ‘découdre? taillader?’; Hbr *hitgōded ‘se faire des incisions’; nHbr gādad ‘couper, inciser’; Aram gᵊdad ‘couper autour, rogner’; Talm ‘couper, partager’; Syr gadd ‘amputer, retrancher’; Mnd ʕgadad ‘être coupé, raccourci’; Qat šgdd ‘répartir, accorder’; Ar ǧadda ‘couper, retrancher’; Ar ǧudd ‘puits intermittent’, ǧadda ‘être décidé, paraître sérieux (événement, fait)’, ǧidd ‘zèle, effort’; SAr gdd ‘grand’, Sab hgdd ‘magnifier’; Gz gədud ‘sérieux’; Te gäddä ‘être plus grand, surpasser, étonner’, gäddo, gado, Tña gado, Amh (way)gud: interj. admirative ‘oh! étonnant!’. […] -?2 Syr gaddūdā ‘adolescent’; Ar ǧadīd ‘nouveau’, ǧadda ‘être neuf’; SAr gdd ‘assignation, distribution’. -?3 Hbr gad, Aram gaddā, Ar ǧadd, Te gäd, Tña gäddi ‘fortune, chance’; Amh gäd ‘augure’, gäddam ‘qui porte chance’. -4-7 […]
▪ Kogan2015: 33 #59 n.64: Hbr gad ‘fortune’, JudPalAram gaddā ‘luck’, Syr gaddā ‘fortuna, sors’, Mnd gada ‘fortune, success, luck’ (MD, Ar ǧdd ‘to be fortunate’, ǧadd ‘fortune’, Te gäd ‘luck, fortune’, Tña gäddi ‘luck, good luck or good fortune’, Amh gädd ‘luck’. – Cf. also Can names of divinities and, hence, also of tribes and individuals, such as Hbr Gad ‘Gad’, a god of fortune as well as a personal name (BDB1906: cf. Lat Fortunatus) and the name of a tribe (cf. also the n.prop.loc. Mᵊgiddô ‘Mageddo’).
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►maǧdūd, adj., fortunate, lucky

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗¹ǧadd, ↗ǧidd, ↗ǧadda, ↗Ǧuddaẗᵘ, and ↗ǧāddaẗ as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√ǦDː(ǦDD).

ǧidd جِدّ

ID - • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 30Oct2022, last update 13Nov2022

√ǦDː (ǦDD)

n.

1 seriousness, earnestness; 2 diligence, assiduity, eagerness – WehrCowan1976

▪ According to DRS 2 (1994) #GDD, the many values they group under #GDD-1 »semblent toutes fondées sur la notion générale ‘couper, inciser, etc.« [see ↗^†ǦDː (ǦDD)_7 in EtymArab]. This would include also ǧidd and related items signifying ‘greatness, seriousness, majesty’ (as < *‘making a “cutting, decisive” difference, standing out’?). – In contrast, Kogan2015: 33 #59 n.64 thinks that »[t]here is hardly any immediate connection betw. *‘to cut, cut off’ [and] *‘to be great; serious’ […].«
▪ Dependent on ‘greatness, seriousness, majesty’ is perh. ↗¹ǧadd ‘grandfather’ (*‘the great, serious one, “his majesty”’; cf. also below, section HIST) (but other etymologies have been suggested).
▪ …

▪ Lane ii 1865: ǧadda fī ʕaynī, fī ʕuyūn al-nās, fī ṣudūrihim ‘he was, or became, great, or of great dignity or estimation, in my eye, or in the eyes of men, and their minds’; ^†ǧadda (i, u, ǧidd) fī ‘to endeavour to, exert o.s. in, acquire credit (amongst)’
▪ Hava1899: ^†ǧadda ‘to be respectable, important (man); to be serious, grievous (affair)’
▪ …

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #GDD-1 Akk gadādu ‘découdre? taillader?’; Hbr *hitgōded ‘se faire des incisions’; nHbr gādad ‘couper, inciser’; Aram gᵊdad ‘couper autour, rogner’; Talm ‘couper, partager’; Syr gadd ‘amputer, retrancher’; Mnd ʕgadad ‘être coupé, raccourci’; Qat šgdd ‘répartir, accorder’; Ar ǧadda ‘couper, retrancher’; Ar ǧudd ‘puits intermittent’, ǧadda ‘être décidé, paraître sérieux (événement, fait)’, ǧidd ‘zèle, effort’; SAr gdd ‘grand’, Sab hgdd ‘magnifier’; Gz gədud ‘sérieux’; Te gäddä ‘être plus grand, surpasser, étonner’, gäddo, gado, Tña gado, Amh (way)gud: interj. admirative ‘oh! étonnant!’. […]. -2-7 […].
▪ Zammit2002, Kogan2015: 33 #59 n.64: Aram gaddā ‘genius, godhead’, SAr(Sab) gdd ‘great’, Ar ǧadd ‘majesty, glory’, ǧadda ‘to be great; to be serious’, Gz gədud ‘serious, severe’, geddat ‘vehementia, gravitas’.
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▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ …

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►^BP#171ǧiddan, adv., very, much
►bi-ǧidd, and min ǧidd, adv., earnestly, seriously;
►ǧiddᵘ bāhiẓⁱⁿ, n., very high (price);
►ǧiddᵘ ʕaẓīmⁱⁿ, adj., very great;
►yaḫtalifūnᵃ ǧiddᵃ l-ĭḫtilāf, expr., they differ widely;
►waqafa ʕalà sāq al-ǧidd li-, vb., to apply o.s. with diligence to, take pains in, make every effort to

►ǧadda, i, vb. I, 1-4 ↗ǧadda; 5 to be or become serious, grave; 6 to be weighty, significant, important; 7 to take (fī s.th.) seriously; 8 to strive earnestly (fī for), go out of one’s way (fī to do s.th.), make every effort (fī in); 9 to be serious, be in earnest (fī about), mean business; 10 to hurry (fī one’s step)
►ʔaǧadda, vb. IV, 1 to strive, endeavor, take pains; 2 to apply o.s. earnestly and assiduously (fī to), be bent, be intent (fī on s.th.); 3 to hurry (fī one’s step); 4 ↗ǧadda: *Š-stem, applicative

►^BP#2505ǧiddī, adj., 1a serious; b earnest; c ǧiddiyyan, adv., in earnest, earnestly, seriously: nsb-formation
►^BP#2627ǧiddiyyaẗ, n.f., 1a earnestness; b seriousness, gravity (of a situation): abstr. formation in ‑iyyaẗ
►ʔaǧaddᵘ, adj., 1 more serious, more intent; 2 ↗ǧadda: elat. formation
►^BP#1808ǧādd, adj., 1 in earnest, earnest; 2 serious (as opposed to comic, funny): PA I
►muǧidd, adj., painstaking, diligent, assiduous: PA IV

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗¹ǧadd, ↗²ǧadd, ↗ǧadda, ↗Ǧuddaẗᵘ, and ↗ǧāddaẗ as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√ǦDː(ǦDD).

Ǧuddaẗᵘ جُدّة

ID - • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 11Nov2022

√ǦDː (ǦDD)

n.f.topogr.

Jidda (seaport in W Saudi Arabia, on Red Sea) – WehrCowan1976

▪ Accord. to ClassAr authors, the name refers either to the city’s location at the coast (< ↗^†ǦDː (ǦDD)_10 ‘shore, bank/side of a river’, seen as ^†ǦDː (ǦDD)_8 ‘mark, dividing line’ < ^†ǦDː (ǦDD)_7 ‘to cut, cut off’) or to ǧiddaẗ ‘grandmother’, f. of ↗¹ǧadd ‘grandfather’, i.e., Eve (whose tomb was said to be situated close to the city wall). However, given the city’s environment, the origin of its name may also be ↗^†ǦDː (ǦDD)_7-II.c *‘scarcity of water’ (< ^†ǦDː (ǦDD)_ v7-I ‘to be cut off from water supply, dryness’).
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▪ …

▪ no immediate cognates, but cf. either ↗¹ǧadd, or ↗^†ǦDː(ǦDD)_10 < ↗^†ǦDː(ǦDD)_7.
▪ …

▪ According to U. Freitag, most ClassAr authors »agree that the correct name is Ǧuddaẗ (‘coastline’), while others mention the designation Ǧaddaẗ (‘grandmother’) or, in dialect, Ǧiddaẗ, as referring to the tomb of Eve, which, among other locales given in the traditions, was said to be situated north of what was once the city wall […]. As the city did not have any springs, rain was collected in large cisterns both inside and outside the city walls, or to be supplied from sources outside.«²¹ These remarks allow for 3 etymologies: (a) from – or actually identical with – ↗^†ǦDː (ǦDD)_10 ‘shore, bank/side of a river’, itself prob. based on ↗^†ǦDː (ǦDD)_7 ‘to cut, cut off’; (b) from – or actually identical with – ǧaddaẗ ‘grandmother’, f. of ↗¹ǧadd; (c) from ↗^†ǦDː (ǦDD)_7-II.c *‘scarcity of water’ < ^† ǦDː (ǦDD)_7-I ‘to be cut off (sc. from water supply), dryness’.
▪ …

21. U. Freitag, art. »Jidda«, in ³EI online, consulted 1Nov2022

–

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗¹ǧadd, ↗²ǧadd, ↗ǧidd, ↗ǧadda, and ↗ǧāddaẗ as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√ǦDː(ǦDD).

ǧadīd جَديد , pl. ǧudud, ǧudad

ID 134 • Sw 96/104 • BP 60 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021, last update 15Nov.2022

√ǦDː (ǦDD)

adj.

1a new, recent; b renewed; c novel, unprecedented; 2 modern – WehrCowan1979.

▪ ↗ǧadda
▪ …

▪ …

▪ ↗ǧadda
▪ …

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►ǧadīd wa-ṭarāfaẗ, expr., day and night;
►min ǧadīd, adv., anew, again;
►EgAr gidīd lang, adj., brand-new

►ǧadda, i (ǧiddaẗ), vb. I, 1 to be new; 2 to be a recent development, have happened lately, have recently become a fact; 3 to be added, crop up or enter as a new factor (circumstances, costs); 4 to appear for the first time (also, e.g., on the stage): see ↗s.v. – 5-10 ↗ǧidd.
►^BP#2950ǧaddada, vb. II, 1a to renew (s.th.); b to make anew, remake (s.th.); c to modernize (s.th.); d to restore, renovate, remodel, refit, recondition, refurbish (s.th.); e to be an innovator, a reformer; f to feature s.th. new or novel, produce s.th. new; g to rejuvenate, regenerate, revive, freshen up (s.th.); h to renew, extend (a permit); i to begin anew, repeat (s.th.), make a new start (in s.th,); j to try again (ḥaẓẓa-hū one’s luck): D-stem, caus. (denom.?)
►ʔaǧadda, vb. IV, 1-3 ↗ǧidd; 4 to renew, make new (s.th.): *Š-stem, caus.
►^BP#4399taǧaddada, vb. V, 1 to become new, be renewed; 2 to revive: tD-stem, intr.
►ĭstaǧadda, vb. X, 1 to be new, be added or enter as a new factor, come newly into existence; 2 to make new, renew (s.th.): *Št-stem, desid./request.

►ǧiddaẗ, n.f., 1 newness, recency, novelty; 2 modernness, modernity; 3 rebirth, renaissance
►ʔaǧaddᵘ, adj., 1 ↗ǧidd; 2 newer, more recent: elat. formation
►^BP#2076taǧdīd, n., 1a renewal (also, e.g., of a permit); b reorganization, reform; c renovation, restoration, remodeling, refitting, reconditioning, refurbishing; d rejuvenation, regeneration; 2 new presentation, new production (theat.); 3a creation of s.th. new, origination; b modernization; c innovation; d pl. -āt, innovations; new achievements: vn. II
►taǧaddud, n., renewal, regeneration, revival: vn. V
►muǧaddid, n., 1a renewer; b reformer; 2 innovator: PA II
►^BP#2074muǧaddad, adj., 1a renewed, extended; b remodeled, reconditioned, renovated, restored; c rejuvenated, regenerated; 2 new, recent, young: PP II
►^BP#4261mustaǧidd, adj., 1 new, recent; 2 incipient

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗¹ǧadd, ↗²ǧadd, ↗ǧidd, ↗Ǧuddaẗᵘ, and ↗ǧāddaẗ as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√ǦDː(ǦDD).

taǧdīd تَجْديد

ID - • Sw – • NahḍCon • BP 2076 • APD … • © SG | 30Oct2022

√ǦDː (ǦDD)

n.

1a renewal (also, e.g., of a permit); b reorganization, reform; c renovation, restoration, remodeling, refitting, reconditioning, refurbishing; d rejuvenation, regeneration; 2 new presentation, new production (theat.); 3a creation of s.th. new, origination; b modernization; c innovation; d pl. -āt, innovations; new achievements – WehrCowan1976

▪ vn., from ǧaddada, vb. II, ‘to make new, renew, restore, renovate, remodel, etc.; to modernize; to rejuvenate, regenerate, revive, freshen up’, from ↗ǧadda, vb. I, ‘to be new’ or denom. from ǧadīd ‘new, recent’. – Cf. also ↗muǧaddid.

▪ …

▪ ↗ǧadda

▪ …

–

taǧaddud تَجَدُّد

Sw – • NahḍCon • BP … • APD … • © SG | created 31May2023

√ǦDː (ǦDD)

n.

▪ vn., V

▪ …

.

taǧaddudī تَجَدُّديّ

Sw – • NahḍCon • BP … • APD … • © SG | created 31May2023

√ǦDː (ǦDD)

adj.

innovative, creative

▪ nsb-formation, from vn. V

.

ǧādd جادّ

ID 133 • Sw – • BP 1808 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ǦDː (ǦDD)

adj.

1a in earnest, earnest; b serious (as opposed to comic, funny) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ PA of ǧadda, vb. I, ‘to be(come) serious, grave’, see ↗ǧidd
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▪ …

▪ ↗ǧidd
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ǧāddaẗ جادّة , pl. -āt, ǧawāddᵘ

ID - • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 30Oct2022, last update 11Nov2022

√ǦDː (ǦDD)

n.f.

1a main street; b street – WehrCowan1976

▪ Accord. to Rolland2014a a borrowing from oPers ǧadd ‘road’, related to Av yātem and Skr yātam ‘id.’ – Cf., however, ↗^†ǦDː(ǦDD)_8 ‘mark, dividing line’, with the extended meaning of ‘track, beaten way, path, road’ (prob. < ↗^†ǦDː(ǦDD)_7 ‘to cut, cut off’, thus orig. a path *“cut” by the feet of men and hoofs of animals)’; if this etymology should be valid, ǧāddaẗ might be genuine Ar (and, hence, a loan in Pers?), a PA I signifying a main axis in a town/city that clearly *‘cuts’, i.e., divides it into distinct sectors/quarters.
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▪ Lane: ‘main part of a road; its middle, or even, part; or the beaten track, or part along which one walks, or travels; the conspicuous part thereof: or a main road that comprises other roads, or tracks, and upon which one must pass’
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▪ No immediate cognates if borrowed from Pers (see above, section CONC). If genuine Ar, cf. ↗^†ǦDː(ǦDD)_8 < ↗^†ǦDː(ǦDD)_7.
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▪ See above, section CONC.
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–

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗¹ǧadd, ↗²ǧadd, ↗ǧidd, ↗ǧadda, and ↗Ǧuddaẗᵘ, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√ǦDː(ǦDD).

muǧaddid مُجَدِّد , pl. -ūn

ID - • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 30Oct2022

√ǦDː (ǦDD)

n.

1a renewer; b reformer; 2 innovator – WehrCowan1976

▪ nominalized PA, from ǧaddada, vb. II, ‘to make new, renew, restore, renovate, remodel, etc.; to modernize; to rejuvenate, regenerate, revive, freshen up’, from ↗ǧadda, vb. I, ‘to be new’ or denom. from ǧadīd ‘new, recent’. – Cf. also ↗taǧdīd.
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▪ ↗ǧadda

▪ …

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ǦDṮ جدث

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 5Mar2023

√ǦDṮ

“root”

▪ ǦDṮ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ǦDṮ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ǦDṮ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘(a doubtful verbal root) a grave, to make or prepare a grave’

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ǦDR جدر

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Dec2022

√ǦDR

“root”

▪ ǦDR_1 ‘to befit, be suitable, proper, appropriate, be worthy (of s.th.), deserve’ ↗ǧadura
▪ ǦDR_2 ‘wall’ ↗ǧidār
▪ ǦDR_3 ‘smallpox’ ↗ǧudarī
▪ ǦDR_4 ‘dish made of rice or bulgur with lentils, onions and oil’ ↗EgAr LevAr muǧaddaraẗ

Other values, now obsolete, include (Hava1899):

▪ ^†ǦDR_5 ‘to sprout (plant)’: ^†ǧadara (u, ǧadr), ^†ǧadura (u, ǧadāraẗ), ^†ǧaddara (vb. II), ^†ʔaǧdara (vb. IV); cf. also ^†ǧadira (a, ǧadar) ‘to form its grains and sprout (vine)’, ^†ʔaǧdara (vb. IV) ‘to have young trees (land); to shoot forth (tree)’
▪ ^†ǦDR_ ‘…’: ^†ǧdr
▪ …

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘wall, walling-in, an enclosure; pustules, smallpox; to be worthy of s.th.’

▪ [gnrl] Under the roof of the root √ǦDR at least 3 semantic complexes that do not show obvious interrelation are assembled: (a) ‘to be fit, suitable, worthy’ ≙ [v1]; (b) ‘wall, fencing, etc.’ ≙ [v2]; and (c) ‘to sprout, shoot forth’ ≙ ^†[v5] (> [v3] > [v4]). Only (b)≙[v2] seems to have cognates in Sem.
▪ [v1] : etymology obscure. – Should one compare forms without -R, such as Ar ↗ǧadd ‘good luck, chance, fortune’ (< WSem *gadd- ‘happiness, fortune’, which Dolgopolsky2012#599 analyses as stemming from a Nostr *gad˅‑ ‘(to be) suitable\good; luck’)? Perhaps too far-fetched!
▪ [v2] : from protCSem *g˅d˅r- ‘fence, wall’ – Kogan2015:208 #6, Huehnergard2011. – See also below, section DISC.
▪ [v3] : Unless a loanword (where from?), the value ‘smallpox’ is prob. a specialization of the more general ^†[v5] ‘to sprout, shoot forth; hence also: produce pustules on the skin, etc.’.
▪ [v4] : The name of the dish seems to be coined from [v3] ‘smallpox’, likening the view of lentils within rice or bulgur to smallpox pustules on the skin.
▪ ^†[v5] : etymology obscure. – [v5] seems to be at the origin of [v3] (> [v4]).

▪ …

▪ [all] DRS 2 (1994) #GDR-1 ≙ [v2] Hbr gādēr ‘mur en pierres’, ARAM cp gdrʔ ‘tas de pierres’, TalmAram gᵊdērā, gādērā ‘clôture séparation’; Ar ǧadr, ǧidār, Min gdr ‘mur’; Te gədar, gədor ‘aux alentours de, à côté de’, gudur ‘parois de la hutte, mur de la maison’, Tña gidar ‘sorte de hangar pour les animaux’. -?2 Akk gadar- ‘ceinture (?)’.²¹ -3 ≙ [v1] Ar ǧadura ‘être digne de, apte à’, Te gäddärä ‘s’habituer à’. -4 Te gadər ‘puissant’, Har gädärä, gidra ‘rang social, respect’.²² -?6 Amh gʷädärra ‘hurler, mugir (animal mâle)’.²³ -7 ≙ [v5]/[v3] Ar ǧadura ‘poindre, bourgeonner’, ǧadar, ǧudar ‘pustule variolique’, ǧudriyy, ǧadariyy ‘petite vérole’, Soq gīdri, Te gədri ‘petite vérole’.²⁴
▪ [v2] : Zammit2002, Kogan2015:208 #6: Ug gdrt ‘Umfriedung’,²⁵ Hbr gādēr ‘wall’, JBA gādērā ‘fence’, gᵊdar ‘to fence in’,²⁶ Syr gedrā ‘pond, pool’ (< Ar), Min gdr ‘mur’, Ar ǧadr, ǧidār, ǧadīraẗ ‘wall’; Te gədar ‘in the surroundings of, at the side of’, gudur ‘parois de hutte, mur de la maison’, Tña gidaro ‘a kind of enclosure made of sticks and thorns in which cattle spend the night while in the fields’, Mhr gīdōr, Jib gédɔ́r ‘wall, cairn, piled stones’.²⁷
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21. »Empr. sum.? AHW 273.« 22. »Il est peu probable qu’il faille faire dépendre 4 de 3. Les formes éth. semblent plutôt en rapport avec la rac. QDR (v.s.).«] -5 Te gädrä ‘bouillir fortement’, Amh gʷädärra ‘faire du bruit (eau bouillante, etc.)’.[(cn :: » < Ar? (v. ↗qidr).« 23. »Comp. Amh qätärä.« 24. »Comp. Leslau, Lexique Soqotri 103.« 25. Hapax legomenon in a difficult context: k ʔapʕ ʔil b gdrt ‘Like a divine viper in a hedge’ (1.19 i 13). 26. Since the root is sparsely attested in Aram, one may be inclined to consider the JBA forms to be Hebraisms. 27. »In both cases [Mhr Jib], Ar loanwords are likely (explicitly recognized for the EthSem forms in DRS 102 and Leslau 1990:152, but cf. Marrassini 1971: 50-53). – Footnote: Cha Enm Muh gadər, Enm End Gyt gaʔadər, Sel gādra ‘cattle pen inside the house’, are thought to be borrowed from Cushitic by Leslau.«

▪ [v1] : Should one compare Ar ↗ǧadd ‘good luck, chance, fortune’? If related, then ǧadura ‘to be fit, suitable, be worth’ would have far cognates in the large complex given by Dolgopolsky2012#599: Nostr *gad˅ ‘(to be) suitable\good; luck’ > AfrAs > WSem *gadd- ‘happiness, fortune’ > Hbr gaḏ ‘fortune’, bə-g̱aḏ ‘feliciter’, Pun Nab Palm Htr gd, JA [Targ], JEA gadd-ā ‘genius, god of fortune; luck’, Syr gad / gaddā ‘fortune, luck, success’, Mnd gada ‘fortune, success, luck, fate’, nMnd gäd ‘Glück, chance’, Ar ↗ǧadd ‘good luck, chance, fortune’, Gz gadd ‘luck’; Cush Ag: Aw gud ‘good, nice’, gudi ‘good’, ECush *gudd-~*gūd- ‘big, much’ > Kns kutt- ‘id.’, Or guddaʔ, Dsn gudd-u, Elm g̣ūt-iḍa ‘big’, gūt ‘many’, Arr guḍḍá ‘big’, guḍḍa-haḍ- ‘grow big, become many\much’; ? Som gídd-i ‘whole, entire’, Bs gidd-i, ? Af gadd-a ‘wealth’ (unless < EthSem); HEC (< EthSem?): Hd gadaʔa ‘luck’; IE > NaIE *gʰedʰ-/*gʰodʰ- ‘to be suitable\good’ > Germ *gōδā ‘suitable’ > Gt gōÞs ~ gōds (tr. Grk agaθós, χrēstós, kalós) ‘gut, tüchtig, schön’, oNo góðr, oHGe guot, nHGe gut, oSax gōd, AngSax ȝōd ‘good’, nEngl good; Slav inf. *goditi (sę) ‘to suit, be fortunate’ > oChSlav inf. goditi ‘to satisfy | gratum esse, morem gerere, placere’, SerbCroat inf. gòditi ‘to make a deal’, Slov to mi godi ‘it is pleasant, I like it’, Cz inf. hoditi se, Ru inf. godit’sja ‘to be suitable’, Po inf. godzić ‘to bring to an agreement’, godzi się ‘it is permitted\lawful’; > (deriv.) Slav *godъ ‘appropriate time’ > oChSlav godъ ‘time (hora, tempus); year; appropriate time’, SerbCroat gōd ‘holiday, year, appropriate time’, Cz hod ‘religious feast’, oRu godъ ‘time, year’, Ru god ‘year’; Slav *god-ьnъ(jь) ‘suitable, appropriate’ > ChSlav godьnъ, Bulg goden, Po godny, Ru godnyj ‘id.’
▪ [v2] : Related to (or ultimately derived from?) forms without ‑R? If so, one may have to compare the complex listed by Dolgopolsky2012 sub #598: Nostr *gad˹a˺ ‘bank, shore, side of s.th.’ > CSem *giday- ~ *guday- ‘bank, side of a river’, *°gadd- ‘id.’ > BiblHbr gəḏ-ōṯ-āw ~ giḏy-ōṯ-āw ‘its banks’ (presumably forms of *giḏyā), Mnd gada, gida, g(i)dada ‘bank, riverside, waterside’, JA JEA gudd-ā ‘wall, side’, Ar ǧudd ‘côté, bord (de toute chose)’ [↗Ǧuddaẗ], ǧidd, ǧidd-aẗ ‘bord, rive (d’un fleuve)’, ǧadd ‘rivage, bord (d’un fleuve), surface de la terre’. – DRS 2 (1994) #GDR-1: outside Sem, cf. Berb agadir ‘fort, fortress, citadel’?
▪ [v3]-^†[v5] : As neither ‘smallpox’ nor ‘to sprout’ can be traced back to earlier forms it is difficult to tell whether [v3] is a specialization of [v5] or the latter is denominative from the former. For the time being, we may assume that -ī in ǧudarī is a nisba ending, which would point to its being derived. However, the instability of the vowel in the first syllable (ǧudarī ~ ǧadarī) could be an indication of a foreign origin, in which case the vb. ‘to sprout’ would be denominative. – In any case, [v4] the muǧaddaraẗ dish is to be analyzed as a PP II from ǧaddara ‘to infect with smallpox, show pustules’ and is thus the *‘dish that looks like smallpox on the skin’.
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▪ For the name of the Andalusian city Cadiz, cf. ↗ǧidār.

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ǧadur‑ جَدُر , u (ǧadāraẗ)

ID – • Sw – • BP 3370 • APD … • © SG | 15Dec2022

√ǦDR

vb., I

1a to be fit, suitable, proper, appropriate (bi‑ for s.o., for s.th.); b to befit, behoove (bi‑ s.o., s.th.); 2 to be worthy (bi‑ of), deserve (bi‑ s.th.) – WehrCowan1976

▪ Etymology obscure. A relation with other ǦDR items (↗ǧidār ‘wall, fencing, etc.’, ↗ǧudarī ‘smallpox’) seems rather unlikely.
▪ Should one compare forms without -R, such as Ar ↗ǧadd ‘good luck, chance, fortune’ (< WSem *gadd- ‘happiness, fortune’, which Dolgopolsky2012#599 analyses as stemming from a Nostr *gad˅‑ ‘(to be) suitable\good; luck’)? Perhaps too far-fetched!
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▪ …

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #GDR-1-2 […]. -3 Ar ǧadura ‘être digne de, apte à’, Te gäddärä ‘s’habituer à’. -4-7 […].
▪ …

▪ Should one compare Ar ↗ǧadd ‘good luck, chance, fortune’? If related, then ǧadura ‘to be fit, suitable, be worth’ would have far cognates in the large complex given by Dolgopolsky2012#599: Nostr *gad˅ ‘(to be) suitable\good; luck’ > AfrAs > WSem *gadd- ‘happiness, fortune’ > Hbr gaḏ ‘fortune’, bə-g̱aḏ ‘feliciter’, Pun Nab Palm Htr gd, JA [Targ], JEA gadd-ā ‘genius, god of fortune; luck’, Syr gad / gaddā ‘fortune, luck, success’, Mnd gada ‘fortune, success, luck, fate’, nMnd gäd ‘Glück, chance’, Ar ↗ǧadd ‘good luck, chance, fortune’, Gz gadd ‘luck’; Cush Ag: Aw gud ‘good, nice’, gudi ‘good’, ECush *gudd-~*gūd- ‘big, much’ > Kns kutt- ‘id.’, Or guddaʔ, Dsn gudd-u, Elm g̣ūt-iḍa ‘big’, gūt ‘many’, Arr guḍḍá ‘big’, guḍḍa-haḍ- ‘grow big, become many\much’; ? Som gídd-i ‘whole, entire’, Bs gidd-i, ? Af gadd-a ‘wealth’ (unless < EthSem); HEC (< EthSem?): Hd gadaʔa ‘luck’; IE > NaIE *gʰedʰ-/*gʰodʰ- ‘to be suitable\good’ > Germ *gōδā ‘suitable’ > Gt gōÞs ~ gōds (tr. Grk agaθós, χrēstós, kalós) ‘gut, tüchtig, schön’, oNo góðr, oHGe guot, nHGe gut, oSax gōd, AngSax ȝōd ‘good’, nEngl good; Slav inf. *goditi (sę) ‘to suit, be fortunate’ > oChSlav inf. goditi ‘to satisfy | gratum esse, morem gerere, placere’, SerbCroat inf. gòditi ‘to make a deal’, Slov to mi godi ‘it is pleasant, I like it’, Cz inf. hoditi se, Ru inf. godit’sja ‘to be suitable’, Po inf. godzić ‘to bring to an agreement’, godzi się ‘it is permitted\lawful’; > (deriv.) Slav *godъ ‘appropriate time’ > oChSlav godъ ‘time (hora, tempus); year; appropriate time’, SerbCroat gōd ‘holiday, year, appropriate time’, Cz hod ‘religious feast’, oRu godъ ‘time, year’, Ru god ‘year’; Slav *god-ьnъ(jь) ‘suitable, appropriate’ > ChSlav godьnъ, Bulg goden, Po godny, Ru godnyj ‘id.’
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►yaǧduru ḏikru-h and yaǧduru bi’l-ḏikr, worth mentioning

►^BP#2772ǧadīr, pl. ‑ūn, ǧudarāʔᵘ, adj., 1 worthy, deserving (bi‑ of s.th.); 2a becoming, befitting (bi‑ s.th.); b proper, suited, suitable, fit (bi‑ for), appropriate (bi‑ to): quasi-PP I. | ǧadīr bi’l-ḏikr, worth mentioning
►ʔaǧdarᵘ, adj., 1 worthier; 2a more appropriate; b better suited, more suitable
►ǧadāraẗ, n.f., 1 worthiness; 2a fitness, suitability, aptitude, qualification; b appropriateness

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗ǧidār, ↗ǧudarī, and (EgAr LevAr) ↗muǧaddaraẗ, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√ǦDR.

ǧidār جِدار , pl. ǧudur, ǧudrān

ID – • Sw – • BP 1131 • APD … • © SG | 15Dec2022

√ǦDR

n.

wall – WehrCowan1976

▪ From protCSem *g˅d˅r- ‘fence, to wall, build walls’ – Kogan2015:208 #6; noun *gadir‑ ‘wall’ – Huehnergard2011. – See also below, section DISC.
▪ A relation to other ǦDR items (↗ǧadura ‘to be fit, suitable, worthy’; ↗ǧudarī ‘smallpox’ < *‘to sprout, shoot forth’) seems rather unlikely.
▪ …

▪ (Hava1899): ǧadara ‘to wall, inclose s.th. in a walls, conceal o.s. behind a wall’, ǧadīraẗ (quasi-PP.f) ‘inclosure for cattle; walled garden’, ǧaddara (II) and ĭǧtadara (VIII) ‘to raise (a building)’
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▪ DRS 2 (1994) #GDR-1 Hbr gādēr ‘mur en pierres’, Aram gdrʔ ‘tas de pierres’, TalmAram gᵊdērā, gādērā ‘clôture séparation’; Ar ǧadr, ǧidār, Min gdr ‘mur’; Te gədar, gədor ‘aux alentours de, à côté de’, gudur ‘parois de la hutte, mur de la maison’, Tña gidar ‘sorte de hangar pour les animaux’. -?2 Akk gadar- ‘ceinture (?)’.²⁸ -3-7 […].
▪ Zammit2002, Kogan2015:208 #6 : Ug gdrt ‘Umfriedung’,²⁹ Hbr gādēr ‘wall’, JBA gādērā ‘fence’, gᵊdar ‘to fence in’,³⁰ , Syr gedrā ‘pond, pool’ (< Ar), Min gdr ‘mur’, Ar ǧadr, ǧidār, ǧadīraẗ ‘wall’, Te gədar ‘in the surroundings of, at the side of’, gudur ‘parois de hutte, mur de la maison’, Tña gidaro ‘a kind of enclosure made of sticks and thorns in which cattle spend the night while in the fields’, Mhr gīdōr, Jib gédɔ́r ‘wall, cairn, piled stones’.³¹
▪ Outside Sem: cf. Berb agadir ‘fort, fortress, citadel’ (DRS 2 1994 ad #GDR-1)?
▪ …

28. »Empr. sum.? AHW 273.« 29. Kogan2015: »Hapax legomenon in a difficult context: k ʔapʕ ʔil b gdrt ‘Like a divine viper in a hedge’ (1.19 i 13).« 30. Kogan2015: »Since the root is sparsely attested in Aram, one may be inclined to consider the JBA forms to be Hebraisms.« 31. Kogan2015: »In both cases [Mhr Jib], Ar loanwords are likely (explicitly recognized for the EthSem forms in DRS 102 and Leslau 1990: 152, but cf. Marrassini 1971: 50-53). – Footnote: Cha Enm Muh gadər, Enm End Gyt gaʔadər, Sel gādra ‘cattle pen inside the house’, are thought to be borrowed from Cushitic by Leslau.«

▪ Also related to (or ultimately derived from?) forms without final ‑R ? If so, one may have to compare the complex listed by Dolgopolsky2012 sub #598: Nostr *gad˹a˺ ‘bank, shore, side of s.th.’ > CSem *giday- ~ *guday- ‘bank, side of a river’, *°gadd- ‘id.’ > BiblHbr gəḏ-ōṯ-āw ~ giḏy-ōṯ-āw ‘its banks’ (presumably forms of *giḏyā), Mnd gada, gida, g(i)dada ‘bank, riverside, waterside’, JA JEA gudd-ā ‘wall, side’, Ar ǧudd ‘côté, bord (de toute chose)’ [↗Ǧuddaẗ], ǧidd, ǧidd-aẗ ‘bord, rive (d’un fleuve)’, ǧadd ‘rivage, bord (d’un fleuve), surface de la terre’.
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▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl Cadiz, from Lat Gades, from Phoen *gadir ‘wall’, akin to Ar ǧadr, ǧidār ‘wall’.

►ǧadr, n., wall: var. of ǧidār, perh. orig. vn. I, from ^†ǧadara ‘to inclose, infence’
►ǧidārī, adj., mural, wall (adj.): nsb-adj.

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗ǧadura, ↗ǧudarī, and (EgAr LevAr)↗muǧaddaraẗ, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√ǦDR.

ǧudarī جُدَري, var. ǧadarī

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Dec2022

√ǦDR

n.

smallpox – WehrCowan1976

▪ Unless a loanword (where from?), ǧudarī ‘smallpox’ is prob. a specialization derived from the more general ^†ǧadara (u, ǧadr), ^†ǧadura (u, ǧadāraẗ), ^†ǧadira (a, ǧadar) ‘to sprout, shoot forth; hence also: produce pustules on the skin’ (↗^†ǦDR_5). Oscillation of vowel in first syllable (ǧudarī~ ǧadarī) and earlier variant ǧudrī may point to a borrowing.
▪ A relation with other ǦDR items (↗ǧadura ‘to be fit, suitable, worthy’, ǧidār ‘wall, fencing, etc.’) seems rather unlikely.
▪ Fig. use in ↗muǧaddaraẗ ‘dish with lentils within rice or bulgur’ (resembling skin *‘covered with smallpox pustules’).
▪ …

▪ (Hava1899): ǧadar (pl. ʔaǧdār) ‘natural tumour, swelling caused by a wound; bite on an animal’s neck; sprout’, ǧadara (u, ǧadr) ‘to be covered with blisters (hand)’, ǧudira, ǧuddira, taǧaddara ‘to have the smallpox’, muǧaddar ‘seized with small-pox; pock-marked (face)’, maǧdaraẗ ‘country where small-pox is raging’
▪ …

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #GDR-1-6 […]. -7 Ar ǧadura ‘poindre, bourgeonner’, ǧadar, ǧudar ‘pustule variolique’, ǧudriyy, ǧadariyy ‘petite vérole’, Soq gīdri, Te gədri ‘petite vérole’.³²
▪ …

32. »Comp. Leslau, Lexique Soqotri 103.«

▪ As neither ‘smallpox’ nor ^†‘to sprout’ can be traced back to earlier forms it is difficult to tell whether the first is a specialization derived from the verb or the latter is denominative from the former. For the time being, we may assume that -ī in ǧudarī is a nisba ending, which would point to its being derived.
▪ …

–

►ǧudira, vb. I (pass.), and ǧuddira, vb. II, to have smallpox: G- and D-stem, both pass., denom.
►maǧdūr, and muǧaddar, adj., infected with smallpox; pock-marked: PP I and II, respectively
►muǧaddaraẗ, n.f., a popular dish: see ↗s.v.

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗ǧadura and ↗ǧidār as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√ǦDR.

EgAr LevAr muǧaddaraẗ مُجَدَّرة

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Dec2022

√ǦDR

n.f.

dish made of rice or (in Syr.) of bulgur with lentils, onions and oil – WehrCowan1976

▪ The name of the Levantine dish seems to be coined from ↗ǧudarī ‘smallpox’ (< ^†ǧad˅ra ‘to sprout, shoot forth; hence also: produce pustules on the skin’), likening the view of lentils within rice or bulgur to smallpox pustules on the skin.
▪ …

▪ …

▪ See ↗ǧudarī.
▪ …

▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ …

–

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗ǧadura, ↗ǧidār, and ↗ǧudarī, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√ǦDR.

ǦDL جدل

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Jul2021, last updated 12Jan2023

√ǦDL

“root”

▪ ǦDL_1 ‘to twist tight, braid, plait’ ↗ǧadala (ǧadl)
▪ ǦDL_2 ‘to quarrel, wrangle; to argue, debate, dispute, contest’ ↗ǧadal
▪ ǦDL_3 ‘flagstone, ashlar’ ↗¹miǧdāl
▪ ǦDL_4 (= ǦDWL) ‘creek, brook; column, list, index, chart, table, schedule’ ↗ǧadwal

The many other, now obsolete values (as given in BK1860, Hava1899) may be grouped as follows:
▪ ^†ǦDL_5 : specific interpretations, material and figurative, of the element of *‘twisting’ in [v1]. This group not only contains ǧadīl (pl. ǧudul) ‘twisted rope; rein, bridle; girdle’ but also ^†ǧudāl ‘whip’ (< *‘tightly twisted’), and ǧadīl(aẗ) (pl. ǧadāʔilᵘ) not only in the sense of ‘plait of hair’ but also in that of ^†‘ceinture en cuir enrichie de toute sorte d’ornements portée par les femmes | a thing like a ʔitb, of hide, or leather, which boys, and menstruous women, wear round the waist in the manner of an ʔizār’ (whence also ^†ǧadīlaẗ in the meaning ‘menstruous woman’); moreover, ǧadīlaẗ can mean a ^†‘trap to catch pigeons, bird’s cage’ (< *woven from twigs etc.) and hence also ^†ǧaddāl ‘maker of pigeon traps\bird cages | qui s’en sert pour prendre des pigeons’. In a metaphorical sense, ǧadīlaẗ (pl. ǧadāʔilᵘ) is also the ^†‘way, mood | manière, façon, mode; habitude; nature; determination of the mind’ (*way a person is “knitted, made up”). As adj.s, we not only find maǧdūl ‘of slender make | mince sans maigreur, et bien fait’ (e.g., sāʕid maǧdūl ‘bras bien tourné’) but also the elative formation ^†ʔaǧdalᵘ (pl. ʔaǧādilᵘ; f. ǧadlāʔᵘ, pl. ǧudl) ‘graceful, handsome, etc. | qui penche avec grâce’ (e.g., sāq ǧadlāʔ ‘cuisse bien tournée’, f. ǧadlāʔᵘ ‘cuirasse d’un travail solide; femme bien faite, aux formes gracieuses; chienne’).
▪ ^†ǦDL_6 : specific interpretations, material and figurative, of the element of *‘strength, firmness’ in [v1]. In this group we find vb.s like ^†ǧadala (ǧudūl) ‘to be firm, strong, solid, hard’, ^†ǧadila (a, ǧadal) ‘to become strong (gazelle), and ǧadala (ǧadl) ‘rendre fort, solide, en tressant et en tordant fortement (une corde)’, as well as adj.s like ^†ǧadl, ǧadil ‘hard, strong, robust’ (with pl. ǧudūl, ʔaǧdāl also meaning ‘member, esp. penis; sinew’) and ^†ǧudāl ‘strong, hard’; among the nouns belonging to this *‘strength, firmness, hardness’ group we may mention ^†ǧadl ‘tomb’ (*‘the firmly built one’?), ^†ǧadāl (coll., n.un. ǧadālaẗ) ‘unripe dates’, ^†ǧadlaẗ ‘pestle | pilon de mortier’, and ^†miǧdal (pl. maǧādilᵘ) ‘stronghold, fortress, palace, pavilion | château’. [v3] ¹miǧdāl ‘flagstone, ashlar’, listed above as a value in its own right as it is the only item from this group that has “survived” into MSA, actually belongs here, too. – For ^†ǧadl~ǧidl ‘member; sinew | ¹en gén. membre quelconque du corps; ²verge, pénis; ³tendon (des mains ou des jambes); ⁴(pl.) bones of the legs’, MilitarevKogan2000 (SED I) #73 reconstruct a protSem *g˅d(˅)l‑ ‘limb’. – ^†miǧdal ‘stronghold, fortress’ seems to be borrowed from Hbr migdāl rather than an inner-Ar formation.
▪ ^†ǦDL_7 : results of gaining *‘strength, firmness, hardness’, incl. acquired capacities, esp. *‘growth, maturity, ripeness’. This group contains items like ^†ǧadal ‘ripe (corn, grain)’ (< *‘having become strong in the ears’), ^†ǧadala, ǧadila (a, ǧadal) ‘to grow (grain, young men) | grandir et acquérir de la force, grossir (se dit d’un jeune homme, des grains dans les épis)’, ^†ǧādil ‘grandi, adulte (jeune homme); qui peut déjà marcher tout seul (petit de chameau plus fort que celui rāšiḥ)’ and the corresponding denom. vb. IV,^†ʔaǧdala ‘to have a young one (ǧādil) able to follow its mother; (fig.) to cheer up | égayer, rendre gai’; cf. also (ǧadala and) the intens. vb. II, ^†ǧaddala ‘to knock s.o. down | jeter, renverser par terre (d’un coup de lance)’, hence also ^†taǧaddala (V) ‘to fall down | tomber par terre (et y rester étendu)’ and ^†ĭnǧadala (VII) ‘to be thrown down | être jeté, renversé et étendu par terre’.
▪ ^†ǦDL_8 ‘earth, soil, ground, ground having fine sand | terre couverte d’un sable fin’: ^†ǧadālaẗ; cf. also ^†ǧadīlaẗ (pl. ǧadāʔilᵘ) ‘country, state; tribe | pays; plage’
▪ ^†ǦDL_9 ‘a kind of hawk | gerfault, espèce de faucon’: ^†ʔaǧdal^u(n?) (pl. ʔaǧādilᵘ)
▪ ^†ǦDL_10 ‘troop | troupe d’hommes’: ^†maǧdal
▪ ^†ǦDL_11 ‘to melt fat | liquéfier, faire fondre (du beurre, de la graisse)’: ^†ǧadala (ǧadl)

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to braid, twist tightly; to be well-built; to knock down; to dispute, argue in a contentious manner, debate’.

With the exception of [v4] and perh. [v8]-[v11] (where connection with other values is not, or nor immediately, evident), practically all values in the Ar root √ǦDL can easily be explained as derivations from the basic idea of [v1] ‘twisting strongly (a rope etc.)’. This “roof” value, and some of its derivatives, are also the most widely attested ones in Sem (cf. #GDL-1 in DRS, see below, section COGN).
▪ For an attempt to derive ǦDL from a 2-consonantal root nucleus *GD‑ see below, section DISC.
▪ Ar [v1] unites two basic notions which in other Sem langs appear as distinct values and have developed in many directions also in Ar: ‘twisting (rope)’ and ‘strength, firmness’. As rightly observed by DRS, a semantic relation between ‘twisting’ and ‘making firm\strong’ can be found also in other roots, such as ↗√BRM, ↗√KBR, ↗√KRB, ↗√MSD, ↗√MRR, ↗√ʕSD, ↗√ʕQD, ↗√FTL, and ↗√QWW/Y. In a similar vein, also ‘strong’ and ‘great, big, large’ are connected not only in ǦDL but also in ↗√ʕẒM.
▪ [v1] ‘to twist tight, braid, plait’ is the “roof” value from which most other values in the root can be thought to derive. The value is widely attested in Sem (Akk,¹² Hbr, Aram, Ar, Soq, Te) and can thus be posited, with all likelihood, also for protSem *GDL.
▪ [v2] ‘to quarrel, wrangle; (esp.) to argue, debate, dispute, contest’: obviously a semantic extension from [v1] ‘twisting’, peculiar to Ar where the basic notion of ‘quarreling, fighting’ is found in ↗ǧadal ‘fight’, but mostly in the extended vb. forms. Given that the value is only very scarcely attested outside Ar (only in EthSem, where it came to mean ‘to kill’), it is hard to decide whether the fig. value ‘intellectual argument, dispute’, so prominent in Ar, developed from ‘clashing/quarelling physically’ or whether it is the result of a transfer of meaning directly from ‘twisting’ (in which case ‘physical clash\fighting’ could also be interpreted as a development from ‘firmness, strength, maturity’, etc. – see [v6] below). The value is attested from early on; in the Qurʔān, it is even the only one with which the root √ǦDL is present.
▪ [v3] ¹miǧdāl ‘flagstone, ashlar’: specified in Lane ii 1865 as »oblong roofing-stone, of those which, placed side by side, form the roof of a subterranean passage, &c.«. The value seems to be a specialisation based on [v6] *‘hard, firm, strong’, perh. influenced by ^†miǧdal ‘stronghold, fortress’ (which is usually believed to be a loan from Hbr migdāl ‘tower, stronghold’).
▪ [v4] In ClassAr lexicography, ǦDWL is generally treated s.v. ǦDL. Lane ii 1865 specifies: ǧadwal, var. ǧidwal, ‘rivulet, streamlet (whether natural, or formed artificially for irrigation; being often applied to a streamlet for irrigation, in the form of a trench, or gutter]; (hence:) ĭstaqāma ǧadwaluhum, expr., their affair, or case, was, or became, in a right, a regular, or an orderly, state’, like the ǧadwal when its flow is uniform and uninterrupted; ĭstaqāma ǧadwal al-ḥāǧǧ, expr., the caravan of the pilgrins formed an uninterrupted line; (hence also:) kind of small vein; (and:) ǧadwal kitāb, ruled line (such as is ruled round a page, &c.); column, table (of a book)’. – Relation to ǦDL unclear; perh. *‘trickles uniting (“intertwining”) and thus forming a rivulet’; a (dimin.?) FaʕwaL~FiʕwaL formation (not classified as a standard pattern in any grammar so far)? Can the use of ǧadwal in the sense of ‘ruled line; column; list, roster; chart, table, schedule’ (in MSA the most prevalent use) help to explain the connection betw. ‘twisting’ and ‘rivulet’? Should, e.g., also a table\chart\roster be regarded as *‘intertwining’ lines, the result of some “twisting”?
▪ ^†[v5] : The group comprises other specific interpretations, material and figurative, which, like [v2], are based on the element of *‘twisting’ in [v1] (the only difference being that the values of ^†[v5] have become obsolete in MSA). It is clear that things like ropes and girdles are ‘tightly twisted’ and that also whips and traps/cages belong here. A certain type of girdle (ǧadīlaẗ) that would be worn by menstruous women round their waists could become a synonym for ‘menstruous woman’ as such. In a similar vein, the way s.th. was twisted could take on more general meanings like ‘way, mood’ or (mental structure, the way s.o. is “knitted” =) ‘habit; nature; determination of the mind’. *‘Nicely\beautifully twisted\knitted\woven’ cound take the meaning ‘slender, well-formed, shapely’, hence also ‘graceful, handsome’.
▪ ^†[v6] : In this group we find the obsolete values corresponding to non-obsolete [v3], i.e., specific interpretations, material and figurative, of the other of the two core notions of [v1], namely *‘strength, firmness’. The value is not uncommon outside Ar, but only in forms with prefixed m‑, all meaning ‘tower, fortification’ (Ug, Hbr, Moab, Aram, Syr, LiḥAr, Min), and the cognate Ar term, ^†miǧdal, may in fact be a borrowing (from Hbr), perh. also its relative, [v3] ¹miǧdāl ‘flagstone, ashlar’. In contrast, Ar displays a whole range of lexemes containing the basic notion of be(com)ing or making ‘firm, strong, solid, hard, robust’, incl. vb.s, adj.s, and n.s. While ‘tomb’ may be (like ‘tower, fortification’) *‘the firmly built one’, ‘unripe dates’ are hard, and such should also be the ‘pestle’ of a mortar. – A special case may be ^†ǧadl~ǧidl ‘limb, any part of the body; penis; sinew; (pl.) bones of the legs’. ClassAr “etymology”, ĭštiqāq, tends to interpret the word (esp. the penis) as *‘the hard one’. In contrast, MilitarevKogan2000 (SED I) #73 think it may be independent from the other ǦDL items, going back to a protSem *g˅d(˅)l‑ ‘limb’. The authors concede that attestation in Sem is rather scarce – apart from Ar, there are only postBiblHbr (ʔª)gūdāl ‘thumb, great toe’, and modSAr ‘foot’ (Mhr gēdəl, Ḥrs gédəl, Jib gέdəl) –; nevertheless, they think this is reliable enough to assume a wider Sem dimension.¹³ Moreover, they assume that their hypothetical protSem *g˅d(˅)l‑ ‘limb’ might be »related with suffixed ‑l to [protSem] *g˅d-at‑ ‘(part or bone of) the leg of animal’« [SED I #71, no reflexes attested in Ar].
▪ ^†[v7] : Apart from ‘twisting, rope, etc.’ and ‘strength, firmness, etc.ʼ, the idea of *‘growth, greatness, maturity, ripeness’ and corresponding capacities is rather widespread beyond Ar (Ug, Hbr, Aram). In this group we find not only vb.s signifying ‘to grow (grain, young men)’ but also corresponding adj.s like ‘ripe (corn, grain)’, ‘grown up, being able to walk by itself (young camel) or o.s. (child)’. Here belongs also the vb. II, attested from early on, in the sense of ‘to knock s.o. down’ (with also vb. V ‘to fall down’ and vb. VII ‘to be thrown down’); these could likewise be interpreted as the result of having gained ‘strength’, thus belonging to the complex of [v6] rather than that of [v7]. – For MilitarevStolbova2007, the wider attestation outside Ar (and, perh., even some cognates outside Sem) are reason enough to posit a protSem *g˅d˅l‑ ‘(to be\come) big, strong’ (< AfrAs *g˅d˅l‑ ‘to be big’); see below, sections COGN and DISC, for further details).
▪ ^†[v8] : The specification ‘having fine sand | couverte d’un sable fin’ seems to contradict a derivation of ‘earth, soil, ground’ from the basic notion of [v6] ‘hard, solid, firm’; but also fine sand may be very hard, so it may well belong to [v6]. The same word can also mean ‘country, state; tribe’, which with all likelihood is a specialization of ‘firm ground’.
▪ ^†[v9] : The type of falcon or hawk called ^†ʔaǧdal has its name either from its beautiful, well-shaped appearance (cf. [v5]) or its strength (cf. [v6]). Grammarians discussed whether the word was an elative formation (in which case it should not take nunation: ʔaǧdal^u) or whether it should be treated like a “real” noun (hence ʔaǧdal^un).
▪ ^†[v10] ^†maǧdal ‘troop’: < *‘the strong one, standing firm’?
▪ ^†[v11] ^†ǧadala (ǧadl) ‘to melt fat’: ?

12. Accord. to Zimmern1914: 35, Akk gidl- may be an Aramaism. 13. »The postBiblHbr forms may alternatively be derived from [Hbr] gādal ‘to be high, large’ (and then unrelated to the present root), or semantically influenced by the latter.«

▪ Earliest attestations accord. to DHDA (as of 13Jul2021):

528 ǧadwal ‘rivulet, streamlet’
529 ǧādil (674 ǧadīl, 791 ǧadl, ǧadil) ‘hard, strong, firm’
538 ǧaddala (642 ǧadala) ‘to knock s.o. down’; 600 taǧaddala ‘to fall down’, 600 ǧadīl ‘knocked down, thrown to earth’
538 ǧadīl, 631 ǧadīlaẗ, ‘twisted rope’
539 ǧidāl ‘quarrelsome argument, fight’
544 miǧdal ‘stronghold, fortress’
545 ʔaǧdal ‘a kind of hawk’
573 ǧadīl ‘girdle, ornamented belt (wišāḥ)’
604 ǧādala ‘to argue, quarrel with s.o.’
616 ǧadal ‘vehemence, violence, in altercation or disputation or litigation, sharpness, acrimony in dispute’
631 ǧadl (vn. I) ‘to twist strongly (a rope)’
633 ǧadāl ‘unripe dates’
636 ǧidl ‘bones of the legs’
643 maǧdūl ‘bien tourné, beautiful’
657 ǧadl ‘member, body part’
762 ǧadālaẗ ‘earth, hard soil’
791 ǧadīlaẗ ‘trap to catch pigeons, bird’s cage’
791 miǧdāl ‘qui aime à disputer, prompt, enclin à la dispute; fort et habile à la dispute’

▪ All values: DRS 2 (1994) #GDL-1 Akk gidl- ‘cordon torsadé, cordelière’;³³ Hbr gādal ‘tresser’, *gādil ‘tresse’; Aram gᵊdal ‘tresser’, gᵊdiltā ‘tresse’; Phlv gdyl ‘cordon’; Mand gdal ‘tresser’, gdalta ‘tresse, guirlande’; nSyr gʸädil ‘tresser’; Ar ǧadala ‘tresser une corde, la rendre solide en la tordant fortement’; Soq gadl ‘tresse’; Te gädlä ‘tresser les cheveux, coiffer’. – Ug gdl, Hbr gādōl ‘grand’, gādāl, Aram gᵊdal ‘être grand’; Mand *gdil ‘être exalté’; Ar ǧadala ‘être ferme, solide; jeter à terre, terrasser’, ǧādil ‘grand, adulte’, ǧādala ‘lutter, se quereller’; Soq gódil ‘être fort’; Gz gadala ‘être fort, l’emporter sur; tuer’, gadl ‘combat; exercice ascétique’, gadalā ‘cadavre, charogne’; Te gadälä, Tña Amh tägaddälä ‘lutter’; Amh gäddälä, *gällä ‘tuer’, gäla ‘corps’. – Ug mgdl, Hbr migdāl, Moab mgdlt (pl.), Aram migdᵊlā, Syr magdᵊlā, Ar miǧdal, LiḥAr Min mgdl ‘tour, château fort’. -2 Gz gʷadala ‘être incomplet’, gudāle ‘défaut’; Amh gʷäddälä ‘manquer de’. -3 Akk gudilū-: classe, sorte d’hommes.
▪ ^†[v6] MilitarevKogan2000 (SED I) #73: postBiblHbr gūdāl, ʔªgūdāl ‘thumb, great toe’, Ar ^†ǧadl, ǧidl ‘membre quelconque du corps; verge, pénis; tendon (des mains ou des jambes); os entier, non fracture [BK1860]’, Mhr gēdəl, Ḥrs gédəl, Jib gέdəl ‘foot’.
▪ ^†[v7] MilitarevStolbova2007: Ug gdl ‘big’, Hbr gdl ‘to be big’, gādōl ‘big’, Aram gǝdal ‘to be big’, Ar ǧdl ‘to become big, strong’, ǧādil ‘big’. Outside Sem: dǜgōlù, digàl, dɨgàlu, dɨ̄galu, all meaning ‘big’ in 4 CCh langs.
▪ ^†[v6]/[v7] Borg2021 #91 ǧ-d-l compares Hbr migdāl ‘tower’, Ar ^†miǧdal ‘castle’ and Lev Ar maǧdal (part of the names of many Lebanese and Syrian villages) with Eg (LE) mktr, mkdr, mgdr ‘tower’ (Wb V 631), Copt ⲙⲓⲕⲧⲟⲗ ‘tower’ (Crum 1939: 214b)
▪ …

33. Accord. to Zimmern1914: 35 perh. from Aram.

▪ [v1]-[v11]: See above, section CONC.
▪ ^†[v6] MilitarevKogan2000 (SED I) #73: »Scarce though reliable attestation.« The authors reconstruct protSem *g˅d(˅)l‑ ‘limb’. »Possibly related with suffixed ‑l to [protSem] *g˅d-at‑ ‘(part or bone of) the leg of animal’« [SED I #71, not attested in Ar]. »The postBiblHbr forms may alternatively be derived from [Hbr] gādal ‘to be high, large’ (and then unrelated to the present root), or semantically influenced by the latter.«
▪ ^†[v7] MilitarevStolbova2007: The authors reconstruct protSem *g˅d˅l‑ ‘(to be\come) big, strong’ and protCCh *digwal‑ ‘big’, both from a hypothetical AfrAs *g˅d˅l‑ ‘to be big’, where ‑l is perh. a suffix so that AfrAs *g˅d˅l‑ could be composed of AfrAs *gid-/*gud- ‘to be big, be many’ + modifier ‑l.
▪ Blix1876 (s.v. Hbr nāgîd ‘leader; ruler, prince’) derives Hbr nāgîd from a 2-consonantal root nucleus *√GD‑ (gad) the basic meaning of which he defines as ‘strække, stramme, snøre, knytte; intr. strække sig, være stram, streng, fast’ (to stretch, tighten, lace, tie; intr. to stretch out, be tight, strict, firm); accord. to the author, this basic value is not only present in the 2-consonantal forms like Ar ↗ǧīd ‘neck’, ↗ǧāda ‘to be swift (horse); to be excellent, make s.th. well’, and ↗ǧadda ‘to be serious’, but also in extended, 3-rad. roots like, e.g., Hbr ʔāgad ‘to bind, tie’ (with ʔᵃgûdāʰ ‘band, bundle, bunch’), Hbr gāḏēr ‘fence, hedge, enclosure, wall’ (Aram gâdêrâ, gᵊdêrâ ‘fence’, Ar ǧadr ‘wall of enclosure’, ǧadīr ‘walled place’, Phoen n.top. hgdr, ʔgdr ‘Gadeira, Gades, now Cádiz’, Berb agadir ‘fortress, castle’), Hbr nāgîd, Syr nāgôdâ ‘leader, ruler’ (cf. Ar naǧd ‘highland, the Nejd’), and also Ar ǧadala ‘to twist tight, firmly; [mostly vb. II, ǧaddala] to throw down’, ǧidl ‘sinew, nerve’, ǧadula ‘to be solid, robust, firm’, Hbr gdl ‘to grow up, become great/big’, gādôl ‘big, large’. – There is much in Blix’s theory which looks untenable (esp. the value of the 2-cons. root nucleus), but there may also be some truth to it. Others have identified one or more 2-cons. root nuclei, too, though none meaning ‘to stretch, tighten, lace, tie; intr. to stretch out, be tight, strict, firm’, as claimed by Blix (for instance, Kogan2015: 193 #37 posits a protWSem *gd with a general meaning ‘to be good, lucky, excellent’; Ehret1995 #295 and Kogan2015 #33⁶⁴ assume a protSem *gd‑ ‘to cut, make an incision’; so also DRS 2, adding that *‘trancher, couper, etc.’ often has a »connotation de violence: arracher; frapper, broyer, etc.«); for an overview, see ↗*GD‑.

–

ǧadal‑ جَدَلـ , u, i (ǧadl)

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Jul2021

√ǦDL

vb., I

1a to twist tight, tighten, stretch (a rope); b to braid, plait (the hair, etc.) – WehrCowan1976.

▪ ‘To twist tight, braid, plait’ is the “roof” value from which most other values in the root ↗√ǦDL can be thought to derive. It unites two basic notions which in other Sem languages appear as distinct values and have developed in many directions also in Ar: ‘twisting (rope)’ and ‘strength, firmness’.
▪ As rightly observed by DRS, a semantic relation between ‘twisting’ and ‘strength, firmness’ can be found also in other roots, such as ↗√BRM, ↗√KBR, ↗√KRB, ↗√MSD, ↗√MRː(MRR), ↗√ʕSD, ↗√ʕQD, ↗√FTL, and ↗√QWY. In a similar vein, also ‘strong’ and ‘great, big, large’ are connected not only in √ǦDL but also in ↗√ʕẒM.
▪ This entry treats only ‘twisting’ proper (more precisely, the “remnants” of this value that have survived into MSA). For the wider semantic spectrum, see root entry ↗√ǦDL as well as individual entries ↗ǧadal (with the related complex of *‘quarreling, wrangling, fighting; arguing, debating, etc.’ – the most prominent complex in MSA), ↗¹miǧdāl (with *‘strength, firmness’) and ↗ǧadwal (prob. a specific interpretation of ‘twisting’, namely the “intertwining” of trickles of water, etc., forming a rivulet, hence also the intertwining of lines in a table, chart, etc.).
▪ The value is widely attested in Sem (Akk,¹⁴ Hbr, Aram, Ar, Soq, Te) and can thus be posited, with all likelihood, also for protSem *GDL.
▪ As the list of derivatives (see below) shows, there are only few items left in MSA that still display the original idea of ‘twisting tight, braiding, plaiting’. ClassAr contained a larger variety, including, e.g., ^†ǧadīl(aẗ) ‘girdle, ornamented belt; menstruous woman (who wears that type of belt)’ and ^†ǧadīlaẗ ‘trap for catching pigeons, bird’s cage (made from twigs by “weaving/twisting” them)’ (hence also the ^†ǧaddāl ‘trap\cage-maker’). The way s.th. was twisted could also take the more general meaning of ‘way, mood’ or ‘habit; nature; determination of the mind’ (= the way s.o. is “knitted”, his/her mental structure). Perh. also a type of falcon or hawk was called ^†ʔaǧdal on account of its well-shaped appearance (alternatively, due to its strength).
▪ Metaphorical use of *‘nicely twisted, well-knit’ has survived into MSA in the PP I, maǧdūl, in the meaning ‘slender and trim, shapely’ (in ClassAr also ‘graceful, handsome’).

14. Accord. to Zimmern1914: 35, Akk gidl- may be an Aramaism.

▪ Earliest attestations of ‘twisting’ and directly related values accord. to DHDA (as of 13Jul2021) (for attestations of other values see “root” entry ↗√ǦDL; particular sub-values: for ‘quarelling, disputing’ see ↗ǧadal; for ‘strength, firmness’ see ↗miǧdāl; for ‘rivulet; table, chart’ see ↗ǧadwal):

538 ǧadīl, 631 ǧadīlaẗ ‘twisted rope’
573 ^†ǧadīl(aẗ) ‘girdle, ornamented belt (wišāḥ)’
631 ǧadl (vn. I) ‘to twist strongly (a rope)’
643 maǧdūl ‘bien tourné, beautiful’
791 ^†ǧadīlaẗ ‘trap for catching pigeons, bird’s cage’

▪ All values: DRS 2 (1994) #GDL-1 Akk gidl- ‘cordon torsadé, cordelière’;³⁴ Hbr gādal ‘tresser’, *gādil ‘tresse’; Aram gᵊdal ‘tresser’, gᵊdiltā ‘tresse’; Phlv gdyl ‘cordon’; Mand gdal ‘tresser’, gdalta ‘tresse, guirlande’; nSyr gʸädil ‘tresser’; Ar ǧadala ‘tresser une corde, la rendre solide en la tordant fortement’; Soq gadl ‘tresse’; Te gädlä ‘tresser les cheveux, coiffer’. – Ug gdl, Hbr gādōl ‘grand’, gādāl, Aram gᵊdal ‘être grand’; Mand *gdil ‘être exalté’; Ar ǧadala ‘être ferme, solide; jeter à terre, terrasser’, ǧādil ‘grand, adulte’, ǧādala ‘lutter, se quereller’; Soq gódil ‘être fort’; Gz gadala ‘être fort, l’emporter sur; tuer’, gadl ‘combat; exercice ascétique’, gadalā ‘cadavre, charogne’; Te gadälä, Tña Amh tägaddälä ‘lutter’; Amh gäddälä, *gällä ‘tuer’, gäla ‘corps’. – Ug mgdl, Hbr migdāl, Moab mgdlt (pl.), Aram migdᵊlā, Syr magdᵊlā, Ar miǧdal, LiḥAr Min mgdl ‘tour, château fort’. -2-3 […].
▪ …

34. Accord. to Zimmern1914: 35 perh. from Aram.

▪ See above, section CONC.

–

►ǧaddala, vb. II, to braid, plait (s.th.): D-stem, ints.

►ǧadīlaẗ, pl. ǧadāʔilᵘ, n.f., 1a braid, plait; b tress: quasi-PP, f.
►maǧdūl, adj., 1a tightly twisted; b braided, plaited; c interwoven, intertwined (tress of hair); 2 slender and trim, shapely (e.g., leg): PP I.

For the related complex ‘to quarrel, wrangle; to argue, debate, dispute, contest’, see ↗ǧadal. For other values attached to the “root”, cf. ↗¹miǧdāl and ↗ǧadwal (ǦDWL) as well as, for the whole picture, root entry ↗√ǦDL.

ǧadal جَدَل

ID … • Sw – • BP 2186 • APD … • © SG | 15Jul2021

√ǦDL

n.

1a quarrel, argument; b debate, dispute, discussion, controversy – WehrCowan1976.

▪ ǧadal is the vn. I of the (now obsolete) vb. I, ^†ǧadila (a, ǧadal), vb. I, ‘to be quarrelsome, contentious’. In ClassAr, the vb. I (and esp. also vb.s II and III) could still refer to physical fighting, combat, cf., e.g. ^†ǧaddala ‘to knock s.o. down’, ǧādala ‘to fight s.o.’). However, the most widespread use is as *‘fighting each other with words’. This is also the only sense with which ǧadal and related lexemes appear in the Qur’ān.
▪ Metaphorical use is based on an original *‘twisting tight, braiding, plaiting’ (↗ǧadala) which has developed a wide spectrum of semantic extensions, building, on the one hand, on figurative use of *‘twisting’ (> ‘getting into each other = quarreling, wrangling, fighting, disputing’; > ‘shapely, nicely “knitted”, well-formed, handsome’; > ‘way, mode; habit, nature, determination of mind [i.e., the way a person is “knitted, made up”]; > ‘rivulet, i.e., intertwining trickles of water’, > ‘table, chart, intersection of lines’, etc.) and, on the other hand, on *‘firmness, solidity, strength’ (> ‘maturity, ripeness’, > ‘growth, largeness, bigness’, > ‘stronghold, fortification’) – for an overview, see “root” entry ↗√ǦDL.
▪ The range of meanings of ǧadal in ClassAr is summarized by Lane ii 1865 as: ‘vehemence, violence, in altercation or disputation or litigation, sharpness, acrimony in dispute; ability\power to practise it; (also ǧadl, pl. ǧudūl, ʔaǧdāl) well-made syllogism’;¹⁵ (ʕilm al-) ǧadal ‘polemics’; ǧadalī ‘querelleur, disputeur’.
▪ The value ‘intellectual argument, dispute’, which is so prominent in Ar, is only very scarcely attested outside Ar (only in EthSem, where it came to mean ‘to kill’).
▪ …

15. Lane: »A syllogism composed of things well known, or conceded; the object of which is to convince the opponent, and to make him to understand who fails to apprehend the premises of the demonstration.«

▪ Earliest attestations of ‘fighting, quarelling, disputing’ and directly related values accord. to DHDA (as of 13Jul2021) (for attestations of other values see “root” entry ↗√ǦDL; particular sub-values: for ‘to twist; rope’ see ↗ǧadala; for ‘strength, firmness’ see ↗miǧdāl; for ‘rivulet; table, chart’ see ↗ǧadwal):

539 ǧidāl ‘quarrelsome argument, fight’
604 ǧādala ‘to argue, quarrel with s.o.’
616 ǧadal ‘vehemence, violence, in altercation or disputation or litigation, sharpness, acrimony in dispute’
eC7 ǧadal (disputation, contention, argument) Q 18:54 wa-kāna ’l-ʔinsānu ʔakṯara šayʔin ǧadalan ‘but man is the most contentious of all creatures [lit., things]’. – ǧādala [v. III, trans.] 1 (to argue or dispute with) Q 11:32 qālū yā Nūḥu qad ǧādaltanā fa-ʔakṯarta ǧidālanā ‘they said, “Noah!, you have disputed with us, and have put up a lot of disputation with us”’; 2 ([with prep. ʕan] to plead for, argue the case of) Q 4:109 hā-ʔantum hāʔulāʔi ǧādaltum ʕanhum fī ’l-ḥayāẗi ’l-dunyā fa-man yuǧādilu ’ḷḷāha ʕanhum yawma ’l-qiyāmaẗ? ‘here you are, the ones who argued on their behalf in the life of this world, but who will argue on their behalf with God on the Day of Resurrection?’. – ǧidāl (arguing/argument, disputing/disputation, contending/contention) Q 2:197 fa-lā rafaṯa wa-lā fusūqa wa-lā ǧidāla fī ’l-ḥaǧǧi ‘there is no intercourse [also interpreted as: abusive speech], misbehaviour nor disputation during/on the pilgrimage’
791 miǧdāl ‘qui aime à disputer, prompt, enclin à la dispute; fort et habile à la dispute’

▪ All values: DRS 2 (1994) #GDL-1 Akk gidl- ‘cordon torsadé, cordelière’;³⁵ Hbr gādal ‘tresser’, *gādil ‘tresse’; Aram gᵊdal ‘tresser’, gᵊdiltā ‘tresse’; Phlv gdyl ‘cordon’; Mand gdal ‘tresser’, gdalta ‘tresse, guirlande’; nSyr gʸädil ‘tresser’; Ar ǧadala ‘tresser une corde, la rendre solide en la tordant fortement’; Soq gadl ‘tresse’; Te gädlä ‘tresser les cheveux, coiffer’. – Ug gdl, Hbr gādōl ‘grand’, gādāl, Aram gᵊdal ‘être grand’; Mand *gdil ‘être exalté’; Ar ǧadala ‘être ferme, solide; jeter à terre, terrasser’, ǧādil ‘grand, adulte’, ǧādala ‘lutter, se quereller’; Soq gódil ‘être fort’; Gz gadala ‘être fort, l’emporter sur; tuer’, gadl ‘combat; exercice ascétique’, gadalā ‘cadavre, charogne’; Te gadälä, Tña Amh tägaddälä ‘lutter’; Amh gäddälä, *gällä ‘tuer’, gäla ‘corps’. – Ug mgdl, Hbr migdāl, Moab mgdlt (pl.), Aram migdᵊlā, Syr magdᵊlā, Ar miǧdal, LiḥAr Min mgdl ‘tour, château fort’. -2-3 […].
▪ …

35. Accord. to Zimmern1914: 35 perh. from Aram.

▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ …

–

►faraḍa ǧadalan, expr., to assume for the sake of argument, propose as a basis for discussion.

►ǧādala, vb. III, 1a to quarrel, wrangle, bicker (DO with s.o.); b to argue, debate (DO with s.o.); c to dispute, contest (fī s.th.): L-stem, fig. use, associative.
►taǧādala, vb. VI, 1a to quarrel, have an argument; b to carry on a dispute: Lt-stem, reciproque.

►ǧadalī, 1 adj., controversial; disputatious; 2 n., a disputant: nisba-formation.
►ǧaddāl, adj., disputatious, argumentative: ints. formation (FaʕʕāL).
►miǧdāl, pl. maǧādīlᵘ, 1 n., ↗¹miǧdāl; 2 adj., disputatious, argumentative: ints. formation (miFʕāL).
►ǧidāl, n., and muǧādalaẗ, pl. -āt, n.f., 1a quarrel, argument; b dispute, discussion, debate: vn. III | lā yaqbalu ’l-ǧidāl, expr., incontestable, indisputable; lā ǧidālª and bi-lā ǧidālª, expr., incontestably, indisputably.
►muǧādil, n., disputant, opponent in dispute: PA III.

For the related complex ‘to twist tight, braid, plait’, see ↗ǧadala (ǧadl). For other values attached to the “root”, cf. ↗¹miǧdāl and ↗ǧadwal (ǦDWL) as well as, for the whole picture, root entry ↗√ǦDL.

miǧdāl مِجْدال , pl. maǧādīlᵘ

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Jul2021

√ǦDL

n.

1 flagstone, ashlar; 2 adj., ↗ǧadal – WehrCowan1976.

▪ The meaning of the term is specified in Lane ii 1865 as »oblong roofing-stone, of those which, placed side by side, form the roof of a subterranean passage, &c.«. The word seems to belong to the complex of *‘strength, firmness’ (see ^†[v6] in root entry ↗√ǦDL) which is a specialization from the basic *‘to twist tight, braid, plait’ ([v1] in ↗√ǦDL, ↗ǧadala).
▪ ¹miǧdāl ‘flagstone, ashlar’ is listed as a value in its own right for the simple reason that it is the only item from the *‘strength, firmness’ complex that has “survived” into MSA.
▪ It is not clear whether it is an inner-Ar formation or whether it has to be seen together with ^†miǧdal ‘stronghold, fortress’, likewise from *‘strength, firmness’ but perh. via Hbr migdāl ‘tower, stronghold’.
▪ …

Earliest attestations of ‘strength, firmness; stronghold, castle, tower’ and related values accord. to DHDA (as of 13Jul2021) (for attestations of other values see “root” entry ↗√ǦDL; for particular sub-values: ‘to twist; rope’ ↗ǧadala; ‘fighting, quarelling, disputing’ ↗ǧidāl; ‘rivulet; table, chart’ ↗ǧadwal):

529 ǧādil (674 ǧadīl, 791 ǧadl, ǧadil) ‘hard, strong, firm’
538 ǧaddala (642 ǧadala) ‘to knock s.o. down’; 600 taǧaddala ‘to fall down’, 600 ǧadīl ‘knocked down, thrown to earth’
539 ǧidāl ‘quarrelsome argument, fight’
544 miǧdal ‘stronghold, fortress’
545 ʔaǧdal ‘a kind of hawk’
616 ǧadal ‘vehemence, violence, in altercation or disputation or litigation, sharpness, acrimony in dispute’

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #GDL-1 Akk gidl- ‘cordon torsadé, cordelière’;³⁶ Hbr gādal ‘tresser’, *gādil ‘tresse’; Aram gᵊdal ‘tresser’, gᵊdiltā ‘tresse’; Phlv gdyl ‘cordon’; Mand gdal ‘tresser’, gdalta ‘tresse, guirlande’; nSyr gʸädil ‘tresser’; Ar ǧadala ‘tresser une corde, la rendre solide en la tordant fortement’; Soq gadl ‘tresse’; Te gädlä ‘tresser les cheveux, coiffer’. – Ug gdl, Hbr gādōl ‘grand’, gādāl, Aram gᵊdal ‘être grand’; Mand *gdil ‘être exalté’; Ar ǧadala ‘être ferme, solide; jeter à terre, terrasser’, ǧādil ‘grand, adulte’, ǧādala ‘lutter, se quereller’; Soq gódil ‘être fort’; Gz gadala ‘être fort, l’emporter sur; tuer’, gadl ‘combat; exercice ascétique’, gadalā ‘cadavre, charogne’; Te gadälä, Tña Amh tägaddälä ‘lutter’; Amh gäddälä, *gällä ‘tuer’, gäla ‘corps’. – Ug mgdl, Hbr migdāl, Moab mgdlt (pl.), Aram migdᵊlā, Syr magdᵊlā, Ar miǧdal, LiḥAr Min mgdl ‘tour, château fort’. -2-3 […].
▪ …

36. Accord. to Zimmern1914: 35 perh. from Aram.

▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ …

–

For other values attached to the “root”, cf. ↗ǧadala (ǧadl), ↗ǧadal, and ↗ǧadwal (ǦDWL) as well as, for the whole picture, root entry ↗√ǦDL.

ǧadwal جَدْوَل , pl. ǧadāwilᵘ

ID … • Sw – • BP 1889 • APD … • © SG | 15Jul2021

√ǦDL, ǦDWL

n.

1 creek, brook, little stream; 2a column; b list, roster; c index; d chart, table, schedule – WehrCowan1976.

▪ In ClassAr lexicography, ǧadwal is generally treated s.r. ↗√ǦDL the basic meaning of which is ‘to twist tight, braid, plait’ (↗ǧadala).
▪ The relation between the two values, ‘twisting’ and ‘rivulet’, is not immediately evident, but if ǧadwal should indeed be dependent on ǧadala one could perh. explain it as *‘trickles uniting (“intertwining”) and thus forming a rivulet’. Interestingly enough, ǧadwal ‘rivulet’ is the very earliest lexeme that a search for first attestations of items from √ǦDL yields in DHDA.
▪ The use of ǧadwal [v1] ‘rivulet’ in the sense of [v2] ‘ruled line; column; list, roster; chart, table, schedule’ – the most prevalent value in MSA – can perh. support the above explanation ‘rivulet < twisting, intertwining’ as also a ‘table, chart, roster’ may be regarded as an assembly of *‘intertwining’ lines, the result of some “twisting”. Ar lexicographers, as summarized in Lane ii 1865, describe ǧadwal, var. ǧidwal, as »rivulet, streamlet (whether natural, or formed artificially for irrigation; being often applied to a streamlet for irrigation, in the form of a trench, or gutter]; (hence:) [expr.] ĭstaqāma ǧadwaluhum, their affair, or case, was, or became, in a right, a regular, or an orderly, state’, like the ǧadwal when its flow is uniform and uninterrupted; [expr.] ĭstaqāma ǧadwal al-ḥāǧǧ, the caravan of the pilgrins formed an uninterrupted line; (hence also:) kind of small vein; (and:) ǧadwal kitāb, ruled line (such as is ruled round a page, &c.); column, table (of a book)«.
▪ Morphologically, ǧadwal could be described as a (dimin.?) FaʕwaL~FiʕwaL formation (though no such pattern has been identified by grammarians so far…).

▪ 528 ǧadwal ‘rivulet, streamlet’ – DHDA.

▪ No direct cognates in Sem. – For the wider perspective (‘twisting’ etc.), cf. ↗√ǦDL.
▪ …

▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ …

–

►ǧadwal dirāsī, n., curriculum;
►ǧadwal al-būrṣaẗ, n., stock list;
►ḫāriǧ ǧadwal al-būrṣaẗ, not quoted (stock exchange);
►ǧadwal al-ʔaʕmāl, n., agenda; working plan

For values attached to the “root” √ǦDL under which ǧadwal is usually arranged in dictionaries, cf. ↗ǧadala (ǧadl), ↗ǧadal, and ↗¹miǧdāl as well as, for the whole picture, root entry ↗√ǦDL.

ǦDY جدي

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ǦDY

“root”

▪ ǦDY_1 ‘kid, young goat; Capricorn; the North Star’ ↗ǧady
▪ ǦDY_2 ‘…’ ↗…

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #GDY-1: from protSem *gady‑ ‘chevreau’, (SED II #76:) from AfrAs *ga/uday/w(-m/n)- ‘kind of ungulate’.▪ …

–

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #GDY-1 protSem *gady- ‘chevreau’: Akk gadū ‘jeune bouc’; Ug gdy, Pun gdʔ, Hbr gᵊdī, Aram gadyā, oAram gdh, Pehl gdy, nWAram gaḏya ‘bouquetin’; Ar ǧady ‘chevreau’. -2 SAr gdy ‘trancher, décider’; Te gädda ‘arracher, séparer’; gədet ‘morceau de viande’; Tña Amh gədday ‘butin, trophée’. -3 Hbr gidyā ‘rive’; Ar ǧadyaẗ, ǧadiyyaẗ ‘côté, bord de qc’. -4 Ar ʔaǧdā (yuǧdī) ‘saigner (plaie)’.
▪ …
▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

…

ǧady جدْي

ID 135 • Sw – • BP 7607 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ǦDY

n.

1 kid, young billy goat; 2a Capricorn (astron.); b al‑~, the North Star – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Kogan2011: from protCSem *gady‑ ‘kid’.
▪ DRS 2 (1994) #GDY-1: from protSem *gady‑ ‘chevreau’, (SED II #76:) from AfrAs *ga/uday/w(-m/n)- ‘kind of ungulate’.
▪ …

▪ …

▪ Kogan2015:184-5 #12: Ug gdy, Hbr gədī, Syr gadyā, Ar ǧady.
▪ DRS 2 (1994) #GDY-1 protSem *gady- ‘chevreau’: Akk gadū ‘jeune bouc’; Ug gdy, Pun gdʔ, Hbr gᵊdī, Aram gadyā, oAram gdh, Pehl gdy, nWAram gaḏya ‘bouquetin’; Ar ǧady ‘chevreau’. -2-4 […].
▪ SED II #76: Ug gdy (gd) ‘kid’, Phoen gdʔ ‘goať, Hbr gədī ‘kid (of goat or sheep)’, gədiyyā ‘kid’, postBiblHbr ‘kid; young animal’, gədiyyā ‘she-kid’; oAram gdh ‘goať (context fragmentary), EmpAram gdy ‘kid’, JudAram gədī (det. gadyā) ‘kid, in gen. young animal; the Capricorn’, gədī (det. gdyyh) ‘kid’, gadyā ‘young goat, kid’, Syr gadyā ‘hoedus’, Mnd gadia ‘kid, young goat, Capricorn’, Maʕl γaḏya ‘Böckchen’, nSyr gidyâ ‘a kid’ […], Ar ǧady ‘chevreau; capricorne (signe du Zodiaque)’, ǧadāyaẗ ‘gazelle; petit de gazelle’. – Gz gadəy ‘Capricorn’ (sign of the Zodiac) and Amh žädi, žäǧi ‘kid (young goat)’ are obvious Ar loans. Akk gadû ‘male kid’, widely attested in late economic texts […] is rightly thought to be borrowed from WSem. – Outside Sem *gady-: CHAD (WChad) Ha gàdáa ‘antelope (duiker sp.)’, Kariya gudam, Miya gudən-zāku, Paʔa gudan-cəka ‘Western kob’, Ngizim gádùwà ‘duiker’; (CChad) Zime-Batna gódày ‘buck’; CUSH (ECush) Oromo gadam-sa ‘greater kudu’, Darasa gadansa ‘buffalo’, Sid goda ‘deer, gazelle’, Burji gadám-a ‘greater kudu’ (prob. < Oromo); (SCush) Iraqw gwanda ‘ram’, Alagwa gwando id., Burunge gondi ‘old ram’ (< *gʷand- with an inserted -n- or metathesis < *gʷad-n-); Omot: (NOmot) Zaysse gaaiddé ‘cattle’, gaidé-endo ‘buffalo’
▪ …

▪ Kogan2015:184-5 #12 The origin of protCSem *gady- ‘kid’ is uncertain. For a tentative comparison with the verbal root *gdy ‘to cut’ v. DRS 100‒101. For a possible connection with protIE *gʰaid- v. Gamkrelidze–Ivanov 1984: 872. Related terms outside CSem are borrowed from Aram or Ar: Akk gadu ‘kid’,²² Gz gadəy ‘capricorn’.
▪ …

22. »The probability of a cognate relationship between the Akk word and the CSem terms is, in our view, close to zero (contra Abraham–Sokoloff 2011:30): it is hard to see how such a cognate lexeme could be latently preserved in Akk without showing up in early sources (where other terms for ‘kid” are commonly used instead) and would then start to be actively used in Late Babylonian.«

–

►

ǦḎ‑

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ǦḎ‑

"2-cons. nucleus"

▪ *to cut off, chop, devide, set apart

A bi-consonantal nucleus that is at the basis of several 3-consonantal themes, cf. section DERIV below. Etymologically, there also seems to be a relation with also ↗*ǦD- and ↗*ǦZ-.

–

In DRS 2 (1994)#GḎ: Sur certaines des racines comportant la séquence ‘G + dentale’, v.s. GD [Ar ↗ǦD-]. Comp. les valeurs de GḎḎ, GḎʕ, GḎR; peut-être aussi GḎY, GḎL (et GḎW?). For the most common representations of (some of) the ǦḎ+x roots, cf. the items given below in the DERIV section.

▪ …
▪ …

–

► ǦḎː (ǦḎḎ): ↗ǧaḏḏa ‘to cut off, clip’; cf. also ↗ǧazza ‘to cut off, clip; to shear, shear off’.
► ǦḎʕ: ↗ǧaḏaʕa ‘to cut off, amputate’; cf. also ↗taǧazzaʕa ‘to break apart, break, snap’.
► ǦḎM: ↗ǧaḏama ‘to cut off, chop off, excise’; cf. also ↗ǧazama ‘to off, cut short, clip; to judge, decide’.

*GR- جرـ

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD • © SG | 15Feb2021, last updated 15Jan2023

√*GR-

2-cons. root nucleus

▪ See below, section CONC.
▪ …

▪ DRS 3 (1994): « séquence consonantique qui entre dans la constitution de plusieurs séries de racines dont chacune présente une ou des valeurs communes à l’ensemble de la série : 1 La désignation de la ‘gorge’, du ‘gosier’ et l’expression des notions connexes d’ ‘avaler, engloutir’, etc. v. s. GR avec renvois, v. GRGṬ, GRGY, GRDB, GRDD, GRDM, GRZ, GRZʕ, GRṬ. ‑2. La dénomination apparemment onomatopéique de bruits produits par la gorge, la bouche, v. s. GR; v. GRDM, GRMRM; v. aussi s. ĠR. -3 La notion de ‘rondeur’ > ‘rouler’, etc. v. s. GR; v. GRGB, GRGL, GRGM, GRGR, GRḎ?, GRN?, GRNP?, GRR. Comp. GL-. -4 La notion de ‘couper’ > ‘enlever’, ‘arracher’, ‘casser’, etc. v. GRB, GRBB, GRGZ, GRGM, GRD, GRDD, GRDM, GRDP, GRDŠ, GRḤ, GRM, GRMŚ. -5 La notion de ‘couler’ : GRY. »
▪ Ehret1995#285 identifies a “pre-Proto-Semitic” bi-consonantal root *GR- ‘to go down’ (< AfrAs *-GǏR- ‘to sit’) at the basis of several 4-rad. Ar roots, see ↗ǦRBZ, ↗ǦRṮM, ↗ǦRǦM, ↗ǦRDL, ↗ǦRFS (for more details, see below, section DERIV).
▪ …

–

▪ …

–

▪ For reflections of 3-4-rad. root extensions in Ar according to DRS, cf. the following:

1 *‘gorge’, *‘gosier’, *‘avaler, engloutir’: ↗ǦR (redupl. ǧurǧūr ‘(gorge) bruyante’, ǧurāǧir ‘qui boit à grandes gorgées’), ↗ǦRǦM (ǧarǧama ‘engloutir, dévorer’), ↗ǦRDB (ǧardaba ‘goinfrer’, ǧardabān ‘vorace’), ↗ǦRZ (ǧaraza ‘déchirer avec les dents, mordre, dévorer, ravager les cultures’, ǧaruza ‘être vorace’, ǧariza ‘être aride, dénudé, tari’), ↗ǦRʕ (↗ǧariʕa ‘boire d’un coup, avaler, ingurgiter’, with ǧurʕaẗ ~ ǧarʕaẗ ‘gorgée’; ǧaraʕ ‘terrain léger, perméable à l’eau, stérile’), ↗ǦRʕB (ǧarʕaba ‘boire’);
2 onomatopéique (*‘bruits produits par la gorge, la bouche’): ↗ǦR (redupl., ↗ǧarǧara ‘murmurer, faire glouglou; grogner, blatérer, gronder (tonnerre)’), ↗ǦRDM (ǧardama ‘parler avec volubilité’);
3 *‘rondeur’ > *‘rouler’, etc.: ↗ǦRː (ǦRR) (↗ǧarra ‘traîner, tirer’, ↗ǧurraẗ ‘tanière, repaire’, ǧarraẗ ‘piège, lacs’, ↗ǧirraẗ ‘rumination’, ǧārraẗ ‘chemin; bêtes de trait’, ǧārūr ‘cours d’eau, canal’), ↗ǦRǦB (TunAr gərgɛb ‘rouler’);
4 *‘couper’ > *‘enlever’, *‘arracher’, *‘casser’, etc.: ↗ǦRǦM (ǧarǧama ‘terrasser qn, démolir (un mur)’), ↗ǦRḤ (↗ǧaraḥa ‘blesser’, with ǧurḥ ‘blessure’, ǧarīḥ ‘blessé’, and ǧarrāḥ ‘chirurgien’; ↗ǧāriḥaẗ ‘bête de proie’), ↗ǦRD (↗ǧarada ‘écorcer, peler, raser, racler’, with ǧarīd ‘nu, dépouillé’ and ʔaǧradᵘ ‘chauve, sans poils, dénudé’), ↗ǦRDM (ǧardama ‘dévaster’), ↗ǦRM (ǧarama ‘émonder, couper (les fruits desséchés); gagner de quoi nourrir sa famille’);
5 *‘couler’: ↗ǦRY (↗ǧarà ‘courir, couler, avoir lieu’, with ǧary ‘course rapide, courant’ and ǧariyy ‘adolescent, serviteur’, as well as ↗ǧāriyaẗ ‘fillette, fille’).

▪ According to Ehret1995#285, the “pre-protSem” bi-consonantal root *GR- ‘to go down’ forms the basis of the following root extensions:

(unextended) > Ar ǧarr ‘foot of a mountain; valley’ (↗√ǦRː/ǦRR_9)
+ “extendative” *-b + “intensive (manner)” *-z > Ar ǧarbaza ‘to fall’ (↗√ǦRBZ)
+ “diffusive” *-ʦ + “noun suffix” *-m > Ar ǧurṯum ‘root, origin; earth round the foot of a tree’ (↗√ǦRṮM)
+ “finitive, fortative” *-g + *-m (“as fortative”) > Ar ǧarǧama ‘to throw down’ (↗√ǦRǦM)
+ “durative” *-d + “finitive” *-l > Ar ǧardala ‘to stumble, fall’ (↗√ǦRDL)
+ *-p (“intensive (manner)”) + *-s (“lexicalized PAA causative”) > Ar ǧarfasa ‘to throw on the ground’ (↗√ǦRFS)

▪ …

ǦRː (ǦRR) جرّ / جرر

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD • © SG | 15Feb2021, last updated 5Mar2023

√ǦRː (ǦRR)

“root”

▪ ǦRː (ǦRR)_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ǦRː (ǦRR)_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ǦRː (ǦRR)_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to draw, pull, drag along; track, trail, galaxy; crime, guilt; to ruminate’

▪ From WSem *√GRR ‘to drag, draw, pull’ – Huehnergard2011.
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▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl jar, from Ar ǧarraẗ ‘earthen jar’, from ǧarra, vb. I, ‘to draw, pull’.

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ǦRB جرب

Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | created 31May2023

√ǦRB

“root”

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taǧribaẗ تَجْرِبة

Sw – • NahḍCon • BP 587 • APD … • © SG | created 31May2023

√ǦRB

n.f.

experience, test

▪ vn., II

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ǦRBZ جربز

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 14Jan2023

√ǦRBZ

“root”

▪ ǦRBZ_1 ‘impostor, confidence man, swindler’ ↗ǧurbuz

Other values, now obsolete, include (BK1860):

▪ ^†ǦRBZ_2 ‘s’éloigner, s’en aller’: ^†¹ǧarbaza
▪ ^†ǦRBZ_3 ‘tomber’: ^†²ǧarbaza
▪ ^†ǦRBZ_4 ‘se contracter, se ramasser’: ^†³ǧarbaza
▪ ^†ǦRBZ_ ‘…’: ^†…

▪ [v1] : Accord. to Rolland2014, ǧurbuz (~ qurbuz) ‘imposteur, frippon’ is from Pers gurbuz ‘malin, rusé, audacieux’. So also Ḍinnāwī2004.
▪ ^†[v2] : …
▪ ^†[v3] : According to Ehret1995#285, Ar ǧarbaza ‘to fall’ represents an extension in “extendative” *-b and “intensive (manner)” *-z from a bi-consonantal “pre-Proto-Semitic” root *GR-‘to go down’ < AfrAs *-GǏR- ‘to sit’. – Other extensions from the same pre-protSem root: ↗ǦRː (ǦRR), ↗ǦRṮM, ↗ǦRǦM, ↗ǦRDL, ↗ǦRFS .
▪ ^†[v4] : …

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ǦRṮM جرثم

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021, last updated 14Jan2023

√ǦRṮM

“root”

▪ ǦRṮM_1 ‘to fall down (and gather)’ ↗ǧurṯūm
▪ ǦRṮM_2 ‘a to gather (after falling down), place of collection, heap, ant-hill; b lowest part, root, base; origin; source; root of the tongue, epiglottis; germ; microbe, bacillus’ ↗ǧurṯūm

Other values, now obsolete:

▪ ^†ǦRṮM_3 ‘a (to take) the largest part; b (pl.) grandees, lords’↗ǧurṯūm
▪ ^†ǦRṮM_4 ‘to shrink’↗ǧurṯūm

▪ All values belong somehow together. However, without cognates outside Ar it seems difficult to decide what was first: ǦRṮM_1 ‘to fall down (and gather)’ or ǦRṮM_2 ‘to gather (after falling down)’. DRS #GRṮM gives both Ar ǧurṯūm ‘petit amas de terre, obstacle; souche, noyau’ and taǧarṯama ‘tomber, choir; se pelotonner, se blottir’ as basic values. – For a suggested line of semantic development, see DISC, below.
▪ According to Ehret1995#285, Ar ǧurṯum ‘root, origin; earth round the foot of a tree’ represents an extension in “diffusive” *-ʦ and “noun suffix” *-m from a bi-consonantal “pre-Proto-Semitic” root *GR-‘to go down’ < AfrAs *-GǏR- ‘to sit’. – Other extensions from the same pre-protSem root: ↗ǦRː (ǦRR), ↗ǦRBZ, ↗ǦRǦM, ↗ǦRDL, ↗ǦRFS .
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▪ Historically, the vb. and the n. seem to have existed alongside each other.
▪ From the root, vb.s I (ǧarṯama), II (taǧarṯama), and III (ĭǧranṯama) are attested, with II being the most frequent and enduring one (preserved even in WehrCowan1979) while I and III are rare and obviously coming out of use gradually by lC19 (Hava1899). In contrast, the n. (ǧurṯūm, -aẗ) is well-preserved until recently, probably due to its having taken on a modern meaning: ‘microbe, bacillus’. While older dictionaries list ‘germ, origin, source, root’ as the primary meaning, al-Mawrid1995 mentions ‘microbe, germ; bacterium, bacillus’ in the first place, before ‘germ, origin, source, root’.

▪ No obvious cognates outside Arabic.
▪ If a relationship beyond the traditional root system is not excluded, one might perhaps connect √ǦRṮM with the bi-consonantal nucleus ↗ǦM- which has ‘to gather, accumulate, compile’ as one of its basic meanings, cf., e.g., √ǦMD, ↗√ǦMHR, ↗√ǦMʕ, ↗√ǦML.

▪ As a hypothesis, one may perhaps assume a semantic development along the following line:

‘to fall down’ (ǦRṮM_1) > ‘to gather, pile up (where s.th. has fallen down); place of collection, of piling up, heap’ (ǦRṮM_2a, cf., e.g., ^†ǧurṯūmaẗ al-naml ‘ant-hill’ ) (and ‘to shrink’, ^†ǦRṮM_4) > ‘(to take) the largest part’, i.e., what has piled up in one place, condensed portion (^†ǦRṮM_3a), metaphorically used for the elite, ‘grandees, lords’ (ǧarāṯīmᵘ, ^†ǦRṮM_3b) > ‘place on the earth where fallen things landed, lowest part, root, base’ (ǦRṮM_2b, MSA [v1]), hence ‘epiglottis’ (root of the tongue) and ‘origin; source’ [v2] > ‘to take root, come into existence, germinate; germ’ [v3], from eC20 onwards also used for ‘microbe, bacillus, bacterium’ [v4].

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ǧurṯūm جُرْثوم , also ǧurṯūmaẗ, pl. ǧarāṯīmᵘ

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ǦRṮM

n., and n.f., respectively

1 root; 2 origin; 3 germ; 4 microbe, bacillus, bacterium – WehrCowan1979

▪ As both √ǦRṮM and ǧurṯūm are without obvious cognates outside Ar, and as also the n.s and vb.s seem to have existed alongside each other from early on, it is difficult to decide what was first. DRS #GRṮM gives both Ar ǧurṯūm ‘petit amas de terre, obstacle; souche, noyau’ and taǧarṯama ‘tomber, choir; se pelotonner, se blottir’ as basic values. For a suggested line of semantic development, see DISC, below.

▪ Historically, the values given in DRS – ‘small heap of earth, obstacle; stump, snag, nucleus’ and ‘to fall, fall down; to shrink, contract’ – seem to have existed alongside each other from early on.
▪ al-Mawrid1995 does not have the verbal root any longer but only lists ǧurṯūm, -aẗ.
▪ For the n., the earliest attestation (according to HDAL) is in a verse by the pre-Islamic poet ʿĀmir b. Wahb al-Muḥāribī, dated around 538 CE (as a terminus ante quem): wa-nursī ʾilà ǧurṯūmaẗin ʾadrakat lanā / ḥadīṯan wa-ʿādiyan min-a ’l-maǧdi ḫiḍrimā (ed. M.N. Ṭarīfī 1999), where ǧurṯūmaẗ means ‘anything that falls down and piles up around its root’ (kull šayʾ mā yatarākamu minhu muǧtamiʿan ʿalā ʾaṣlih).
▪ Earlier values encountered in the root, but become obsolete in MSA, are:
– ^†ǦRṮM_3 ‘(to take) the largest part’ (ǧarṯama, taǧarṯama; ǧurṯūm, aẗ); ‘grandees, lords’ (ǧarāṯīmᵘ, pl. of ǧurṯūm, aẗ)
– ^†ǦRṮM_4 ‘to shrink’: taǧarṯama, ĭǧranṯama.
▪ [v4] Monteil1960: 1955 (Académie de langue arabe du Caire, Congrès scientifique arabe) ʕilm al-ǧarāṯīm ‘bacteriology’.

▪ No obvious cognates outside Ar.
▪ Inside Ar, one may see a relation to the 2-cons. root nucleus √ǦM- which has ‘to gather, accumulate, pile up’ as one of its basic meanings, cf. ↗√ǦMD, ↗√ǦMʕ, ↗√ǦML, ↗√ǦMHR, etc.

▪ As a hypothesis, one may perhaps assume a semantic development along the line:

‘to fall down’ (ǦRṮM_1) > ‘to gather, pile up (where s.th. has fallen down); place of collection, of piling up, heap’ (ǦRṮM_2a, cf., e.g., ^†ǧurṯūmaẗ al-naml ‘ant-hill’ ) (and ‘to shrink’, ^†ǦRṮM_4) > ‘(to take) the largest part’, i.e., what has piled up in one place, condensed portion (^†ǦRṮM_3a), metaphorically used for the elite, ‘grandees, lords’ (ǧarāṯīmᵘ, ^†ǦRṮM_3b) > ‘place on the earth where the things that have fallen down landed, lowest part, root, base’ (ǦRṮM_2b, MSA [v1]), hence ‘epiglottis’ (root of the tongue) and ‘origin; source’ [v2] > ‘to take root, come into existence, germinate; germ’ [v3], from eC20 onwards also used for ‘microbe, bacillus, bacterium’ [v4].

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► taḥt al-ǧurṯūm, n., inframicrobe
► ʕilm al-ǧarāṯīm, n., bacteriology; for the latter, al-Mawrid1995 also gives ǧurṯūmiyyāt (n.f.pl.).

► taǧarṯama, vb. II, to take root, come into existence, germinate: denominative?

ǦRǦB جرجب

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Jan2023

√ǦRǦB

“root”

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▪ According to DRS 3 (1994), the Ar root √ǦRǦB (TunAr gərgɛb ‘rouler’) is an extension from a 2-cons. root nucleus ↗*ǦR- with the basic meaning (among others) of *‘rondeur’ > *‘rouler’, etc. – See also ↗ǦRː (ǦRR)_1.
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ǦRǦR جرجر

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Jan2023

√ǦRǦR

“root”

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▪ According to DRS 3 (1994), the Ar root √ǦRǦR (with ^†ǧurǧūr ‘(gorge) bruyante’, ǧurāǧir ‘qui boit à grandes gorgées’) is an extension from a 2-cons. root nucleus ↗*ǦR- with the basic meaning (among others) of *‘gorge’, *‘gosier’, *‘avaler, engloutir’. – See also ↗ǦRǦM, ↗ǦRDB, ↗ǦRZ, ↗ǦRʕ, ↗ǦRʕB.
▪ According to DRS 3 (1994), the Ar root √ǦRǦR (with ↗ǧarǧara ‘murmurer, faire glouglou; grogner, blatérer, gronder (tonnerre)’) is an extension from a 2-cons. root nucleus ↗*ǦR- with the basic meaning (among others) of an onomatopoetic imitation of the *‘sounds produced by the throat or the mouth’. – See also ↗ǦRDM.
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ǦRǦM جرجم

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 14Jan2023

√ǦRǦM

“root”

This root has become obsolete in MSA. Earlier values include (BK1860):

▪ ^†ǦRǦM_1 ‘renverser, démolir, faire crouler’: ^†¹ǧarǧama
▪ ^†ǦRǦM_2 ‘boire; manger’: ^†²ǧarǧama
▪ ^†ǦRǦM_3 ‘se blottir dans un trou (se dit des bêtes); descendre au fond, en bas (p.ex. dans un puits)’: ^†taǧarǧama
▪ ^†ǦRǦM_ ‘…’: ^†…

▪ ^†[v1] : According to Ehret1995#285, Ar ǧarǧama ‘to throw down’ represents an extension in *-g (“finitive, fortative”) and *-m (“as fortative”) from a bi-consonantal “pre-Proto-Semitic” root *GR-‘to go down’ < AfrAs *-GǏR- ‘to sit’. – Other extensions from the same pre-protSem root: ↗ǦRː (ǦRR), ↗ ǦRBZ, ↗ǦRṮM, ↗ǦRDL, ↗ǦRFS .
▪ ^†[v1] : According to DRS 3 (1994), the Ar root √ǦRǦM (with ^†ǧarǧama ‘terrasser qn, démolir (un mur)’) is an extension from a 2-cons. root nucleus ↗*ǦR- with the basic meaning (among others) of *‘couper’ > *‘enlever’, *‘arracher’, *‘casser’, etc. – See also ↗ǦRḤ, ↗ǦRD, ↗ǦRDM, ↗ǦRM.
▪ ^†[v2] : According to DRS 3 (1994), the Ar root √ǦRǦM (with ^†ǧarǧama ‘engloutir, dévorer’) is an extension from a 2-cons. root nucleus ↗*ǦR- with the basic meaning (among others) of *‘gorge’, *‘gosier’, *‘avaler, engloutir’. – See also ↗ǦRǦR, ↗ǦRDB, ↗ǦRZ, ↗ǦRʕ, ↗ǦRʕB.
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ǦRḤ جرح

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021, last update 15Jan2023

√ǦRḤ

“root”

▪ ǦRḤ_1 ‘wound’ ↗ġurḥ, ‘surgery’ ↗ǧirāḥaẗ, ‘surgeon’ ↗ǧarrāḥ
▪ ǦRḤ_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to wound, to injure; to defame, to invalidate, deficiency; to strive to earn one’s living; birds and animals of prey’

▪ [v1] : According to DRS 3 (1994), the Ar root √ǦRḤ (with ↗ǧaraḥa ‘blesser’, etc., ↗ǧarrāḥ ‘chirurgien’, ↗ǧāriḥaẗ ‘bête de proie’) is an extension from a 2-cons. root nucleus ↗*ǦR- with the basic meaning (among others) of *‘couper’ > *‘enlever’, *‘arracher’, *‘casser’, etc. – See also ↗ǦRǦM, ↗ǦRD, ↗ǦRDM, ↗ǦRM.
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▪ DRS 3 (1993) #GRḤ-1 Syr garāḥā ‘blessure’, Ar ǧaraḥa ‘blesser’, ǧurḥ ‘blessure’, ǧarīḥ ‘blessé’, ǧarrāḥ ‘chirurgien’, ǧāriḥat ‘bête de proie’, Sab grḥ ‘blessé’, Jib géraḥ, egórḥ ‘faire une coupure’, egórḥ ‘insulter’, gerḥún ‘blessé, insulté’, Soq gorḥ ‘blessure’, Te (tə)gärräḥa ‘être blessé’. -2 Gz garḥ ‘cheval dressé’, Te gärḥa ‘être bien dressé (cheval)’, Tña gärḥe, gärhe, Amh gärra, Arg gärräha, Gur gärra ‘domestiquer, dompter’. -3 Aram gūrḥā ‘grenier’. -?4 Ar ǧaraḥa ‘gagner, acquérir’, Jib géraḥ ‘mettre du riz bien réparti sur une assiette’, s̃əgraḥ ‘être nourri’, Soq gáraḥ ‘ramasser’. – ? Gz garḥ, garoḥ ‘marchandise’. -5 Ḥrs gerḥét ‘dune de sable’.
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ǧurḥ جُرْح

ID 138 • Sw – • BP 1011 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ǦRḤ

n.

wound, injury, lesion – WehrCowan1979.

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▪ DRS 3 (1993) #GRḤ-1 Syr garāḥā ‘blessure’, Ar ǧaraḥa ‘blesser’, ǧurḥ ‘blessure’, ǧarīḥ ‘blessé’, ǧarrāḥ ‘chirurgien’, ǧāriḥat ‘bête de proie’, Sab grḥ ‘blessé’, Jib géraḥ, egórḥ ‘faire une coupure’, egórḥ ‘insulter’, gerḥún ‘blessé, insulté’, Soq gorḥ ‘blessure’, Te (tə)gärräḥa ‘être blessé’. -2-5 […].
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ǧarrāḥ جرّاح

ID 136 • Sw – • BP 5724 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ǦRḤ

n.

surgeon – WehrCowan1979.

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▪ See ↗ǧurḥ.
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ǧirāḥaẗ جِراحَة

ID 137 • Sw – • BP 3490 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ǦRḤ

n.f.

surgery – WehrCowan1979.

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▪ See ↗ǧurḥ
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ǦRD جرد

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021, last updated 15Jan2023

√ǦRD

“root”

▪ ǦRD_1 ‘to remove the shell, peel, rind, husk’ ↗ǧarada; ‘inventory, stocktaking’ ↗ǧard; ‘palm branches stripped of their leaves’ ↗ǧarīd; ‘list, register, roster, index; newspaper’ ↗ǧarīdaẗ
▪ ǦRD_2 ‘locust(s)’ ↗ǧarād

Other values, now obsolete, include (Hava1899):

▪ ^†ǦRD_3 ‘…’: ^†ǧrd
▪ ^†ǦRD_ ‘…’: ^†ǧrd

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to peel, to bare, to strip; barren land, locust, land savaged by locusts; cloudless sky’

▪ [v1] : According to DRS 3 (1994), the Ar root √ǦRD (with ↗ǧarada ‘écorcer, peler, raser, racler’, etc.) is an extension from a 2-cons. root nucleus ↗*ǦR- with the basic meaning (among others) of *‘couper’ > *‘enlever’, *‘arracher’, *‘casser’, etc. – See also ↗ǦRǦM, ↗ǦRḤ, ↗ǦRDM, ↗ǦRM.
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▪ DRS 3 (1993) #GRD-1 Phoen mgrd ‘grattoir’, Hbr hitgārēd ‘se gratter’, nHbr gārad, Aram gᵊrad ‘racler, gratter’, Syr gared ‘raser’, gᵊrādā ‘chauve’, Mnd grida ‘râpé, pauvre’, Ar ǧarada ‘écorcer, peler, raser, racler’, ǧarid ‘nu, dépouillé’, ʔaǧrad ‘chauve, sans poils, dénudé’, Ḥass žerred ‘abstraire’; Mhr gərōd, Jib góród ‘enlever les branches d’un arbre, dévêtir, désarmer’, Mhr agōrəd, Jib egōrəd ‘couper les cheveux (de femme) sur le front’, Jib egōrd ‘prendre de force’, gərdẹ́t, Mhr (poét.) gərdāt ‘région désertique’; Ar ǧarād, Jib géród ‘sauterelles’; Ar ǧarīd(aẗ) ‘palme; verge, baguette’; Mhr gəráydət: planche en bois de palmier, Jib gərídt ‘barre de fer’, Soq giridih ‘branche d’un petit palmier’, migridoh ‘propreté’; Te ǧärid ‘branche; muscles du cou’, Gz gorada ‘être réduit (semi-consonne à une voyelle)’, Tña gʷärädä, Amh gʷärrädä; Gz garad ‘retirer la balle (du grain)’, Te Amh gərd, Te gʷərd, Tña gurdi ‘balle (du grain)’, gərade, Tña Amh Gur gʷärade, Gaf Har gurade: sorte d’épée. -2 Akk garīd, Syr gᵊrādā ‘castor’. -3 Akk gard, EmpAram grd: catégorie d’employés. -4 Gz garada, Tña Gur garädä, Amh garrädä, Har garäda ‘cacher derrière un rideau’, Amh mägaräǧa ‘rideau’. -5 Te gərǧa ‘vache qui donne du lait après que son veau a été tué; sans enfant’. -6 Tña Amh Arg Gur gäräd ‘fille, servante’. -7 Har gärād ‘chef de tribu, juge’. -8 EgAr ǧardān ‘baril’.
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ǧarīdaẗ جَرِيدَة

ID 139 • Sw – • BP 1339 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ǦRD

n.f.

1 palm-leaf stalk; 2 list, register, roster, index; 3 newspaper – WehrCowan1979.

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▪ DRS 3 (1993) #GRD-1 Phoen mgrd ‘grattoir’, Hbr hitgārēd ‘se gratter’, nHbr gārad, Aram gᵊrad ‘racler, gratter’, Syr gared ‘raser’, gᵊrādā ‘chauve’, Mnd grida ‘râpé, pauvre’, Ar ǧarada ‘écorcer, peler, raser, racler’, ǧarid ‘nu, dépouillé’, ʔaǧrad ‘chauve, sans poils, dénudé’, Ḥass žerred ‘abstraire’; Mhr gərōd, Jib góród ‘enlever les branches d’un arbre, dévêtir, désarmer’, Mhr agōrəd, Jib egōrəd ‘couper les cheveux (de femme) sur le front’, Jib egōrd ‘prendre de force’, gərdẹ́t, Mhr (poét.) gərdāt ‘région désertique’; Ar ǧarād, Jib géród ‘sauterelles’; Ar ǧarīd(aẗ) ‘palme; verge, baguette’; Mhr gəráydət: planche en bois de palmier, Jib gərídt ‘barre de fer’, Soq giridih ‘branche d’un petit palmier’, migridoh ‘propreté’; Te ǧärid ‘branche; muscles du cou’, Gz gorada ‘être réduit (semi-consonne à une voyelle)’, Tña gʷärädä, Amh gʷärrädä; Gz garad ‘retirer la balle (du grain)’, Te Amh gərd, Te gʷərd, Tña gurdi ‘balle (du grain)’, gərade, Tña Amh Gur gʷärade, Gaf Har gurade: sorte d’épée. -2-8 […].
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ǦRDB جردب

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Jan2023

√ǦRDB

“root”

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▪ According to DRS 3 (1994), the Ar root √ǦRDB (with ^†ǧardaba ‘goinfrer’, ǧardabān ‘vorace’) is an extension from a 2-cons. root nucleus ↗*ǦR- with the basic meaning (among others) of *‘gorge’, *‘gosier’, *‘avaler, engloutir’. – See also ↗ǦRǦR, ↗ǦRǦM, ↗ǦRZ, ↗ǦRʕ, ↗ǦRʕB.
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ǦRDL جردل

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 14Jan2023

√ǦRDL

“root”

▪ ǦRDL_1 ‘bucket’ ↗ǧardal

Other values, now obsolete, include (BK1860):

▪ ^†ǦRDL_2 ‘menacer ruine, menacer de tomber’: ^†ǧardala
▪ ^†ǦRDL_3 ‘…’: ^†…

▪ ^†[v2] : According to Ehret1995#285, Ar ǧardala ‘to stumble, fall’ represents an extension in “durative” *-d and “finitive” *-l from a bi-consonantal “pre-Proto-Semitic” root *GR-‘to go down’ < AfrAs *-GǏR- ‘to sit’. – Other extensions from the same pre-protSem root: ↗ǦRː (ǦRR), ↗ǦRBZ, ↗ǦRṮM, ↗ǦRǦM, ↗ǦRFS .

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ǦRDM جردم

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Jan2023

√ǦRDM

“root”

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▪ According to DRS 3 (1994), the Ar root √ǦRDM in ^†¹ǧardama ‘parler avec volubilité’ is an extension from a 2-cons. root nucleus ↗*ǦR- with the basic meaning (among others) of an onomatopoetic imitation of the *‘sounds produced by the throat or the mouth’. – See also ↗ǦRǦR.
▪ Also according to DRS 3 (1994), √ǦRDM in ^†²ǧardama ‘dévaster’ is an extension from a 2-cons. root nucleus ↗*ǦR- with the basic meaning (among others) of *‘couper’ > *‘enlever’, *‘arracher’, *‘casser’, etc. – See also ↗ǦRǦM, ↗ǦRḤ, ↗ǦRD, ↗ǦRM.
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ǦRḎ جرذ

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Jan2023

√ǦRḎ

“root”

▪ ǦRḎ_1 ‘large rat’ ↗ǧuraḏ
▪ ǦRḎ_2 ‘…’ ↗ǧrḏ

▪ MilitarevKogan2005 (SED II) #84: prot(?)Sem *g˅r˅ḏ(-˅n)- // *g˅r˅ǧ(-˅n)- ‘kind of rodent’. »The protSem status of the present reconstruction is not fully reliable since intersemitic borrowings are possible« – see below, section DISC.
▪ From CSem *guraḏ‑ (exact form uncertain) ‘rodent’ – Huehnergard2011.
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▪ [v1] MilitarevKogan2005 (SED II) #84: Syr gārədā ‘castor’, Mhr gərḏīn ‘rat’, Ḥrṣ gerḏīn ‘rat, mouse’, Ar ǧuraḏ ‘espèce de gros rat des champs’, ǧirḏawn ‘rat’. – For further possible parallels (Gz, Akk), see below, section DISC. – Outside Sem: Exact AfrAs parallels in Berb *g(ʷ)arziz- ‘hare’, perfectly corresponding to Sem *g˅r˅ḏ-: Shawiya a-gʷerzíz, Mzab Wargla a-gergīz (-g- < *-z- assimilated to g-), Rif a-yerziz, Ghadames ta-ǧerǧīs, pl. ta-ǧerzaz. Cf. also (EChad) Dangla gârzè ‘rat sp.’ (unless an Arabism), (CChad) Gude tángə̀rə̀žáne ‘type of animal (like squirrel or weasel)’ (< *tan-g˅r˅ǧ-an-).
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▪ [v1] MilitarevKogan2005 (SED II) #84: »The protSem status of the present reconstruction is not fully reliable since intersemitic borrowings are possible. Cf. Akk garīdu translated as ‘Biber’ in AHw 282 and ‘a mammal’ in CAD (with the following remark: “Identified with the beaver for etymological reasons”). In view of -d- instead of the expected -z-, this term is likely to be an Aram loanword as suggested by Salonen1976 and Landsberger 1934 […]. According to Militarev, forms in -d in Gz and Berb (below) make this assumption less certain. Cf. Gz ḳərādin, ḳərdān ‘field mouse’ with ḳ- and -d- instead of the expected g- and -z- […]. [A] striking parallel to Gz ḳərādin, ḳərdān is represented by Berb *ḳard- ‘rat’: Fojaha γérdé, Rif aγarda, Mzab Shawiya Qabyle Shilḥ aγerda, etc. – [Also:] One wonders whether some other phonetically perfect but semantically too distant matches to Sem *g˅r˅ḏ- may be compared: (EChad) Dangla gírzìbó ‘varan’ (Fedry 326), (NOmot) Sheko góržu ‘gecko’, goržube ‘lizard’ (-b- here and in the Dangla term is a fossilized suffix), on the one hand, and (SOmot) Dirne gerž ‘cat’, on the other hand.
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ǧuraḏ جُرَذ , pl. ǧirḏān, ǧurḏān

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 16Jan2023

√ǦRḎ

n.

large rat – WehrCowan1976

▪ MilitarevKogan2005 (SED II) #84: from prot(?)Sem *g˅r˅ḏ(-˅n)- // *g˅r˅ǧ(-˅n)- ‘kind of rodent’. »The protSem status of the present reconstruction is not fully reliable since intersemitic borrowings are possible« – see below, section DISC.
▪ From CSem *guraḏ‑ (exact form uncertain) ‘rodent’ – Huehnergard2011.
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▪ MilitarevKogan2005 (SED II) #84: Syr gārədā ‘castor’, Mhr gərḏīn ‘rat’, Ḥrṣ gerḏīn ‘rat, mouse’, Ar ǧuraḏ ‘espèce de gros rat des champs’, ǧirḏawn ‘rat’. – For further possible parallels (Gz, Akk), see below, section DISC. – Outside Sem: Exact AfrAs parallels in Berb *g(ʷ)arziz- ‘hare’, perfectly corresponding to Sem *g˅r˅ḏ-: Shawiya a-gʷerzíz, Mzab Wargla a-gergīz (-g- < *-z- assimilated to g-), Rif a-yerziz, Ghadames ta-ǧerǧīs, pl. ta-ǧerzaz. Cf. also (EChad) Dangla gârzè ‘rat sp.’ (unless an Arabism), (CChad) Gude tángə̀rə̀žáne ‘type of animal (like squirrel or weasel)’ (< *tan-g˅r˅ǧ-an-).
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▪ MilitarevKogan2005 (SED II) #84: »The protSem status of the present reconstruction is not fully reliable since intersemitic borrowings are possible. Cf. Akk garīdu translated as ‘Biber’ in AHw 282 and ‘a mammal’ in CAD (with the following remark: “Identified with the beaver for etymological reasons”). In view of -d- instead of the expected -z-, this term is likely to be an Aram loanword as suggested by Salonen1976 and Landsberger 1934 […]. According to Militarev, forms in -d in Gz and Berb (below) make this assumption less certain. Cf. Gz ḳərādin, ḳərdān ‘field mouse’ with ḳ- and -d- instead of the expected g- and -z- […]. [A] striking parallel to Gz ḳərādin, ḳərdān is represented by Berb *ḳard- ‘rat’: Fojaha γérdé, Rif aγarda, Mzab Shawiya Qabyle Shilḥ aγerda, etc. – [Also:] One wonders whether some other phonetically perfect but semantically too distant matches to Sem *g˅r˅ḏ- may be compared: (EChad) Dangla gírzìbó ‘varan’ (Fedry 326), (NOmot) Sheko góržu ‘gecko’, goržube ‘lizard’ (-b- here and in the Dangla term is a fossilized suffix), on the one hand, and (SOmot) Dirne gerž ‘cat’, on the other hand.
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►ǧirḏawn, pl. ǧarāḏīnᵘ, n., large rat

ǦRZ جرز

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Jan2023, last update 5Mar2023

√ǦRZ

“root”

▪ ǦRZ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ǦRZ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ǦRZ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘barren land, land afflicted by drought, famine; to eat up, devour, to cut off, kill’

▪ According to DRS 3 (1994), the Ar root √ǦRZ (^†ǧaraza ‘déchirer avec les dents, mordre, dévorer, ravager les cultures’, ǧaruza ‘être vorace’, ǧariza ‘être aride, dénudé, tari’) is an extension from a 2-cons. root nucleus ↗*ǦR- with the basic meaning (among others) of *‘gorge’, *‘gosier’, *‘avaler, engloutir’. – See also ↗ǦRǦR, ↗ǦRǦM, ↗ǦRDB, ↗ǦRʕ, ↗ǦRʕB.
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ǦRS جرس

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 18Oct2022

√ǦRS

“root”

.

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.

ǦRʕ جرع

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Jan2023, last update 5Mar2023

√ǦRʕ

“root”

▪ ǦRʕ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ǦRʕ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ǦRʕ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘barren land that does not hold water; to drink, sip, gulp down, a mouthful of drink’

▪ According to DRS 3 (1994), the Ar root √ǦRʕ (with ↗ǧariʕa ‘boire d’un coup, avaler, ingurgiter’, etc., ǧaraʕ ‘terrain léger, perméable à l’eau, stérile’) is an extension from a 2-cons. root nucleus ↗*ǦR- with the basic meaning (among others) of *‘gorge’, *‘gosier’, *‘avaler, engloutir’. – See also ↗ǦRǦR, ↗ǦRǦM, ↗ǦRDB, ↗ǦRZ, ↗ǦRʕB.
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ǦRʕB جرعب

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Jan2023

√ǦRʕB

“root”

…

▪ According to DRS 3 (1994), the Ar root √ǦRʕB (with ^†ǧarʕaba ‘boire’) is an extension from a 2-cons. root nucleus ↗*ǦR- with the basic meaning (among others) of *‘gorge’, *‘gosier’, *‘avaler, engloutir’. – See also ↗ǦRǦR, ↗ǦRǦM, ↗ǦRDB, ↗ǦRZ, ↗ǦRʕ.
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ǦRF جرف

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 5Mar2023

√ǦRF

“root”

▪ ǦRF_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ǦRF_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ǦRF_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘cliff, precipice, undercut bank, slippery mountainside; to sweep away, wash away, shovel away’

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ǦRFS جرفس

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 14Jan2023

√ǦRFS

“root”

This root has become obsolete in MSA. Earlier values include (BK 1860, Hava1899):

▪ ^†ǦRFS_1 ‘renverser, jeter par terre | to throw s.o. down; to bind tightly’: ^†ǧarfasa
▪ ^†ǦRFS_2 ‘lion’: ^†ǧirfās
▪ ^†ǦRFS_ ‘…’: ^†…

▪ ^†[v1] : According to Ehret1995#285, Ar ǧarfasa ‘to throw on the ground’ represents an extension in *-p (“intensive (manner)”) and *-s (“lexicalized PAA causative”) from a bi-consonantal “pre-Proto-Semitic” root *GR-‘to go down’ < AfrAs *-GǏR- ‘to sit’. – Other extensions from the same pre-protSem root: ↗ǦRː (ǦRR), ↗ǦRBZ, ↗ǦRṮM, ↗ǦRǦM, ↗ǦRDL.

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ǦRM جرم

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021, last updated 15Jan2023

√ǦRM

“root”

▪ ǦRM_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ ǦRM_2 ‘criminal’ ↗muǧrim

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘body, mass, volume; to cut off, to pick, to harvest, to acquire for o.s., to earn, to deserve; to commit a crime, an unlawful act, aggression, crime; to pass away’

▪ According to DRS 3 (1994), the Ar root √ǦRM (with ^†ǧarama ‘émonder, couper (les fruits desséchés); gagner de quoi nourrir sa famille’) is an extension from a 2-cons. root nucleus ↗*ǦR- with the basic meaning (among others) of *‘couper’ > *‘enlever’, *‘arracher’, *‘casser’, etc. – See also ↗ǦRǦM, ↗ǦRḤ, ↗ǦRD, ↗ǦRDM.
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▪ DRS 3 (1993) #GRM-1 Hbr gerem, EmpAram grm, JP garmā ‘os’, Syr gᵊrūmā ‘os, noyau’, ʔagrūmtā ‘cadavre’, gāromtā ‘massue’, Mnd girma ‘os, articulation’ Ar ǧirm ‘charpente, ossature, corps, volume, ampleur’, Sab grm ‘corps d’un animal’. – Ar ǧarima ‘avoir bonne mine’, ʔaǧrama ‘avoir une forte carrure’, ǧarama ‘être digne de, mériter’, Gz garama ‘être formidable, terrifiant, magnifique’, Te gärräma ‘effrayer, être beau, en bon état’, Tña Gur gärämä, Amh Arg ‘mériter’, Gz garama ‘être formidable, terrifiant, magnifique’, Te gärräma ‘effrayer, être beau, en bon état’, Tña Gur gärämä, Amh Arg Gaf gärrämä ‘être étonnant, émerveiller’. – YemAr ǧarm ‘couverture, vêtement faits de peaux de moutons cousues’, Sab grm ‘peau d’animal servant d’outre’, Te gərm ‘peaux cousues ensemble’. -2 nHbr gāram ‘causer, occasionner’, Syr gᵊram ‘établir, constituer’. -3 Syr ʔagrem ‘commettre un crime’, Ar ǧaruma ‘être criminel’, ǧurm ‘crime, péché’, Sab mgrmtm ‘à tort’, Jib egrím ‘commettre un crime’, gérém, gérĩt ‘crime’ -4 Hbr gāram ‘mettre de côté, réserver’, Syr gᵊram ‘décider, trancher’, Ar ǧarama ‘émonder, couper (les fruits desséchés); gagner de quoi nourrir sa famille’, taǧarrama (ʕan) ʼse séparer, se détacher (de)ʼ, Tham grm ‘cueillir des dattes’, collAr (Marâzîg) žᵃṛám ‘raviner profondément, laisser le gravier à nu (eau de ruissellement)’, Soq grm ‘cueillir’, Te ǧärrämä ‘couper, déchirer en morceaux’, Amh gʷärämmämä ‘couper le sommet’, Gur gurma ‘souche, tronc’, gurämmä ‘raclures du tronc de l’asät pour la confection du pain’, ? gärmomät ‘écume du lait’. -5 Akk garāmu ‘parcourir son orbite (planète)’. -6 Te təgärrämä ‘se porter garant’, gäräm ‘garant, caution’. -7 Mhr gīremōt, Ḥrs gərəmēt, Jib źirĩt, Soq gírámeh: fruit du dōm. -8 Ar ǧarm ‘péniche’. -9 Soq górem ‘jeter des pierres’. -10 Ar ǧarm ‘chaleur torride’. -11 Ḥrs yerām ‘baleine’.
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muǧrim مُجْرِم

ID 140 • Sw – • BP 2250 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ǦRM

n.

1 adj., criminal; 2a n.,(pl. ‑ūn) a criminal; b evildoer, culprit, delinquent – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ DRS 3 (1993) #GRM-1-2 […]. -3 Syr ʔagrem ‘commettre un crime’, Ar ǧaruma ‘être criminel’, ǧurm ‘crime, péché’, Sab mgrmtm ‘à tort’, Jib egrím ‘commettre un crime’, gérém, gérĩt ‘crime’. -4-11 […].
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ǦRN جرن

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 18Oct2022

√ǦRN

“root”

.

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.

ǦRY جري

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ǦRY

“root”

▪ ǦRY_1 ‘to run’ ↗ǧarà
▪ ǦRY_2 ‘slave girl; maid, servant; ship, vessel’ ↗ǧāriyaẗ

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to run, to flow, to stream, to sail; stream, channel, the way of things; vessel, boat; to continue, to be constant; young female, overseer’

▪ [v1]/[v2] : According to DRS 3 (1994), the Ar root √ǦRY (with ↗ǧarà ‘courir, couler, avoir lieu’, ǧariyy ‘adolescent, serviteur’, ↗ǧāriyaẗ ‘fillette, fille’) is an extension from a 2-cons. root nucleus ↗*ǦR- with the basic meaning (among others) of *‘couler’.
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▪ DRS 3 (1993) #GRY-1 Syr gərā ‘couler’, Ar ǧarà ‘courir, couler, avoir lieu’, ǧary ‘course rapide, courant’, ǧariyy ‘adolescent, serviteur’, ǧāriyaẗ ‘fillette, fille’, Ḥrs gerō, Jib egóri ‘courir, couler’, Mhr gərō ‘aller devant, passer (temps), se produire’, Jib géré ‘se passer, suivre; boire, têter (animal)’, Te ǧära ‘venir, se passer, rencontrer’. -2 Akk girīt-, JP gīrītā, Syr gerrītā, gernītā ‘murène’, Mnd girita ‘anguille’, Ar ǧiriyy ‘poisson-chat; silure’. -3 məgrẹ́, Mhr məgrē: bois sous le canon d’un fusil.
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ǧāriyaẗ جارِية

ID 141 • Sw – • BP 5713 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ǦRY

n.f.

1 girl; 2a slave girl; b maid, servant; 3 ship, vessel – WehrCowan1979.

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▪ DRS 3 (1993) #GRY-1 Syr gərā ‘couler’, Ar ǧarà ‘courir, couler, avoir lieu’, ǧary ‘course rapide, courant’, ǧariyy ‘adolescent, serviteur’, ǧāriyaẗ ‘fillette, fille’, Ḥrs gerō, Jib egóri ‘courir, couler’, Mhr gərō ‘aller devant, passer (temps), se produire’, Jib géré ‘se passer, suivre; boire, têter (animal)’, Te ǧära ‘venir, se passer, rencontrer’. -2-3 […].
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►

ǦZ‑

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ǦZ‑

"2-cons. nucleus"

▪ *ǦZ–_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ *ǦZ–_2 ‘…’ ↗…
*to cut off, chop, devide, set apart

A bi-consonantal nucleus that is at the basis of several 3-consonantal themes, cf. section DERIV below. Etymologically, there also seems to be a relation with also ↗*ǦḎ- and ↗*ǦD-.

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In DRS 2 (1994)#GZ, the user is advised to consult the following Sem roots: GWZ, GZʔ, GZB, GZW/Y, GZZ, GZḤ, GZL, GZM, GZʕ, GZR, GRZ, WGZ, as well as the references given under GD (see ↗ǦD-). For the most common representations of (some of) these roots, cf. the items given below in the DERIV section.

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► ǦZː (ǦZZ): ↗ǧazza ‘to cut off, clip; to shear, shear off’; cf. also ↗ǧaḏḏa ‘to cut off, clip’.
► ǦZʔ: ↗ǧuzʔ ‘part’.
► ǦZR: ↗ǧazara ‘to slaughter’, orig. *‘to cut (off)’.
► ǦZʕ: ↗taǧazzaʕa ‘to break apart, break, snap’; cf. also ↗ǧadaʕa ‘to cut off, amputate’.
► ǦZL: ↗ǧizlaẗ ‘piece, slice’.
► ǦZM: ↗ǧazama ‘to off, cut short, clip; to judge, decide’; cf. also ↗ǧaḏama ‘to cut off, chop off, excise’.

ǦZʔ جزء

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ǦZʔ

“root”

▪ ǦZʔ_1 ‘part’ ↗ǧuzʔ, ‘molecule’ ↗ǧuzayʔ
▪ ǦZʔ_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘part, portion, share; to divide, to partition; to make do with; to fill in’

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▪ DRS 2 (1994) #GZʔ-1 Ar ǧazaʔa ‘partager’, ǧuzʔ ‘partie, section’; Soq giźaḥa ‘part’; Gz gazʔa ‘traiter des convives, servir à un festin’, gəzʔ ‘festin’. -2 Gz ʔəgziʔ ‘maître’; Te gäzʔa, Tña gäzʔe, Amh gäzza ‘posséder, acquérir’.
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ǧuzʔiyyaẗ جُزْئِيّة

Sw – • NahḍCon • BP … • APD … • © SG | created 31May2023

√ǦZʔ

n.f.

.

▪ abstr. formation in -iyyaẗ

.

ǧuzayʔ جُزَيْء

ID 142 • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ǦZʔ

n.

molecule – WehrCowan1979.

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▪ DRS 2 (1994) #GZʔ-1 Ar ǧazaʔa ‘partager’, ǧuzʔ ‘partie, section’; Soq giźaḥa ‘part’; Gz gazʔa ‘traiter des convives, servir à un festin’, gəzʔ ‘festin’. -2 […].
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ǦZR جزر

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ǦZR

“root”

▪ ǦZR_1 ‘to slaughter; to kill, butcher; massacre’ ↗ǧazara
▪ ǦZR_2 ‘to sink, fall, drop, ebb (water)’ ↗ǧazara
▪ ǦZR_3 ‘island; Algeria(n)’ ↗ǧazīraẗ, ǧazara
▪ ǦZR_4 ‘carrot(s)’ ↗ǧazar

▪ The variety of meanings within this root can be reduced to two basic values: [DRS#GZR-1] *‘to cut’ (Huehnergard2011: WSem *√GZR ‘to cut off, destroy’) and [DRS#GZR-2] *‘beet, carrot’. While the latter is probably of Pers origin, the former has developed along the lines ‘*to cut > [ǦZR_1] to slaughter > to butcher; to kill > massacre’ and ‘*to cut > to cut off (land from sea, etc.) > [ǦZR_3] island; [ǦZR_2] to drop, ebb (water)’. ‘Algeria’ is lit. *‘The Isles’.
▪ The complex that has the value *‘to cut’ at its basis seems to be an extension in *‑r of a bi-consonantal nucleus ↗*ǦZ- (also ↗*ǦḎ-, ↗*ǦD-) from which also other roots derive. Cf., in this context, especially the MSA items ↗ǧazza ‘to cut off, clip; to shear, shear off’ (also ↗ǧaḏḏa ‘to cut off, clip’), ↗ǧuzʔ ‘part’, ↗taǧazzaʕa ‘to break apart, break, snap’ (also ↗ǧadaʕa ‘to cut off, amputate’), ↗ǧizlaẗ ‘piece, slice’, ↗ǧazama ‘to off, cut short, clip; to judge, decide’ (also ↗ǧaḏama ‘to cut off, chop off, excise’).

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DRS 2 (1994)#GZR–1 Hbr gāzar ‘couper en deux; décider’, oAram gzr, EmpAram gzyr, gzr (?) ‘couper; conclure un pacte; ordonner(?)’, JP gᵉzar ‘tailler, couper, trancher, décider’, Mand gzar ‘couper, égorger, décider, condamner; circoncire’, Ar ǧazara ‘égorger, découper une pièce de boucherie’, SAr gzr ‘circoncire’, Soq gtzr ‘être moitié plein’, Gz gazara, Amh gäzzärä ‘circoncire’, Tña Te Amh gəzrät ‘circoncision’. – Syr gᵉzīrtā, Ar ǧazīraẗ, Gz gazirat ‘île’; Ar ǧazar ‘partie de la côté découverte à marée basse’, ǧazara ‘être à sec (marée, etc.)’. – Hbr *gāzar ‘manger (animal)’, Syr gezrā ‘proie’, Mand gizra ‘troupeau’, Ar ǧazar ‘animaux de boucherie’, Ar ǧazzār ‘boucher’, Śḥr eñgezrót ‘animal de boucherie, animal abattu’. –2 Syr gezārā ‘rave’, Mand gizar, Ar ǧazar, ǧizar ‘carotte’. [–3 and –4: not attested in Ar.]

▪ ǦZR_1-3: Huehnergard2011 reconstructs WSem *GZR ‘to cut off, destroy’.
▪ ǦZR_1-3: For the wider context of roots derived from related biconsonantal bases, cf. ↗ǦZ-, ↗ǦḎ-, ↗ǦD-.

▪ ǦZR_4: From Pers gazar ‘carrot(s)’ – DRS, Rolland2014. Cf. however Rolland2015, where the author believes the word to be a re-import, since Pers gazar ‘carrot(s) may be from Ar ↗ǧiḏr ‘root’.

▪ (Algeria, Algiers: ↗ǧazara.

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ǧazar‑ جَزَرَ
1 u (ǧazr); 2 i , u (ǧazr)

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ǦZR

vb., I

1 to slaughter; to kill, butcher (an animal). – 2 to sink, fall, drop, ebb (water) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ The 2 meanings of the vb. go both back to an original value *‘to cut’. From there, the semantics seem to have developed along two lines: 1 ‘*to cut > to slaughter > to butcher; to kill > massacre’, and 2 ‘*to cut > to cut off (land from sea, etc.) > island; to drop, ebb (water)’.
▪ al-Ǧazāʔir ‘Algeria’ is a pl. of the quasi-PP f. ǧazīraẗ, lit. *‘cut off (from land)’, hence ‘island’.
▪ Ar ǦZR is from WSem *GZR ‘to cut off, destroy’.
▪ Like its cognate roots in other Sem langs, ǦZR / GZR seems to be an extension in *‑R of a bi-consonantal nucleus ↗*ǦZ- (also ↗*ǦḎ-, ↗*ǦD-) from which also other roots derive. Cf., in this context, especially the MSA items ↗ǧazza ‘to cut off, clip; to shear, shear off’ (also ↗ǧaḏḏa ‘to cut off, clip’), ↗ǧuzʔ ‘part’, ↗taǧazzaʕa ‘to break apart, break, snap’ (also ↗ǧadaʕa ‘to cut off, amputate’), ↗ǧizlaẗ ‘piece, slice’, ↗ǧazama ‘to off, cut short, clip; to judge, decide’ (also ↗ǧaḏama ‘to cut off, chop off, excise’).

▪ …

DRS 2 (1994)#GZR-1 Hbr gāzar ‘couper en deux; décider’, oAram gzr, EmpAram gzyr, gzr (?) ‘couper; conclure un pacte; ordonner(?)’, JP gᵉzar ‘tailler, couper, trancher, décider’, Mand gzar ‘couper, égorger, décider, condamner; circoncire’, Ar ǧazara ‘égorger, découper une pièce de boucherie’, SAr gzr ‘circoncire’, Soq gtzr ‘être moitié plein’, Gz gazara, Amh gäzzärä ‘circoncire’, Tña Te Amh gəzrät ‘circoncision’. – Syr gᵉzīrtā, Ar ǧazīraẗ, Gz gazirat ‘île’; Ar ǧazar ‘partie de la côté découverte à marée basse’, ǧazara ‘être à sec (marée, etc.)’. – Hbr *gāzar ‘manger (animal)’, Syr gezrā ‘proie’, Mand gizra ‘troupeau’, Ar ǧazar ‘animaux de boucherie’, Ar ǧazzār ‘boucher’, Śḥr eñgezrót ‘animal de boucherie, animal abattu’.

See section CONCISE above.

▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl Algeria, Algiers, from Ar al-ǧazāʔir ‘the islands, Algeria’, pl. of al-ǧazīraẗ ‘the island’ (lit. *‘cut off, sc. from land’).

► ǧazr, n., 1 slaughter; butchering; 2 ebb (of the sea): vn. I.
► ǧazraẗ, n.f., blood sacrifice: n.un. of vn. I.
► ǧazūr, pl. ǧuzur, n., slaughter camel: quasi PP I.
► ǧazzār, pl. ‑ūn, n., butcher: n.prof.
► ǧizāraẗ, n.f., butcher’s trade, butchery: n. of profession.
► ^BP#1733ǧazīraẗ, pl. ǧuzur, rarely ǧazāʔirᵘ, n., island: quasi-PP I, lit. *‘the cut-off one’ | šibh ~, n., peninsula; al-~, the Jazira, (Northwest) Mesopotamia; al-Ǧazāʔir, n.prop.topon., Algeria; Algiers; ~ al-ʕarab, n., Arabia, the Arabian Peninsula; al-Ǧazāʔir al-Ḫālidāt, n.prop.topon., the Canary Islands; al-~ al-Ḫaḍrāʔ, n.prop.topon., Algeciras (seaport in SW Spain); ~ al-ʔamān, n., safety island.
► ǧazarī, adj., insular; (pl. ‑ūn) islander: nsb-adj. of ǧazīraẗ.
► ^BP#1663ǧazāʔirī, pl. ‑ūn, adj./n., Algerian (adǧ. and n.); islander: nsb-adj. of ǧazāʔir, pl. of ǧazīraẗ.
► maǧzir, pl. maǧāzirᵘ, n., slaughterhouse, abattoir; butchery: n.loc.
► ^BP#2347maǧzaraẗ, pl. maǧāzirᵘ, n., butchery; massacre, carnage: n.loc.

For ǧazar ‘carrot(s)’ see ↗s.v..

maǧzaraẗ مَجْزَرَة , pl. maǧāzirᵘ

ID 143 • Sw – • BP 2347 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ǦZR

n.f.

1 butchery; 2 massacre, carnage – WehrCowan1979.

The word is a n.loc., formed from the vb. I ↗ǧazara, and thus literally means ‘place of slaughtering, butchering’. [v2] seems to be a modern development.

[v2]: earliest attestation needed.

↗ǧazara.

–

ǧazar جَزَر

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ǦZR

n.coll.; (n.un. ‑aẗ)

carrot(s) – WehrCowan1979.

From Pers gazar ‘carrot(s)’ – DRS 2 (1994)#GZR-2, Rolland2014. Cf. however Rolland2015, where the author believes the word to be a re-import, since Pers gazar may be from Ar ↗ǧiḏr ‘root’.

▪ …

DRS 2 (1994)#GZR-2: Syr gezārā ‘rave’, Mand gizar, Ar ǧazar, ǧizar ‘carotte’.

▪ See section CONCISE, above.
▪ Rolland2015b thinks that Pers gazar probably is from Ar ↗ǧaḏr ‘root’ and Ar ǧazar < Pers gazar therefore is a case of re-import. This hypothesis presupposes the import of carrots/roots from Arabia to Iran, not vice versa.

–

ǦZʕ جزع

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 5Mar2023

√ǦZʕ

“root”

▪ ǦZʕ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ǦZʕ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ǦZʕ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to break into two, traverse, to divide up; anxiety, shock, to be distressed, be disturbed’

▪ …

–

.

–

ǦZM جزم

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 18Oct2022

√ǦZM

“root”

.

▪ …

.

ǦZY جزي

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ǦZY

“root”

▪ ǦZY_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ ǦZY_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘recompense, to repay, to reward, to punish for bad deeds, judgement; to stand in for; taxation, tribute’

▪ …

–

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #GZW/Y-1 Akk guzzū ‘disparaître’, gutezzū ‘se cacher (?)’; Hbr *gāzā ‘séparer, couper’; JP gazzē, Talm gᵊzā, gᵊzē ‘couper’; Syr gᵊzī ‘être privé de’; Ar ǧazà ‘rétribuer, donner sa juste part’; Te gäza ‘distribuer de façon que le meilleur revienne à chacun alternativement; agir injustement’, gäza ‘portion plus grande (par suite d’un partage non équitable)’, gäzayät ‘partialité’; SAr gzyt ‘décision, ordre’; Soq gózi ‘destin; mort’; Gz Amh gize ‘temps’. -2 Te Tña gəzwa ‘tumeur’. -3 Akk guzū: plante médicinale.
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ǧizyaẗ جِزْية

ID 144 • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ǦZY

n.f.

1a tax; b tribute; c head tax on free non-Muslims under Muslim rule – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #GZW/Y-1 Akk guzzū ‘disparaître’, gutezzū ‘se cacher (?)’; Hbr *gāzā ‘séparer, couper’; JP gazzē, Talm gᵊzā, gᵊzē ‘couper’; Syr gᵊzī ‘être privé de’; Ar ǧazà ‘rétribuer, donner sa juste part’; Te gäza ‘distribuer de façon que le meilleur revienne à chacun alternativement; agir injustement’, gäza ‘portion plus grande (par suite d’un partage non équitable)’, gäzayät ‘partialité’; SAr gzyt ‘décision, ordre’; Soq gózi ‘destin; mort’; Gz Amh gize ‘temps’.
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–

►

ǦSː (ǦSS) جسّ/جسس

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 6Mar2023

√ǦSː (ǦSS)

“root”

▪ ǦSː (ǦSS)_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ǦSː (ǦSS)_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ǦSː (ǦSS)_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to test by hand, probe, examine; to spy, probe into other people’s private lives’

▪ …

–

.

–

ǦSD جسد

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 18Oct2022

√ǦSD

“root”

.

▪ …

.

ǦSR جسر

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 18Oct2022

√ǦSR

“root”

.

▪ …

.

ǦSM جسم

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 18Oct2022

√ǦSM

“root”

.

▪ …

.

ǦṢː (ǦṢṢ) جصّ / جصص

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ǦṢː (ǦṢṢ)

“root”

▪ ǦṢː (ǦṢṢ)_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ ǦṢː (ǦṢṢ)_2 ‘…’ ↗…

▪ …

–

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #GṢṢ-1 Akk giṣṣ-: buisson épineux; épine. -2 Akk gaṣṣ-, nHbr gēṣ, JP giṣṣā, Syr gaṣṣā, Ar ǧiṣṣ, ǧaṣṣ ‘plâtre, gypse’, ? Jib məgṣéṣ ‘boue’, ? Mhr Ḥrs gəṣ ‘dégoûter’. – Ar ǧaṣṣ ‘dur’, EAr ǧaṣṣ ‘durcir, sécher (terre)’. -3 nHbr gēṣṣ, Talm giṣṣā ‘étincelle’. -4 Ar ǧaṣṣa ‘être garroté, ligoté’, ǧaṣṣaṣa ‘remplir à ras bord’. -5 ‘entrouvrir les yeux; éclore (bourgeon)’. -?6 Śḥr ‘couper, fendre’; Mhr gəṣ ‘élaguer, couper à la hache’. -7 Eth gaṣṣ, Te Tña Amh gäṣṣ, Amh gäṭṭ ‘face, visage’; Gz gaṣṣawa ‘être, devenir une personne’, ? Tña tägač̣č̣äwä, Amh Gur tägač̣č̣ä, Amh tangäč̣aggäč̣ä, Arg əggač̣č̣a, Har tagāč̣a ‘entrer en collision’, Amh gäč̣č̣ alä ‘faire face’.
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ǧiṣṣ جِصّ

ID 145 • Sw – • BP??? • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ǦṢː (ǦṢṢ)

n.

1 gypsum; 2 plaster of Paris – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #GṢṢ-2 Akk gaṣṣ-, nHbr gēṣ, JP giṣṣā, Syr gaṣṣā, Ar ǧiṣṣ, ǧaṣṣ ‘plâtre, gypse’, ? Jib məgṣéṣ ‘boue’, ? Mhr Ḥrs gəṣ ‘dégoûter’. – Ar ǧaṣṣ ‘dur’, EAr ǧaṣṣ ‘durcir, sécher (terre)’.
▪ …
▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

…

►

ǦʕL جعل

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 6Mar2023

√ǦʕL

“root”

▪ ǦʕL_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ǦʕL_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ǦʕL_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘reward/payment set for a task to be carried out, bribe; to put, to place; to make, create, constitute; to attribute; scarab, seedling’

▪ …

–

.

–

ǦFː (ǦFF) جفّ / جفف

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ǦFː (ǦFF)

“root”

▪ ǦFː (ǦFF)_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ ǦFː (ǦFF)_2 ‘…’ ↗…

▪ …

–

▪ DRS 3 (1993) #GPP-1 Ug gpn ‘harnais’, Ar tiǧfāf ‘caparaçon, barde’. – nHbr gippep, JP gapēp ‘entourer, embrasser’, Hbr *gap ‘corps; dos ?’, nHbr gappā: sorte de clôture, ? EmpAram *gap ‘dépouille ?’, Syr gappā ‘maison’ gᵊpīpā ‘voûté, cintré’. – ? Ar ǧuff: enveloppe de certains fruits, corps, substance d’une chose, outre à beurre’, DaṯAr ǧiffaẗ ‘cadavre, charogne’, Śḥr mgoffót, mgofóf, Ḥrs məgəfōt ‘charogne, carcasse’, -2 Ar ǧaffa ‘être sec, sécher’, ǧuff ‘terrain sec; récipient, seau grossier’, ǧafāf ‘sécheresse, insensibilité’, Mhr gəf, Jib geff ‘sécher, se dessécher’, géfof ‘feuilles de ṭéḳ utilisées comme fourrage’, Te gəffät ‘grand sac fait de palmes’. - ?3 gäffä, Tña Amh gäffäfä ‘emmener comme butin, piller’, Te gäfäfä, gəfaf ‘butin’. -4 Amh gäffä, gäffäfä ‘devenir gros, obèse’, gäf ‘grand, gros, imbécile’, Te Tña gäfäf belä ‘traîner, marcher avec difficulté’. -5 Te gəfof, gəfofät, Tña gəfaf, gäfäfa ‘lie de bière’. -6 Gur gäf barä, gäf balä ‘se coucher pour se reposer’. -7 Gur guf barä, guff *balä ‘se lever (poussière)’.
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–

ǧaff‑ / ǧafaf‑ جَفَّ / جَفَفْـ

ID 146 • Sw –/32 • BP 4485 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ǦFː (ǦFF)

vb., I

to dry, become dry; to dry out – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ DRS 3 (1993) #GPP-2 Ar ǧaffa ‘être sec, sécher’, ǧuff ‘terrain sec; récipient, seau grossier’, ǧafāf ‘sécheresse, insensibilité’, Mhr gəf, Jib geff ‘sécher, se dessécher’, géfof ‘feuilles de ṭéḳ utilisées comme fourrage’, Te gəffät ‘grand sac fait de palmes’.
▪ …
▪ …

▪ …
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–

►

ǦFʔ جفأ

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 6Mar2023

√ǦFʔ

“root”

▪ ǦFʔ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ǦFʔ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ǦFʔ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘scum, flotsam; corruption, falsehood; to cleanse, uproot, knock down’

▪ …

–

.

–

ǦFN جفن

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 18Oct2022

√ǦFN

“root”

.

▪ …

.

ǦFW جفو

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 6Mar2023

√ǦFW

“root”

▪ ǦFW_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ǦFW_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ǦFW_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘separation, to move away, keep a distance; to shun, dislike, be antagonistic, be coarse in manner’

▪ …

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.

–

ǦLː (ǦLL) جلّ/جلل

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 18Oct2022

√ǦLː (ǦLL)

“root”

.

▪ From protSem *√GLL ‘to roll’ – Huehnergard2011.
▪ …

.

▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl Galilee, from Lat Galilea, either from Aram gᵊlilā ‘circuit, district’ (from gᵊlal ‘to roll’) or from Hbr gᵊlîlâ ‘circuit, district’ (from gālal ‘to roll’).
▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl Golgotha, from Aram gulgultā ‘skull’ (cf. Ar ↗ǧumǧumaẗ), from Aram galgel ‘to roll’, deriv. stem of gᵊlal ‘to roll’.

.

maǧallaẗ مَجَلّة

Sw – • NahḍCon • BP 1132 • APD … • © SG | created 31May2023

√ǦLː (ǦLL)

n.f.

.

▪ …

.

ǦLB جلب

ID 147 • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ǦLB

“root”

▪ ǦLB_1 ‘to fetch, get, bring, import; motive, reason; clamour, tumult; slave; galabia (garment)’ ↗ǧalab‑ (ǧalb)
▪ ǦLB_2 ‘to scar over, heal; ǧilbāb (garment, veil)’ ↗ǧulbaẗ
▪ ǦLB_3 ‘rose water, julep’ ↗ǧulāb
▪ ǦLB_4 ‘jalap (bot.)’ ↗ǧalabā

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘commotion, raised and mixed voices, excitement; to attack, to assail; to fetch, to earn, to seek pasture’

–

–..

▪ …
▪ …

▪ Engl djellaba ↗Ar ǧallābaẗ, ǧallābiyyaẗ.

–

ǧalab‑ جلب , i , u (ǧalb)

ID 148 • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ǦLB

vb., I

1 to attract; 2a to bring along, bring to the spot; b to arraign; c to present (the accused before the court); d to fetch, get, bring; e to import (goods); f to bring about (a state, condition); g to bring (harm, shame, etc., ʕalā upon s.o.); 3 to gain, win, obtain; to earn – WehrCowan1979.

Etymology not clear yet. If (as DRS suggests) the notion of ‘crying, shouting, turmoil’ (ǧalab, ‑aẗ, and the denominative vb. II ǧallab‑) is related to ‘catch, fetch’, then one could assume both to have developed from the meaning, preserved in ClassAr, of ^†‘to incite, or assemble, or bring together, through shouting’ (camels, horses, etc.). – The etymologies given by Huehnergard2011 (< WSem *√GLB ‘to catch, fetch’) and Orel&Stolbova1994 (< Sem *g˅l˅b ‘to procure’ < AfrAs *galab‑ ‘to give’) have to be treated with caution and need further verification.

lC6 ǧalabā ḥaynan wa-ḥarban ʕaẓīman ‘they brought death and a terrible war’ (ʕAntaraẗ b. šaddād), ka-ḏāka▪ … ’l-ḥaynu lil-marʔi yuǧlabu ‘this is how death is brought upon man’ (Zuhayr b. Ǧaḏīmaẗ), ǧalabtuhū min ʔahli ʔUbḍata ṭāʔiʕan ḥattà taḥakkama fīhi ʔahlu ʔIrābi ‘I brought him from the Ubda people as s.o. who submits/surrenders so that the Irāb people may judge upon him’ (Musāwir b. Hind). Polosin1995.

Ar ǧalab‑ ‘traîner, tirer, attirer, pousser à; pêcher’³⁷ , ǧulbaẗ ‘année stérile, malheur’, ǧalib‑ ‘rassembler; exciter les chevaux par des cris’, ǧalab‑ ‘tumulte, cris confus’; SAr glb ‘malheur’; Gz galaba ‘pêcher’ [only post-classical], galab, maglabt ‘hameçon’, maglab ‘pêcheur’; Ar ʔaǧlaba ʕalā ‘fondre sur’³⁸ ; dial. ǧallab ‘se cabrer’;? Te gälbä ‘courir, s’enfuir’, gälaläbä, Tña gäläbä ‘s’enfuir’; Amh galläbä ‘galoper’. DRS_ǧlb-2.
AfrAs: WCh *galab‑ (recnstr. from Mnt gallap) ‘to give’ – Orel&Stolbova1994.

37. Original has “pécher” (to sin), but this must be a typing error. 38. eC7 Q 17:64 wa-’stafziz man-i ‘staṭaʕta minhum bi-ṣawtika wa–ʔaǧlib ʕalayhim bi-ḫaylika wa-raǧilika ‘And incite whoever you can among them with your voice and assault them with your horses and foot soldiers’ / ‘Und scheuche mit deiner Stimme auf, wen (auch immer) von ihnen du kannst, setz ihnen zu (?) mit allen deinen Heerscharen (w. mit deiner Reiterei und deinem Fußvolk)’ (Paret).

DRS groups together two main themes under one item (ǧlb-2) without commenting on the relation between them: (a) ‘to attract, draw, push to’ and (b) ‘clamour, tumult, turmoil’. Most of the items listed below under deriv could indeed be grouped under one of these two headings:
(a) I ǧalab - ‘to bring, fetch’ (< ‘to draw to o.s.’), spedified also as ‘fishing’ as well as extended to mean ‘to import, trade’, ‘to gain, earn’, and ‘to bring (s.th. harmful upon s.o.)’, IV ʔaǧlab - (caus. of I, *‘make to be brought’), VIII iǧtalab‑ (autobenef. of I), X ĭstaǧlab‑ with vn. ĭstiǧlāb (autobenef. of IV), ǧalb (vn. of I, also with the latter’s extended values), ǧalab and ǧalīb (adj., originally s.th. ‘brought along’, then ‘imported’, then equated with ‘foreign’, ǧalīb taking the special meaning of ‘foreign slave’), ^†ǧulbaẗ (n., originally s.th. ‘brought about’ or ‘brought upon’ s.o., then specified as some kind of difficulty or calamity), ǧallāb (n., designating the profession of s.o. who imports, or trades in, s.th., esp. slaves; the adj. meaning ‘attractive, captivating’ seems to be a later development – Huehnergard2011), gallābiyyaẗ (nisba-adj.f., n., originally probably the garment worn by those who import, ǧallāb, i.e., slave traders, or slaves), ʔaǧlab 2 (elat. of adj. ǧallāb), maǧlabaẗ and ǧālib (n.instr. and PA, respectively, both ‘s.th. that brings about, causes’), and maǧlūb (PP of vb. I, specialized as ‘imported from a foreign country, exotic’. Some of these notions are to be found in Sem cognates, such as the Gz words for ‘fishing’ (i.e., to catch, sc. fish), ‘fisherman’ and ‘fishing-hook’ or SAr ‘calamity’ (s.th. ‘brought upon’ s.o.);
(b) II ǧallab‑ (vb., probably denominative from ǧalab, ‑aẗ or ^†ǧulbaẗ), IV ʔaǧlab‑ (in the sense of II), and ǧalab, ‑aẗ (n., perhaps the etymon of the verbs just mentioned).
If (a) and (b) indeed are related, one could imagine the notion of ‘to incite, or urge, make move, through shouting’ (camels, horses, etc.), as preserved in ClassAr ^†ǧalab‑, to form the basis of both, (a) having dropped the ‘shouting’ and focusing on ‘bringing about, causing to move’, (b) having dropped the latter and just retained the ‘shouting’. Huehnergard’s reconstruction (Ar ǧlb ‘to attract, bring fetch, import’ < WSem *√glb ‘to catch, fetch’, Huehnergard2011) does not account for the ‘shouting’, which, if Huehnergard is right, then would have to be regarded as an Ar innovation and thus secondary, if not at all unrelated. Also, DRS does not give sufficient explanation for the Eth meanings ‘to run, flee, gallop’. The evidence from AfrAs provided by Orel&Stolbova1994 (Ar ǧlb [i, u] < Sem *g˅l˅b - ‘to procure’ < AfrAs *galab‑ ‘to give’) does not help much and is too thin to build on.
▪ Apparently no connection whatsoever with the homonymous rooted treated under ↗ǧulbaẗ ‘scar’.

–

► ǧallaba, vb. II, to shout, clamor; to be noisy, boisterous
► ʔaǧlaba, vb. IV, to earn, gain, acquire (a s.th.); = II
► iǧtalaba, vb. VIII, to procure, bring, fetch, get (s.th.); to draw (on s.th.); to import (goods).
► ĭstaǧlaba, vb. X, to import (goods); to fetch, summon, call in (s.o.); to attract, draw (s.o., s.th.); to seek to attract or win (s.o., s.th.); to get, procure (s.th.)
► ǧalb, n., bringing, fetching; procure ment; acquisition; importation, import; causation, bringing on, bringing about : vn. I
► ǧalab, adj., imported; foreign
► ǧalab and ǧalabaẗ, n.f., clamor; uproar, tumult, turmoil:
► ^†ǧulbaẗ, n.f., ‘severity, pressure (of time or fortune); (vehemence of) hunger; adversity, difficulty, trouble; a hard, distressful, or calamitous year’ (Lane)
► ǧalīb, adj., imported, foreign; n., (pl. ǧalbā, ǧulabāʔᵘ) foreign slave
► ǧallāb, adj., attractive, captivating; n., importer, trador
► gallābiyyaẗ (eg.) n., pl. ‑āt, galālībᵘ galabia, a loose, shirtlike garment, the common dress of the male population in Egypt
► ǧilbāb, n. ↗s.v.
► ʔaǧlabᵘ, adj., more attractive, more captivating: el.
► maǧlabaẗ, n.f., pl. maǧālibᵘ causative factor, motive, reason, cause, occasion: n.instr.
► ĭstiǧlāb, n., procurement, acquisition; importation, import; supply; attraction: vn. X
► ǧālib, n., causative factor, motive, reason, cause, occasion: nominalized PA I
► maǧlūb, adj., imported from a foreign country, exotic: PP I

ǧulbaẗ جُلْبة

ID 149 • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ǦLB

n.f.

scar – WehrCowan1979.

The word goes back to Sem *glb ‘to flay, shave; (nude, wounded) skin’.

▪ …..

Akk gullubu ‘couper, tondre’, gallāb‑ ‘barbier’; Phn (plur.) glbm, Pun glb, Hbr gallāb, JP gallābā ‘couteau, rasoir; barbier’, gᵉlab ‘raser’, galbā ‘écaille’; Nab glbʔ ‘barbier’; Syr gallābā ‘rasoir’; Amh gäläbä ‘paille’, gʷälläbä ‘être mondé, tamisé (grain), être égrené; couvrir le tambour de peau’; gälläbä ‘découvrir, dénuder’;? Akk gulbūt‑, gulubūt‑ céréale; Talm gulbā ‘céréale’ – DRS, glb-1.

According to Cohen et al. (DRS, 1994), the Ar word for ‘scar’, more specifically the “small piece of skin, or crust, or scrab, that forms over a wound when it heals” [Lane], has the same etymon as the Akk vb. for ‘cutting, shearing, shaving’ and for the profession of a ‘barber’, as well as for ‘corn, cereal’, the common denominator being ‘nudity’ (of the skin and the grains, or the covering of it, respectively). Akk gallāb ‘barber’ seems to have passed into other languages “qui ont pu en tirer des dérivés”; the Ar n. ^†ǧulb ‘flayed skin’, now obsolete, is one of the results of this process, as are the Can and Aram forms mentioned above, while ǧulbaẗ‑ seems to look at the ‘flayed skin’, the wound, when it is already recovering. The obsolete Ar n. ^†ǧulb ‘spelt, einkorn’, on the other side, seems to belong to the ‘nude’ grain of Akk gul(u)būt‑.
According to DRS (1994), Sem *glbb which, among others, gave Gz gəlbāb‑ (loaned into Ar as ↗ǧilbāb), is an extension of Sem *glb in the meaning of ‘skin, etc.’ DRS, glbb-2. The values ‘to cover, cloak’ and ‘garment’ would then be explicable as ‘to put on, cover o.s. with (s.th. like) a skin’.

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► ǧalaba, u (ǧulūb) ‘to scar over, heal (wound)’: denominative (?)
► ^†ǧulb ‘dépouille, peau ôtée’ : n.
► ǧilbāb ‘loose garment’ : not directly derived from ǧulbaẗ but probably going back to the same Sem ancestor, cf. ↗s.v.
► ^†ǧulb ‘épeautre’ (spelt, einkorn) : n.

ǧallābiyyaẗ جلّابيّة , var. gallābiyyaẗ (eg.), pl. ‑āt , galālībᵘ

ID 150 • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ǦLB

n.f.

galabia, a loose, shirtlike garment, the common dress of the male population in Egypt – WehrCowan1979.

1) Unless a secondary formation (by dissimilative dropping of final ‑b) from ↗ǧilbāb, which with all probability is a pre-Islamic loan from Ethiopian (Gz gəlbāb ‘covering, veil, wrapper’), gallābiyyaẗ / ǧallābiyyaẗ seems to be a nisba formation from ‎↗ǧallāb ‘trader, importer’ (esp. of slaves), a word formed after the faʕʕāl pattern for professions from the vb. ↗ǧalab‑ (< Sem *glb ‘to attract, bring, fetch, import’), cf. Huehnergard2011. As such, its original meaning, like that of ↗ǧallābaẗ, is likely to have been ‘dress of the (slave) traders (or of the slaves themselves?)’.
Given the phonological proximity of ǧallābaẗ, gallābiyyaẗ / ǧallābiyyaẗ, and ǧilbāb, as well as the semantic overlapping, if not identity, it seems difficult to decide whether ǧallābaẗ and gallābiyyaẗ / ǧallābiyyaẗ are ‘contaminated’ from ǧilbāb or whether they derive from ǧallāb, or from distinct sources. In the first case, the semantics would be ‘garment, veil, “second skin”’ (↗ǧilbāb, connected to a Sem *glb ‘skin, etc.’, cf. Ar ↗ǧulbaẗ), in the latter it would be ‘dress of a (slave) trader (or, of a slave)’. Even if we assume distinct origins we will still have to reckon with a high possibility of collapsing meanings.
2) The form gallābiyyaẗ is limited to EgAr (today?), while similar forms of loose garments are called ǧallābaẗ (or ǧillābaẗ) in the Maghreb.

▪ …..

▪ …
▪ …

▪ DRS (1994), s.v. glb, lists “dial. ǧillābaẗ : vêtement (djellaba)” as a separate item, distinct from other values of Sem *glb, and, in the commentary section, states that it is “< glbb”, without however specifying which of the two values of *glbb‑ the authors think the word goes back to: *glbb-1 ‘esclave’ (Ar ǧilbāb), or *glbb-2‑ ‘robe très ample, suaire’ (Ar ↗ǧilbāb), etc.? Both *glbb values then are explained to derive from a Sem *glb value: *glbb-1 from *glb ‘traîner, emmener, etc.’, and *glbb-2 from *glb ‘peau, etc.’ – DRS#GLB-6; GLBB-1 and -2.
Dozy1881 maintained that the form ↗ǧallābaẗ and an even shorter one, ǧallāb, are modifications of the more original ǧallābiyyaẗ which he claims is the garment worn either by slave traders (↗ǧallāb) or by slaves. More or less the same position is also taken by Huehnergard2011 (s.v. glb) for whom ǧallābaẗ‑ and g/ǧallābiyyaẗ as well as ǧilbāb both go back, ultimately, to the vb. ↗ǧalab‑, which in turn can be traced to a WSem *glb ‘to catch, fetch’.
▪ In contrast, Marçais1956 thinks that Dozy’s assumption of ǧallāb‑ and ǧallābaẗ as corruptions of ǧallābiyyaẗ “seems philologically untenable”;in his opinion, it is rather “the Old Arabic djilbāb ‘outer garment’” that is the origin of ǧallābaẗ, or ǧallābiyyaẗ. It is not surprising, he says, that these should have developed from ǧilbāb‑ secondarily, the “dissimilative dropping” of a doubled last consonant being a common phenomenon, especially with loanwords like ǧilbāb.
▪ Youssef2003 suggests (for EgAr) a derivation from Eg grb, Copt čolbe, a man’s overgarment.

▪ Cf. Engl djellaba, see ↗ǧilbāb.

–

ǧilbāb جِلْباب , pl. ǧalābībᵘ

ID 151 • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ǦLBB

n.

long, flowing outer garment, loose robe-like garment – WehrCowan1979.

1) Weninger2007 follows Jeffery1938 in assuming that the word ‎is a loan from Gz gəlbāb ‘covering, veil, wrapper’. ǧilbāb may therefore have an origin that is different from that of ↗ǧallābaẗ or ↗gallābiyyaẗ to which it is often connected. These, too, denote some kind of loose garment, but seem to be derived from ↗ǧallāb ‘trader, importer’, thus probably being originally the name of a dress worn by (slave) traders, or by slaves themselves. (Another opinion sees ǧallābaẗ and gallābiyyaẗ as a contamination of ǧilbāb.)
2) The borrowing from Gz is likely to have occurred already in pre-Islamic times, its cultural background being the intensive trading contacts between the Arabian peninsula and Ethiopia.

▪ eC7 ¹ Q 33:59 qul li-ʔazwāǧika wa-banātika wa-nisāʔi ’l-muʔminīna yudnīna ʕalayhinna min ǧalābībihinna ḏālika ʔadnā ʔan yuʕrafna fa-lā yuʔḏayna ‘Sag deinen Gattinen und Töchtern und den Frauen der Gläubigen, sie sollen (wenn sie austreten) sich etwas von ihrem Gewand (über den Kopf) herunterziehen. So ist es am ehesten gewährleistet, daß sie (als ehrbare Frauen) erkannt und daraufhin nicht belästigt werden’ (Paret).

1. “The verses of the Qur’an in which the wives and daughters of the Prophet are commanded ‘to draw their veils close to them” [Q 33:59,▪ …] and “to the believing women▪ … to cast their veils over their bosoms” [Q 24:31,▪ …] probably date from the year 5” – Chelhod1966.

Gz galbaba ‘voiler, couvrir d’un voile, recouvrir’, gəlbāb ‘voile, couverture, envelope; Te gälbäbä, Tña (ʔa)gʷälbäbä ‘cacher, voiler, couvrir’; Tña ǧälbäbä (ǧ!) ‘loucher, cligner’ – DRS, glbb-2.

▪ According to Jeffery1938, 102, ǧilbāb is »an article of women’s attire […] mentioned in the Qur’ān, though the Lexicons differ considerably as to the exact meaning (cf. ‎LA, i, 265). – The difficulty of deriving the word from ǧalab‑ is of course obvious, and ‎Nöldeke, Neue Beiträge, 53, recognized it as the Eth [Gz] gəlbāb, from galbaba ‘to cover’ or ‘cloak’, which is quite common in the oldest texts. It was apparently an early borrowing, for it ‎occurs in the early poetry, e.g. Div. Hudh, xc, 12«. – This opinion is maintained also by DRS (1994) and Weninger2007: probably a pre-Islamic loan from Gz gəlbāb ‘covering, veil, wrapper’.
▪ According to DRS (1994), the Eth forms ultimately go back to a Sem *glb ‘skin, etc.’ (cf. Ar ↗ǧulbaẗ). DRS, glbb-2. The meanings ‘to cover, cloak’ and ‘garment’ would then be explicable as ‘to put on (s.th. like) a skin’.
In contrast, Huehnergard2011 (s.v. glb) holds that ǧilbāb, together with the dialectal ↗ǧallābaẗ‑ and ↗ǧallābiyyaẗ, ultimately, goes back to the vb. ↗ǧalab-‑ ‘to attract, bring, fetch, import’, which in turn can be traced back to a WSem *glb ‘to catch, fetch’. While ǧallāb(iyy)aẗ, according to Huehnergard, derives from ↗ǧallāb‑ and would thus originally have meant the dress of the a ‘(slave) trader, importer’, the author does not give details on the semantics of ǧilbāb.
▪ Yet another opinion is held by Marçais1956, who thinks that »the Old Arabic djilbāb ‘outer garment’« (which he, too, believes to be a foreign word) is prior to forms like ǧallābaẗ or ǧallābiyyaẗ; according to the author, it is not surprising that these should have developed from ǧilbāb by way of »dissimilative dropping« of the last b.

▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl djellaba, from Ar ǧallābaẗ, ǧallābiyyaẗ ‘djellaba’, from ǧallāb ‘trader, importer’; jilbab, from Ar ǧilbāb ‘jilbab’; both from ǧalaba, vb. I, ‘to attract, bring, fetch, import’.

► taǧalbaba ‘to clothe o.s. (bi‑), be clothed, be clad (bi‑ in a garment, also fig.): II, denominative of ǧilbāb.

ǦLD جلد

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ǦLD

“root”

▪ ǦLD_1 ‘hide’ ↗…
▪ ǦLD_2 ‘leather’ ↗ǧild
▪ ǦLD_3 ‘ice’ ↗ǧalīd

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘skin, hide, leather, to whip; to duel; to take heart, to be tough, toughness; hard rocky land, ice’

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #GLD-1: from protSem *gild‑ ‘peau, cuir’

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▪ DRS 2 (1994) #GLD- 1 protSem *gild- ‘peau, cuir’: Akk gild-, gilad-, Hbr *géled, EmpAram *gld, Palm (pl. emph.) gldyʔ, JP gildā, Syr geldā, nSyr gildā, nWAram ġelta, Ar ǧild, ǧalad, ǧilid, Mhr geld, ǧot, Śḥr god, Soq gad, Te ǧəld, ǧəlud, ǧəndi ‘peau, cuir’; Tña gandä, Amh žənde, žəndi ‘cuir’; Gz galada ‘se ceindre’; Te gäldä ‘écorcher’; Amh garädä ‘couvrir, envelopper’, gəld ‘peau dont se ceignent les ouvriers pour travailler’; Mnd gilda ‘testicule’; Ar ǧald ‘verge, pénis’; Amh gälädo ‘couteau à pointe recourbée pour tailler le cuir’; Te gäloda, Tña gälido ‘couteau’. -?2 Akk galādu, galātu ‘trembler, être épouvanté’; Ar ǧaluda ‘être fort, dur’; Te gäldä ‘battre durement, détruire’; Tña gälädä ‘fendre le bois, battre violemment’;? Te galädä ‘conclure un traité’. -3 nHbr gālīd, JP gᵊlīdā ‘gelée, glace’; Syr ʔaglīdā ‘froid, gelée’; nSyr gᵊdīlä, nWAram glīḏa ‘glace’; Ar ǧalīd ‘gelée, glace’. -4 Talm gildānā, Syr geldānā: petit poisson.
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–

ǧild جِلْد

ID 152 • Sw 28/137 • BP 2178 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ǦLD

n.

1a hide; b leather – WehrCowan1979.

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #GLD-1 protSem *gild‑ ‘peau, cuir’.
▪ Kogan2011: from protWSem *gild‑, a Sem term for ‘skin’ that is less widespread than its synonym, protSem *mašk‑ (> Ar ↗mask).
▪ …

▪ …

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #GLD-1 protSem *gild- ‘peau, cuir’: Akk gild-, gilad-, Hbr *géled, EmpAram *gld, Palm (pl. emph.) gldyʔ, JP gildā, Syr geldā, nSyr gildā, nWAram ġelta, Ar ǧild, ǧalad, ǧilid, Mhr geld, ǧot, Śḥr god, Soq gad, Te ǧəld, ǧəlud, ǧəndi ‘peau, cuir’; Tña gandä, Amh žənde, žəndi ‘cuir’; Gz galada ‘se ceindre’; Te gäldä ‘écorcher’; Amh garädä ‘couvrir, envelopper’, gəld ‘peau dont se ceignent les ouvriers pour travailler’; Mnd gilda ‘testicule’; Ar ǧald ‘verge, pénis’; Amh gälädo ‘couteau à pointe recourbée pour tailler le cuir’; Te gäloda, Tña gälido ‘couteau’.
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►

ǧalīd جَلِيد

ID 153 • Sw – • BP 4658 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ǦLD

n.

ice – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #GLD-3 nHbr gālīd, JP gᵊlīdā ‘gelée, glace’; Syr ʔaglīdā ‘froid, gelée’; nSyr gᵊdīlä, nWAram glīḏa ‘glace’; Ar ǧalīd ‘gelée, glace’.
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▪ …
▪ …

▪ (to be written)

►

ǦLS جلس

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ǦLS

“root”

▪ ǦLS_1 ‘to sit, sit down’ ↗ǧalasa, ‘session, meeting; council, board’ ↗maǧlis
▪ ǦLS_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘mountain, rocky, hard land; heavy, deep-rooted tree; to sit down, seat, sitting place, social gathering, assembly, gathering; rank’

▪ …

–

▪ DRS 3 (1993) #GLŠ-1 Ar ǧalasa ‘s’asseoir, s’accroupir’, maǧlis ‘lieu où on s’assied, salle de réception; assemblée, conseil’; ǧals ‘rocher, montagne, terrain élevé dominant un creux’; Soq galas ‘montagne, cap’, miglis ‘étage’, mägaləs ‘résidences’. – ? Akk gilš-, gišš- ‘hanche, flanc’. – ? Tña gäläsä ‘être enlevé, emporté’, Amh gʷälässäsä ‘dominer facilement un adversaire dans la lutte’, gulsəs alä ‘être faible’, guläša ‘faible’. 2 Gz galasa ‘couvrir de cuir’, Te gälsa, Tña gäläsä ‘couvrir de peau’, gəlās, Tña Amh Har Gur gəlas ‘housse de selle’, Te ‘prépuce, couverture’, gəlsa ‘abîme, gorge’ -3 JP gəlišā ‘chauve’, gəlēšūtā, Mnd gilšia ‘calvitie’, Syr gəlaš ‘déchirer, raser’. – Amh gälässäsä ‘écarter les cheveux de part et d’autre pour les peigner, effeuiller’. – Akk galāšu ‘aplatir (?)’.
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ǧalas‑ جَلَسَ

ID 154 • Sw 68/136 • BP 924 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ǦLS

vb., I

1a to sit down (ʔilà with s.o., at a table, etc., ʕalà on a chair); b to sit (ʔilà with s.o., at a table, ʕalà on a chair) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ DRS 3 (1993) #GLŠ-1 Ar ǧalasa ‘s’asseoir, s’accroupir’, maǧlis ‘lieu où on s’assied, salle de réception; assemblée, conseil’; ǧals ‘rocher, montagne, terrain élevé dominant un creux’; Soq galas ‘montagne, cap’, miglis ‘étage’, mägaləs ‘résidences’. – ? Akk gilš-, gišš- ‘hanche, flanc’. – ? Tña gäläsä ‘être enlevé, emporté’, Amh gʷälässäsä ‘dominer facilement un adversaire dans la lutte’, gulsəs alä ‘être faible’, guläša ‘faible’.
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–

►

maǧlis مَجْلِس

ID 155 • Sw – • BP 101 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ǦLS

n.

1 seat; 2 session room, conference room; 3a party, gathering, meeting; b social gathering; c session, sitting; d council meeting; 4a council; b concilium; c collegium, college; d board, committee, commission; e administrative board; f court, tribunal – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ See ↗ǧalasa.
▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

GLŠ, ǦLŠ جلش

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√GLŠ, ǦLŠ

“root”

▪ GLŠ, ǦLŠ ‘a kind of savory pastry stuffed with meat or cheese’ ↗gullāš

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

gullāš جُلّاش

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√GLŠ, ǦLŠ

n.

a kind of savory pastry stuffed with meat or cheese

▪ According to Youssef2003 from Eg kršt, Copt kyllēčtiḥ ‘stuffed pastry’.

▪ …

–

▪ Youssef2003: from Eg kršt, Copt kyllēčtiḥ, a kind of savory with meat or cheese

–

ǦLW جلو

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 18Oct2022

√ǦLW

“root”

▪ ǦLW_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ǦLW_2 ‘to appear in glory’ ↗taǧallà
▪ ǦLW_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘evacuation, to evacuate, clear away; to manifest, clarify, appear; to polish, remove; to go away’

▪ …

.

taǧallà تَجَلَّى

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD 3314 • © SG | 2Jun2023

√ǦLW

vb., V

to appear in glory – Jeffery1938

▪ …

▪ eC7 Q vii, 139; xcii, 2 – Jeffery1938.

.

▪ Jeffery1938: »The simple verb ǧalā ‘to make clear’ is cognate with Hbr gālāʰ ‘to uncover’, Aram glʔ, Syr gᵊlā ‘to reveal’, and Eth [Gz] galaya ‘to manifest, explain’; and form II, ǧallà ‘to reveal, to manifest’ occurs in vii, 186; xci, 3. The form taǧallà, however, which is used once of God revealing Himself to Moses at Mt. Sinai, and once of the brightness of oncoming day, seems to have been formed under the influence of Syr etgallē, which, as Mingana, Syr Influence, 86, points out, had become specialized in this sense, and may have been known in religious circles at Mecca and Madina in this technical sense. It is at least suggestive that LA, xviii, 163, uses only Ḥadīṯ in explanation of the word.«

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ǦMː (ǦMM) جمّ/جمم

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 6Mar2023

√ǦMː (ǦMM)

“root”

▪ ǦMː (ǦMM)_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ǦMː (ǦMM)_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ǦMː (ǦMM)_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘large group of people, multitude, to abound, be plentiful; forelock; to relax’

▪ …

–

.

–

ǦMD جمد

Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | created 31May2023

√ǦMD

“root”

.

▪ From CSem *√GMD ‘to become hard, congeal, freeze, contract’ – Huehnergard2011.
▪ …

.

ǧumūd جُمود

Sw – • NahḍCon • BP … • APD … • © SG | created 31May2023

√ǦMD

n.

.

▪ vn., I

.

ǦMRK جمرك

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ǦMRK

“root”

ǦMRK_1 ‘customs’ ↗gumruk

↗gumruk

–

EgAr gumruk ~ (MSA) ǧumruk جُمْرُك , pl. ǧamārikᵘ , var. kumruk, qumruq

ID 156 • Sw – • BP 4318 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ǦMRK

n.

customs; customhouse – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Rolland2014a: Via Tu gümrük and ByzGrk kommérkion from lLat commercium ‘branch office, merchandise, relation, exchange’, from Lat merx ‘merchandise’.

▪ …

▪ Cf. DRS 3 (1993)#GMRK: Ar ǧumruk, Te ǧəmruk.
▪ …

▪ Sources agree on Ar gumruk, ǧumruk going back, via Tu gümrük, to lLat commercium, a derivative of Lat merx ‘merchandise’.
▪ Rolland2014a adds that this Lat merx ‘merchandise’ perhaps is from Phoen mkr ‘to do business, trade’, »mot éminemment voyageur«. If this is correct one may have to compare (CAD:) Akk makāru ‘to do business, use (silver etc.) in business transactions’, mākiru, makkāru ‘trader’, makkūru ‘valuable, treasures, property, assets, estate’, tamkāru ‘merchant, trader, money-lender’ (> Ar ↗tāǧir ‘merchant’, ↗tiǧāraẗ ‘trade, commerce, merchandise’), (Tropper2008:) Ug mkr (N-, G-, D-stems pass.) ‘to be sold’, mkr /makkāru/ ‘tradesman’), (BDB1906:) Hbr māḵar ‘to sell’, mäḵär ‘merchandise, value’, Phoen mkr ‘to sell’, Aram Syr mᵊḵar ‘to marry’ (i.e. *‘to buy as a wife’), (Tropper2008:) Ar ^†makkara ‘to buy up (grain)’.

▪ Cf. Engl commerce (n.), 1530 s, from mFr commerce (C14), from Lat commercium ‘trade, trafficking’, from com- ‘together’ + merx (Gen mercis) ‘merchandise’.
▪ Cf. also Engl market (n.), eC12, ‘a meeting at a fixed time for buying and selling livestock and provisions’, from oNFr market ‘marketplace, trade, commerce’ (oFr marchiet, modFr marché), from Lat mercatus ‘trading, buying and selling, trade, market’ (> It mercato, Sp mercado, Du markt, Ge Markt), past participle of mercari ‘to trade, deal in, buy’, from merx (Gen mercis) ‘wares, merchandise’, accord. to etymonline.com from an Ital root *merk-, possibly from Etr, referring to various aspects of economics. Meaning ‘public building or space where markets are held’ first attested mC13. Sense of ‘sales, as controlled by supply and demand’ is from 1680.

► rasm al-gumruk, n., customs duty, tariff

► gumrukī, adj., customs, tariff (used attributively): nsb-adj. | ĭttiḥād gumrukī, n., customs union.
► mugamrak, n., duty paid: nominalized PP I.

ǦMS جمس

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ǦMS

“root”

▪ ǦMS_1 ‘buffalo’ ↗ǧāmūs
▪ ǦMS_2 ‘…’ ↗…

▪ …

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▪ DRS 3 (1993) #GMŠ-1 Te gämmäšä ‘être tiède (lait)’. -2 Te gämäš belä ‘tomber sur les genoux’. -3 gämmešay ‘chevelu’. -4 Syr gawmūš, gamīšā, Mnd gamušan, gamišan, gamšin, Ar ǧāmūs ‘buffle’, Gz Te gamus : tête de bétail européen sans bosse, Amh Arg goš, Har goōš, Gur gäs ‘buffle’; Gz gamas : anneau en corne de buffle, Te gamus : anneau fait d’ongle de buffle. -5 Śḥr gɛmš, Soq gamš, Mhr gamh ‘scinque (sorte de lézard)’.
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ǦMʕ جمع

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ǦMʕ

“root”

▪ ǦMʕ_1 ‘to gather’ ↗ǧamaʕa, ‘comprehensive; collector, compiler; mosque’ ↗ǧāmiʕ, ‘university’ ↗ǧāmiʕaẗ, ‘society’ ↗muǧtamaʕ
▪ ǦMʕ_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘gathering, collection, collection point, to collect, to unite, to combine, to accumulate; to assemble, to become close together, to become united, to decide; to be compact; assembly, gathering place; to be faultless; main points, essence’

▪ …

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▪ DRS 3 (1993) #GMʕ-1 Syr gᵊmāʕtā ‘poignée’, Ar ǧamaʕa ‘amasser, rassembler, réunir’, ǧumʕaẗ, ǧumuʕaẗ ‘poignée, réunion’, ǧamāʕaẗ ‘groupe, foule, assemblée’, ǧumʕ ‘contraction, poing’, SAr gmʕ, Mhr gatmaʔ, Śḥr gīʕ, gotmaʕ, Ḥrs egtōma ‘réunir, rassembler’, Mhr ǧamʕ, Jib ǧīʕ, yáma, yámi, yāmʕəh ‘poing’; Te təǧämməʕa ‘être ensemble’. – Ar ǧumʕaẗ ‘rassemblement, jour de la prière communautaire, vendredi, semaine’; Mhr gemaʕt, Śḥr gəmʕat, Soq gimʕa, Te ǧəmʕat, Har gumʔa ‘vendredi’. -2 Syr gᵊmaʕ ‘plonger, enfoncer’, gūmāʕtā ‘fosse’. -3 Gz gamʕa, gamməʕa ‘arracher, déchirer, raser’, Te (tə)gämmäʕa, Tña gämʕe ‘séparer, fendre’, Te gämʕa ‘tomber (pierre d’un mur)’, gəmʕ ‘pierre’, Gur (a)gʷäma ‘être sur le point d’apparaître (fleur, champignon)’.
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ǧāmiʕ جامِع

ID 157 • Sw – • BP 2812 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ǦMʕ

¹adj.; ²n.

1 adj., comprehensive, extensive, broad, general, universal. – n., 2a collector; b compiler (of a book); c compositor, typesetter; 3 pl. ǧawāmiʕᵘ, mosque – WehrCowan1979.

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▪ See ↗ǧamaʕa.
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►

muǧtamaʕ مُجْتَمَع

ID 158 • Sw – • NahḍCon • BP 222 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ǦMʕ

n.

1a gathering place, place of assembly; b meeting place, rendezvous; 2 assembly, gathering, meeting; 3a society; b human society; c community, commune, collective – WehrCowan1979.

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▪ See ↗ǧamaʕa.
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ǦML جمل

ID 159 • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ǦML

“root”

▪ ǦML_1 ‘camel’ ↗ǧamal
▪ ǦML_2 (a) ‘(be) polite, do a favour; (be) beautiful, handsome, pretty’ ↗ǧamul- u (ǧamāl). – (b) ‘sum, totality, whole; group, troop, crowd; sentence, clause’ ↗ǧamal- u (ǧaml), ǧumlaẗ .
▪ ǦML_3 ‘gable (arch.)’ ↗ǧamalūn
▪ ǦML_4 ? ‘letter of alphabet’ (?): only in ḥisāb al‑ ↗ǧummal (or ǧumal) ‘use of the letters of the alphabet according to their numerical value’

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘camel, grace, beauty, elegance, to adorn, to make beautiful; to have good character, to be kindly, to ask nicely, to treat well; group of people, sentence, to add together, total, entirety; thick rope’

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–..

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▪ DRS 3 (1993)#GML distinguishes eight main semantic values in Sem, out of which however only two or three (nos. #1, #2 and #5 in DRS) seem to be realised in Ar: -1 ‘camel’ (↗ǧamal). -2 a theme with many facets: [a] ‘be beautiful, developed, mature’ (↗ǧamul ); ‘to behave politely, make complete, put together’ (↗ǧāmal ); ^†‘full, fat (body)’; [b] ‘big, long’ (NHbr gamlōn, Aram gamlānā, not realised in Ar); [c] ‘to assemble, put together’ (↗ǧamal ), ‘totality’ (↗ǧumlaẗ), ‘cable, rope’ (^†ǧamal, ǧuml); [d] ‘grease, fat, fondue’ (^†ǧamīl), ‘to melt, liquify (the grease, etc.)’ (^†ǧamal ). – DRS is not sure whether or not also [e] ‘nightingale’ (^†ǧumlānaẗ, ǧumaylānaẗ) and [f] ‘(sort of) palm tree’ (^†ǧamal) should be grouped with #2a-d. The authors also remain silent about the details of the semantic relations within theme no. #2. – Classical dictionaries tend to see ^†‘fat’ (#2d) and ^†‘fatness’ as the original meaning, “hence” ‘beauty’ (#2b), “because, when a man becomes fat and in good condition, his ǧamāl becomes apparent”; from physical beauty then also ‘beauty of character’ – Lane, sv. ǧamīl. -3 ‘anger’ (Te only). -4 ‘to cook a little flour in order to add it to the bread’ (Amh only). -5 ‘sort of boomerang (Akk), sickle (Ug), yoke (JP), hooked (Syr)’, etc. (↗ǧummal). -6 ‘to burn, roast slowly; white freckles on the skin, esp. the legs’ (Amh only). -7 ‘cow without, or with small, horns’ (Amh only). -8 ‘clitoris’ (Gur only).
▪ For Sem *gamal _1 as an extension in * l (for tamed/domesticated, hence ‘weak’ animals) ↗gamal.
▪ For Sem √GML_2 as an extension of an AfrAs biconsonantal root *GM ↗gamal-.
▪ Any relation between ǦML_1 ‘camel’ and the ‘fat, beauty, completeness, politeness’ complex of ǦML_2 ?

▪ ? Engl gamma ↗gamalūn.
▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl Gemara, from Aram gᵊmārā ‘completion’, from gᵊmar ‘to complete’, cf. Ar ↗ǧamula.

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ǧamal‑ جمل , u , (ǧaml)

ID 160 • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ǦML

vb., I

to sum up, summarize – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

1865 Lane gives the value of ǧamal‑ as ‘to collect’ (and ‘to melt grease or fat’).

Hbr gāmal ‘to wean; ripen’, nHbr gamlōn ‘large-sized’, Aram itgəmal ‘to be laden with; be bestowed’, gamlānā ‘large-sized’ – Zammit2002#ǧumlaẗ.

DRS thinks ǧamal‑ ^†‘to assemble, collect’ and ǧamul-‑ ‘to be beautiful, pretty; be nice to, do a favour to’ are related and belong to one and the same multifacetted Sem theme, the idea of ‘wholeness, completion, perfection’ probably resulting somehow from the ‘beauty’ (which in turn may derive from ‘fatness’). See ↗√ǦML.
▪ Ehret1995 (#280) regards the verb as secondary, formed from the noun ^†ǧumul‑ ‘troop; addition’ which he believes is in turn an ‎extension in a “noun suffix” *‑l from a bi-consonantal “pre-‎Proto-Semitic” (pPS, i.e. preSem) root *gm ‘to come together’ < AfrAs *‑gim‑ ‘to come upon, ‎meet up with’ (cf. Eg gmi‑ ‘to find’, Som ǧimee‑ ‘to [bring together in order to] compare; measure’). – Other extensions from the same pre-Sem root according to Ehret: ^†ǧamār ‘crowd, people’ (^†ǧamar‑ ‘to unite for a purpose’), ↗ǧamaʕ‑ ‘to gather, assemble, keep together; unite, reconcile; crowd, assembly’, and ↗ǧamhar‑ ‘to assemble, heap up’ (^†ǧumhur ‘principal part or majority; totality, all; troop, crowd; people, public’, cf. ↗ǧūmhūr).
▪ Any relation to ↗ǧamal‑ ‘camel’?

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► ʔaǧmala, vb. IV, to sum, total, add; to treat as a whole, mention collectively; to sum up, summarize; for other meanings ↗ǧamula.
► ǧumlaẗ, n.f., pl. ǧumal totality, sum, whole; group, troop, body; crowd; wholesale; (gram.) sentence, clause
► ʔiǧmāl, n., summation, summing up; summarization
► ʔiǧmālī, adj., comprehensive, summary, general, overall, total, collective; the whole sum, total amount
► muǧmil, n., pl. ‑ūn wholesaler, wholesale dealer: PA IV
► muǧmal, n., summary, résumé, synopsis, compendium; general concept; sum, total: PP IV

ǧamul‑ جمُل u , (ǧamāl)

ID 161 • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ǦML

vb., I

to be beautiful; to be handsome, pretty, comely, graceful; to be proper, suitable, appropriate, befit – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …..

Akk gamālu ‘récompenser, soigner’, gimill‑ ‘acte de bonté, faveur, complaisance, pitié’, gitmal‑ ‘noble, parfait, égal’, giml ‘bœuf au repos, à soigner’, Hbr gāmal ‘être prêt, être mûr (fruit)’, ‘sevrer (un enfant)’, ‘récompenser, rémunérer, faire du bien à qn’, gəmūl, gəmūlā ‘rémunération, bienfait’, Ar ǧamula) ‘être beau, bien se comporter’, ǧāmala ‘se conduire bien avec qn’. Cf. also nHbr gamlōn, Aram gamlānā ‘grand, long’.

DRS thinks ǧamul-‑ ‘to be beautiful, pretty; be nice to, do a favour to’ and ǧamal‑ ‘to assemble, collect’ (cf. also ǧumlaẗ‑ ‘totality’) are related and belong to one and the same multifacetted Sem theme. For details ↗√ǦML.

▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl Gemara, from Aram gᵊmārā ‘completion’, from gᵊmar ‘to complete’, cf. Ar ↗ǧamula.

► ǧammala, vb. II, to make beautiful, beautify, embellish, adorn : probably a denom. caus. from ↗ǧamīl.
► ǧāmala, vb. III, to be polite, courteous, amiable : probably denom. from ↗ǧamīl.
► ʔaǧmala, vb. IV, to act well, decently, be nice : probably denominative from ↗ǧamīl. – For other meanings ↗ǧamala.
► taǧammala, vb. V, to make o.s. pretty, adorn o.s. : probably denominative from ↗ǧamīl.
► taǧāmala, vb. VI, to be courteous, be friendly to one another : probably denominative from ↗ǧamīl.
► ǧamāl, n., beauty :
► ǧamālī, adj., aesthetic : nsb-adj. from ǧamāl.
► ǧamīl, adj., n., beautiful, graceful, lovely, comely, pretty, handsome; friendly act, favor, service, good turn; courtesy : perhaps the main etymon from which ǧamula then would be denominative; if this is not the case ǧamīl is a ints. adj. formation from the vb.; ↗s.v.
► ʔaǧmalᵘ, adj., more beautiful : el. of ↗ǧamīl.
► taǧmīl, n., beautification, embellishment; cosmetics : vn. II.
► taǧmīlī, adj., cosmetic : nsb-adj. of taǧmīl.
► muǧāmalaẗ, n.f., pl. ‑āt (act of) courtesy; civility, amiability; flattery : vn. III.

ǧamal جَمَل , pl. ǧimāl , ʔaǧmāl

ID 162 • Sw – • BP 3969 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ǦML

n.

camel – WehrCowan1979.

▪ The word (that is also the ancestor, via Grk > Lat, of Engl camel and similar terms in other European languages) forms part of the WSem basic vocabulary.
▪ According to EtymDuden, Europeans came to know camels probably during the crusades.
▪ Osman2002 quotes Brockhaus’ Konversationslexicon (of 1894) where it is held that one borrowing milieu was Asia Minor at the time of Arab-Byzantine wars, but that it came to Europe also both during the Arab conquest of Spain and the Turkish conquest of the Balkans.
▪ Kogan2011: Arabian Sem *gamal‑. – There is no protSem term for ‘camel’. The obvious similarity between camel designations in individual Sem languages must be due to diffusion from an Arabian source. For other terms, cf. ↗ʔibil, ↗nāqaẗ, ↗bakr.
▪ …

▪ eC7 Q 7:40 ḥattā yaliǧa ’l-ǧamalu fī sammi ’l-ḫiyāṭi ‘until the camel goeth through the needle’s eye’ (the expression going back to Matth 19:24, cf. Paret1980)

▪ DRS 3 (1993)#GML: Hbr gāmāl, Phn gamal, EmpAram gmlʔ, Nab Palm gml, JP Syr gamlā, SAr (Sab) gml (pl), Soq gímal, Gz gamal, [rarely also gaml ], etc.etc. < Sem *gamal‑ ‘camel’; (Akk (NAss) gammal‑, gaml‑ is a loan from WSem.)¹
▪ Outside Sem: Eg-Dem gmwl, Copt čamūl; Berb (with metathesis, when compared with the Sem and Eg/Copt forms): Taq alġwəm, Tamšq aġlam ‘chameau de selle’; Cush (probably loan-word from Sem): (forms with all 3 radicals) Ag Bil gimilā, others gimil, gimal, gamal, gamalā, (with the first two) Bed kam, (with the first and the third) Sa Af Or gālā, Sid gāla, Som gēl, gāl.

▪ Etymonline assumes that the word is related also to ↗ǧamal‑ ^†‘to collect’, the camel being a principal beast of burden.
▪ Lipiński1997#30.10 thinks the word can be segmented into root plus ‎AfrAs “postpositive determinant” *‑l or *‑r “for domestic or tamed animals”, cf. also ʔimmar ‘ram, lamb’, ʔayyil ‘deer’, baqar ‘cattle’, ṯawr ‘ox’, ḥimār ‘donkey’, ḫinzīr ‘swine, pig’, ʕiǧl ‘calf’, ʕayr ‘ass-fowl’, ^†karr ‘lamb’, naml ‘ant’.
▪ Any connection with Berb (Senhayi alġum, Ayt Seghrouchen alġm, Ghadamsi āḷæm)? – Bennett1998. DRS 3 (1993) assumes the Eg and Berb forms to be real cognates while the Cush ones “seem to be borrowed from Sem”.

▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl camel; camelopard, from Lat, from Grk kámēlos, from a Sem source akin to Hbr gāmāl, Aram gamlā, and Ar ǧamal ‘camel’.
▪ The Eur words for ‘camel’ go back to Grk kámēlos which, according to Osman2002, is a direct loan from Ar ǧamal; Huehnergard2011, however, is more reluctant, attributing the word’s appearance in Grk rather to some (unspecified) “Semitic source”, while EtymOnline identifies Hbr or Phoen gamal- as the origin. In any case, the borrowing is likely to have happened in Hellenistic times already, not as late as Byzantine times (as Osman assumes). From Grk the word was borrowed into Lat as camēlus, and from there into the Rom and Germ languages where it replaced the earlier term for this animal, olfend‑ ‘olifant’ (Goth ulbandus, oHGe olpentâ, mHGe olbente, oEngl olfend, “apparently based on confusion of camels with elephants in a place and time when both were known only from travelers’ vague descriptions” – EtymOnline). oEngl camel, perhaps via oNFr camel (oFr chamel, modFr chameau). In modern standard Ge, Kamḗl is attested from C16 onwards. Stress on the 2nd syllable seems to be a learned adaptation after Lat camēlus, while the mHGe forms (kembel, kemmel, kémel, kamel), when appearing in C13 texts, had first shown signs of Germanization (stress on first syllable) (Kluge2002).

► ǧamal al-yahūd, n., chameleon.

► ǧammāl, pl. ‑ūn, n., camel driver: n.prof.

ǧamāl جمال

ID 163 • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ǦML

n.

beauty – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ eC7 Q 16:6 wa-la-kum fī-hā ǧamālun ḥīna turīḥūna wa-ḥīna tasraḥūna ‘And wherein is beauty for you [Paret1980: Auch findet ihr es schön (und freut euch daran)], when ye bring them [the cattle] home, and when ye take them out to pasture’.

↗ǧamul‑. – Cf. also Zammit2002#ǧamāl: Hbr gāmal ‘to deal fully or adequately with, deal out to’, gəmūl ‘recompense’, Aram gəmal ‘to do one good, (or) evil’, gəmūl ‘deed, reward, recompense’.

vn. I of ǧamul‑.
DRS thinks ǧamul‑ ‘to be beautiful, pretty; be nice to, do a favour to’ and ǧamal‑ ‘to assemble, collect’ (cf. also ǧumlaẗ ‘totality’) are related and belong to one and the same multifacetted Sem theme. For details ↗√ǦML. According to Zammit2002#Appdx, Ibn Fāris I:481 suggests a derivation of ǧamāl from the same root as ǧumlaẗ (↗ǧamal) due to a camel’s corpulent structure.

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► ǧamālī, adj., aesthetic: nsb-adj. (For other items ↗ǧamula).

ǧumlaẗ جُمْلة , pl. ǧumal

ID 164 • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ǦML

n.f.

totality, sum, whole; group, troop, body; crowd; wholesale; (gram.) sentence, clause – WehrCowan1979.

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▪ eC7 Q 25:32 law-lā nuzzila ʕalay-hi l-qurʔānu ǧumlatan wāḥidatan ‘Why is the Qur’an not revealed unto him all at once?’

(cf. ↗ǧamala :) Hbr gāmal ‘to wean; ripen’, nHbr gamlōn ‘large-sized’, Aram itgəmal ‘to be laden with; be bestowed’, gamlānā ‘large-sized’ – Zammit2002#ǧumlaẗ.

▪ For a possible semantic dependence of the idea of ‘wholeness, completion, perfection’ from that of ‘beauty’ (which in turn may derive from ‘fatness’), see ↗√ǦML, ↗ǧamal‑ ‘to assemble, collect’ and ǧamul-‑ ‘to be beautiful, pretty; be nice to, do a favour to’.
▪ Related in any way to ↗ǧamal‑ ‘camel’ ?

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↗ǧamala.

ǧamalūn جملون , pl. ǧamāliyūn

ID 165 • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ǦML

n.

gable (arch.‑ ) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

1865 Lane ‘building, or structure, in the form of a camel’s hump’

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The translation given by Lane suggests that the word is derived from ↗ǧamal ‘camel’. But this would be a rare pattern. The pl. raises doubts about that, too.

▪ ? Cf. Engl gamma, from Grk gamma, from Phoen *gaml ‘throwstick (?), third letter of the Phoen alphabet’; gimel, from Hbr gîmel ‘gimel’, alteration of Phoen *gaml (see above) - Huehnergard2011.

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ǦMHR جمهر

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ǦMHR

“root”

▪ ǦMHR_1 ‘the public’ ↗ǧumhūr, ‘republic’ ↗ǧumhūriyyaẗ
▪ ǦMHR_2 ‘…’ ↗…

▪ …

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▪ DRS 3 (1993) #GMHR-1 Ar ǧamhara ‘rassembler’, ǧamharaẗ ‘attroupement’, ǧumhūr ‘foule, multitude’. -2 ǧamhara ‘enlever la meilleure partie d’une chose, être injuste envers qn’.
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ǧumhūr جُمْهور

Sw – • NahḍCon • BP 724 • APD … • © SG | created 31May2023

√ǦMHR

n.

.

▪ …

.

ǧumhūriyyaẗ جُمْهُورِيَّة

ID 166 • Sw – • NahḍCon • BP 824 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ǦMHR

n.f.

republic – WehrCowan1979.

▪ abstr. formation in -iyyaẗ

▪ …

▪ DRS 3 (1993) #GMHR-1 Ar ǧamhara ‘rassembler’, ǧamharaẗ ‘attroupement’, ǧumhūr ‘foule, multitude’.
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►

ǦNː (ǦNN) جنّ / جنن

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ǦNː (ǦNN)

“root”

▪ ǦNː (ǦNN)_1 ‘to cover, veil; to become dark’ ↗ǧanna
▪ ǦNː (ǦNN)_2 ‘jinn, demon’ ↗ǧinn, ‘possessed, obsessed’ ↗maǧnūn
▪ ǦNː (ǦNN)_3 ‘garden; Paradise’ ↗ǧannaẗ

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to shield, to cover, to engulf, shield, enclosure, place of hiding; the world of the jinn, the hidden people; night; grave; heart, inside, foetus; garden, verdant; madness; snake’

▪ From WSem *√GNN ‘to cover, surround’ – Huehnergard2011.
▪ DRS 3 (1993) #GNʔ/W/Y/N-2 WSem *gann‑ ‘jardin’.
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▪ DRS 3 (1993) #GNʔ/W/Y/N-1 JP Syr gᵊnā ‘être couché, étendu’, Mnd gna ‘être étendu, dormir’, Syr magnᵊyā ‘lit’; Ar ǧaniʔa ‘avoir le dos voûté, convexe’, ǧanaʔa ‘se pencher sur’, ʔaǧnāʔ ‘voûté, bossu, courbé’, Jib egnín, Soq égnən ‘se pencher’, Ḥrs Mhr genō ‘être presque couché (soleil)’, Ḥrs gənō ‘descendre’; Gz ganaya ‘se pencher, s’incliner, se soumettre’. – ? Tña ʔagnäyä, Amh Gur (a)gäññä, Arg agäñña, Har agäña ‘trouver, rejoindre’. -2 Akk ganānu, kanānu ‘enfermer, confiner’; nPun *gn ‘couvrir’, Hbr gānan, nHbr hāgēn, EmpAram gnn, JP gᵊnan, ʔaggēn, ChrPal, ? Palm ʔgn, Syr gann ‘protéger; habiter’, gᵊnā ‘se cacher; être loin’; Mnd gnuna ‘accouplement (de chiens)’; Ar ǧanna ‘envelopper, couvrir’, SAr gnʔ ‘entourer d’un mur’, Jib egnï̀ʔ ‘protéger du froid’, gúnẹʔ, Mhr gōna ‘abrité, chaud’, həgnē ‘réchauffer’; – Ar ǧanna ‘être enveloppé (foetus dans l’utérus)’, ǧanīn ‘embryon’, Gz ganin, Te ǧənā ‘foetus, enfant nouveau-né’. – Pun ʔgnn, JP *gnn ‘clôture?’, Sab gnʔ ‘mur d’enceinte’, Min gnt ‘toit, couverture’, Śḥr guneʔ ‘endroit abrité’. – WSem *gann- ‘jardin’: Akk gann-, ? gannat- ‘jardin potager?’; Ug gn, Hbr gan, gannā, Pal *gnn ‘enclos’, EmpAram gn, Nab *gnh, JP ginnᵊtā, Syr Mnd ginta, Sab gnt. – Syr gannᵊtā, Ar ǧannaẗ, Mhr gənnēt, Jib gẹ́nt, Ḥrs gənnét, Amh gannat ‘jardin, Paradis’; Mhr gənnét, Jib gént, Ḥrs gennét, Soq gínnəh, Te gänna, Te Tña ǧännät, Amh gannat ‘Paradis’. – Ar ǧanan, muǧnaʔaẗ ‘tombe’, maǧannaẗ, DaṯAr maǧannaẗ, YemAr mgannaẗ, Mhr meǧennet; Jib migént, Soq mgə́nnəh ‘cimetière’. – Akk maginn-, Ug *mgn, Hbr māgēn, JP mᵊginnā, Syr mᵊgennā, Mnd ginia, Ar miǧann(aẗ), muǧnāʔ ‘bouclier’. -3 Ar ǧanna ‘devenir dense, abondant, luxuriant (herbage)’, Gz ganna ‘devenir important, être fier’, Te gänna ‘dépasser la mesure, être impétueux, arrogant’, Tña gänänä ‘être heureux’, Amh gännänä ‘être abondant, prendre de la force, augmenter’, Gur gännänä ‘être très grand’, genä ‘grand’, ? Gaf gunnä ‘bon’. – Ar ǧanā ‘cueillir (fruits)’, DaṯAr ‘déposer le miel cueilli (abeilles)’, Sab gtnn ‘récolter, moissonner’, ? Gz gʷanʔa ‘battre le blé, entasser les gerbes’, Gur ǧäññä ‘récolter le miel’. -4 ? Akk genû ‘heurter? encorner?’. – nHbr ginnā ‘faire honte, blâmer’, gᵊnay, gᵊnūt ‘honte’, mᵊgunnē ‘laid’, JP ʔitgannē, ʔiggannē ‘être objet de honte, être repoussant’, gēnāʔā ‘laid’, Syr gannī, Mnd ganī ‘blâmer, injurier’, Syr gūnāyā, Mnd gunia ‘honte, déshonneur’; Ar ǧanā ‘commettre un crime, outrager’, taǧannā ‘accuser faussement’, ǧaniyyaẗ, ǧināyaẗ ‘faute, crime’; Tña gənay ‘laid’, Te gənay ‘fausse couche, avorton, monstre’. -5 Akk ginû ‘sacrifice rituel’, Mnd ginia ‘sacrifices, offrandes aux idoles’, ? Gz ganāwi ‘prêtre sacrificateur des idoles’, gannawa ‘fabriquer une idole, servir l’idole’. -?6 Palm gny: génie, divinité; Ar ǧinn, ǧinniyy, Mhr gənnāy, Ḥrs génni, Jib gənní, Gz gānen, Te Tña Amh Gur ganen ‘djinn, génie, démon’, Te gənni ‘esprit mauvais qui provoque l’hystérie chez les femmes’. – Ar ǧānn: genre de serpent, serpent-démon; ǧunūn ‘folie, fureur, possession par les esprits’, Soq n-gnn ‘être, devenir fou’, Mhr šǧunûn ‘être possédé’, Ḥrs yann ‘folie, sottise’. -7 ? Tña gʷänäyä ‘couper’, ? Har gäña ‘jeter’, ? Gur (ta)ginna, (ta)ḫ’änʔa ‘traverser’. -8 Akk ganūn-, ganīn-, ginīn-: grande salle (dans un temple, un palais), nHbr gᵊnūn, ginnūn, JP gᵊnānā, Syr gᵊnūnā, Mnd gnana ‘chambre nuptiale, baldaquin de noces’. -9 ʕOmAr yūniyyaẗ, Ḥrs yūnīyet, Mhr gényet, Jib gúnét, Soq gúnyeh ‘sac’. -10 Gz ganəʔ/ʕ, Tña gänʔi, Te gänəʔ, Amh Gur gan, Har gān ‘grande jarre’. -11 Gz ganetā, gānetā ‘jument’, Amh gañña, geñña ‘mauvais cheval, rosse’, Gur gäñä ‘jument’. -12 Te gäno ‘peau, cuir’, Tña gʷəno ‘ustensile de cuir’. -13 Akk gann-: organe ou partie du corps d’un animal. – ? Te genne: pièce de viande de bœuf constituée par la partie située entre les pattes antérieures, cal sur la poitrine du chameau, ? gono, goro: nom d’une pièce de viande. -14 Amh gʷänn, Gur gʷän ‘côté du corps, endroit, côté’, Gaf gʷanä ‘côte, vertèbre’. -15 Amh gʷanä ‘partir vers le haut (balle), bondir, rebondir’; -16 Akk gunn- ‘élite, troupe d’élite’. -17 Akk ginn-: estampille sur l’argent. -18 ganūn- (ou k/qanūn- ?): poids ou lingot. -19 Gur gən ‘jour, temps’. -20 gunnān/r ‘tête, chevelure’. -21 gən, gənn ‘nain’. -22 Gz Tña Amh gennā, Te Gur gänna ‘Noël’. – Har gänna ‘saison des pluies’. -23 Gz genaya ‘fuir’.
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▪ Engl jinni ↗ Ar ǧinn.

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ǧann‑ / ǧanan‑ جنن

ID 170 • Sw – • BP 5402 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ǦNː (ǦNN)

vb., I

1 to cover, hide, conceal, veil (ʕalà s.th.); 2 to descend, fall, be or become dark (night); 3 pass. ǧunna: to be or become possessed, insane, mad, crazy – WehrCowan1979.

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▪ DRS 3 (1993) #GNʔ/W/Y/N-2 Akk ganānu, kanānu ‘enfermer, confiner’; nPun *gn ‘couvrir’, Hbr gānan, nHbr hāgēn, EmpAram gnn, JP gᵊnan, ʔaggēn, ChrPal, ? Palm ʔgn, Syr gann ‘protéger; habiter’, gᵊnā ‘se cacher; être loin’; Mnd gnuna ‘accouplement (de chiens)’; Ar ǧanna ‘envelopper, couvrir’, SAr gnʔ ‘entourer d’un mur’, Jib egnï̀ʔ ‘protéger du froid’, gúnẹʔ, Mhr gōna ‘abrité, chaud’, həgnē ‘réchauffer’; – Ar ǧanna ‘être enveloppé (foetus dans l’utérus)’, ǧanīn ‘embryon’, Gz ganin, Te ǧənā ‘foetus, enfant nouveau-né’. – Pun ʔgnn, JP *gnn ‘clôture?’, Sab gnʔ ‘mur d’enceinte’, Min gnt ‘toit, couverture’, Śḥr guneʔ ‘endroit abrité’. – WSem *gann- ‘jardin’: Akk gann-, ? gannat- ‘jardin potager?’; Ug gn, Hbr gan, gannā, Pal *gnn ‘enclos’, EmpAram gn, Nab *gnh, JP ginnᵊtā, Syr Mnd ginta, Sab gnt. – Syr gannᵊtā, Ar ǧannaẗ, Mhr gənnēt, Jib gẹ́nt, Ḥrs gənnét, Amh gannat ‘jardin, Paradis’; Mhr gənnét, Jib gént, Ḥrs gennét, Soq gínnəh, Te gänna, Te Tña ǧännät, Amh gannat ‘Paradis’. – Ar ǧanan, muǧnaʔaẗ ‘tombe’, maǧannaẗ, DaṯAr maǧannaẗ, YemAr mgannaẗ, Mhr meǧennet; Jib migént, Soq mgə́nnəh ‘cimetière’. – Akk maginn-, Ug *mgn, Hbr māgēn, JP mᵊginnā, Syr mᵊgennā, Mnd ginia, Ar miǧann(aẗ), muǧnāʔ ‘bouclier’.
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ǧinn جِنّ

ID 167 • Sw – • BP 3617 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ǦNː (ǦNN)

n.

jinn, demons (invisible beings, either harmful or helpful, that interfere with the lives of mortals) – WehrCowan1979.

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▪ DRS 3 (1993) #GNʔ/W/Y/N-5 Akk ginû ‘sacrifice rituel’, Mnd ginia ‘sacrifices, offrandes aux idoles’, ? Gz ganāwi ‘prêtre sacrificateur des idoles’, gannawa ‘fabriquer une idole, servir l’idole’. -?6 Palm gny: génie, divinité; Ar ǧinn, ǧinniyy, Mhr gənnāy, Ḥrs génni, Jib gənní, Gz gānen, Te Tña Amh Gur ganen ‘djinn, génie, démon’, Te gənni ‘esprit mauvais qui provoque l’hystérie chez les femmes’. – Ar ǧānn: genre de serpent, serpent-démon; ǧunūn ‘folie, fureur, possession par les esprits’, Soq n-gnn ‘être, devenir fou’, Mhr šǧunûn ‘être possédé’, Ḥrs yann ‘folie, sottise’.
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▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl jinni, from Ar ǧinnī ‘demonic, demon’, from ǧinn ‘demons’ (< *‘invisible beings’), from ǧanna ‘to cover, hide, conceal’.

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ǧannaẗ جَنَّة

ID 168 • Sw – • BP 984 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ǦNː (ǦNN)

n.f.

1 garden; 2 paradise – WehrCowan1979.

▪ From WSem *√GNN ‘to cover, surround’ – Huehnergard2011.
▪DRS 3 (1993) #GNʔ/W/Y/N-2 WSem *gann‑ ‘jardin’.
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▪ DRS 3 (1993) #GNʔ/W/Y/N-2 Akk ganānu, kanānu ‘enfermer, confiner’; nPun *gn ‘couvrir’, Hbr gānan, nHbr hāgēn, EmpAram gnn, JP gᵊnan, ʔaggēn, ChrPal, ? Palm ʔgn, Syr gann ‘protéger; habiter’, gᵊnā ‘se cacher; être loin’; Mnd gnuna ‘accouplement (de chiens)’; Ar ǧanna ‘envelopper, couvrir’, SAr gnʔ ‘entourer d’un mur’, Jib egnï̀ʔ ‘protéger du froid’, gúnẹʔ, Mhr gōna ‘abrité, chaud’, həgnē ‘réchauffer’; – Ar ǧanna ‘être enveloppé (foetus dans l’utérus)’, ǧanīn ‘embryon’, Gz ganin, Te ǧənā ‘foetus, enfant nouveau-né’. – Pun ʔgnn, JP *gnn ‘clôture?’, Sab gnʔ ‘mur d’enceinte’, Min gnt ‘toit, couverture’, Śḥr guneʔ ‘endroit abrité’. – WSem *gann- ‘jardin’: Akk gann-, ? gannat- ‘jardin potager?’; Ug gn, Hbr gan, gannā, Pal *gnn ‘enclos’, EmpAram gn, Nab *gnh, JP ginnᵊtā, Syr Mnd ginta, Sab gnt. – Syr gannᵊtā, Ar ǧannaẗ, Mhr gənnēt, Jib gẹ́nt, Ḥrs gənnét, Amh gannat ‘jardin, Paradis’; Mhr gənnét, Jib gént, Ḥrs gennét, Soq gínnəh, Te gänna, Te Tña ǧännät, Amh gannat ‘Paradis’. – Ar ǧanan, muǧnaʔaẗ ‘tombe’, maǧannaẗ, DaṯAr maǧannaẗ, YemAr mgannaẗ, Mhr meǧennet; Jib migént, Soq mgə́nnəh ‘cimetière’. – Akk maginn-, Ug *mgn, Hbr māgēn, JP mᵊginnā, Syr mᵊgennā, Mnd ginia, Ar miǧann(aẗ), muǧnāʔ ‘bouclier’.
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maǧnūn مَجْنُون

ID 169 • Sw – • BP 2308 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ǦNː (ǦNN)

¹adj.; ²n.

1a adj., possessed, obsessed; b/b> insane, mad; c n., madman, maniac, lunatic; d adj., crazy, cracked; e n., crackpot; f adj., foolish; g n., fool – WehrCowan1979.

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▪ See ↗ǧanna.
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ǦNʔ جنأ

“root”

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.

ǦNB جنب

“root”

▪ ǦNB_1 ‘to avert, ward off (from s.o. s.th.)’ ↗ǧanaba
▪ ǦNB_2 ‘side’ ↗ǧanb, ↗ǧānib
▪ ǦNB_3 ‘in a state of major ritual impurity; not belonging to the tribe, not a kinsman’ ↗ǧunub
▪ ǦNB_4 ‘foreign(er), alien’ ↗ʔaǧnabī
▪ ǦNB_5 ‘(title of respect)’ ↗ǧanāb
▪ ǦNB_6 ‘pleurisy’ ↗ǧunāb
▪ ǦNB_7 ‘south’ ↗ǧanūb
▪ ǦNB_ ‘…’ ↗¹²…
♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘side, part, the great part; partner, neighbour; to put to one side, avoid, disdain, ward off’

▪ DRS 3 (1993) #GNB-1: from protSem *ganb‑ ‘côté’ | SED I #85: *ganb- ‘side and back of torso’.
▪ Prob. related to ‘side’ is the value ‘to steal’ (not represented in Ar): from NWSem *√GNB ‘to steal’ – Huehnergard2011.
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▪ DRS 3 (1993) #GNB-1 prot Sem *ganb- ‘côté’: oAram gb, Palm gbʔ, Syr gabbā, Mnd gamba, ganba; Ar ǧanb; Mhr Jib ganb, Ḥrs yanb, Gz gabbō, Te gäbo, ǧäm, Tña gobo ‘côté, flanc’. – YemAr ǧanb, ǧamb ‘épaule’. – Mnd ganpa ‘aile, voile’. – nHbr ginnēb ‘se tenir derrière, éloigné’, JP gannēb ‘prendre une voie détournée, faire des circonlocutions’, Ar ǧanaba ‘s’éloigner, s’écarter en se mettant de côté’, ǧaniba ‘boiter’, Sab gnb ‘être à côté’, Mhr gátnəb ‘mettre qn à l’écart’, Jib šəgníb ‘pouvoir être attaché à l’autre (chameau)’, Jib gúnúb, Mhr gáynəb ‘ne pas aimer son petit et ne pas lui donner de lait (chamelle)’, Te gänbä, gämbä ‘ne pas donner de lait (vache)’, ʔätgämba ‘chasser, faire fuir’, təgämba ‘courir’, gənbəya ‘manière de courir du chameau qui lance les pattes de côté’, (tə)ǧännäbä ‘marcher lentement, à son rythme’. – Pun gnb, Hbr gānab, YaAram Palm Mnd *gnb, JP Syr gᵊnab, nSyr gāniw ‘voler, commettre un larcin’; Hbr gannāb, oAram *gnb, EmpAram gnb ‘voleur’, JP gannäbä, Mnd ganaba. – Mnd ganib, ganiba ‘impur, isolé en raison de son impureté, banni’; Ar ǧunub ‘étranger; récalcitrant; en état d’impureté légale’, YemAr aǧnabī ‘enfant naturel, illégitime’, Mhr əgtənōb, Jib əgténíb ‘avoir une éjaculation nocturne’. – Te gänab, gunub ‘faute, délit’. – Ar ǧanūb ‘sud’. – Ar ǧanbaẗ ‘pot, vase en cuir pour traire le lait’, Gz gənbāt ‘outre de cuir’, Te ganobät ‘peau, cuir’, Tña gänbo, gämbo ‘vase pour la bière’, Amh gänbo, gämbo, Gur gämba, gämbo ‘vase d’argile’. – Ar ǧanbiyyaẗ, Mhr jənbə́yyət, Ḥrs yənbī́yet, Soq gembíeh, Jib gimbít ‘poignard, dague portée à la taille’. – Mhr gənbēt ‘pleurésie, pollution nocturne, sperme, rhume’, Jib gi͗nẹ́b ‘pleurésie; rhume’. -2 Gz ganaba, Amh Arg gännäbä, Gur ginnäbä ‘construire un mur de pierre’, Amh Arg gənb ‘mur de pierre’. -3 Gz Tña Amh Gur gənbot: nom du 9ème mois (mai). -4 Te genb ‘ânesse’. -5 Jib mignẹ́b ‘matelas fait de cuir de vache’, Te gänobät ‘peau’, gänbät, gämbät ‘couverture sous la selle’. -6 JP gunbā, gunbᵊtā ‘queue’. -7 DaṯAr ǧanab ‘aboyer’.
▪ Zammit2002: Hbr gānab ‘to steal’, postBiblHbr ginnēb ‘to keep behind’, Pun gnb ‘to steal’, oAram gb ‘side’, TargAram gᵊnab ‘to steal’, gannēb ‘to keep behind, go round about’, Syr gabbā ‘side’, gᵊnab ‘to steal’, SAr gnb ‘to be or fight on the side of, for s.o.’, Ar ǧanb ‘side’, ǧanaba ‘to turn aside; to avoid’, Gz gabō ‘latus’
▪ SED I #85: Ug gb ‘lomo, dorso’; Hbr gab ‘back’, postBiblHbr ‘body, esp. back’ (< *gabb-, poss. < *ganb-); AncPalm gb ‘side’, BiblAram gab ‘Seite’, JudAram gabbā ‘back, body’; cf. gōb, gūb, det. gubbā ‘body, trunk’, and gōnəbā, gənubtā ‘tail’, Syr gabbā, st.abs. and constr. ge(n)b ‘latus’, Mnd gamba, ganba ‘flank, side, border’; cf. also guba ‘body, trunk; thickness’; derived verbs in SAr: Sab gnb ‘to be beside s.th.’, Min gnb ‘se trouver à côté de qn/qc’; Ar ǧanb ‘côté’; Gz gabo ‘side, flank, rib, loins’,³⁹ Te gäbo ‘side’⁴⁰ , Tña gobo ‘fianco’, Enn gupa ‘height of body, stature’, Gye gʷəpa ‘height’ (all < *gubba, with a meaning shift ‘side; back; body’ > ‘height of body, stature’); Mhr ganb, gənbēt, Ḥrṣ yanb, Jib ganb ‘side’ (all perh. Arabisms).
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39. Leslau’s observation that the EthSem *gab »is probably independent of *gnb in other Sem languages« (he quotes a few similar Agaw forms) is not convincing 40. Cf. also ʔəngəb ‘anus, buttocks’ (< *ʔ˅-g˅nb- with the ʔ˅- prefix and metathesis or *gəb with ʔən‑ prefixed) (cf. also ǧäm, suff. ǧämma, ǧämba ‘side’ (an Arabism?)

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ǧanab- جَنَبَ , u

vb., I

to avert, ward off (from s.o. s.th.) – WehrCowan1976

▪ Based on (denom.?), or at least related to, ↗ǧanb.
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▪ DRS 3 (1993) #GNB-1 prot Sem *ganb- ‘côté’: oAram gb, Palm gbʔ, Syr gabbā, Mnd gamba, ganba; Ar ǧanb; Mhr Jib ganb, Ḥrs yanb, Gz gabbō, Te gäbo, ǧäm, Tña gobo ‘côté, flanc’. – YemAr ǧanb, ǧamb ‘épaule’. – Mnd ganpa ‘aile, voile’. – nHbr ginnēb ‘se tenir derrière, éloigné’, JP gannēb ‘prendre une voie détournée, faire des circonlocutions’, Ar ǧanaba ‘s’éloigner, s’écarter en se mettant de côté’, ǧaniba ‘boiter’, Sab gnb ‘être à côté’, Mhr gátnəb ‘mettre qn à l’écart’, Jib šəgníb ‘pouvoir être attaché à l’autre (chameau)’, Jib gúnúb, Mhr gáynəb ‘ne pas aimer son petit et ne pas lui donner de lait (chamelle)’, Te gänbä, gämbä ‘ne pas donner de lait (vache)’, ʔätgämba ‘chasser, faire fuir’, təgämba ‘courir’, gənbəya ‘manière de courir du chameau qui lance les pattes de côté’, (tə)ǧännäbä ‘marcher lentement, à son rythme’. – Pun gnb, Hbr gānab, YaAram Palm Mnd *gnb, JP Syr gᵊnab, nSyr gāniw ‘voler, commettre un larcin’; Hbr gannāb, oAram *gnb, EmpAram gnb ‘voleur’, JP gannäbä, Mnd ganaba. – Mnd ganib, ganiba ‘impur, isolé en raison de son impureté, banni’; Ar ǧunub ‘étranger; récalcitrant; en état d’impureté légale’, YemAr aǧnabī ‘enfant naturel, illégitime’, Mhr əgtənōb, Jib əgténíb ‘avoir une éjaculation nocturne’. – Te gänab, gunub ‘faute, délit’. – Ar ǧanūb ‘sud’. – Ar ǧanbaẗ ‘pot, vase en cuir pour traire le lait’, Gz gənbāt ‘outre de cuir’, Te ganobät ‘peau, cuir’, Tña gänbo, gämbo ‘vase pour la bière’, Amh gänbo, gämbo, Gur gämba, gämbo ‘vase d’argile’. – Ar ǧanbiyyaẗ, Mhr jənbə́yyət, Ḥrs yənbī́yet, Soq gembíeh, Jib gimbít ‘poignard, dague portée à la taille’. – Mhr gənbēt ‘pleurésie, pollution nocturne, sperme, rhume’, Jib gi͗nẹ́b ‘pleurésie; rhume’. -2 Gz ganaba, Amh Arg gännäbä, Gur ginnäbä ‘construire un mur de pierre’, Amh Arg gənb ‘mur de pierre’. -3 Gz Tña Amh Gur gənbot: nom du 9ème mois (mai). -4 Te genb ‘ânesse’. -5 Jib mignẹ́b ‘matelas fait de cuir de vache’, Te gänobät ‘peau’, gänbät, gämbät ‘couverture sous la selle’. -6 JP gunbā, gunbᵊtā ‘queue’. -7 DaṯAr ǧanab ‘aboyer’.
▪ Zammit2002: Hbr gānab ‘to steal’, postBiblHbr ginnēb ‘to keep behind’, Pun gnb ‘to steal’, oAram gb ‘side’, TargAram gᵊnab ‘to steal’, gannēb ‘to keep behind, go round about’, Syr gabbā ‘side’, gᵊnab ‘to steal’, SAr gnb ‘to be or fight on the side of, for s.o.’, Ar ǧanb ‘side’, ǧanaba ‘to turn aside; to avoid’, Gz gabō ‘latus’
▪ SED I #85: Ug gb ‘lomo, dorso’; Hbr gab ‘back’, postBiblHbr ‘body, esp. back’ (< *gabb-, poss. < *ganb-); AncPalm gb ‘side’, BiblAram gab ‘Seite’, JudAram gabbā ‘back, body’; cf. gōb, gūb, det. gubbā ‘body, trunk’, and gōnəbā, gənubtā ‘tail’, Syr gabbā, st.abs. and constr. ge(n)b ‘latus’, Mnd gamba, ganba ‘flank, side, border’; cf. also guba ‘body, trunk; thickness’; derived verbs in SAr: Sab gnb ‘to be beside s.th.’, Min gnb ‘se trouver à côté de qn/qc’; Ar ǧanb ‘côté’; Gz gabo ‘side, flank, rib, loins’,⁴¹ Te gäbo ‘side’⁴² , Tña gobo ‘fianco’, Enn gupa ‘height of body, stature’, Gye gʷəpa ‘height’ (all < *gubba, with a meaning shift ‘side; back; body’ > ‘height of body, stature’); Mhr ganb, gənbēt, Ḥrṣ yanb, Jib ganb ‘side’ (all perh. Arabisms).
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41. Leslau’s observation that the EthSem *gab »is probably independent of *gnb in other Sem languages« (he quotes a few similar Agaw forms) is not convincing 42. Cf. also ʔəngəb ‘anus, buttocks’ (< *ʔ˅-g˅nb- with the ʔ˅- prefix and metathesis or *gəb with ʔən‑ prefixed) (cf. also ǧäm, suff. ǧämma, ǧämba ‘side’ (an Arabism?)

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►ǧannaba, vb. II, to keep away, avert, ward off (from s.o. s.th.), keep s.o. out of the way of (s.th.), spare (s.o. s.th.): D-stem, ints.
►ǧānaba, vb. III, 1a to be or walk by s.o.’s side; b to run alongside of (s.th.), run parallel to (s.th.), skirt, flank (s.th.); 2 to avoid (s.th.): L-stem, assoc.
►taǧannaba, vb. V, 1 to avoid (s.th., s.o.); 2 to keep away (s.o. from), steer clear, get out of the way (of): tD-stem, self-ref.
►taǧānaba, vb. VI, = V: tL-stem
►ĭǧtanaba, vb. VIII, 1 = V; 2 to be at the side of (s.th.), run side by side with (s.th.), run alongside of (s.th.), skirt, flank (s.th.): Gt-stem, intr., self-ref.
►^BP#1984ǧanb, pl. ǧunūb, ʔaǧnāb, n., 1 side: the etymon proper?; 2 ǧanbᵃ, prep., beside, next to, near, at | ǧanbᵃⁿ ʔilà ǧanb, also ǧanbᵃⁿ li-ǧanb, adv., side by side; baynᵃ ǧanbay-h, adv., inside (it), within; mā baynᵃ ǧanbay-h, expr., what it contains, comprises, its contents; ʕalà ǧanbⁱ…, prep., aside, apart; ḏāt al-ǧanb, n.f., pleurisy
►ǧanbaẗ, pl. ǧanabāt, n.f., 1 side; 2 region, area: n.un. of ǧanb ?| fī ǧanabāti-h, adv., in it, within, inside; ḍamma-hū bayna ǧanabāti-h, to comprise, hold, contain s.th.; ǧanabāt al-ġurfaẗ, nonhum.pl., the whole room; bayna ǧanabāt al-ġurfaẗ, adv., in (the middle of) the room; zāḫir al-ǧanabāt, adj., crammed, chock-full, brimful, filled to overflowing or bursting
►ǧanbī, adj., lateral, side (adj.): nsb-adj., from ǧanb
►ǧunub, adj., 1 in a state of major ritual impurity; 2 not belonging to the tribe, not a kinsman | al-ǧār al-ǧunub, n., the neighbor not belonging to the family
►ǧanāb, adj. (title of respect), 1 approx.: Right Honorable; 2 ǧanābu-kum, Your Honor; 3 you (polite form)
►ǧanābaẗ, n.f., major ritual impurity (Isl. Law)
►ǧunāb (= ḏāt al-ǧanb), n., pleurisy
►^BP#416ǧanūb, n., adj., 1 south; 2 ǧanūbᵃⁿ, adv., southward, to the south
►^BP#1279ǧanūbī, adj., southern: nsb-adj., from ǧanūb | ǧanūbī ʔifrīqiyā, n., South Africa
►^BP#208ǧānib, pl. ǧawānibᵘ, n., 1a side; b lateral portion; c sidepiece; 2a flank; b wing; c face (geom.); 3a part, portion, partial amount; b partial view, section (min of a scene, picture or panorama); 4a quantity, amount; b a certain number (min of), a few, some | min ǧānibi-h, expr., on his part; min ǧānib… min ǧānibi ʔāḫar, on the one hand… on the other hand…; ʔilà ǧānibi-h, 1 to him, to his address; 2 at his (its) side, next to him (it); bi-ǧānibi-h, beside him (it), next to him (it); ʔilà ǧānibⁱ… and bi-ǧānibⁱ…, prep., 1 side by side with; 2 in addition to; 3 apart from, aside from; waḍaʕa-hū ǧānibᵃⁿ, to put s.th. aside; to leave s.th. aside, omit s.th.; fī ǧānibⁱ…, prep., 1 in comparison with, as compared with, as against; 2 regarding, with regard to; mā bayna ǧawānibi-him, expr., their hearts; ǧānibā l-fam, n.du., the corners of the mouth; ǧānibᵘⁿ min…, 1a a considerable, or certain, degree of; b a considerable amount of, a good deal of; ǧānibᵘⁿ kabīrᵘⁿ min, n., a great deal of, a large portion of; huwa ʕalà ǧānibⁱⁿ kabīrⁱⁿ min, expr., he is very ...; kāna ʕalà ǧānibⁱⁿ ʕaẓīmⁱⁿ min al-karam, to be very generous; ʕalà ǧānibⁱⁿ ʕaẓīmⁱⁿ min al-ʔahammiyyaẗ, of great importance; ʕalà ʔaʕẓamⁱ ǧānibⁱ l-ḫuṭūraẗ, of utmost importance, of greatest significance; fī kullⁱ ǧānib, adv., everywhere, on all sides; ḫafaḍa la-hū ǧānibu-h, vb., 1 to show o.s. condescending, affable or gracious to s.o.; 2 to meet s.o. on fair terms; ʔamina ǧāniba-h, vb., to be safe from s.o.; lam ʔuʕir-hu ǧānibᵃ ĭhtimām, expr., I paid not the least attention to him; ḫāfa (rahiba, hāba) ǧāniba-h, vb., to fear s.o., be afraid of s.o.; milk al-ǧānib, n., crown lands; ǧānib al-mīrī, n., fisc, treasury (EgAr); layyin al-ǧānib, adj., 1 gentle; 2 docile, tractable, compliant; līn al-ǧānib, n., gentleness; raḥb al-ǧānib, adj., 1 roomy; 2 spacious, unconfined; raqīq al-ǧānib, adj., friendly, amiable, gentle; marhūb al-ǧānib, adj., feared, dreaded; ʕazīz al-ǧānib, adj., powerful, mighty, strong; ʕizzaẗ al-ǧānib, n.f., power; mahīb al-ǧānib, adj., dreaded, respected; fī ǧānib al-dār, expr., 1 about the house, all over the house; 2 often fī ǧānibi-h = fī-h
►^BP#3452ǧānibī, adj., lateral, side, by- (in compounds): nsb-adj., from ǧānib
►^BP#723ʔaǧnabī, 1 adj., foreign, alien; 2 n., pl. -ūn, ʔaǧānibᵘ, foreigner, alien | al-bilād al-ʔaǧnabiyyaẗ, non-hum.pl., the foreign countries, the outside world; firqaẗ al-ʔaǧānib, n.f., the Foreign Legion
► EgAr ǧannābiyyaẗ, pl. -āt, n.f., 1 curb; 2 embankment, levee; 3 side channel, lateral (following a road or railroad tracks); 4 bypass (of a lock or sluice)
►^BP#3109taǧannub, n., avoidance: vn. V
►ĭǧtināb, n., avoidance: vn. VIII
►muǧannibaẗ, n.f., flank, wing (of an army): PA II
For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗ǧanb, ↗ǧānib, ↗ǧunub, ↗ʔaǧnabī, ↗ǧanāb, ↗ǧunāb, and ↗ǧanūb, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√ǦNB.

ǧanb جَنْب , pl. ǧunūb, ʔaǧnāb

n.

1 side; 2 ǧanbᵃ, prep., beside, next to, near, at – WehrCowan1976

▪ DRS 3 (1993) #GNB-1: from protSem *ganb‑ ‘côté’ | SED I #85: *ganb- ‘side and back of torso’.
▪ Prob. related to ‘side’ is the value ‘to steal’ (not represented in Ar, but rather widespread in Can): from NWSem *√GNB ‘to steal’ – Huehnergard2011.
▪ the etymon proper for the whole root, or deverb. from ganaba, vb. I?
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▪ DRS 3 (1993) #GNB-1 prot Sem *ganb- ‘côté’: oAram gb, Palm gbʔ, Syr gabbā, Mnd gamba, ganba; Ar ǧanb; Mhr Jib ganb, Ḥrs yanb, Gz gabbō, Te gäbo, ǧäm, Tña gobo ‘côté, flanc’. – YemAr ǧanb, ǧamb ‘épaule’. – Mnd ganpa ‘aile, voile’. – nHbr ginnēb ‘se tenir derrière, éloigné’, JP gannēb ‘prendre une voie détournée, faire des circonlocutions’, Ar ǧanaba ‘s’éloigner, s’écarter en se mettant de côté’, ǧaniba ‘boiter’, Sab gnb ‘être à côté’, Mhr gátnəb ‘mettre qn à l’écart’, Jib šəgníb ‘pouvoir être attaché à l’autre (chameau)’, Jib gúnúb, Mhr gáynəb ‘ne pas aimer son petit et ne pas lui donner de lait (chamelle)’, Te gänbä, gämbä ‘ne pas donner de lait (vache)’, ʔätgämba ‘chasser, faire fuir’, təgämba ‘courir’, gənbəya ‘manière de courir du chameau qui lance les pattes de côté’, (tə)ǧännäbä ‘marcher lentement, à son rythme’. – Pun gnb, Hbr gānab, YaAram Palm Mnd *gnb, JP Syr gᵊnab, nSyr gāniw ‘voler, commettre un larcin’; Hbr gannāb, oAram *gnb, EmpAram gnb ‘voleur’, JP gannäbä, Mnd ganaba. – Mnd ganib, ganiba ‘impur, isolé en raison de son impureté, banni’; Ar ǧunub ‘étranger; récalcitrant; en état d’impureté légale’, YemAr aǧnabī ‘enfant naturel, illégitime’, Mhr əgtənōb, Jib əgténíb ‘avoir une éjaculation nocturne’. – Te gänab, gunub ‘faute, délit’. – Ar ǧanūb ‘sud’. – Ar ǧanbaẗ ‘pot, vase en cuir pour traire le lait’, Gz gənbāt ‘outre de cuir’, Te ganobät ‘peau, cuir’, Tña gänbo, gämbo ‘vase pour la bière’, Amh gänbo, gämbo, Gur gämba, gämbo ‘vase d’argile’. – Ar ǧanbiyyaẗ, Mhr jənbə́yyət, Ḥrs yənbī́yet, Soq gembíeh, Jib gimbít ‘poignard, dague portée à la taille’. – Mhr gənbēt ‘pleurésie, pollution nocturne, sperme, rhume’, Jib gi͗nẹ́b ‘pleurésie; rhume’. -2 Gz ganaba, Amh Arg gännäbä, Gur ginnäbä ‘construire un mur de pierre’, Amh Arg gənb ‘mur de pierre’. -3 Gz Tña Amh Gur gənbot: nom du 9ème mois (mai). -4 Te genb ‘ânesse’. -5 Jib mignẹ́b ‘matelas fait de cuir de vache’, Te gänobät ‘peau’, gänbät, gämbät ‘couverture sous la selle’. -6 JP gunbā, gunbᵊtā ‘queue’. -7 DaṯAr ǧanab ‘aboyer’.
▪ Zammit2002: Hbr gānab ‘to steal’, postBiblHbr ginnēb ‘to keep behind’, Pun gnb ‘to steal’, oAram gb ‘side’, TargAram gᵊnab ‘to steal’, gannēb ‘to keep behind, go round about’, Syr gabbā ‘side’, gᵊnab ‘to steal’, SAr gnb ‘to be or fight on the side of, for s.o.’, Ar ǧanb ‘side’, ǧanaba ‘to turn aside; to avoid’, Gz gabō ‘latus’
▪ SED I #85: Ug gb ‘lomo, dorso’; Hbr gab ‘back’, postBiblHbr ‘body, esp. back’ (< *gabb-, poss. < *ganb-); AncPalm gb ‘side’, BiblAram gab ‘Seite’, JudAram gabbā ‘back, body’; cf. gōb, gūb, det. gubbā ‘body, trunk’, and gōnəbā, gənubtā ‘tail’, Syr gabbā, st.abs. and constr. ge(n)b ‘latus’, Mnd gamba, ganba ‘flank, side, border’; cf. also guba ‘body, trunk; thickness’; derived verbs in SAr: Sab gnb ‘to be beside s.th.’, Min gnb ‘se trouver à côté de qn/qc’; Ar ǧanb ‘côté’; Gz gabo ‘side, flank, rib, loins’,⁴³ Te gäbo ‘side’⁴⁴ , Tña gobo ‘fianco’, Enn gupa ‘height of body, stature’, Gye gʷəpa ‘height’ (all < *gubba, with a meaning shift ‘side; back; body’ > ‘height of body, stature’); Mhr ganb, gənbēt, Ḥrṣ yanb, Jib ganb ‘side’ (all perh. Arabisms).
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43. Leslau’s observation that the EthSem *gab »is probably independent of *gnb in other Sem languages« (he quotes a few similar Agaw forms) is not convincing 44. Cf. also ʔəngəb ‘anus, buttocks’ (< *ʔ˅-g˅nb- with the ʔ˅- prefix and metathesis or *gəb with ʔən‑ prefixed) (cf. also ǧäm, suff. ǧämma, ǧämba ‘side’ (an Arabism?)

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►ǧanbᵃⁿ ʔilà ǧanb, also ǧanbᵃⁿ li-ǧanb, adv., side by side;
►baynᵃ ǧanbay-h, adv., inside (it), within;
►mā baynᵃ ǧanbay-h, expr., what it contains, comprises, its contents;
►ʕalà ǧanbⁱ…, prep., aside, apart;
►ḏāt al-ǧanb, n.f., pleurisy
►ǧanaba, u, vb. I, to avert, ward off (from s.o. s.th.): G-stem, denom. from ǧanb (?)
►ǧannaba, vb. II, to keep away, avert, ward off (from s.o. s.th.), keep s.o. out of the way of (s.th.), spare (s.o. s.th.): D-stem, ints.
►ǧānaba, vb. III, 1a to be or walk by s.o.’s side; b to run alongside of (s.th.), run parallel to (s.th.), skirt, flank (s.th.); 2 to avoid (s.th.): L-stem, assoc.
►taǧannaba, vb. V, 1 to avoid (s.th., s.o.); 2 to keep away (s.o. from), steer clear, get out of the way (of): tD-stem, self-ref.
►taǧānaba, vb. VI, = V: tL-stem
►ĭǧtanaba, vb. VIII, 1 = V; 2 to be at the side of (s.th.), run side by side with (s.th.), run alongside of (s.th.), skirt, flank (s.th.): Gt-stem, intr., self-ref.
►ǧanbaẗ, pl. ǧanabāt, n.f., 1 side; 2 region, area: n.un. of ǧanb ?| fī ǧanabāti-h, adv., in it, within, inside; ḍamma-hū bayna ǧanabāti-h, to comprise, hold, contain s.th.; ǧanabāt al-ġurfaẗ, nonhum.pl., the whole room; bayna ǧanabāt al-ġurfaẗ, adv., in (the middle of) the room; zāḫir al-ǧanabāt, adj., crammed, chock-full, brimful, filled to overflowing or bursting
►ǧanbī, adj., lateral, side (adj.): nsb-adj., from ǧanb
►ǧunub, adj., 1 in a state of major ritual impurity; 2 not belonging to the tribe, not a kinsman | al-ǧār al-ǧunub, n., the neighbor not belonging to the family
►ǧanāb, adj. (title of respect), 1 approx.: Right Honorable; 2 ǧanābu-kum, Your Honor; 3 you (polite form)
►ǧanābaẗ, n.f., major ritual impurity (Isl. Law)
►ǧunāb (= ḏāt al-ǧanb), n., pleurisy
►^BP#416ǧanūb, n., adj., 1 south; 2 ǧanūbᵃⁿ, adv., southward, to the south
►^BP#1279ǧanūbī, adj., southern: nsb-adj., from ǧanūb | ǧanūbī ʔifrīqiyā, n., South Africa
►^BP#208ǧānib, pl. ǧawānibᵘ, n., 1a side; b lateral portion; c sidepiece; 2a flank; b wing; c face (geom.); 3a part, portion, partial amount; b partial view, section (min of a scene, picture or panorama); 4a quantity, amount; b a certain number (min of), a few, some | min ǧānibi-h, expr., on his part; min ǧānib… min ǧānibi ʔāḫar, on the one hand… on the other hand…; ʔilà ǧānibi-h, 1 to him, to his address; 2 at his (its) side, next to him (it); bi-ǧānibi-h, beside him (it), next to him (it); ʔilà ǧānibⁱ… and bi-ǧānibⁱ…, prep., 1 side by side with; 2 in addition to; 3 apart from, aside from; waḍaʕa-hū ǧānibᵃⁿ, to put s.th. aside; to leave s.th. aside, omit s.th.; fī ǧānibⁱ…, prep., 1 in comparison with, as compared with, as against; 2 regarding, with regard to; mā bayna ǧawānibi-him, expr., their hearts; ǧānibā l-fam, n.du., the corners of the mouth; ǧānibᵘⁿ min…, 1a a considerable, or certain, degree of; b a considerable amount of, a good deal of; ǧānibᵘⁿ kabīrᵘⁿ min, n., a great deal of, a large portion of; huwa ʕalà ǧānibⁱⁿ kabīrⁱⁿ min, expr., he is very ...; kāna ʕalà ǧānibⁱⁿ ʕaẓīmⁱⁿ min al-karam, to be very generous; ʕalà ǧānibⁱⁿ ʕaẓīmⁱⁿ min al-ʔahammiyyaẗ, of great importance; ʕalà ʔaʕẓamⁱ ǧānibⁱ l-ḫuṭūraẗ, of utmost importance, of greatest significance; fī kullⁱ ǧānib, adv., everywhere, on all sides; ḫafaḍa la-hū ǧānibu-h, vb., 1 to show o.s. condescending, affable or gracious to s.o.; 2 to meet s.o. on fair terms; ʔamina ǧāniba-h, vb., to be safe from s.o.; lam ʔuʕir-hu ǧānibᵃ ĭhtimām, expr., I paid not the least attention to him; ḫāfa (rahiba, hāba) ǧāniba-h, vb., to fear s.o., be afraid of s.o.; milk al-ǧānib, n., crown lands; ǧānib al-mīrī, n., fisc, treasury (EgAr); layyin al-ǧānib, adj., 1 gentle; 2 docile, tractable, compliant; līn al-ǧānib, n., gentleness; raḥb al-ǧānib, adj., 1 roomy; 2 spacious, unconfined; raqīq al-ǧānib, adj., friendly, amiable, gentle; marhūb al-ǧānib, adj., feared, dreaded; ʕazīz al-ǧānib, adj., powerful, mighty, strong; ʕizzaẗ al-ǧānib, n.f., power; mahīb al-ǧānib, adj., dreaded, respected; fī ǧānib al-dār, expr., 1 about the house, all over the house; 2 often fī ǧānibi-h = fī-h
►^BP#3452ǧānibī, adj., lateral, side, by- (in compounds): nsb-adj., from ǧānib
►^BP#723ʔaǧnabī, 1 adj., foreign, alien; 2 n., pl. -ūn, ʔaǧānibᵘ, foreigner, alien | al-bilād al-ʔaǧnabiyyaẗ, non-hum.pl., the foreign countries, the outside world; firqaẗ al-ʔaǧānib, n.f., the Foreign Legion
► EgAr ǧannābiyyaẗ, pl. -āt, n.f., 1 curb; 2 embankment, levee; 3 side channel, lateral (following a road or railroad tracks); 4 bypass (of a lock or sluice)
►^BP#3109taǧannub, n., avoidance: vn. V
►ĭǧtināb, n., avoidance: vn. VIII
►muǧannibaẗ, n.f., flank, wing (of an army): PA II
For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗ǧanaba, ↗ǧānib, ↗ǧunub, ↗ʔaǧnabī, ↗ǧanāb, ↗ǧunāb, and ↗ǧanūb, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√ǦNB.

ǧānib جانِب , pl. ǧawānibᵘ

n.

1a side; b lateral portion; c sidepiece; 2a flank; b wing; c face (geom.); 3a part, portion, partial amount; b partial view, section (min of a scene, picture or panorama); 4a quantity, amount; b a certain number (min of), a few, some – WehrCowan1976

▪ Var. of ↗ǧanb, related to ↗ǧanaba.
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▪ ↗ǧanb.
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►min ǧānibi-h, expr., on his part; min ǧānib… min ǧānibi ʔāḫar, on the one hand… on the other hand…;
►ʔilà ǧānibi-h, 1 to him, to his address; 2 at his (its) side, next to him (it);
►bi-ǧānibi-h, beside him (it), next to him (it);
►ʔilà ǧānibⁱ… and bi-ǧānibⁱ…, prep., 1 side by side with; 2 in addition to; 3 apart from, aside from;
►waḍaʕa-hū ǧānibᵃⁿ, to put s.th. aside; to leave s.th. aside, omit s.th.;
►fī ǧānibⁱ…, prep., 1 in comparison with, as compared with, as against; 2 regarding, with regard to;
►mā bayna ǧawānibi-him, expr., their hearts;
►ǧānibā l-fam, n.du., the corners of the mouth;
►ǧānibᵘⁿ min…, 1a a considerable, or certain, degree of; b a considerable amount of, a good deal of;
►ǧānibᵘⁿ kabīrᵘⁿ min, n., a great deal of, a large portion of; huwa ʕalà ǧānibⁱⁿ kabīrⁱⁿ min, expr., he is very ...; kāna ʕalà ǧānibⁱⁿ ʕaẓīmⁱⁿ min al-karam, to be very generous; ʕalà ǧānibⁱⁿ ʕaẓīmⁱⁿ min al-ʔahammiyyaẗ, of great importance; ʕalà ʔaʕẓamⁱ ǧānibⁱ l-ḫuṭūraẗ, of utmost importance, of greatest significance;
►fī kullⁱ ǧānib, adv., everywhere, on all sides;
►ḫafaḍa la-hū ǧānibu-h, vb., 1 to show o.s. condescending, affable or gracious to s.o.; 2 to meet s.o. on fair terms;
►ʔamina ǧāniba-h, vb., to be safe from s.o.;
►lam ʔuʕir-hu ǧānibᵃ ĭhtimām, expr., I paid not the least attention to him;
►ḫāfa (rahiba, hāba) ǧāniba-h, vb., to fear s.o., be afraid of s.o.;
►milk al-ǧānib, n., crown lands; ǧānib al-mīrī, n., fisc, treasury (EgAr);
►layyin al-ǧānib, adj., 1 gentle; 2 docile, tractable, compliant; līn al-ǧānib, n., gentleness;
►raḥb al-ǧānib, adj., 1 roomy; 2 spacious, unconfined;
►raqīq al-ǧānib, adj., friendly, amiable, gentle;
►marhūb al-ǧānib, adj., feared, dreaded;
►ʕazīz al-ǧānib, adj., powerful, mighty, strong; ʕizzaẗ al-ǧānib, n.f., power;
►mahīb al-ǧānib, adj., dreaded, respected;
►fī ǧānib al-dār, expr., 1 about the house, all over the house; 2 often fī ǧānibi-h = fī-h
►ǧanaba, u, vb. I, to avert, ward off (from s.o. s.th.): G-stem, denom. from ǧanb (?)
►ǧannaba, vb. II, to keep away, avert, ward off (from s.o. s.th.), keep s.o. out of the way of (s.th.), spare (s.o. s.th.): D-stem, ints.
►ǧānaba, vb. III, 1a to be or walk by s.o.’s side; b to run alongside of (s.th.), run parallel to (s.th.), skirt, flank (s.th.); 2 to avoid (s.th.): L-stem, assoc.
►taǧannaba, vb. V, 1 to avoid (s.th., s.o.); 2 to keep away (s.o. from), steer clear, get out of the way (of): tD-stem, self-ref.
►taǧānaba, vb. VI, = V: tL-stem
►ĭǧtanaba, vb. VIII, 1 = V; 2 to be at the side of (s.th.), run side by side with (s.th.), run alongside of (s.th.), skirt, flank (s.th.): Gt-stem, intr., self-ref.
►^BP#3452ǧānibī, adj., lateral, side, by- (in compounds): nsb-adj., from ǧānib
►^BP#3109taǧannub, n., avoidance: vn. V
►ĭǧtināb, n., avoidance: vn. VIII
►muǧannibaẗ, n.f., flank, wing (of an army): PA II
For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗ǧanaba, ↗ǧanb, ↗ǧunub, ↗ʔaǧnabī, ↗ǧanāb, ↗ǧunāb, and ↗ǧanūb, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√ǦNB.

ǧunub جُنُب

adj.

1 in a state of major ritual impurity; 2 not belonging to the tribe, not a kinsman – WehrCowan1976

▪ Based on ↗ǧanb and ↗ǧanaba.
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▪ ↗ǧanb.
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–

►al-ǧār al-ǧunub, n., the neighbor not belonging to the family
For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗ǧanaba, ↗ǧanb, ↗ǧānib, ↗ʔaǧnabī, ↗ǧanāb, ↗ǧunāb, and ↗ǧanūb, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√ǦNB.

ʔaǧnabī أَجْنَبِيّ , pl. -ūn, ʔaǧānibᵘ

¹adj.; ²n.

1a foreign, alien; b pl. ‑ūn, ʔaǧānibᵘ, foreigner, alien – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Based on ↗ǧanb and ↗ǧanaba.
▪ …

▪ …

▪ ↗ǧanb.
▪ …

▪ …

–

►al-bilād al-ʔaǧnabiyyaẗ, non-hum.pl., the foreign countries, the outside world;
►firqaẗ al-ʔaǧānib, n.f., the Foreign Legion
For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗ǧanaba, ↗ǧanb, ↗ǧānib, ↗ǧunub, ↗ǧanāb, ↗ǧunāb, and ↗ǧanūb, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√ǦNB.

ǧanāb جَناب

n.

(title of respect), 1 approx.: Right Honorable; 2 ǧanābu-kum, Your Honor; 3 you (polite form)
– WehrCowan1976

▪ Based on, or at least related to, ↗ǧanb and ↗ǧanaba.
▪ …

▪ …

▪ ↗ǧanb.
▪ …

▪ …

–

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗ǧanaba, ↗ǧanb, ↗ǧānib, ↗ǧunub, ↗ʔaǧnabī, ↗ǧunāb, and ↗ǧanūb, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√ǦNB.

ǧunāb جُناب

n.

(= ḏāt al-ǧanb) pleurisy – WehrCowan1976

▪ Related to ↗ǧanb and/or ↗ǧanaba.
▪ …

▪ …

▪ ↗ǧanb.
▪ …

▪ …

–

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗ǧanaba, ↗ǧanb, ↗ǧānib, ↗ǧunub, ↗ʔaǧnabī, ↗ǧanāb, and ↗ǧanūb, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√ǦNB.

ǧanūb جَنوب

n.

1 south; 2 ǧanūbᵃⁿ, adv., southward, to the south – WehrCowan1976

▪ Based on, or at least related to, ↗ǧanb.
▪ …

▪ …

▪ ↗ǧanb.
▪ …

▪ …

–

►^BP#1279ǧanūbī, adj., southern: nsb-adj., from ǧanūb | ǧanūbī ʔifrīqiyā, n., South Africa
For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗ǧanaba, ↗ǧanb, ↗ǧānib, ↗ǧunub, ↗ʔaǧnabī, ↗ǧanāb, and ↗ǧunāb, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√ǦNB.

ǦNḤ جنح

“root”

▪ ǦNḤ_1 ‘side’ ↗ǧinḥ, ‘wing; side, flank’ ↗ǧanāḥ, ‘to incline, tend to, lean toward; to strand (ship)’ ↗ǧanaḥa
▪ ǦNḤ_2 ‘darkness, gloom’ ↗ǧunḥ
▪ ǦNḤ_3 ‘misdemeanor; sin’ ↗ǧunāḥ
▪ ǦNḤ_4 ‘rib; bosom, heart, soul’ ↗ǧāniḥaẗ
♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘wings of a bird; side; arm, hand; to lean on, tilt, incline, go over, turn away; error, crime, harm’.

▪ [gnrl] : Ultimately, almost all values in √ǦNḤ seem to go back to the same etymon ([v3] may be a borrowing from Pers). Militarev&Kogan2005 (SED I #86) concede that attestation in Sem is very scarce (only Ar and Soq, where it may be an Arabism); nevertheless, they believe that it is reasonable to postulate Sem *ganaḥ- ‘chest with upper arm/wing’, meanly due to extra-Sem (Eg) evidence. (See below, sections COGN and DISC.) If their assumption is valid, the authors may be right in reconstructing AfrAs *g˅n˅ḥ- ‘arm/leg; wing’.
▪ [v1],[v4] : If Militarev&Kogan2005 are right, the original meaning (Sem *‘chest with upper arm/wing’) has been reduced in Ar to either ‘wing’ (ǧinḥ) or ‘rib’ (ǧāniḥaẗ), each producing new derived values, such as ‘side, flank’ (> ǧanaḥa ‘to lean toward, tend to’, denom.) and ‘bosom, heart, soul’ (fig. use).
▪ [v2] : The semantic connection betw. ǧunḥ ‘darkness, gloom’ and the basic notions as found in [v1] and [v4] remains somewhat unclear. Prob., [v2] is derived from one of them. However, one should perh. not exclude fig. use of [v3] either.
▪ [v3] : Following Jeffery1938, ǧunāḥ ‘misdemeanor; sin’ is usually regarded as a borrowing from Pers gonāh. If from Pers, final ḥ instead of h will have arisen due to possible association with √ǦNḤ; after all, the value ‘misdemeanor; sin’ can easily be imagined as fig. use of ǧanaḥa ‘to incline’ > ‘to incline to the wrong side, deviate from the right path’. Cf., however, the fact that DRS classifies the item neither as a borrowing nor as belonging to ‘wing’ etc., but as forming a distinct group together with some Syr and EthSem items.
▪ [v4] : While the meaning ‘rib’ is a reduction of the original *‘chest with upper arm/wing’, the spiritual meaning ‘bosom, heart, soul’ is clearly fig. use of the latter.
▪ …

-

▪ [gnrl] : DRS 3 (1993) #GNḤ-1 JudPalAram gannaḥ ‘couper’. -2 [with Engl accord. to Leslau2006 (CDG)] Akk ganāḫu ‘to have a fit of coughing’, postBiblHbr gānaḥ ‘to groan, moan’, Syr gᵊnaḥ ‘s’étonner, admirer’, gūnḥā ‘stupeur, crainte, calamité’, Ar ǧunāḥ ‘méfait, faute’; reproche | reproach, remonstrance’, Gz ganḥa ‘être orgueilleux et violent | to behave impetuously, arrogantly, get angry, speak vehemently, reprimand’, gənāḥ ‘orgueil, violence | vehemence, haughtiness, rebuke, reprimand, scolding’, Te gänḥä ‘voir, observer; négliger’, gənḥät ‘regard, observation’, perh. Te təganḥa ‘to show o.s. > be proud > behave impetously’, Tña gänḥe ‘faire des reproches, améliorer | to get angry, make reproaches’. -3 Ar ǧanāḥ ‘aile, bord, côté’, ǧinḥ ‘bord, côté’, ǧunḥ ‘crépuscule’, ǧanaḥa ‘(se) pencher, s’incliner, décliner’, Jib génaḥ ‘aile’, Mhr agonəḥ ‘voler’, Soq ganḥ ‘côté’.
▪ [v1],[v4] : MilitarevKogan2005 (SED II) #86: Ar ǧanāḥ, ǧāniḥaẗ, Soq ganḥ. | Outside Sem: Eg ḏnḥ (Pyr) ‘wing’, (18th Dyn) ‘leg or part of it’. Also related may be certain terms meaning ‘hand/arm’, ‘foot/leg’ and ‘wing’ in those Cush, Omot and Chad languages which do not differenciate between AfrAs *-ḥ and *-ʕ and are usually united under AfrAs *ga/in(a)ʕ- ‘hand’; the last may be eventually related to the present entry as a variant root.
▪ ...

▪ MilitarevKogan2005 (SED II) #86: Reconstruction of Sem etymon is questionable. Anatomic terms valid for comparison are scarcely attested only in Ar and Soq where it can be an Ar loan. Cf. Mhr agōnəḥ ‘to fly’, likely related; Jib gɛ́naḥ ‘wing’ is an Arabism, according to Johnstone. The protSem reconstruction is, however, supported by the existence of an AfrAs (Eg) parallel.
▪ ...

-

ǧanaḥ‑ جَنَحَ , a (ǧunūḥ)

vb., I

1a to incline, be inclined, tend (li‑, ʔilà to); b to lean (li‑, ʔilà to, toward); c to turn, go over (ʔilà to), join (ʔilà s.th.), associate o.s. (ʔilà with); 2 to strand (ʕalà, ʔilà on a coast; ship); 3a to diverge, deviate, depart (ʕan from); b to turn away (ʕan from), break (ʕan with) – WehrCowan1976

▪ The vb. I ǧanaḥa is prob. denom. from ↗ǧinḥ ‘side’ for which Militarev&Kogan2005 suggest (with some reluctance) Sem *ganaḥ- ‘chest with upper arm/wing’ as protSem origin (< AfrAs *g˅n˅ḥ- ‘arm/leg; wing’).
▪ …

.

▪ ↗ǧinḥ
▪ ...

▪ A connection betw. ǧanaḥa and ↗ǧunḥ ‘darkness, gloom’ is not impossible though semantically problematic.
▪ ↗ǧunāḥ ‘misdemeanor; sin’ is usually regarded as a borrowing from Pers gonāh (with final *-h > -ḥ, perh. due to association with √ǦNḤ, as a ‘misdemeanor; sin’ can easily be imagined as fig. use of ǧanaḥa ‘to incline’ > ‘to incline to the wrong side, deviate from the right path, go astray’).
▪ ...

.

►ʔaǧnaḥa, vb. IV, 1a to incline, be inclined, tend (li‑, ʔilà to); b to lean (li‑, ʔilà to, toward); c to turn (li‑, ʔilà to s.th.); 2 to strand (ship): *Š-stem, (?) denom., from ǧinḥ or ǧanāḥ
►ǧunḥaẗ, pl. ǧunaḥ, n.f., misdemeanor (jur., less than a felony, ǧināyaẗ, and more than an infraction, ↗muḫālafaẗ)
►ǧunāḥ, n., 1a misdemeanor (jur.); b sin | lā ǧunāḥᵃ ʕalayh ʔin... it won’t be held against him if he... ; it won't do any harm if he...
►ʔaǧnaḥᵘ, adj., more inclined (ʔilà to): elat. formation
►ǧanūḥ, adj., inclined (ʔilà to s.th.)
►ǧunūḥ, n., inclination, leaning, bent, tendency (ʔilà to): vn. I
For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗ǧinḥ, ↗ǧunḥ, ↗ǧanāḥ, ↗ǧunāḥ, and ↗ǧāniḥaẗ, as well as, for the whole picture, root entry ↗ǦNḤ.

ǧinḥ جِنْح

n.

1 side; 2 var. of ↗ǧunḥ – WehrCowan1976

▪ [v1] Ar ǧinḥ ‘side’ is a reflexion of a Sem word that Militarev&Kogan2005 (SED I #86) reconstruct (with some reluctance) as Sem *ganaḥ- ‘chest with upper arm/wing’ (< AfrAs *g˅n˅ḥ- ‘arm/leg; wing’). If their hypothesis is valid, ǧinḥ can be seen as the result of a semantic reduction and generalisation, orig. meaning *‘side of the chest where an arm/wing is’. The *‘wing’ component of the Sem etymon lives on in ↗ǧanāḥ ‘wing’, while *‘chest’ is still present in ↗ǧāniḥaẗ ‘rib; bosom’. The vb. I ↗ǧanaḥa ‘to lean toward, tend to’ is prob. denom. from ǧinḥ.
▪ [v2] : ǧinḥ sometimes also is exchangeable with ↗ǧunḥ ‘darkness, gloom’, perh. due to lexicalisation of frequent fig. expressions like fī ǧunḥ al-layl ‘in the dark of night, under cover of night’ (< *‘under the wings of the night’) or bayna ǧunḥay al-karà, lit. ‘between the two halves (*‘sides’) of slumber’, i.e., ‘at night when everyone’s asleep’.
▪ …

.

▪ DRS 3 (1993) #GNḤ-1-2 .... -3 Ar ǧanāḥ ‘aile, bord, côté’, ǧinḥ ‘bord, côté’, ǧunḥ ‘crépuscule’, ǧanaḥa ‘(se) pencher, s’incliner, décliner’, Jib génaḥ ‘aile’, Mhr agonəḥ ‘voler’, Soq ganḥ ‘côté’.
▪ MilitarevKogan2005 (SED II) #86: Ar ǧanāḥ, ǧāniḥaẗ, Soq ganḥ. | Outside Sem: Eg ḏnḥ (Pyr) ‘wing’, (18th Dyn) ‘leg or part of it’. Also related may be certain terms meaning ‘hand/arm’, ‘foot/leg’ and ‘wing’ in those Cush, Omot and Chad languages which do not differenciate between AfrAs *-ḥ and *-ʕ and are usually united under AfrAs *ga/in(a)ʕ- ‘hand’; the last may be eventually related to the present entry as a variant root.
▪ ...

▪ MilitarevKogan2005 (SED II) #86: Reconstruction of Sem etymon is questionable. Anatomic terms valid for comparison are scarcely attested only in Ar and Soq where it can be an Ar loan. Cf. Mhr agōnəḥ ‘to fly’, likely related; Jib gɛ́naḥ ‘wing’ is an Arabism, according to Johnstone. The protSem reconstruction is, however, supported by the existence of an AfrAs (Eg) parallel.
▪ ...

.

►ǧanaḥa, a (ǧunūḥ), vb., I, 1a to incline, be inclined, tend (li‑, ʔilà to); b to lean (li‑, ʔilà to, toward); c to turn, go over (ʔilà to), join (ʔilà s.th.), associate o.s. (ʔilà with); 2 to strand (ʕalà, ʔilà on a coast; ship); 3a to diverge, deviate, depart (ʕan from); b to turn away (ʕan from), break (ʕan with)
►ʔaǧnaḥa, vb. IV, 1a to incline, be inclined, tend (li‑, ʔilà to); b to lean (li‑, ʔilà to, toward); c to turn (li‑, ʔilà to s.th.); 2 to strand (ship): *Š-stem, (?) denom., from ǧinḥ or ǧanāḥ
►ʔaǧnaḥᵘ, adj., more inclined (ʔilà to): elat. formation
►ǧanūḥ, adj., inclined (ʔilà to s.th.)
►ǧunūḥ, n., inclination, leaning, bent, tendency (ʔilà to): vn. I
►ǧāniḥ, n., side, flank, wing
►ǧāniḥaẗ, pl. ǧawāniḥᵘ, n.f., 1 rib; 2 (pl. also:) bosom, heart, soul | bayna ǧawāniḥī, in my bosom, at heart; ṭafarat ǧawāniḥu-hā, she became happily excited, she trembled with joy
For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗ǧanaḥa, ↗ǧunḥ, ↗ǧanāḥ, ↗ǧunāḥ, and ↗ǧāniḥaẗ, as well as, for the whole picture, root entry ↗ǦNḤ.

ǧunḥ جُنْح , var. ǧinḥ

n.

darkness, gloom – WehrCowan1976

▪ It seems that ǧunḥ ‘darkness, gloom’ belongs to ↗ǧinḥ ‘side’ (with which it sometimes is exchangeable) and ↗ǧanāḥ ‘wing; side, flank’, perh. as a result of lexicalisation of frequent fig. expressions like fī ǧunḥ al-layl ‘in the dark of night, under cover of night’ (< *‘under the wings of the night’) or bayna ǧunḥay al-karà, lit. ‘between the two halves (*‘sides’) of slumber’, i.e., ‘at night when everyone’s asleep’. Such an etymology is supported by DRS where ǧunḥ ‘crépuscule | dawn, dusk’ is treated as belonging to the same group as ǧinḥ etc. – For the latter’s etymology, see ↗s.v.
▪ …

.

▪ DRS 3 (1993) #GNḤ-1-2 .... -3 Ar ǧanāḥ ‘aile, bord, côté’, ǧinḥ ‘bord, côté’, ǧunḥ ‘crépuscule’, ǧanaḥa ‘(se) pencher, s’incliner, décliner’, Jib génaḥ ‘aile’, Mhr agonəḥ ‘voler’, Soq ganḥ ‘côté’.
▪ See also ↗ǧinḥ.
▪ ...

▪ ...

-

►fī ǧunḥ al-layl, expr., in the dark of night, under cover of night;
►bayna ǧunḥay al-karà, expr., lit.: between the two halves of slumber, i.e., at night when everyone’s asleep
For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗ǧanaḥa, ↗ǧinḥ, ↗ǧanāḥ, ↗ǧunāḥ, and ↗ǧāniḥaẗ, as well as, for the whole picture, root entry ↗ǦNḤ.

ǧanāḥ جَناح , pl. ʔaǧniḥaẗ, ʔaǧnuḥ

n.

1 wing (of a bird, of an airplane, of a building, of an army); 2a side; b flank – WehrCowan1976

▪ Ar ǧanāḥ ‘wing; side, flank’ is a reflexion of a Sem word that Militarev&Kogan2005 (SED I #86) reconstruct (with some reluctance) as Sem *ganaḥ- ‘chest with upper arm/wing’ (< AfrAs *g˅n˅ḥ- ‘arm/leg; wing’). If their reconstruction is valid, ǧanāḥ has preserved one of the aspects of the Sem etymon (in [v1] ‘wing’) while the notion of ‘chest’ underwent semantic change, becoming *‘side of the chest where an arm/wing is’, then finally [v2] ‘side, flank’. In contrast, original *‘chest’ lives on in ↗ǧāniḥaẗ ‘rib; bosom’.
▪ …

.

▪ DRS 3 (1993) #GNḤ-1-2 .... -3 Ar ǧanāḥ ‘aile, bord, côté’, ǧinḥ ‘bord, côté’, ǧunḥ ‘crépuscule’, ǧanaḥa ‘(se) pencher, s’incliner, décliner’, Jib génaḥ ‘aile’, Mhr agonəḥ ‘voler’, Soq ganḥ ‘côté’.
▪ MilitarevKogan2005 (SED II) #86: Ar ǧanāḥ, ǧāniḥaẗ, Soq ganḥ. | Outside Sem: Eg ḏnḥ (Pyr) ‘wing’, (18th Dyn) ‘leg or part of it’. Also related may be certain terms meaning ‘hand/arm’, ‘foot/leg’ and ‘wing’ in those Cush, Omot and Chad languages which do not differenciate between AfrAs *-ḥ and *-ʕ and are usually united under AfrAs *ga/in(a)ʕ- ‘hand’; the last may be eventually related to the present entry as a variant root.

▪ MilitarevKogan2005 (SED II) #86: Reconstruction of Sem etymon is questionable. Anatomic terms valid for comparison are scarcely attested only in Ar and Soq where it can be an Ar loan. Cf. Mhr agōnəḥ ‘to fly’, likely related; Jib gɛ́naḥ ‘wing’ is an Arabism, according to Johnstone. The protSem reconstruction is, however, supported by the existence of an AfrAs (Eg) parallel.

.

►ʔanā fī ǧanāḥi-h, expr., I am under his protection;
►ʕalà ǧanāḥ al-ʔaṯīr, expr., over the ether, by radio;
►ʕalà ǧanāḥ al-surʕaẗ, expr., with winged haste
►ǧannaḥa, vb. II, to provide (s.th.) with wings, lend wings (to s.th.): D-stem, denom. from ǧanāḥ
►ǧāniḥ, n., side, flank, wing
►muǧannaḥ, adj., winged: PP II, denom. from ǧinḥ or ǧāniḥ
For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗ǧanaḥa, ↗ǧinḥ, ↗ǧunḥ, ↗ǧunāḥ, and ↗ǧāniḥaẗ, as well as, for the whole picture, root entry ↗ǦNḤ.

ǧunāḥ جُناح

n.

1a misdemeanor (jur.); b sin – WehrCowan1976

▪ Cheung2017rev: prob. a direct borrowing from early nPers gunāh ‘id.’. For details, see below, section DISC.
▪ Following Jeffery1938 (see below, section DISC), ǧunāḥ ‘misdemeanor; sin’ is usually regarded as a borrowing from Pers gonāh. If from Pers, the emphatisation -h > -ḥ may have arisen due to possible association with ↗ǧanaḥa; after all, the value ‘misdemeanor; sin’ can easily be imagined as fig. use of ‘to incline, lean towards’ > ‘to incline to the wrong side, deviate from the right path’. Cf., however, the fact that DRS classifies the item neither as a borrowing nor as belonging to ‘wing’ etc., but as forming a distinct group together with some Syr and EthSem items.
▪ …

▪ eC7 (‘sin, wrong, crime’) Q 5:93, 33:55:5, 51, 55, etc. (25 occurrences), e.g.,1 (sin, crime; blame, censure, discordance) Q 4:128 wa-ʔini mraʔaẗun ḫāfat min baʕli-hā nušūzan ʔaw ʔiʕrāḍan fa-lā ǧunāḥa ʕalay-himā ʔan yuṣliḥā bayna-humā ṣulḥan ‘and if a-woman experiences discordance or alienation from her husband, there is no blame on them if they agree between them on a settlement’; 2 (jur., financial obligations) Q 2:236 lā ǧunāḥa ʕalay-kum ʔin ṭallaqtumu n-nisāʔa mā lam tamassū-hunna ʔaw tafriḍū la-hunna farīḍaẗan ‘there are no financial obligations on you if you divorce women unless you have touched them or have appointed a dowry for them’
▪ ...

▪ DRS 3 (1993) #GNḤ-1 .... -2 [with Engl accord. to Leslau2006 (CDG)] Akk ganāḫu ‘to have a fit of coughing’, postBiblHbr gānaḥ ‘to groan, moan’, Syr gᵊnaḥ ‘s’étonner, admirer’, gūnḥā ‘stupeur, crainte, calamité’, Ar ǧunāḥ ‘méfait, faute’; reproche | reproach, remonstrance’, Gz ganḥa ‘être orgueilleux et violent | to behave impetuously, arrogantly, get angry, speak vehemently, reprimand’, gənāḥ ‘orgueil, violence | vehemence, haughtiness, rebuke, reprimand, scolding’, Te gänḥä ‘voir, observer; négliger’, gənḥät ‘regard, observation’, perh. Te təganḥa ‘to show o.s. > be proud > behave impetously’, Tña gänḥe ‘faire des reproches, améliorer | to get angry, make reproaches’. – ?Cf. also 3 Ar ǧanāḥ ‘aile, bord, côté’, ǧinḥ ‘bord, côté’, ǧunḥ ‘crépuscule’, ǧanaḥa ‘(se) pencher, s’incliner, décliner’, Jib génaḥ ‘aile’, Mhr agonəḥ ‘voler’, Soq ganḥ ‘côté’?
▪ Cf. perh. also ↗ǧinḥ.
▪ ...

▪ Jeffery1938: »A favourite Madina word, occuring only in late passages. The favourite phrase is lā ǧunāḥᵃ ʕalà, and it is used as a technical term in Muḥammad’s religious legislation.²³ – The Lexicons give no satisfactory explanation of the word, though they apparently treat it as a genuine Ar formation. As Hübschmann showed in 1895 in his Persische Studien, 162, 212, it is the Pers gunāh,²⁴ through the Pazend gunāh (Shikand, Glossary, 247) from Phlv vinās,²⁵ a ‘crime’ or ‘sin’ (as is obvious from the Arm vnas = [Grk] ʰamártēma in the old Bible translation),²⁶ and the fact that venāh still occurs in one of the Pers dialects as a direct descendant from the Phlv vinās,²⁷ which is related to Skr vināša and is quite a good Indo-European word. In Phlv the word is used technically just as in the Qurʔān, and we find such combinations as avinās ‘sinless’ (PPGl, 77); vināskārīh ‘sinfulness, iniquity’ (West, Glossary, 248); and vināskār ‘a criminal, sinner’ (PPGl, 225).²⁸ – The word was borrowed in the pre-Islamic period and occurs in the old poetry, e.g., in the Muʕallaqa of al-Ḥārith, 70, etc., and was doubtless adopted directly into Arabic from the spoken Persian of the period, for the word is not found in Syriac.«
▪ According to Nişanyan_1Jul2021, Tu günah ‘crime, guilt’ too is based on Pers gunāh ‘guilt’ < mPers vināh or vinās ‘id.’ < oPers vi-nath ‘damage’ (with protIran prefix vi ). Syr gunāyā ‘guilt, crime’ < oPers; cf. Ar ↗ǧināyaẗ (> Tu cinayet). Arm vnas ‘damage’ < mPers ‘damage’. mPers vināskār > Arm vnasagar = Pers gunahkār > Tu günahkâr ‘guilty’
▪ ...

23. Horovitz, KU, 62, n. 24. Vollers hesitatingly accepts this in ZDMG, 1, 689 (but see p. 612, where he quotes it as an instance of sound change), and it is given as a Persian borrowing by Addai Sher, 45. 25. Hübschmann, Persische Studien, 159, and Haug in PPGl, 225. Cf. West, Glossary, 247, Nyberg, Glossar, 243. 26. Hübschmann, Arm. Gramm, i, 248. 27. Horn, Grundriss, 208. Kurdish gunāh cannot be quoted in illustration as it is a borrowing from modPers. 28. The Pazend has similar combinations, e.g. gunâhi ‘sinfulness’, gunâhkâr ‘sinful, mischievous’, gunâhkârî ‘culpability’, gunāh-sâmânihâ ‘proportionate to the sin’, ham-gunâh ... ‘accomplice’ (Shikand, Glossary, 247).

▪ Not from Ar ǧunāḥ but prob. from the same source is Tu günah: 1303 [Codex Cumanicus] Lat culpa – Pers guna – Tu günah yazuk | Lat culpabilis – Pers guna kar – Tu yazuklamiş günahkâr. | 1317 [Gülşehri, Manṭıḳu'ṭ-Ṭayr] biz perişānuz Ġanī Perverdigār / biz günehkāruz Ġafūr Âmürzigār. | 1330 [Aşık Paşa, Ġarīb-nāme] yavuz işden ḥāṣıl oldı çok günāh – Nişanyan_1Jul2021
▪ ...

►lā ǧunāḥᵃ ʕalay-hi ʔin ..., expr., it won’t be held against him if he ... ; it won't do any harm if he ...
►ǧunḥaẗ, pl. ǧunaḥ, n.f., misdemeanor (jur., less than a felony, ǧināyaẗ, and more than an infraction, ↗muḫālafaẗ)
For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗ǧanaḥa, ↗ǧinḥ, ↗ǧunḥ, ↗ǧanāḥ, and ↗ǧāniḥaẗ, as well as, for the whole picture, root entry ↗ǦNḤ.

ǧāniḥaẗ جانِحة , pl. ǧawāniḥᵘ

n.f.

1 rib; 2 (pl. also:) bosom, heart, soul – WehrCowan1976

▪ Ar ǧāniḥaẗ ‘rib; bosom, heart, soul’ is a reflexion of a Sem word that Militarev&Kogan2005 (SED I #86) reconstruct (with some reluctance) as Sem *ganaḥ- ‘chest with upper arm/wing’ (< AfrAs *g˅n˅ḥ- ‘arm/leg; wing’). If their reconstruction is valid, ǧāniḥaẗ has preserved one of the aspects of the Sem etymon (*‘chest’ > [v2] ‘bosom’, hence also [v1] ‘rib’) while *‘arm/wing’ lives on in ↗ǧanāḥ ‘arm/wing is’ (hence also ‘side, flank’).
▪ …

.

▪ DRS 3 (1993) #GNḤ-1-2 .... -3 Ar ǧanāḥ ‘aile, bord, côté’, ǧinḥ ‘bord, côté’, ǧunḥ ‘crépuscule’, ǧanaḥa ‘(se) pencher, s’incliner, décliner’, Jib génaḥ ‘aile’, Mhr agonəḥ ‘voler’, Soq ganḥ ‘côté’.
▪ MilitarevKogan2005 (SED II) #86: Ar ǧanāḥ, ǧāniḥaẗ, Soq ganḥ. | Outside Sem: Eg ḏnḥ (Pyr) ‘wing’, (18th Dyn) ‘leg or part of it’. Also related may be certain terms meaning ‘hand/arm’, ‘foot/leg’ and ‘wing’ in those Cush, Omot and Chad languages which do not differenciate between AfrAs *-ḥ and *-ʕ and are usually united under AfrAs *ga/in(a)ʕ- ‘hand’; the last may be eventually related to the present entry as a variant root.

▪ MilitarevKogan2005 (SED II) #86: Reconstruction of Sem etymon is questionable. Anatomic terms valid for comparison are scarcely attested only in Ar and Soq where it can be an Ar loan. Cf. Mhr agōnəḥ ‘to fly’, likely related; Jib gɛ́naḥ ‘wing’ is an Arabism, according to Johnstone. The protSem reconstruction is, however, supported by the existence of an AfrAs (Eg) parallel.
▪ ...

.

►bayna ǧawāniḥī, expr., in my bosom, at heart
►ṭafarat ǧawāniḥu-hā, expr., she became happily excited, she trembled with joy
For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗ǧanaḥa, ↗ǧinḥ, ↗ǧunḥ, ↗ǧanāḥ, and ↗ǧunāḥ, as well as, for the whole picture, root entry ↗ǦNḤ.

ǦND جند

“root”

▪ ǦND_1 ‘soldiers, army’ ↗ǧund
▪ ǦND_ ‘…’ ↗…
♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘troops, forces, host, army; helpers, supporters; thick rocky land; to enlist a fighting force, to muster’

▪ ǦND_1 : prob. via Aram (so Jeffery1938) from the same oPers etymon from which is Pers kund ‘courageous, brave, strong’, gundāvar ‘combattant’, from Skr kunthah ‘raw; strong; hero’, IE *kund- ‘raw/brutal, strong, massive, rude’ – Rolland2014.
▪ …

▪ …

– (loanword)

▪ …

–

ǧund جُنْد , pl. ǧunūd, ʔaǧnād

n.m/f.

1a soldiers; b army – WehrCowan1976

▪ Rolland2014a: prob. via Aram (so Jeffery1938) from the same oPers etymon from which also Pers kund ‘courageous, brave, strong’ and gundāvar ‘combattant’ are derived; these from Skr kunthah ‘raw; strong; hero’, IE *kund- ‘raw/brutal, strong, massive, rude’.
▪ Cheung2017(rev): ultimately of Ir origin, but prob. borrowed indirectly, via EmpAram or dialAram ⁽*⁾gund. For details, see below, section DISC.
▪ …

▪ eC7 (‘host, army, troop, force’) Q: Some twenty-nine times, in various forms, cf. ii, 250; ix, 26, etc.
▪ …

–

▪ Jeffery1938: »The word has no verbal root in Arabic, the verbs ǧannada ‘to levy troops’ and taǧannada ‘to be enlisted’ being obviously denominative, as indeed is evident from the treatment of the word in the Lexicons (cf. LA, iv, 106). / It is clearly an Iranian borrowing through Aram as Fraenkel, Vocab, 13, notes, on the authority of Lagarde, GA, 24.²⁹ Phlv gund, meaning an ‘army’ or ‘troop’,³⁰ is related to Skr vṛinda³¹ and was borrowed on the one hand into Arm gund ‘army’³² and Kurdish ǧwnd ‘village’, and on the other into Aram where we find the gwndʔ of the Bab.Talmud, the Mnd gwndʔ (Nöldeke, Mand. Gramm. 75), and, with suppression of the weak n, in Syr gūdā. The word may possibly have come into Arabic directly from the Iranian, but the probabilities are that it was through Aram.³³ In any case it was an early borrowing, for the word is found in the old poetry, e.g. in al-ʔAʕšà (Geyer, Zwei Gedichte, i, 24 = Dīwān, i, 56) and ʕAlqamaẗ.« ▪ …

29. Lagarde, as a matter of fact, takes this suggestion back as far as Saint-Martin, Mémoires, i, 28. 30. Dinkard, iii, Glossary, p. 6; Nyberg, Glossar, 86. 31. Horn, Grundriss, 179, on the authority of Nöldeke. Hübschmann, Persische Studien, 83, however, thinks this unlikely. 32. Lagarde, GA 24; Hübschmann, Arm. Gramm, i, 130, and cf. Hübschmann, Persische Studien, 83. 33. Sprenger, Leben, ii, 358, n.; Vollers, ZDMG, 1, 611. We find gndʔ and gwndʔ on incantation bowls as associated with the hosts of evil spirits; cf. Montgomery, Aramaic Incantation Texts from nippur, Glossary, p. 285.

–

►ǧund al-ḫalāṣ, Salvation Army
►ǧannada, vb. II, 1 to draft, conscript, enlist, recruit (mil.); 2 to mobilize (an army, ʕalà against): D-stem, denom.
►taǧannada, vb. V, to be drafted, be conscripted, be enlisted (for military service): tD-stem, denom., self-ref.
►^BP#654ǧundī, n., pl. ǧunūd, soldier, private: nominalized nsb-adj. | ǧundī ʔawwal, private first class (lr., Syr.); ǧundī mustaǧidd, recruit (Ir., Syr.); al-ǧundī al-maǧhūl, the Unknown Soldier
►ǧundiyyaẗ, n.f., 1 military affairs; 2 the army, the military; 3 military service: abstr. formation in -iyyaẗ
►taǧnīd, n., 1 draft, enlistment (mil.); 2a recruitment; b mobilization: vn. II | al-taǧnīd al-ʔiǧbārī, military conscription
►taǧannud, n., military service: vn. V.
►muǧannad, n., recruit: nominalized PP II.

ǦNDB جندب

“root”

.

▪ …

.

ǧundub جُنْدُب , pl. ǧanādib

n.

grasshopper – WehrCowan1976

▪ …

.

ǦNZR جنزر

“root”

▪ ǦNZR_1 ‘chain’ ↗ǧinzīr
▪ ǦNZR_2 ‘verdigris’ ↗ǧinzār

▪ The whole root seems to be a metathetical var. of ↗ZNǦR. All items are of Pers origin.

–

▪ DRS #GNZR-1 Ar ǧinzīr ‘chaîne’, EAr ǧenzīr ‘corde du joug qui entoure le cou du boeuf’. -2 Ar ǧinzār ‘vert-de-gris’, ǧanzara ‘se couvrir de vert-de-gris’. -3 Te gänzärä ‘découper, vendre de la viande’, mägänzəray ‘boucher’ [»sans doute forme à dissimilation de GZR (↗ǦZR), peut-être par l’intermédiaire de l’Ar ǧazzara «].

▪ For the whole root cf. also (with metathesis) ↗ZNǦR, which may be the primary form.
▪ ǦNZR_1 ǧinzīr : from Pers, cf. ↗zinǧīr.
▪ ǦNZR_2 ǧinzār : from Pers ǧenǧīr (DRS). – Cf. also ↗zinǧār.

–

ǧinzīr جِنْزِير , pl. ǧanāzīrᵘ

n.

1 chain; track (of a caterpillar, of a tank, etc.); 2 a linear measure (= 5 qaṣaba = 17.75 m; also = 20 m; Eg .)

▪ From Pers, see ↗zinǧīr.

▪ …

▪ DRS #GNZR-1 Ar ǧinzīr ‘chaîne’, EAr ǧenzīr ‘corde du joug qui entoure le cou du boeuf’.

▪ From Pers, cf. ↗zinǧīr.

–

► ṭāraẗ ǧinzīr, n.f., track sprocket, sprocket wheel.
► muǧanzar, n., track-laying (vehicle)

ǧinzār جِنْزار , var. zinǧār

n.

verdigris ‒ WehrCowan1979.

▪ Rolland2014a: zinǧār ~ ǧinzār ‘verdigris’, and zinǧafr ~ zunǧufr ‘cinnabar’, from oPers sinkadruš ‘cinnabar, mercuric sulphide’.
▪ Cf. also ↗zinǧār.

▪ …

↗zinǧār.

–

► ǧanzara, vb. I, to be(come) covered with verdigris: denom.

ǦNS جنس

“root”

▪ ǦNS_1 ‘kind, sort, variety, species; class, category; sex (m./f.); gender (gram.); race; nation’ ↗ǧins, ‘ǧinsiyyaẗ’ ↗citizenship, nationality
▪ ǦNS_2 ‘…’ ↗…

▪ …

–

▪ DRS 3 (1993) #GNS-1 Palm gns, Syr gensā, Mnd ginsa ‘genre, espèce, famille’, ginsia ‘anniversaires’, Ar ǧins ‘nation, race, espèce, genre’, Mhr gans, Jib gẹns, Te ǧens ‘sorte, espèce’; Mhr agṓnəs ‘faire changer de nationalité’, šəgēnəs ‘adopter les usages d’un autre groupe’, Jib gótnəs ‘changer de forme, de couleur, se transformer’, s̃əgíns ‘se lier d’amitié avec qn hors de son propre groupe’ ? – Gz ganās ‘rayé, tacheté, bariolé’. -2 Ar ǧanasa ‘être mûre (datte)’. -3 Ar ǧans ‘congélation de l’eau’. -4 Gz genasa ‘être pauvre, en difficulté’, genās ‘pauvreté, situation difficile’. -5 Gur guns ‘pain’.
▪ …
▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

ǧins جِنْس

n.

1a kind, sort, variety, species, class, genus; b category; 2a sex (male, female); b gender (gram.); 3a race; b nation – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ DRS 3 (1993) #GNS-1 Palm gns, Syr gensā, Mnd ginsa ‘genre, espèce, famille’, ginsia ‘anniversaires’, Ar ǧins ‘nation, race, espèce, genre’, Mhr gans, Jib gẹns, Te ǧens ‘sorte, espèce’; Mhr agṓnəs ‘faire changer de nationalité’, šəgēnəs ‘adopter les usages d’un autre groupe’, Jib gótnəs ‘changer de forme, de couleur, se transformer’, s̃əgíns ‘se lier d’amitié avec qn hors de son propre groupe’ ? – Gz ganās ‘rayé, tacheté, bariolé’.
▪ …
▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

…

►

ǧinsiyyaẗ جِنْسِيَّة

n.f.

nationality, citizenship – WehrCowan1979.

▪ abstr. formation in -iyyaẗ

▪ …

▪ ↗ǧins.
▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

ǦNF جنف

“root”

▪ ǦNF_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ǦNF_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ǦNF_3 ‘...’ ↗...
♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘hunchback, to incline, deviate, go over, be crooked, crookedness’

▪ …

–

.

–

ǦNY جني

“root”

.

▪ …

.

ǧināʔī جِنائيّ

adj.

.

▪ nsb-formation

.

ǦHD جهد

“root”

▪ ǦHD_1 ‘to fight’ ↗ǧahada, ‘fight, battle; jihad’ ↗ǧihād, ‘effort, pains; industry, diligence; independent judgment’ ↗ĭǧtihād, ‘freedom fighter’ ↗muǧāhid, ‘…’ ↗…
▪ ǦHD_2 ‘…’ ↗…
♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘barren land, desert land; hardship, strive, to tire o.s., to exert o.s.; ability, capacity, exertion; to become emaciated, to squander one’s wealth’

▪ Huehnergard2011: Ar root √ǦHD ‘to strive’.

–

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #GHD-1 Ar ǧahada ‘s’appliquer avec zèle’, ǧāhada ‘combattre’, ǧahida ‘être pénible, dur’; ? Gz gāhd, gahād ‘jeûne de l’Epiphanie et de Noël’. – nSyr ǧāid ‘faire effort’. -2 Ar ʔaǧhada ‘apparaître, se montrer’; Gz gahada ‘être manifeste, public’; Te gähad ‘ouvert, manifeste’; Tña gähadä ‘être clair, ouvert’; Amh ba-gähad ‘clairement’. -3 Ar ǧahād: fruit de l’arak.
▪ …
▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

▪ Engl jihad ↗ǧihād; mujahid ↗muǧāhid.

–

ǧihād جِهاد

n.

1 fight, battle; 2 jihad, holy war (against the infidels, as a religious duty) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #GHD-1 Ar ǧahada ‘s’appliquer avec zèle’, ǧāhada ‘combattre’, ǧahida ‘être pénible, dur’; ? Gz gāhd, gahād ‘jeûne de l’Epiphanie et de Noël’. – nSyr ǧāid ‘faire effort’.
▪ …
▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl jihad, from Ar ǧihād ‘battle, holy war’, from ǧahada, vb. I, ‘to strive’ (sense prob. influenced by L-stem ǧāhada ‘to fight’).

►

ĭǧtihād اِجْتِهاد

n.

1a effort, exertion, endeavor, pains, trouble; b application, industry, diligence; 2a (Isl. Law) independent judgment in a legal or theological question, based on the interpretation and application of the four ʔuṣūl, as opposed to taqlīd, q.v.; b individual judgment – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ ↗ǧihād.
▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

muǧāhid مُجاهِد

¹adj.; ²n.

1a fighter, freedom fighter; b warrior; c sergeant (Eg 1939) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ ↗ǧihād.
▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl jihad, from Ar ↗ǧihād.

►

ǦHR جهر

“root”

▪ ǦHR_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ǦHR_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ǦHR_3 ‘...’ ↗...
♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘plain treeless land; the outer appearance of a person, appearance; to declare, say openly, be loud, be open, a loud voice; to be pure’

▪ …

–

.

–

ǦHZ جهز

“root”

▪ ǦHZ_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ ǦHZ_2 ‘equipment, outfit; apparatus, system’ ↗ǧihāz
♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘equipment, gear, rig; to fit out, to prepare, to equip, to make ready; to finish off, to be quick and light-footed’

▪ …

–

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #GHZ-1 Ar ǧahaza ‘donner le coup de grâce, achever un blessé’. -2 ǧahz ‘objets nécessaires, équipement, trousseau’.
▪ …
▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

ǧihāz جِهاز

n.

1a equipment, appliances, outfit, gear, rig; b trousseau; c contrivance, gadget; d implement, appliance, utensil; e installation, apparatus (techn.); f system, apparatus (anat.) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #GHZ-2 ǧahz ‘objets nécessaires, équipement, trousseau’.
▪ …
▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

ǦHL جهل

“root”

▪ ǦHL_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ ǦHL_2 ‘…’ ↗…
♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘ignorance, lack of knowledge, to ignore; foolishness, quick temper, to be peevish, to be rash’

▪ From WSem *√GHL ‘to become foolish, ignorant. – Huehnergard2011.
…

–

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #GHL- 1 Syr gᵊhīlā ‘lubrique, salace’; Ar ǧahila ‘être ignorant, insensé, sot’; Te ǧähalä ‘être insensé; vivre dans la luxure’; Amh ǧällä ‘être sot, grossier’. -2 YemAr ǧayhal, miǧhal ‘tisonnier’.
▪ …
▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl Medjool date, from Ar maǧhūl ‘unknown’, PP of ǧahila, vb. I, ‘to be ignorant of, not to know’.–

–

ǧāhiliyyaẗ جاهِلِيَّة

n.f.

1 state of ignorance; 2 pre-Islamic paganism, pre-Islamic times – WehrCowan1979.

▪ From WSem *√GHL ‘to become foolish, ignorant. – Huehnergard2011.
…

▪ …

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #GHL- 1 Syr gᵊhīlā ‘lubrique, salace’; Ar ǧahila ‘être ignorant, insensé, sot’; Te ǧähalä ‘être insensé; vivre dans la luxure’; Amh ǧällä ‘être sot, grossier’.
▪ …
▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

ǦHNM جهنم

“root”

▪ ǦHNM_1 ‘hell’ ↗ǧahannam
▪ ǦHNM_2 ‘…’ ↗…
♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ǧahannam, a borrowing from Hbr (also thought to be from Pers)

▪ …

–

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #GHNM, v. #GWW.
▪ …
▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

▪ Engl Gehenna ↗ǧahannam.

–

ǧahannam جَهَنَّم

n.

hell – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

▪ Not from Ar ǧahannam, but from the Hbr word from which also the Ar term is borrowed, is Engl Gehenna: from Hbr gêʔ (ben) hinnōm ‘valley of (the son of) Hinnom’, from gêʔ, bound form of gayʔ ‘valley’ (Hinnōm, a man’s name; see hnn) – Huehnergard2011.

►

ǦWː (ǦWW) جوّ / جوو

“root”

▪ ǦWː (ǦWW)_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ ǦWː (ǦWW)_2 ‘…’ ↗…
♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘atmosphere, the arch of the sky, air, the space between the face of the earth and what appears to be the sky; large expanse of open land’

▪ …

–

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #GWW/ʔ-1 Phoen *gw, Hbr gaw, nHbr gaw, gēw, oAram EmpAram Nab Palm ChrPal gw, Nab gwyh, gwytʔ, gwyth (?), Palm gwyʔ, JP gēw, gaw, gawwā, gawwāʔā, Mnd gawa, gawaya, Ar ǧaww ‘intérieur’; Hbr gᵊwiyyā, JP giwyᵊtā, nWAram gawwa ‘corps’, JP gᵊwāyā, Syr gawwā, Mnd giwta ‘viscères, intestins’; Soq gehe, Śḥr egehe ‘poitrine’; Amh guya ‘sein, giron, poitrine’; Hbr gayʔ ‘vallée’; Ar ǧiwāʔ ‘vallée large’; SAr gwʔ ‘pénétrer dans les profondeurs de la terre’; ? SEth ge ‘terre; côté’. -2 Hbr *gaw, *gew ‘dos’. -3 Ar ǧuwwaẗ ‘couleur noirâtre’. -4 ǧuwwaẗ ‘pièce cousue’. -5 Te Tña gäw belä ‘devenir dur’.
▪ …
▪ …

–

ǧaww جَوّ

n.

1a air; b atmosphere (also fig.); c sky; d weather; 2 sphere, milieu, environment – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #GWW/ʔ-1 Phoen *gw, Hbr gaw, nHbr gaw, gēw, oAram EmpAram Nab Palm ChrPal gw, Nab gwyh, gwytʔ, gwyth (?), Palm gwyʔ, JP gēw, gaw, gawwā, gawwāʔā, Mnd gawa, gawaya, Ar ǧaww ‘intérieur’; Hbr gᵊwiyyā, JP giwyᵊtā, nWAram gawwa ‘corps’, JP gᵊwāyā, Syr gawwā, Mnd giwta ‘viscères, intestins’; Soq gehe, Śḥr egehe ‘poitrine’; Amh guya ‘sein, giron, poitrine’; Hbr gayʔ ‘vallée’; Ar ǧiwāʔ ‘vallée large’; SAr gwʔ ‘pénétrer dans les profondeurs de la terre’; ? SEth ge ‘terre; côté’.
▪ …
▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

ǦWB جوب

“root”

.

▪ …

.

ǦWD جود

“root”

▪ ǦWD_1 ‘(to be) excellent, generous; racing horse; heavy rain; art of Qur’an recitation’ ↗ǧāda
▪ ǦWD_2 ^†‘to be warm; flame, passion, thurst; to consume, destroy, kill’
▪ ǦWD_3 ‘water skin, gourd’: only SyrAr.
♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘horses, to seek a horse; generosity, generous person; goodness, excellence, nobility; rain-laden clouds’

Of the three basic values listed in DRS, only ǦWD_1 seems to have survived into MSA. This latter value, however, shows quite a variety of diversifications and specialisations, such as ‘to be good, excellent’, ‘generosity, liberality, openhandedness’, ‘racing horse’, ‘the art of Qur’an recitation’, and ‘heavy rain’, see ↗ǧāda. – In ClassAr, one still finds (Lane ii-1865) the pass. vb. ^†ǧīda, ipfv. yuǧādu ‘to become affected by thirst, be at the point of death or destruction; to become affected, or overcome, or distressed, by drowsiness, or slumber’, ^†ʔaǧāda (vb. IV) ‘to slay, kill’, ^†ǧawdaẗ ‘a single affection with thirst, a thirsting’, ^†ǧuwād ‘thirst; drowsiness, slumber’, belonging to ǦWD_2.

–

▪ See below, section DISC.
▪ …

▪ DRS 2: 105-6 distinguishes three items where Ar is involved: (1) Ar ǧāda ‘être excellent, généreux’; ǧawād‑; SAr gwd ‘cheval de course’; Mhr gid ‘bon, habile’. Syr gᵉwād ‘cheval noble’ is believed to be from Ar ǧawād. »Faut-il rapprocher Tna gado and Te Amh gud ‘merveilleux’? En Amh le sens est souvent péjoratif: ‘monstreux’.« – (2) Syr gād ‘être chaud’, Ar ǧāda ‘consumer, épuiser qn.’, ǧūd ‘flamme, passion, soif’. – (3) Akk gūd‑, nHbr god, JP gōdā, Syr gawdā ‘outre’; Mand guda ‘sac de cuir, bourse'; SyrAr ǧūd ‘utricule, gourde’.
▪ Leslau 1987 relates Gz gāyada ‘be quick (horse), be fast, be nimble’ and gayyəd, gāyəd ‘fast (horse), quick, nimble’ to Ar ^†‘be swift (horse)’, Ḥrs ged (gyd) ‘good, fine’, SAr gwd ‘swift’.

–

ǧād‑ , ǧud‑ جاد , ū (ǧūdaẗ)

vb., I

1a to be or become good, become better, improve; ^†b to be swift (horse) – 2a (jūd) to grant generously (bi‑ s.th.), be so generous as to do s.th.; b to be liberal, openhanded, bestow liberally, grant, give lavishly, shower (ʕalà s.o. bi‑ with); to donate | […] – WehrCowan1979.

Difficult to decide what should be considered as the etymon proper: ‘good, excellent’ or ‘bounteous, copious’. In any case, the basic notion is an abundance, generosity, or excellence in quantity or quality.

▪ …

▪ DRS 2 (1994)#GWD-1: Ar ǧāda ‘être excellent, généreux’; ǧawād‑; SAr gwd ‘cheval de course’; Mhr gid ‘bon, habile’.⁴⁵
45. Syr gᵉwād ‘cheval noble’ is believed to be from Ar ǧawād. »Faut-il rapprocher Tña gado and Te Amh gud ‘merveilleux’? En Amh le sens est souvent péjoratif: ‘monstreux’.«

Both vn.s ǧūd ‘generosity’ and ǧawd ‘copious rain’ have an abundance, an affluence, a copiousness in common (be it in quantity or in quality) that is identified as s.th. ‘good, excellent’. Hence it is difficult to decide whether the one was prior to the other (in terms of semantic history), and if so, then which one, or both are secondary specialisations of an earlier ‘goodness, excellency’ in general. Both corresponding adjectives, ǧawād ‘generous’ and ǧayyid ‘good, excellent’, seem to be secondary intensive formations (patterns FaʕāL and FayʕaL), so none qualifies as the etymon proper. In any case, ‘generosity’ as an ethical concept builds on ‘giving in abundance, openhandedly’. The meaning ‘race horse’ is probably a specialisation, denoting a horse that unites in itself all the ‘excellent’ qualities needed to compete in a horse race. Similarly, ‘the art of beautifull Qur’an recitation’ is a specialized term applied to ‘excellent performance’ of the holy text.

–

► ǧawwada, vb. II, 1 to do well; 2 to make better, improve: denom., from ǧayyid (?); 3 to recite (the Koran): specialisation of meaning, originally *‘to do it [sc. the recitation of the Qur’an] well, correctly, beautifully’.
► ^BP#4443ʔaǧāda, vb. IV, 1a to do well, do excellently; b to master, be skilled, proficient; c to ameliorate; d to accomplish or say good, excellent things; e to achieve excellent results; f to be excellent, outstanding, distinguish o.s. (e.g., as a poet): denom./caus. from ǧayyid (?).
► ĭstaǧāda, vb. X, 1a to think good or excellent, approve of; b to consider suitable for or appropriate: denom. from ǧayyid (?), t-stem of IV.
► ǧūd, n., openhandedness, liberality, generosity: an important cultural concept, see s.v. (↗ǧūd). – Perhaps the etymon proper?
► ǧawd, n., heavy rains: another candidate for the position of the etymon proper.
► ^BP#2378ǧūdaẗ, n.f., (also ǧawdaẗ) goodness, excellence; good quality (of commodities, products):.
► ^BP#488ǧayyid, pl. ǧiyād, adj., good, perfect, faultless; outstanding, excellent, firstrate; good (as an examination degree): explained by some as a fayʕil form, i.e., from *ǧaywid.
► ʔaǧwadᵘ, adj., better: elat.
^BP#5414ǧawād, pl. ʔaǧwād, ʔaǧāwidᵘ, ʔaǧāwīdᵘ, ǧūd, adj., openhanded, liberal, generous, magnanimous: ints. | ĭbn al-ʔaǧwād noble man.
► ǧawād, pl. ǧiyād, ʔaǧyād, ʔaǧāwīdᵘ, n., horse; race horse, racer; charger, steed: nominalization of the preceding, or an item in its own right?
► taǧwīd, n., art of reciting the Koran, Koran reading (in accordance with the established rules of pronunciation and intonation): vn. II. See also s.v. (↗taǧwīd).
► ʔiǧādaẗ, n.f., good, excellent performance or accomplishment, etc.; improvement, amelioration: vn. IV.
► muǧawwid, n., Koran reciter: PA II.
► muǧīd, n., adept, efficient, proficient: PA IV.
For other (obsolete) items see ↗ǦWD.
For ‘neck’ see ↗ǧīd (ǦYD).

ǧūd جود

n.

openhandedness, liberality, generosity – WehrCowan1979.

▪ For etymology of this old concept that is known already from pre-Islamic times, see ↗ǧāda.
▪ For related items, cf. ↗zakāẗ, saḫāʔ, ṣadaqaẗ, karam

▪ …

▪ ↗ǧāda.
▪ …

–

Cf. ↗ǧāda.

taǧwīd تجْويد

n.

art of reciting the Koran, Koran reading (in accordance with established rules of pronunciation and intonation) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ vn. II, from ǧawwada ‘to do well, make good/better, improve; (esp.) to recite the Koran (in a correct and beautiful way)’, D-stem, either from the G-stem ↗ǧāda or denom. from ↗ǧayyid ‘good’.
▪ …

▪ DHDA (as of 16Nov2022): 791 (fī l-ʕadw) ‘quick, fast (walking)’; 815 ‘doing s.th. in a good, beautiful way, improve, master s.th.’; 936 ‘Koran recitation’

▪ ↗ǧāda.
▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

ǧayyid جَيِّد

adj.

1a good, perfect, faultless; b outstanding, excellent, first rate; c good (as an examination grade) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ From ↗ǧāda (ints. formation?).
▪ …

▪ …

▪ ↗ǧāda.
▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

↗ǧāda.

ǦWR جور

“root”

▪ ǦWR_1 ‘neighbour, to protect, grant asylum’ ↗ǧār
▪ ǦWR_2 ‘to deviate; to oppress, tyrannize, be unjust, despotic’ ↗ǧāra
▪ ǦWR_3 ‘pit, hole’ ↗ǧūraẗ
▪ ǦWR_4 ‘jury’ ↗ǧūrī (1)
▪ ǦWR_5 ‘damask rose; crimson’ ↗ǧūrī (2)
♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘neighbour, adjacent; to protect, to shelter, to give refuge, to seek refuge, protege, spouse; to veer away, to tilt, to deviate; to be unjust, injustice’

▪ Out of the 8 values DRS registers for the root GWR in Sem, only 4 are represented in Ar. DRS #GWR-3 (Ar ‘attaquer’) does not seem to differ essentially from #GWR-2 (Ar ‘être injuste envers qn., pécher’). Given the many cognates of #GWR-1 and #GWR-2, these are without doubt genuine Sem (for #GWR-1 = ǦWR_1, Kogan 2015 reconstructs Sem *gwr ‘to dwell together, be a neighbour’). – As for #GWR-6, the obsol. ^†ǧuwār ‘caverne’ given by DRS seems to correspond to our ǦWR_3 ǧūraẗ ‘pit, hole’, which Rolland 2014 thinks is a Pers borrowing. – ǦWR_4 and _5 are clearly non-Sem.

▪ …

▪ DRS 2 (1994)#GWR-1. Ug gr [Tropper 2008: /gêru/ < *gawiru ] ‘hôte étranger’; Phoen *gr, Hbr gēr, Nab Palm gr, JP Syr gīyōrā ‘étranger, hôte public ou privé, client’; Mand guara ‘demeure temporaire’; Ar ǧār- ‘voisin, client’, ǧārat , Tham grt ‘protection’; SAr gr, Šḫ ger, Mhr ǧawīr ‘étranger’; Soq gārheten ‘voisine’; Gz gor ‘étranger, voisin’, gəyur ‘étranger, hôte’; Te Tña gor ‘voisin’; Amh gorä-bet ‘voisin’; ?Har gār ‘maison, chambre’. -?2. JP Syr Mand gār, nSyr gāir ‘commettre l’adultère’; Ar ǧāra ‘s’écarter du chemin; être injuste envers qn., pécher’, ǧīrat- ‘bord, angle, crête’; Te gorä, ǧawärä ‘être hautain, audacieux’. ? -3. Akk giāru ‘provoquer(?)’ [CAD: gerû (garû) ‘to be hostile, start a lawsuit’, gērû (gārû) ‘foe, adversary’]; Ug gr; Hbr *gār, Ar ǧāra ‘attaquer’. -4. Hbr gar ‘avoir peur’. -5. Phoen *gr ‘jeune garçon’, Moab *grn (pl.) ‘jeunes garçons’, *grt (pl.) ‘jeunes filles’, Hbr *gōr, gūr ‘petit d’animal (lion, etc.)’. -? Mhr giyór ‘croître, augmenter’. -6. nHbr mᵉgūrā ‘grange, magasin’;? Ar ǧuwār- ‘caverne’. -7. Syr gawrā ‘colonne (de livre)’. -?8. Te gar, garät ‘affaire, matière, requête’.

▪ ǦWR_1: From Sem *gwr ‘to dwell together, be a neighbour’ (Kogan2015). For the semantic ambiguity found within this value in many languages—both ‘seeking protection’ (as a neighbour) and ‘providing protection (to a stranger, treating him as neighbour)’—cf. below, entry ↗ǧār.
▪ ǦWR_2: According to DRS (and ClassAr lexicography), ǧāra ‘to do injustice’ and ‘to attack’ are perhaps related to ǦWR_1 ‘protected stranger’: If one assumes a basic meaning of ‘s’écarter du chemin, être à côté’, we get a constellation that is similar to the one discussed in the ḌYF and ḍayf entries: the one who deviates from his path and inclines to s.o. else’s direction can become both a ‘neighbour’ and an ‘attacker’.
▪ ǦWR_3: According to Rolland2014, Ar ǧūraẗ ‘pit, hole’ is from Pers gor ‘tomb, grave’, an etymology not given in DRS (#GWR-6) where the word ǧuwār is paralleled, though not without hesitation, with nHbr mᵉgūrā ‘granary, storehouse, reservoir’, an item that for Klein 1987 is »of uncertain origin; perhaps formed from gwr (= to sojourn, dwell)’«.
▪ ǦWR_4: From Engl jury, < oFr juré ‘jury’ < oFr jurer ‘to swear, endorse law by swearing an oath’ < Lat iurare, from ius (iur-) ‘law’.
▪ ǦWR_5: After a town named Ǧur in Iran (the one in Kerman?) (Rolland2014).

–

ǧār‑ / ǧur‑ جار / جُرْـ (ǧawr

vb., I

1 to deviate, stray (ʕan from); 2 to commit an outrage (ʕalà on), bear down (ʕalà upon), wrong, persecute, oppress, tyrannize (ʕalà s.o.); 3 to encroach, make inroads (ʕalà on another’s territory) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #GWR-1. Ug gr [Tropper 2008: /gêru/ < *gawiru ] ‘hôte étranger’; Phoen *gr, Hbr gēr, Nab Palm gr, JP Syr gīyōrā ‘étranger, hôte public ou privé, client’; Mand guara ‘demeure temporaire’; Ar ǧār- ‘voisin, client’, ǧārat , Tham grt ‘protection’; SAr gr, Šḫ ger, Mhr ǧawīr ‘étranger’; Soq gārheten ‘voisine’; Gz gor ‘étranger, voisin’, gəyur ‘étranger, hôte’; Te Tña gor ‘voisin’; Amh gorä-bet ‘voisin’; ?Har gār ‘maison, chambre’. -?2. JP Syr Mand gār, nSyr gāir ‘commettre l’adultère’; Ar ǧāra ‘s’écarter du chemin; être injuste envers qn., pécher’, ǧīrat- ‘bord, angle, crête’; Te gorä, ǧawärä ‘être hautain, audacieux’. ? -3. Akk giāru ‘provoquer(?)’ [CAD: gerû (garû) ‘to be hostile, start a lawsuit’, gērû (gārû) ‘foe, adversary’]; Ug gr; Hbr *gār, Ar ǧāra ‘attaquer’.

…

–

► ǧawr, n., 1 injustice; 2 oppression, tyranny; 3 outrage; 4 wanton deviation (ʕan from): vn. I.
► ǧāʔir pl. ǧawaraẗ, ǧāraẗ, 1 adj., unjust, unfair; tyrannical, despotic; 2 n., tyrant, oppressor, despot: PA I.
For other values attached to √GWR cf. ↗ǧār, ↗ǧūraẗ, ↗ǧūrī (1) and ↗ǧūrī_2, as well as, for the whole picture, ↗ǦWR.
For other values attached to √GWR cf. ↗ǧār, ↗ǧūraẗ, ↗ǧūrī (1) and ↗ǧūrī_2, as well as, for the whole picture, ↗ǦWR.

ǧār جار , pl. ǧīrān

n.

1 neighbour; 2 refugee; 3 protégé, charge – Wehr/Cowan 1979.

▪ The n. which originally meant s.o. forming part in a mutual relationship of protecting and protection (an important cultural institution), belongs to the Sem root *GWR ‘to dwell together, be a neighbour’ (Militarev/Stolbova: Sem *gūr- ‘to live; to be close by’ < AfrAs *gir- ‘to live’; Dolgopolsky: WSem *-gūr- ‘to dwell’ < Nostr *gû˹w˺RV ‘(roof of a) hut; to dwell’).

ǧār Alongside with ‘neighbour’, the Qurʔān still has also the value ‘protector’: (neighbour) Q 4:36 wa’l-ǧāri ḏī ’l-qurbà ‘and unto the neighbour who is of kin’; (one who protects, grants asylum or sanctuary) Q 8:48 lā ġāliba la-kumu ’l-yawma mina ’l-nāsi wa-ʔinnī ǧārun la-kum ‘no man shall conquer you today for I am a protector for you’
ǧāwara (vb. III, to dwell in the neighbourhood of, be\come adjacent to, be a neighbour of) Q 33:60 ṯumma lā yuǧāwirūna-ka fī-hā ʔillā qalīlan ‘then they will not be your neighbours in it but for a short time’. – ʔaǧāra (vb. IV, to protect, grant asylum or sanctuary) Q 72:22 ʔinnī lan yuǧīra-nī mina ’llāhi ʔaḥadun ‘no one will protect me against God’. – ĭstaǧāra (vb. X, to ask for protection, seek asylum, seek sanctuary) Q 9:6 wa-ʔin ʔaḥadun mina ’l-mušrikīna ’staǧāra-ka fa-ʔaǧir-hu ḥattà yasmaʕa kalāma ’llāhi ‘And if anyone of the idolaters should seek your protection (O Muhammad), then protect him so that he may hear the Word of God’.

▪ DRS 2 (1994)#GWR-1⁴⁶ Ug gr ‘to lodge, take refuge, be protected’, gr [Tropper2008: /gêru/ < *gawiru ] ‘hôte étranger / protected, guest, foreigner’; Hbr gwr ‘to dwell as alien’, gēr ‘protected citizen, stranger’, Phoen *gr, Nab Palm gr, JP Syr giyyorā ‘étranger, hôte public ou privé, client / peregrinus, cliens’; Mand guara ‘demeure temporaire’; Ar ǧār- ‘voisin, client’, ǧārat , Tham grt ‘protection’; Sab gr ‘master, lord; business partner’, SAr gr, Šḫ ger, Mhr ǧawīr ‘étranger’; Gz gor ‘étranger, voisin’, gəyur ‘étranger, hôte’; Te Tña gor ‘voisin’; Amh gorä-bet ‘voisin’; ?Har gār ‘maison, chambre’. ⁴⁷ – This value is perhaps also cognate to those given in DRS as #GWR-2 and #GWR-3, cf. section cogn in disambiguation entry ↗ǦWR.
▪ Outside Sem, Militarev&Stolbova1995#932 compare (LEC) Som gir-, Or gir, Rend *gir-, u.a. ‘to be, exist’; Dolgopolsky2012#663 juxtaposes evidence from Sem languages with (LEC) Som guri ‘house, home’, Rend gūra ‘to move to a new dwelling place’, Sid gare ‘tribe, people, village’ and (WCh) Hau gàrī́, ‘town, inhabited environment’.

46. Complemented with data from Kogan2015: 117 (values given in Engl or Lat). 47. Cf. also Mhr šəgēwər, Jib sə̃gēr ‘to become neighbour; to ask (God) for protection’ and Soq gārheten ‘female neighbours’; but these are likely to be borrowed from Ar – Kogan2015.

▪ Like ↗ḍayf, also ǧār may ultimately be *‘s.o. who has deviated from the path and inclined towards the side’. This—unattested—hypothetical basic meaning must be assumed if we try to see Sem *GWR ‘to dwell together, be a neighbour’ together with *GWR ‘to be hostile, attack, oppress’; the *‘stranger (who has lost his way)’ may both ‘ask for protection as a neighbour’ and ‘attack’, become a ‘foe’; see disambiguation entry ↗ǦWR.
▪ Irrespective of the preceding, ǧār is treated in ClassAr lexicography as one of the ʔaḍdād (sg. ḍidd), i.e., words that, apart from one meaning, may take another that is—or at least seems to be—its exact opposite. Even in MSA, the two values [v1] ‘neighbour’ and [v2] ‘refugee’ still seem to be contradictory. [v3] ‘protégé, charge’, however, gives the modern speaker a hint as to how [v1] and [v2] are related: a refugee is s.o. who asks for and/or is granted protection like/as a neighbour. In ClassAr, the neutral value ‘neighbour’ and the passive ‘foreigner, seeker of protection’ or ‘protected one’ are complemented by the active ‘giver of protection, one who grants refuge, protects, preserves, an aider, assister, confederate’ (Lane). As Nöldeke has shown in his famous study on the ʔaḍdād (Wörter mit Gegensinn, 1910, 72-73), the semantic “riddle” can be explained through a change of perspective: primarily, the ǧār is neither the ‘protector’ nor the ‘protected’ (or ‘seeker of protection’) but a person who is involved, as either the giver or the recipient, in a ǧiwār, which is a mutual relationship (known also from Eur languages, cf. e.g. Lat hospes, It ospite, Fr hôte ‘host; foreigner, guest’), an institution of customary law that includes rights and obligations on both parts, cf. art. “Djiwār” (J. Lecerf), in EI².
▪ Militarev&Stolbova1995#932 reconstruct Sem *gūr- ‘to live; to be close by’ and LEC *gir- ‘to be, exist’, both going back to AfrAs *gir- ‘to live’. Very similarly, Dolgopolsky2012 #663 reconstructs WSem *-gūr- ‘to dwell’, which he thinks is derived, together with the ECu and WCh (*gar˅ ‘town’) vocabulary as well as some alleged Dravidic and Altaic cognates, ultimately from Nostr *gû(w)R˅ ‘(roof of a) hut; to dwell’.

–

► ǧāwara, vb. III, to be the neighbour of s.o. (DO), live next door to; to be adjacent, be next (DO to s.th.), adjoin; to be in the immediate vicinity of, be close to; to border (DO on): L-stem, denom., associative.
► ʔaǧāra, vb. IV, to grant asylum or a sanctuary (DO to s.o.); to protect (DO s.o., min from), take (s.o.) under one’s wing; to stand by s.o. (DO), aid: Š-stem, denom., caus. (*to make s.o. one’s protégé)
► taǧāwara, vb. VI, to be neighbours; to be adjacent; to have a common border: tL-stem, intr.
► ĭstaǧāra, vb. X, to seek protection, seek refuge (bi¬ with s.o., min from s.th.), appeal for aid (DO to s.o., min against s.th.): Št-stem, requestative.
► ǧāraẗ, pl. āt, n.f., neighbouress: f. of ǧār.
► ǧīraẗ, n.f., neighbourhood: quasi-vn. I.
► ^BP#1721ǧiwār, n., neighbourhood, proximity: vn. III; bi-~, prep., in the neighbourhood of, in the vicinity of, near, close to | ʔilà ~i-hī, adv., beside him, at his side
► muǧāwaraẗ, n.f., neighbourhood, proximity: vn. III.
► ʔiǧāraẗ, n.f., protection, granting of asylum: vn. IV.
► taǧāwur, n., neighbourhood (reciprocal); contiguity, relationship (of several things): vn. VI.
► ^BP#1793muǧāwir, 1. adj., neighbouring, adjacent; near, close by; 2. (pl. -ūn), n., student (esp. of Al Azhar University; living in the vicinity of the Mosque): PA III.
► muǧīr, n., protector: PA IV.
► mutaǧāwir, adj., having a common border; adjoining, adjacent, contiguous: PA VI.
For other values attached to √GWR cf. ↗ǧār, ↗ǧāra, ↗ǧūraẗ, ↗ǧūrī (1) and ↗ǧūrī_2, as well as, for the whole picture, ↗ǦWR.

ǧūraẗ جُورة , pl. ǧuwar

n.f.

pit, hole – WehrCowan1979.

Loan word of uncertain origin. According to Rolland2014a, it is from Pers gor ‘tomb, grave’, an etymology not given in DRS; Klein thinks that it is »perhaps formed from gwr (= to sojourn, dwell)’«.

▪ …

▪ DRS 2 (1994)#GWR-6: nHbr mᵉgūrā ‘grange, magasin’; ? Ar ǧuwār- ‘caverne’.

▪ According to Rolland2014a, Ar ǧūraẗ ‘pit, hole’ is from Pers gor ‘tomb, grave’, an etymology not given in DRS (#GWR-6) where Ar ǧuwār is paralleled, though not without hesitation, with nHbr mᵉgūrā ‘granary, storehouse, reservoir’, an item that for Klein 1987 is »of uncertain origin; perhaps formed from gwr (= to sojourn, dwell)’«.

–

–. For other values attached to √GWR cf. ↗ǧār, ↗ǧāra, ↗ǧūrī (1) and ↗ǧūrī_2, as well as, for the whole picture, ↗ǦWR.

¹ǧūrī جُوري

√ǦWR

n.; adj.

1 n., damask rose (Rosa damascena, bot.); 2 adj., crimson – WehrCowan1979.

▪ After a town named Ǧur in Iran (the one in Kerman?) – Rolland2014a.

▪ …

–

See above, section CONC.

–

–. For other values attached to √GWR cf. ↗ǧār, ↗ǧāra, ↗ǧūraẗ and ↗ǧūrī_2, as well as, for the whole picture, ↗ǦWR.

²ǧūrī جُوري

√ǦWR

n.

jury – WehrCowan1979.

From Engl jury, ultimately belonging to Lat ius (iur-) ‘law’.

▪ …

…

▪ From Engl jury, < oFr juré ‘jury’ < oFr jurer ‘to swear, endorse law by swearing an oath’ < Lat iurare, from ius (iur-) ‘law’.

–

–. For other values attached to √GWR cf. ↗ǧār, ↗ǧāra, ↗ǧūraẗ, and ↗ǧūrī_1, as well as, for the whole picture, ↗ǦWR.

ǦWZ جوز

√ǦWZ

“root”

▪ ǦWZ_1 ‘to be(come) allowed’ ↗ǧāza, ‘passport’ ↗ǧawāz, ‘permission, license’ ↗ʔiǧāzaẗ
▪ ǦWZ_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘beam; to cross, to traverse, road, crossing; to allow, to pass off, to help to cross; to pardon, to disregard; to reward, prize’

▪ From CSem *√GWZ ‘to pass through’ – Huehnergard2011.
…

–

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #GWZ-1 Hbr gāz ‘passer, disparaître’; JP ChrPal Syr gāz ‘traverser, passer, disparaître’; Talm ‘couper’, Mnd giuza ‘canal’; nSyr ǧaiz ‘être permis’; Ar ǧāza ‘passer par, traverser; être permis, licite’, ǧīz ‘bord d’un fleuve, côté d’une vallée’; SAr gz, gwz ‘traverser; s’écouler (temps)’; ? Gz gize ‘temps’. -2 Hbr ʔᵊgōz, Aram ʔᵊgōzā, ʔamgōzā, Syr gawzā, Mnd ʔngwzʔ, ʔmgwzʔ, Ar ǧawz, Gz gawz, Te Amh gäwz ‘noix’. -3 JP Syr gawāzā, gawāwzā, Mnd gauaza ‘bâton’.
▪ …
▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl Betelgeuse, from Ar yad al-ǧawzāʔ ‘hand of Orion’, from al-ǧawzāʔ ‘Gemini’, later also ‘Orion’, perh. from ǧawz ‘center, middle’, from ǧāza, vb. I, ‘to pass through’ (yad ‘hand’; see yd).

–

ʔiǧāzaẗ إِجازَة

√ǦWZ

n.f.

1 permission, authorization; approval; license; 2 = Fr licence, as an academic degree; 3a permit; b vacation, leave (of absence) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #GWZ-1 Hbr gāz ‘passer, disparaître’; JP ChrPal Syr gāz ‘traverser, passer, disparaître’; Talm ‘couper’, Mnd giuza ‘canal’; nSyr ǧaiz ‘être permis’; Ar ǧāza ‘passer par, traverser; être permis, licite’, ǧīz ‘bord d’un fleuve, côté d’une vallée’; SAr gz, gwz ‘traverser; s’écouler (temps)’; ? Gz gize ‘temps’.
▪ …
▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

ǦWS جوس

√ǦWS

“root”

▪ ǦWS_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ǦWS_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ǦWS_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to rummage, peer about, play havoc, overrun; to investigate, spy’

▪ …

–

.

–

ǦWʕ جوع

√ǦWʕ

“root”

▪ ǦWʕ_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ ǦWʕ_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘hunger, to hunger, to yearn for s.th., to starve, starvation, famine’

▪ …

–

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #GWʕ-1 Hbr gāwaʕ ‘mourir’. -?2 Ar ǧāʕa ‘avoir faim’; SAr gwʕ ‘affamé’. -3 Syr gāʕ ‘mépriser’, gōʕ: interjection de mépris. -4 goʕatā ‘glanage’.
▪ …
▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

ǧūʕ جُوع

√ǦWʕ

n.

hunger, starvation – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #GWʕ-1 Hbr gāwaʕ ‘mourir’. -?2 Ar ǧāʕa ‘avoir faim’; SAr gwʕ ‘affamé’.
▪ …
▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

ǦWF جوف

√ǦWF

“root”

▪ ǦWF_1 ‘hollow, cavity; inside, centre; abdomen’ ↗ǧawf
▪ ǦWF_2 ‘guava (fruit, brush)’ ↗ǧuwāfaẗ
▪ ǦWF_3 ‘corpse, cadaver; (hence also:) to stink’ ↗ǧīfaẗ (formally √ǦYF, but etymologically probably √ǦWF)

Other items, now obsolete:
▪ ǦWF_4 : ^†ǧūfī ‘(name of a species of fish)’

BAH2008: ‘belly, interior, inside; valley, to be hollow; to penetrate’

▪ ǦWF_1: < Sem *gawp‑ ‘heart, middle, interior; body’ (Orel&Stolbova) or WSem *gawp‑ ‘hollow’ < Sem *GWP ‘hollow; to be empty’ (Dolgopolsky); perh. < AfrAs *gaw˅f‑ ‘interior’ (Orel&Stolbova). (Dolgopolsky reconstructs even Nostr *gup˅ʔ˹û˺ ‘hollow, empty; hole’).
▪ ǦWF_2: < Span < Arawakian (Antilles).
▪ ǦWF_3: Ar ǧīfaẗ ‘corpse, cadaver’ is believed to be a development from ǦWF_1 ‘hollow, cavity; inside, centre; abdomen’, cf. ↗ǧīfaẗ, ↗ǧawf.
▪ ǦWF_4 : < Aram kwfyʔ (Fraenkel1886: 123).

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

ǧawf جَوْف , pl. ʔaǧwāf

√ǦWF

n.

1 hollow, cavity; depression; 2 interior, inside, center, heart; 3 belly, abdomen; 4 north (maġr.) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ From WSem *gawp‑ ‘hollow’ < Sem *GWP ‘hollow; to be empty’ (Dolgopolsky, who even reconstructs Nostr *gup˅ʔ˹û˺ ‘hollow, empty; hole’). Orel&Stolbova reconstruct Sem *gawp‑ ‘heart, middle, interior; body’, from AfrAs *gaw˅f‑ ‘interior’.

▪ eC7 (interior, inside, cavity) Q 33:4 mā ǧaʕala ’llāhu li-raǧulin min qalbayni fī ǧawfi-hī ‘God does not give a man two hearts inside him’.
▪ Hava1899 still lists some older forms, now obsolete: ^†ǧawifa a (ǧawaf), vb. I, ‘to be hollow, empty’; ^†ǧāfa u (ǧawf), vb. I, and ^†ʔaǧāfa, vb. IV, ‘to pierce the abdomen (with a spear)’; ^†ǧāʔifaẗ, pl. ǧawāʔifᵘ, nominalized adj., ‘penetrating (thrust)’; ^†maǧūf and ǧuwafī, adj., ‘big-bellied’.

▪ DRS 2 (1994)#GWP-1: Hbr *gūpā ‘cadavre’, *gap dans be -gappō ‘avec son corps = seul’; nHbr gūp, EmpAram gp, Ḥat gwph ‘dépouille (?)’, JP gūpā ‘corps, personne’, Ar ǧawf ‘creux, ventre, poitrine, entraille, cœur’, ǧīfaẗ ‘cadavre’; Te gof ‘intérieur du corps, cœur, âme’.
▪ Zammit2002: Ug gpt ‘caves’ (Tropper2008: sg. or pl., ‘inner part of mountain area’), Aram gūpā ‘body; self, substance’, Hbr gūpā (late; < Aram) ‘body, corpse’.
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#909: Hbr gūp ‘body’, Arab ǧawf, Te gof ‘heart, middle, interior’. – Outside Sem: guguvi, gugufɛ, guguf-in ‘heart’, gugufi, guguf-in (partial redupl.) ‘lungs’ in some CCh langs.
▪ Dolgopolsky2002#651: Ug gpt (= *gōp-āt-) ‘caves’, Ar ǧawf ‘hollow, inside of a house, belly’, ǧawfu ’l-layl ‘middle of the night’, pl. ʔaǧwāf ‘entrails’, Te gof (pl. ʔagwāf) ‘interior, heart, soul’, Mhr Ḥrs gawf- ‘chest’; Ar √ǧwf (impfv -ǧwaf-) ‘to be hollow; to be empty’. – Outside Sem: [Cush:] Som N {Abr.} gōf ‘empty hollow in ground; empty well, dried-up well’, Som {ZMO} gōf ‘dried-up well; dry riverbed’, {DSI} gōf ‘id.; orbita dell’occhio’; [Chad: ECh:] Smr {J} gúbɜ̀ ‘hole’; [WCh:] Dw {ChL} gup, Zar {ChL} gŭp ‘chest’; Dir {Sk., ChC} gúbàḍú ‘chest’; [CCh:] Gude {ChL} guwa, FlJ gùwì, Nz {Mch} gọ́wę, {ChL} gòʔo, FlB {ChL} gùʔùn, Bcm {ChC} gwé, {ChL} gwɛ́y, FlM {ChL} ɛ̀gʷō̆ ‘hole’, Lmn {Lk.} òghùbù, óghbù ‘id.’. – Also related is #650: BiblHbr *gūp̄āh ‘corpse’ (st.constr. gūp̄aṯ, pl. gūp̄ōṯ), JA mHbr gūp̄ ‘body’ (JA kem. gūp̄ā), JEA gūp̄ā ‘body, self’, Htr gwp ‘person’ (or ‘corpse, dead body’), Ar ǧīf-aẗ ‘corpse’, Jib C mgɔffɔt, Jib E mɜgɜfɔt ‘corpse, carcass’. – Outside Sem: oTu k|gövdöŋ, Tkm göwde ‘corpse, torso, trunk of a body’, Uz gavda ‘id.’, Tu gövde ‘trunk of a body\tree’. – [IE:] Grk gýpē [Call.] ‘cave’, [Hs.] ‘hollow in the earth; lurking place, den; vulture’s nest’; [Germ:] oNo kofi ‘small chamber, hut’, Isl kofi ‘hut’, nNor kove ‘larder, storeroom’, mHGe kobe ‘stall, pigsty; cage; cavity (Höhlung)’, nHGe Koben, nLGe Kofen ‘pigsty’, oSax cofa ‘cave, chamber, pigsty’, nEngl cove ‘concavity or recessed place in a structure’; [Slav] Pol żupa, Uk župa ‘salt pit’, oChSlav župište ‘grave’.

▪ DRS 2 (1994)#GWP-1: La notion de base est celle de ‘creux’ d’où ‘intérieur du corps, corps’. – Les formes Hbr sont des aramaïsmes (so also Zammit2002). – Te < Ar. – Cf. GWṮ, GYP.
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#909: From Sem *gawp- ‘¹body; ²heart, middle, interior’; together with CCh *gu-guf- ‘¹heart; ²lungs’ from AfrAs *gaw˅f- ‘interior’.
▪ Dolgopolsky2002#651 reconstructs WSem *gawp- ‘hollow’ < Sem *GWP ‘id.; to be empty’. On account of the evidence from ECush, EChad and WChad, the author also assumes an AfrAs dimension (no reconstruction given), which he then puts together with IE *geu̪p- / *gou̪p- / *gup- ‘hollow, pit’, all having as their ultimate ancestor Nostr *gup˅ʔ˹û˺ ‘hollow, empty; hole’.

–

► fī ǧawf…, prep., inside, in the interior of, in the middle of | fī ǧawf al-layl or ǧawfa ’l-layl, adv., in the middle of the night

► ǧawwafa, vb. II, to make hollow, hollow out: denom.

► ǧawfī, adj., 1 inner, interior, inside; 2 subterranean, underground, subsurface (of geological strata); 3 northern (maġr.): nsb-adj. | miyāh ǧawfiyyaẗ, n.pl., ground water
► ʔaǧwafᵘ, f. ǧawfāʔᵘ, pl. ǧūf, adj., 1 hollow; empty; 2 vain, futile, inane, pointless, senseless: elat.
► taǧwīf, pl. taǧāwīfᵘ, n., hollow, hollow space; cavity (also anat.): originally a vn. II, then resultative | ~ al-baṭn, n., abdominal cavity (anat.); ~ al-qalb, n., heart ventricle (anat.)
► muǧawwaf, adj., hollowed out, hollow: PP II.

ǧuwāfaẗ جُوافة , var. ǧawāfaẗ

√ǦWāF, ǦWF

n.f.

(EgAr) guava (fruit); guava shrub – WehrCowan1979.

Rolland2014a: from Span guyaba ‘guava’, from Arawakan of the Antilles.

▪ …

…

See section CONCISE above.

▪ Cf. Engl guava, Ge Guave, etc. For Engl guava, EtymOnline gives: 1550 s, from Span guaya, variant of guayaba, from Arawakan (West Indies) guayabo ‘guava tree’ or Tupi guajava.

–

ǦWQ جوق

√ǦWQ

“root”

▪ ǦWQ_1 ʻtroop, group; troupe, company; choir, band, orchestra’ → ǧawq(aẗ)

Other values, now obsolete, include (Steingass1884, Hava1899):

▪ ^†ǦWQ_2 ʻcontorted’ : ^†ǧawiq
▪ ^†ǦWQ_3 ʻto muster a crowd’ → ^†ǧawwaqa

▪ While [v1] is prob. a borrowing from Phl, and [v3] perh. derived from [v1], [v2] does not immediately seem related to any of the other two values (see however below s.v.).
▪ According to Rolland2014a, [v1] has as its origin the same Phl etymon from which also modPe ǧawḫ ʻtroupe, assembly of people or animals’ is derived. According to the DHDA, ǧawq ʻgroup, troop’ is the first item of the root to be attested (at the rather late date of 791 CE). Given also the fact that the Ar root does not exhibit any obvious Sem cognates (except for a Te word?), the probability of a borrowing is quite high.
▪ [v2] : related to Gz gʷəḥqʷa ʻto bend (intr.), be distorted, to stooped, bent, curved, bowed (because of old age), to become weak’ (accord. to DRS a relation considered by Dillmann)? – Accord. to DHDA, the first attestation of this value is the adj. ^†ʔaǧwaqᵘ ʻwry-mouthed’. As also this is from a very late date – 845 CE –, and as the Gz parallel is quite doubtful, one should not exclude the possibility of a development *ʻ[v1] troop, group > [v3] to call together a group, muster a crowd; to cry at s.o. > [v2] to have a wry mouth (like s.o. crying at a group/troop to make them assemble)’. But this is highly speculative.
▪ [v3] : prob. denom. from [v1].
▪ …

▪ [v1] : 791 ǧawq ʻgroup, troop’; 861 ǧawqaẗ ʻgroup of people’ – DHDA.
▪ [v2] : 845 ʔaǧwaq ʻwry-mouthed’, ǧawaq 963 ʻinclination, distortion’ – DHDA.
▪ [v3] : 960 taǧawwaqa ʻto get together, assemble o.s.’, 995 ǧawwaqa ʻto call, muster, assemble s.o.’
▪ …

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #GWQ-1 Ar ǧawiqa ʻêtre de travers (bouche, figure)’. -2 ǧawwaqa ʻrassembler; crier à qn’. -3 Te goq, goǧ ʻtrou, fenêtre’.
▪ …

▪ [v1] : cf. ^†ǧawqaẗ, pl. -āt, n.f., ʻcrowd, numerous party’ – Hava1899
▪ [v2] (= DRS #GWQ-1) : cf. also ^†ǧawiqa (a, ǧawaq), vb. I, ʻto have a wry face’; ^†ʔaǧwaqᵘ, f. ǧawqāᵘ, pl. ǧūq, adj., ʻwry-mouthed; big-necked’ – Hava1899.
▪ [v3] (= DRS #GWQ-2) : ^†ǧawwaqa, vb. II, ʻto muster a crowd’; ^†taǧawwaqa, vb. V, ʻto meet in large numbers’ – Hava1899.

–

ǧawq جَوْق , pl. ʔaǧwāq, and
ǧawqaẗ جَوْقة , pl. ‑āt

√ǦWQ

n. and n.f., respectively

1 troop, group; 2a theatrical troupe, operatic company; 2b choir (mus.); 2c orchestra, band (also ǧawqaẗ mūsīqiyyaẗ) – WehrCowan1976.

▪ According to Rolland2014a, ǧawq has as its origin the same Phl etymon from which also modPe ǧawḫ ʻtroupe, assembly of people or animals’ is derived. According to the DHDA, ǧawq ʻgroup, troop’ is the first item of the root to be attested (at the rather late date of 791 CE). Given also the fact that the Ar root does not exhibit any obvious Sem cognates (except for a Te word?), the probability of a borrowing is quite high.
▪ …

▪ 791 ǧawq ʻgroup, troop’; 861 ǧawqaẗ ʻgroup of people’ – DHDA.

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #GWQ-1 Ar ǧawiqa ʻêtre de travers (bouche, figure)’. -2 ǧawwaqa ʻrassembler; crier à qn’. -3 […].
▪ …

▪ Cf. also ^†ǧawqaẗ, pl. -āt, n.f., ʻcrowd, numerous party’ – Hava1899.
▪ The obsolete ^†ǧawwaqa, vb. II, ʻto muster a crowd’ (= DRS #GWQ-2), and ^†taǧawwaqa, vb. V, ʻto meet in large numbers’ (Hava1899) are prob. denom. from ǧawq.
▪ ClassAr also knows the value ʻdistortion’ as a value of ǦWQ = DRS #GWQ-1, cf. e.g. ^†ǧawiqa (a, ǧawaq), vb. I, ʻto have a wry face’; ^†ʔaǧwaqᵘ, f. ǧawqāᵘ, pl. ǧūq, adj., ʻwry-mouthed; big-necked’ (Hava1899). For these, DRS notes that Dillmann considered a relation to Gz gʷəḥqʷa ʻto bend (intr.), be distorted, to stooped, bent, curved, bowed (because of old age), to become weak’. However, given that (accord. to DHDA) the first attestation of this value – the adj. ^†ʔaǧwaqᵘ ʻwry-mouthed’ – is from a very late date (845 CE) and given also the doubtfulness of the Gz parallel, one should not exclude the possibility of a development *ʻtroop, group > to call together a group, muster a crowd; to cry at s.o. > to have a wry mouth (like s.o. crying at a group/troop to make them assemble)’. But this is highly speculative.
▪ …

–

►mudīr al-ǧawq, n., conductor, bandleader, choir leader
►ǧawqaẗ al-šaraf, n.f., Legion of Honor.

For other values of the root, now obsolete, cf. root entry ↗√ǦWQ.

ǦWL جول

√

“root”

.

▪ …

.

ǦWHR جوهر

√ǦWHR

“root”

▪ ǦWHR_1 ‘essence, substance, matter; jewel’ ↗ǧawhar
▪ ǦWHR_2 ‘…’ ↗…

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

ǧawhar جَوْهَر

√ǦWHR

n.

1 intrinsic, essential nature, essence; 2a content, substance (as opposed to form; philos.); b matter, substance; 3 atom; 4 jewel, gem; pl. jewelry – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

ǦYʔ جيئ

√ǦYʔ

“root”

▪ ǦYʔ_1 ‘to come’ ↗ǧāʔa
▪ ǦYʔ_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to come, to arrive, to reach, to get, to bring; large ditch for collecting rain’

▪ ….
▪ From Hbr root *√GYʔ, assumed root of Hbr gayʔ ‘valley’ – Huehnergard2011.
▪ …

–

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #GYʔ-1 Ar ǧāʔa ‘venir’. -2 Akk gāʔu ‘vomir, cracher’.
▪ …
▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

ǧāʔ‑ / ǧiʔ‑ جاء

√ǦYʔ

vb., I

1a to come (to); b to get (to), reach (a place); c to arrive; 2a to bring (bi- s.th.); b to bring forth, produce (bi- s.th.); c to set forth (bi- s.th.); 3a to do, perform; b to commit, perpetrate (s.th.); 4 to occur, be mentioned, be said (fī in an article, document or book); 5 (with foll. imperf.) to be about or set out to do s.th. – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ DRS 2 (1994) #GYʔ-1 Ar ǧāʔa ‘venir’.
▪ …
▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

ǦYD جيد

√ǦYD

“root”

▪ ǦYD_1 ‘neck’ ↗ǧīd
▪ ǦYD_2 ‘good, excellent; generous, copious’ ↗ǧāda (↗ǦWD)
▪ ǦYD_3 ‘racing horse’ ↗ǧāda (↗ǦWD)

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘neck, long beautiful neck, to have a long beautiful neck’

Only ǧīd ‘neck’ has the root ǦYD. All other items actually belong to ǦWD ‘good, excellent’.

↗ǧīd

–

ǧīd جيد , pl. ʔaǧyād , ǧuyūd

√ǦYD

n.

neck – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Kogan2011: prob. related (with a meaning shift) to protSem *gīd‑ ‘nerve, tendon, sinew’.
▪ The Sem form goes perhaps back, via contraction (*gīd‑ < *giy˅d‑), to AfrAs *giyad‑ / *giHad‑.

▪ …

▪ DRS 2 (1994)#GYD: Akk gīd‑ ‘tendon, muscle de l’animal’, Ug *gd, Hbr gīd, JP Syr gᵉyādā, Mand giada ‘nerf, tendon’, nWAram gyoḏa ‘artère’; Syr gyādānā ‘nerveux, musculeux’, Mand gaiid ‘atteindre’, Soq žīd, Śḥr giyod ‘nerf’.⁴⁸
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#924: Akk gīdu ‘tendon; muscle’, Hbr gīd, Aram gᵉyādā ‘tendon; nerve’, Ar jīd ‘neck’, Soq žid ‘nerve’. – Outside Sem there are forms like ngiḍo, ngirya ‘neck’ in some WCh languages, as well as gaaḍya, geer, ger‑, get-im, gere ‘neck’ in ECh. Perhaps is also Som gaaddo ‘breast’ related.
▪ Kogan2011: Akk gīdu, Ug gd, Hbr gīd, Syr gyādā, Jib z˜éd, Soq žid.

48. The authors also mention Gz gayd, gāyd ‘rapide (cheval)’, Te gedä ‘se presser’, gäyyädä ‘marcher vite’. But these seem to be close to Ar ǧawād, pl. ǧiyād, ʔaǧwād ‘racing horse’ and may therefore rather belong to ↗ǦWD or, as the authors themselves suggest, ↗ʔǦD.

▪ DRS 2 (1994) reconstructs Sem *gīd‑ ‘nerf, tendon’.
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#924 reconstruct Sem *gīd‑ ‘tendon; muscle; nerve; neck’, WCh *n˅-giḍ‑ < *n˅-giH˅d‑ (prefix!) ‘neck’, ECh *giHad‑ ‘neck’ (Som gaaddo, if cognate, from LEC *gaHad‑ ‘breast’), all from AfrAs *giHad‑ / *giyad‑ ‘neck’. Sem *gīd‑ would be a contraction of *giy˅d‑ from the AfrAs *giyad‑. – The authors do not explain why they reduce the meaning of the AfrAs ancestor to ‘neck’ only (probably on account of the WCh and ECh evidence); however, they add that »[t]he semantic variety of Sem makes the whole comparison dubious«.
▪ Kogan2011 reconstructs Sem *gīd‑ ‘tendon, sinew’ and thinks that the value ‘neck’ in Ar is the result of a meaning shift.

–

ǦYR جير

√ǦYR

“root”

▪ ǦYR_1 ‘lime’ ↗¹ǧīr
▪ ǦYR_2 ‘surely, truly, verily (adv.)’ ↗ǧayri
▪ ǦYR_3 ‘gear’ ↗ (EgAr) ²gīr
▪ ǦYR_4 ‘neighbourhood’ : ǧīraẗ ↗ǧār (√ǦWR)
▪ ǦYR_5 ‘endorsement (fin.)’ ↗ǧīrū

▪ Out of the 4 values DRS registers for Sem GYR, only the first two are represented in Ar (corresponding to ǦYR_1 and ǦYR_2). The first has perh. entered Ar via Aram, while the second prob. has gone the other way, from Ar to Aram. ǦYR_3 and ǦYR_5 are loan words from Engl and It, respectively, while ǦYR_4 actually belongs to ǦWR.

–

▪ DRS 2 (1994)#GYR-1 Hbr gīr, BiblAram JudPal gīrā, Ar ǧīr ‘chaux’, SAr gyr ‘chaux’; ‘crépir’; Gz gayyara ‘enduire de chaux’. -2 Syr gēr, Ar ǧayri, ǧayriⁿ ‘assurément, certainement’. -3 JudPal gīr, gīrā, girᵉrā, Syr gērā ‘flèche, lance, projectile’. -4 PehlAram gyry ‘myrte’.

▪ ǦYR_1 ǧīr ‘lime’ : prob. from Aram gīrā ‘id.’, perh. akin to Akk kīru (kēru) ‘kiln (for lime and bitumen’. For details cf. ↗ǧīr.
▪ ǦYR_2 ǧayri ‘surely, truly, verily (adv.)’ : etymology obscure.
▪ ǦYR_3 EgAr gīr ‘gear’ : < Engl gear.
▪ ǦYR_4 ǧīraẗ ‘neighbourhood’ : < *ǧiwraẗ (√ǦWR), akin to ↗ǧār ‘neighbour, protected stranger’.
▪ ǦYR_5 ǧīrū ‘endorsement (fin.)’ : < It giro . For details cf. ↗ǧīrū.

–

¹ǧīr جِير

√ǦYR

n.

lime – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Perh. from Aram gīrā ‘lime’. – In contrast, Fraenkel mentions the traditional attribution to ^†ǧāra ‘to come to the boil, boil briskly’ as well as Pers gil ‘clay, mud’ as another option without confirming any of them. Klein is sure that Ar ǧīr is from Aram gīrā and that »[a]ll these words« go back to Akk kīru ‘chalkstone’ < Sum gir ‘id.’. However, these Akk and Sum words actually mean ‘kiln’ rather than ‘lime’ or ‘chalkstone’, and others (like already Zimmern1914) are much more reluctant to accept such an etymology; it is not found in DRS, nor with Dolgopolsky.

▪ …

▪ DRS 2 (1994)#GYR-1: Hbr gīr, BiblAram JudPal gīrā, Ar ǧīr ‘chaux’, SAr gyr ‘chaux’; ‘crépir’; Gz gayyara ‘enduire de chaux’
▪ Klein1987: Hbr gīr ‘lime; (nHbr) chalk’, BiblAram gīrā ‘plaster’, JudAram gīrā ‘lime’, Syr gīrā ‘birdlime’, SAr gyr ‘lime’, Te gerger ‘chalkstone’.

▪ Fraenkel1886 mentions that Ar ǧayyār and ǧīr traditionally are derived from ^†ǧāra ‘aufkochen, aufwallen’ (to come to the boil, boil briskly), »where prob. also GRR ‘to excite’ belongs«. Furthermore, he mentions Pers gil ‘clay, mud’ as another possibility but is eager to add that he would not want to decide whether or not the word might be related to it.
▪ Klein1987 (s.v. Hbr gîr) is convinced that »[a]ll these words [those he gives as cognates] are ultimately borrowed from Akk kīru ‘chalkstone’,³⁴ which itself is a loan word from Sum gir (of same meaning)«.³⁵ . In contrast, Zimmern1914 formulated more cautiously: Given that Akk kīru ‘oven’ (cf. Ar ↗Ar kūr, kīr) was particularly used as the shipper’s kiln, it might not be impossible (»wäre es nicht unmöglich«) that it was at the origin of Syr JudAram qīrā ‘asphalt, bitumen’ (whence Ar ↗qīr, ↗qār ‘tar, pitch’), and »then probably [!] also« Aram gīr, gīrā ‘lime’ (which »probably« [!] gave lHbr gîr, Ar ǧayyār, ǧīr, SAr gyr ‘lime’, as well as Gz gayyara ‘to limewash’).

34. CAD has kīru (kēru) ‘kiln (for lime and bitumen)’. 35. Halloran3.0: gir₄, kir₁₃ ‘kiln (for lime and bitumen); oven’.

–

► ǧīrī, adj., calcareous, lime (adj.): nsb-formation.
► ǧayyār, n., unslaked lime: looks as if it were formed from ǧīr after a FaʕʕāL pattern, but is actually an independent loan, prob. from the same or a similar Aram source as ǧīr.
► ǧayyāraẗ, n.f., limekiln: quasi-PA f., from ǧīr after the FaʕʕāLaẗ pattern.

²gīr جِير

√ǦYR

n.

(EgAr) gear.

▪ From Engl gear (in the mod. sense of ‘parts by which a motor communicates motion’).

▪ not earlier than 1890 s.

–

▪ The Engl word from which the EgAr gīr is taken is attested from c. 1200 and meant originally ‘fighting equipment, armor and weapons’. It is »prob. from oNo gørvi (pl. gørvar) ‘apparel, gear’, related to görr, gørr, gerr ‘skilled, accomplished; ready, willing’, and to gøra, gørva ‘to make, construct, build; set in order, prepare’, a very frequent vb. in oNo, used in a wide range of situations from writing a book to dressing meat. This is from protGerm *garwjan ‘to make, prepare, equip’ (source also of oEngl gearwe ‘clothing, equipment, ornament’, which may be the source of some uses; oSax garwei; Du gaar ‘done, dressed’; oHGe garo ‘ready, prepared, complete’, garawi ‘clothing, dress’, garawen ‘to make ready’; Ge gerben ‘to tan’). – From eC14 as ‘wearing apparel, clothes, dress’, also ‘harness of a draught animal; equipment of a riding horse.’ From lC14 as ‘equipment generally; tools, utensils’, especially the necessary equipment for a certain activity, as the rigging of a sailing ship. Meaning ‘toothed wheel in machinery’ first attested 1520 s; specific mechanical sense of ‘parts by which a motor communicates motion’ is from 1814; specifically of a vehicle (bicycle, automobile, etc.) by 1888. Slang for ‘male sex organs’ from 1670 s« – EtymOnline.

–

ǧayri جَيْرِ

√ǦYR

adv.

surely, truly, verily – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Of unknown etymology.

▪ …

▪ DRS 2 (1994)#GYR-2: Syr gēr, Ar ǧayri, ǧayriⁿ ‘assurément, certainement’.

▪ DRS 2 (1994)#GYR-2 holds that the Aram (Syr) is from Ar. Thus, the Ar adv. remains without any real cognate at all.

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ǧīrū جِيرو

√ǦYR

n.

endorsement (fin.) – WehrCowan1979.

From It giro ‘tour, turn, circulation’.

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▪ Rolland2014a: < It giro < Lat gyrus ‘cercle, rond, circuit; volte’, from Grk gŷros ‘rond, cercle’, par les dresseurs de chevaux.

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► ǧayyara, vb. II, to endorse (fin.): denom.

ǦYŠ جيش

√ǦYŠ

“root”

▪ ǦYŠ_1 ‘army, troops’ ↗ǧayš
▪ ǦYŠ_2 ‘…’ ↗…

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▪ DRS 2 (1994) #GYŚ-1 nHBr gayis, Talm Syr gaysā ‘troupe, troupe de brigands’; Talm gayyāsā, Mnd gaisa ‘voleur’; Ar ǧayš, SAr gyś ‘troupe, armée’. -2 Gz geša, gesa ‘partir au matin, faire qc au matin’, gešam, gesam, Te gesäm, Har gīš ‘demain, le lendemain’; Te gesa ‘voyager’; Tña gäsgäsa ‘partir le matin, précipitamment’; Amh gäsäggäsä ‘voyager rapidement’. -3 Akk gāšu ‘aller, venir, courir rapidement, tourbillonner’, gūšt- ‘danse tourbillonnante?’; Ar ǧāša ‘s’agiter, être agité; être en ébullition, en fureur (mer, fleuve)’.
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ǧayš جَيْش

√ǦYŠ

n.

army, troops, armed forces – WehrCowan1979.

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▪ DRS 2 (1994) #GYŚ-1 nHBr gayis, Talm Syr gaysā ‘troupe, troupe de brigands’; Talm gayyāsā, Mnd gaisa ‘voleur’; Ar ǧayš, SAr gyś ‘troupe, armée’.
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ǦYF جيف

√ǦYF

“root”

▪ ǦYF_1 ‘corpse, cadaver; to stink’ ↗ǧīfaẗ
▪ For other values cf. ↗ǦWF.

▪ DRS regards the value ‘corpse, cadaver’ as the result of a development ‘hollow, cavity’ (↗ǧawf, ǦWF) > ‘interior of the body, body’ > ‘dead body, corpse’ and accordingly groups it under GWP, cf. ↗ǧawf, ↗ǧīfaẗ.

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ǧīfaẗ جِيفة , pl. ǧiyaf , ʔaǧyāf

√ǦYF

n.f.

corpse, cadaver – WehrCowan1979.

▪ According to DRS, the notion of ‘corpse, cadaver’ is secondary, the primary meaning of the root being ‘hollow, cavity’ (hence ‘interior of the body, body’ > ‘dead body, corpse’).
▪ Dolgopolsky2002#650 assumes a WSem *gīp‑ ~ *gūp‑ ‘body’, but also WSem *gawp‑ ‘hollow’ (< Sem *GWP ‘hollow; to be empty’), to which the former is related, see ↗ǦWF, ↗ǧawf.

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▪ DRS 2 (1994) regards the value ‘corpse, cadaver’ as the result of a development ‘hollow, cavity’ > ‘interior of the body, body’ > ‘dead body, corpse’⁴⁹ and accordingly groups it as follows: #GWP-1 Hbr *gūpā ‘cadavre’, *gap dans be -gappō ‘avec son corps = seul’; nHbr gūp, EmpAram gp, Ḥat gwph ‘dépouille (?)’, JP gūpā ‘corps, personne’, Ar ǧawf ‘creux, ventre, poitrine, entraille, cœur’, ǧīfaẗ ‘cadavre’; Te gof ‘intérieur du corps, cœur, âme’.⁵⁰
▪ Dolgopolsky2002#650: Nostr *gæ˹ʔ˺Up˅ ‘body’ > AfrAs: WSem *gūp- ~ *gīp- ‘body’ BiblHbr *gūp̄āh ‘corpse’ (st.constr. gūp̄aṯ, pl. gūp̄ōṯ), JA mHbr gūp̄ ‘body’ (JA kem. gūp̄ā), JEA gūp̄ā ‘body, self’, Htr gwp ‘person’ (or ‘corpse, dead body’), Ar ǧīf-at- ‘corpse’, Jib C mgɔffɔt, Jib E mɜgɜfɔt ‘corpse, carcass’ (all connect the root with WS *gawp- ‘hollow’. – Outside Sem: [Turk] oTu k|gövdöŋ (NişanyanSözlük_17Mar2015 kövtöŋ), Tkm göwde ‘corpse, torso, trunk of a body’, Uz gavda ‘id.’, Tu gövde ‘trunk of a body\tree’.

49. »La notion de base est celle de ‘creux’ d’où ‘intérieur du corps, corps’.« 50. Hbr < Aram; Te < Ar.

▪ Dolgopolsky2002#650 reconstructs WSem *gīp- ~ *gūp- ‘body’ (connected with WSem *gawp- ‘hollow’, cf. Ar ↗ǧawf) and, outside Sem, Turk *k˺|k_æbdæ(ŋ) ‘body, trunk of a body, corpse’ < Alt *k˺æp˹a˺- ‘body, trunk of a body’. For both, the author assumes an origin in Nostr *gæ˹ʔ˺Up˅ ‘body’.

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► ǧāfa i, vb. I, ǧawwafa, vb. II, and taǧawwafa, vb. V, to be putrid, stink (decaying cadaver) : denom.

ǦYL جيل

√ǦYL

“root”

▪ ǦYL_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ ǦYL_2 ‘…’ ↗…

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▪ From WSem *√GYL ‘to rejoice’ – Huehnergard2011.
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▪ DRS 2 (1994) #GW/YL-1 nHbr Aram gwl ‘faire le cercle, rouler’; Ar ǧāla ‘tourner, faire un cercle’, ǧāl ‘parapets d’un puits’, maǧāl ‘cercle, arène’, ǧūl, ǧawīl ‘poussière soulevée en tourbillons’; SAr gwl ‘propriété; année’; Gz Te gol ‘étable’; Amh gäwäl alä ‘tourner, se mouvoir lourdement’; Syr gāl ‘bouillonner’, ʔagīl ‘écarter’; nSyr ǧāil ‘faire un tour, une promenade; chercher’; Te golälä ‘séparer’; Tña gʷälälä ‘tamiser’; nHbr gīl ‘former un cercle, se rassembler’; Ar ǧīl ‘troupe d’hommes; tribu; âge d’homme, génération’; Ug *gyl ‘se réjouir’; Hbr *gāl ‘exulter, sauter de joie’; ? Te gola ‘chanter et danser’; Te Tña goyla: danse. -?2 Ar ǧulaẗ ‘champ’; SAr gwl, Gz gʷəlt ‘terre concédée en usufruit’. -3 nHbr gāwīl ‘pierre non taillée’. -4 Ug gwl ‘parler (?)’. -5 Soq g(y)ōle, g(y)ʕole, Mhr ǧōlū, Śḥr géle ‘maladie’, gíli ‘être malade’; Te guyul ‘être pris d’une maladie durable’.
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ǧīl جِيل

√ǦYL

n.

1 people, nation, tribe; 2 generation; 3a century; b epoch, era – WehrCowan1979.

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▪ DRS 2 (1994) #GW/YL-1 nHbr Aram gwl ‘faire le cercle, rouler’; Ar ǧāla ‘tourner, faire un cercle’, ǧāl ‘parapets d’un puits’, maǧāl ‘cercle, arène’, ǧūl, ǧawīl ‘poussière soulevée en tourbillons’; SAr gwl ‘propriété; année’; Gz Te gol ‘étable’; Amh gäwäl alä ‘tourner, se mouvoir lourdement’; Syr gāl ‘bouillonner’, ʔagīl ‘écarter’; nSyr ǧāil ‘faire un tour, une promenade; chercher’; Te golälä ‘séparer’; Tña gʷälälä ‘tamiser’; nHbr gīl ‘former un cercle, se rassembler’; Ar ǧīl ‘troupe d’hommes; tribu; âge d’homme, génération’; Ug *gyl ‘se réjouir’; Hbr *gāl ‘exulter, sauter de joie’; ? Te gola ‘chanter et danser’; Te Tña goyla: danse. -?2 Ar ǧulaẗ ‘champ’; SAr gwl, Gz gʷəlt ‘terre concédée en usufruit’.
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