Bibliotheca Polyglotta

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘mountain; to form, to shape, to create with a firm natural disposition; intrinsic nature, idiosyncrasy; population, crowd, multitude’

▪ ǦBL_1 : from protWSem *gbl ‘to be massive, solid’ – Kogan2015: 426 n.1223.
▪ ǦBL_2 : prob. related to ǦBL_1, though dealt with as distinct value in DRS.
▪ According to Ehret1995#262, the value ‘numerous’ (as in ǧabl ‘numerous’) is the result of an extension in an “adjective suffix” *-l from a 2-cons. “pre-Proto-Semitic” root *GB ‘great’, from AfrAs *gâb- ‘great (esp. in size and number)’. Other 3-cons. extensions from the same pre-protSem root include ↗ǦBǦ (vn. ǧabǧ) ‘to recover and regain strength’ and ↗√ǦBR (adj. ↗ǧabbār) ‘strong, powerful’.
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▪ ǦBL_1 : Hbr gābal, Aram gᵊbal ‘to knead’, Syr gᵊbal ‘to form, mould; to mix, make up (medicine); gᵊbīltā ‘that which is formed or moulded, formation, creation; a mass (of dough or clay)’, SAr gbl ‘tribus’ (?), Ar ǧibill(aẗ) ‘a crowd, multitude’ (Zammit2002)
▪ ǦBL_2 : Akk gablu ‘Hügel’, Ug gbl ‘Berg, Fels’, Hbr gᵊbūl ‘border, boundary, territory’, Phoen gbl ‘boundary; territory with boundary’, Aram gbwl ‘territory, border, district’, SAr gblt ‘(hill) country; territory, district; cultivated land (surrounding village or dwelling)’, Ar ǧabal ‘mountain’ (Zammit2002)
▪ ǦBL_2 : Ar ǧabala ‘formen, bilden, schaffen | mix water with clay’, Kǝndērīb ǧǝbbālǝt ṭīn ‘Lehmmörtel’ (O. Jastrow 2005: 29), AlepAr ǧabal ‘délayer avec de l’eau (du plâtre, du mortier); pétrir’ (Barthélemy 1935–69: 102), ʕAqra yǝǧbǝl ‘anrühren’ (O. Jastrow 1990: 331), PalAr ǧabal ‘Mörtel anmachen, bereiten’; ǧabbāl ‘Mörtelzurichter’; maǧbal ‘Mörtelplatz’ (Bauer 1957: 210; Dalman VII 45). | Outside Sem, the author compares Eg (MK) dbn (<*dbl < *ǧbl) ‘builder’s mortar | etwas das Maurer und Töpfer gebrauchen’ (Faulkner 1962: 311; Wb V 438); dbn n jqdw ‘Ton des Töpfers; Dung des Maurers (zum Bau des Hauses)’ (Hannig 1995: 975) -- Borg2021 #86 ǧ-b-l.
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▪ ǦBL_1/2 : Kogan2015 426 n.1223 : The value ‘territory, border’ (oAram Hbr Phoen) has no obvious cognates outside Can, except perh. for Sab gblt ‘cultivated land surrounding village or dwelling’. Comparison with Ar ǧabal ‘mountain’, widely accepted in Semitological literature, must remain hypothetical because of the semantic difference (cf. DRS where ‘mountain’ and ‘border’ are carefully separated). If it is nevertheless accepted, one cannot exclude an eventual connection with protWSem *gbl ‘to be massive, solid’
▪ ad ǦBL_2 : Ug gbl ‘summit, mount’ is a hapax legomenon; translation as ‘mountain’ possible, but hardly compelling (alternatively, Renfroe1992 suggested ‘Byblos’; tentatively accepted in Parker1997) – Kogan2015: 325 #7. – oAram gbl ‘territory, border’: identical with Hbr gəbūl, Phoen gbl; in later Aram dialects replaced by təḥūmā, presumably borrowed from Akk taḫūmu; JudPalAram gbwl is almost certainly a Hebraism – Kogan2015: 426 #4.

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▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl javelina ↗ǧabal.

ǧabal- جَبَلَ , u, i (ǧabl)

√ǦBL

vb., I

1 to mold, form, shape, fashion (s.th.); 2 to knead (s.th.); 3 to create (ʕalà s.o. with a natural disposition or propensity for); 4 pass. ǧubila ʕalà to be born for, be naturally disposed to, have a propensity for – WehrCowan1976

▪ from protWSem *gbl ‘to be massive, solid’ – Kogan2015: 426 n.1223.
▪ Cf. also ↗ǧabal ‘mountain’ (?)
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▪ DRS 2 (1994) #GBL-1 nHbr gābal ‘pétrir, délayer’; ChrPal gbl, Talm Syr gᵊbal ‘coaguler; former, façonner, créer’; Talm gublā, gᵊbīlā ‘pâte’; Syr gᵊbīlāttā ‘masse; image; création’; Mnd gbal ‘prendre forme, être formé’; nSyr gāwil ‘former, façonner; mélanger’; (Aysor) gʸävil ‘mélanger’, gʸämbil ‘tournoyer’; Ar ǧabala ‘former, créer; mêler de la terre avec de l’eau, de la chaux, du sable’. – Palm gbl ‘collectivité, peuple’; nSyr ǧablā ‘troupe, troupeau’; Ar ǧabl ‘foule, multitude (d’hommes)’, ǧibl ‘nombreux’; Liḥ gbl ‘rassemblement (de gens)’; Te gäbbälä ‘rassembler du butin’, təgäbbälä ‘être rassemblé, entassé; être noble, honoré’, gäbil(ät) ‘tribu (étrangère); population’; ? Amh gubl ‘enfant’. -2-6 […].
▪ Zammit2002: Hbr gābal, Aram gᵊbal ‘to knead’, Syr gᵊbal ‘to form, mould; to mix, make up (medicine); gᵊbīltā ‘that which is formed or moulded, formation, creation; a mass (of dough or clay)’, SAr gbl ‘tribus’ (?), Ar ǧibill(aẗ) ‘a crowd, multitude’
▪ Kogan2015 426 n.1223 : Syr gbal ‘coagulavit; finxit, formavit’, Ar ǧbl ‘to create’, ǧabl ‘big, thick, coarse’, ǧibill ‘a great company of men’, Te gäbbälä ‘to gather booty’.
▪ Borg2021 #86 ǧ-b-l: Ar ǧabala ‘formen, bilden, schaffen | mix water with clay’, Kǝndērīb ǧǝbbālǝt ṭīn ‘Lehmmörtel’ (O. Jastrow 2005: 29), AlepAr ǧabal ‘délayer avec de l’eau (du plâtre, du mortier); pétrir’ (Barthélemy 1935–69: 102), ʕAqra yǝǧbǝl ‘anrühren’ (O. Jastrow 1990: 331), PalAr ǧabal ‘Mörtel anmachen, bereiten’; ǧabbāl ‘Mörtelzurichter’; maǧbal ‘Mörtelplatz’ (Bauer 1957: 210; Dalman VII 45). | Outside Sem, the author compares Eg (MK) dbn (<*dbl < *ǧbl) ‘builder’s mortar | etwas das Maurer und Töpfer gebrauchen’ (Faulkner 1962: 311; Wb V 438); dbn n jqdw ‘Ton des Töpfers; Dung des Maurers (zum Bau des Hauses)’ (Hannig 1995: 975).
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►ǧiblaẗ, var. ǧibillaẗ, pl. -āt, n.f., natural disposition, nature, temper

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗ǧabal as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√ǦBL.

ǧabal جَبَل , pl. ǧibāl, ʔaǧbāl

√ǦBL

1a mountain; b mountains, mountain range – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Etymology obscure, but perh. based on protWSem *gbl ‘to be massive, solid’ (see ↗ǧabala) – Kogan2015 426 n.1223.
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▪ DRS 2 (1994) #GBL-1-2 […]. -3 Ar ǧabal ‘montagne’, ǧubulaẗ ‘bosse’; SAr gblt ‘région montagneuse’; nSyr ǧabāl ‘montagne; forêt naturelle; lit de roseaux’. -?4 Hbr gᵊbūl, gᵊbūlā ‘frontière’, gōbel ‘lisière de champ’; Phoen gbl, Pun gubulim (?); oYaAram gbl ‘frontière’, ‘territoire’. -?5 Te gobal ‘côté’. -6-7 […].
▪ Zammit2002: Akk gablu ‘Hügel’, Ug gbl ‘Berg, Fels’, Hbr gᵊbūl ‘border, boundary, territory’, Phoen gbl ‘boundary; territory with boundary’, Aram gbwl ‘territory, border, district’, SAr gblt ‘(hill) country; territory, district; cultivated land (surrounding village or dwelling)’, Ar ǧabal ‘mountain’
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▪ Kogan2011 : There is no common Sem designation of ‘mountain’. Ar ǧabal is etymologically obscure (cf., however, Huehnergard2011: From CSem *√GBL, appearing in various n.s denoting ‘border,’ ‘frontier,’ ‘mountain’). At the same time, a few common terms for landscape elevations can be detected, e.g, protSem *k˅rm‑ ‘hill, mound’ > protCSem *karm- ‘vineyard’ > Ar karm.
▪ Kogan2015 426 n.1223 : The value ‘territory, border’ (oAram Hbr Phoen) has no obvious cognates outside Can, except perh. Sab gblt ‘cultivated land surrounding village or dwelling’. Comparison with Ar ǧabal ‘mountain’, widely accepted in Semitological literature, must remain hypothetical because of the semantic difference (cf. DRS where ‘mountain’ and ‘border’ are carefully separated). If it is nevertheless accepted, one cannot exclude an eventual connection with protWSem *gbl ‘to be massive, solid’.
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▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl javelina, from Ar (ḫinzīr) ǧabalī ‘mountain (swine)’, from ǧabal ‘mountain’.

►ǧibāl al-ʔalb, n. pl., the Alps;
►ǧibāl al-ʔawrās, n. pl., the Awes Mountains (in E Algeria);
►ǧabal ǧalīd, n., iceberg;
►ǧabal Sīnā, n., Mount Sinai;
►ǧabal Ṭāriq, n., Gibraltar;
►ǧabal nār, n., volcano

►ǧabalī, 1 adj., a mountainous, hilly; b mountain (adj.); c montane; 2 n., pl. -ūn, highlander, mountaineer: nsb-formation
►EgAr ǧabalāwī, n., highlander, mountaineer: extended nsb-formation
►EgAr ǧabalāyaẗ, pl. -āt, n.f., grotto, cave

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗ǧabala as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√ǦBL.

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