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Etymological Dictionary of Arabic
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ǦHD جهد 
ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ǦHD 
“root” 
▪ ǦHD_1 ‘to fight’ ↗ǧahada, ‘fight, battle; jihad’ ↗ǧihād, ‘effort, pains; industry, diligence; independent judgment’ ↗ĭǧtihād, ‘freedom fighter’ ↗muǧāhid, ‘…’ ↗…
▪ ǦHD_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘barren land, desert land; hardship, strive, to tire o.s., to exert o.s.; ability, capacity, exertion; to become emaciated, to squander one’s wealth’ 
▪ Huehnergard2011: Ar root √ǦHD ‘to strive’.
 
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▪ DRS 2 (1994) #GHD-1 Ar ǧahada ‘s’appliquer avec zèle’, ǧāhada ‘combattre’, ǧahida ‘être pénible, dur’; ? Gz gāhd, gahād ‘jeûne de l’Epiphanie et de Noël’. – nSyr ǧāid ‘faire effort’. -2 Ar ʔaǧhada ‘apparaître, se montrer’; Gz gahada ‘être manifeste, public’; Te gähad ‘ouvert, manifeste’; Tña gähadä ‘être clair, ouvert’; Amh ba-gähad ‘clairement’. -3 Ar ǧahād: fruit de l’arak.
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▪ Engl jihad ↗ǧihād; mujahid ↗muǧāhid. 
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ǧihād جِهاد 
ID 175 • Sw – • BP 1443 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ǦHD 
n. 
1 fight, battle; 2 jihad, holy war (against the infidels, as a religious duty) – WehrCowan1979. 
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▪ DRS 2 (1994) #GHD-1 Ar ǧahada ‘s’appliquer avec zèle’, ǧāhada ‘combattre’, ǧahida ‘être pénible, dur’; ? Gz gāhd, gahād ‘jeûne de l’Epiphanie et de Noël’. – nSyr ǧāid ‘faire effort’.
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▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl jihad, from Ar ǧihād ‘battle, holy war’, from ǧahada, vb. I, ‘to strive’ (sense prob. influenced by L-stem ǧāhada ‘to fight’). 
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ĭǧtihād اِجْتِهاد 
ID 174 • Sw – • NahḍCon • BP 4724 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ǦHD 
n. 
1a effort, exertion, endeavor, pains, trouble; b application, industry, diligence; 2a (Isl. Law) independent judgment in a legal or theological question, based on the interpretation and application of the four ʔuṣūl, as opposed to taqlīd, q.v.; b individual judgment – WehrCowan1979. 
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▪ ↗ǧihād.
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muǧāhid مُجاهِد 
ID 176 • Sw – • BP 2039 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ǦHD 
¹adj.; ²n. 
1a fighter, freedom fighter; b warrior; c sergeant (Eg 1939) – WehrCowan1979. 
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▪ ↗ǧihād.
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▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl jihad, from Ar ↗ǧihād. 
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