Bibliotheca Polyglotta

▪ ǦWD_1 ‘(to be) excellent, generous; racing horse; heavy rain; art of Qur’an recitation’ ↗ǧāda
▪ ǦWD_2 ^†‘to be warm; flame, passion, thurst; to consume, destroy, kill’
▪ ǦWD_3 ‘water skin, gourd’: only SyrAr.

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘horses, to seek a horse; generosity, generous person; goodness, excellence, nobility; rain-laden clouds’

Of the three basic values listed in DRS, only ǦWD_1 seems to have survived into MSA. This latter value, however, shows quite a variety of diversifications and specialisations, such as ‘to be good, excellent’, ‘generosity, liberality, openhandedness’, ‘racing horse’, ‘the art of Qur’an recitation’, and ‘heavy rain’, see ↗ǧāda. – In ClassAr, one still finds (Lane ii-1865) the pass. vb. ^†ǧīda, ipfv. yuǧādu ‘to become affected by thirst, be at the point of death or destruction; to become affected, or overcome, or distressed, by drowsiness, or slumber’, ^†ʔaǧāda (vb. IV) ‘to slay, kill’, ^†ǧawdaẗ ‘a single affection with thirst, a thirsting’, ^†ǧuwād ‘thirst; drowsiness, slumber’, belonging to ǦWD_2.

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▪ See below, section DISC.
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▪ DRS 2: 105-6 distinguishes three items where Ar is involved: (1) Ar ǧāda ‘être excellent, généreux’; ǧawād‑; SAr gwd ‘cheval de course’; Mhr gid ‘bon, habile’. Syr gᵉwād ‘cheval noble’ is believed to be from Ar ǧawād. »Faut-il rapprocher Tna gado and Te Amh gud ‘merveilleux’? En Amh le sens est souvent péjoratif: ‘monstreux’.« – (2) Syr gād ‘être chaud’, Ar ǧāda ‘consumer, épuiser qn.’, ǧūd ‘flamme, passion, soif’. – (3) Akk gūd‑, nHbr god, JP gōdā, Syr gawdā ‘outre’; Mand guda ‘sac de cuir, bourse'; SyrAr ǧūd ‘utricule, gourde’.
▪ Leslau 1987 relates Gz gāyada ‘be quick (horse), be fast, be nimble’ and gayyəd, gāyəd ‘fast (horse), quick, nimble’ to Ar ^†‘be swift (horse)’, Ḥrs ged (gyd) ‘good, fine’, SAr gwd ‘swift’.

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ǧād‑ , ǧud‑ جاد , ū (ǧūdaẗ)

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ǦWD

vb., I

1a to be or become good, become better, improve; ^†b to be swift (horse) – 2a (jūd) to grant generously (bi‑ s.th.), be so generous as to do s.th.; b to be liberal, openhanded, bestow liberally, grant, give lavishly, shower (ʕalà s.o. bi‑ with); to donate | […] – WehrCowan1979.

Difficult to decide what should be considered as the etymon proper: ‘good, excellent’ or ‘bounteous, copious’. In any case, the basic notion is an abundance, generosity, or excellence in quantity or quality.

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▪ DRS 2 (1994)#GWD-1: Ar ǧāda ‘être excellent, généreux’; ǧawād‑; SAr gwd ‘cheval de course’; Mhr gid ‘bon, habile’.¹

1. Syr gᵉwād ‘cheval noble’ is believed to be from Ar ǧawād. »Faut-il rapprocher Tña gado and Te Amh gud ‘merveilleux’? En Amh le sens est souvent péjoratif: ‘monstreux’.«

Both vn.s ǧūd ‘generosity’ and ǧawd ‘copious rain’ have an abundance, an affluence, a copiousness in common (be it in quantity or in quality) that is identified as s.th. ‘good, excellent’. Hence it is difficult to decide whether the one was prior to the other (in terms of semantic history), and if so, then which one, or both are secondary specialisations of an earlier ‘goodness, excellency’ in general. Both corresponding adjectives, ǧawād ‘generous’ and ǧayyid ‘good, excellent’, seem to be secondary intensive formations (patterns FaʕāL and FayʕaL), so none qualifies as the etymon proper. In any case, ‘generosity’ as an ethical concept builds on ‘giving in abundance, openhandedly’. The meaning ‘race horse’ is probably a specialisation, denoting a horse that unites in itself all the ‘excellent’ qualities needed to compete in a horse race. Similarly, ‘the art of beautifull Qur’an recitation’ is a specialized term applied to ‘excellent performance’ of the holy text.

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► ǧawwada, vb. II, 1 to do well; 2 to make better, improve: denom., from ǧayyid (?); 3 to recite (the Koran): specialisation of meaning, originally *‘to do it [sc. the recitation of the Qur’an] well, correctly, beautifully’.
► ^BP#4443ʔaǧāda, vb. IV, 1a to do well, do excellently; b to master, be skilled, proficient; c to ameliorate; d to accomplish or say good, excellent things; e to achieve excellent results; f to be excellent, outstanding, distinguish o.s. (e.g., as a poet): denom./caus. from ǧayyid (?).
► ĭstaǧāda, vb. X, 1a to think good or excellent, approve of; b to consider suitable for or appropriate: denom. from ǧayyid (?), t-stem of IV.

► ǧūd, n., openhandedness, liberality, generosity: an important cultural concept, see s.v. (↗ǧūd). – Perhaps the etymon proper?
► ǧawd, n., heavy rains: another candidate for the position of the etymon proper.
► ^BP#2378ǧūdaẗ, n.f., (also ǧawdaẗ) goodness, excellence; good quality (of commodities, products):.
► ^BP#488ǧayyid, pl. ǧiyād, adj., good, perfect, faultless; outstanding, excellent, firstrate; good (as an examination degree): explained by some as a fayʕil form, i.e., from *ǧaywid.
► ʔaǧwadᵘ, adj., better: elat.
^BP#5414ǧawād, pl. ʔaǧwād, ʔaǧāwidᵘ, ʔaǧāwīdᵘ, ǧūd, adj., openhanded, liberal, generous, magnanimous: ints. | ĭbn al-ʔaǧwād noble man.
► ǧawād, pl. ǧiyād, ʔaǧyād, ʔaǧāwīdᵘ, n., horse; race horse, racer; charger, steed: nominalization of the preceding, or an item in its own right?
► taǧwīd, n., art of reciting the Koran, Koran reading (in accordance with the established rules of pronunciation and intonation): vn. II. See also s.v. (↗taǧwīd).
► ʔiǧādaẗ, n.f., good, excellent performance or accomplishment, etc.; improvement, amelioration: vn. IV.
► muǧawwid, n., Koran reciter: PA II.
► muǧīd, n., adept, efficient, proficient: PA IV.

For other (obsolete) items see ↗ǦWD.
For ‘neck’ see ↗ǧīd (ǦYD).

ǧūd جود

√ǦWD

openhandedness, liberality, generosity – WehrCowan1979.

▪ For etymology of this old concept that is known already from pre-Islamic times, see ↗ǧāda.
▪ For related items, cf. ↗zakāẗ, saḫāʔ, ṣadaqaẗ, karam

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▪ ↗ǧāda.
▪ …

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Cf. ↗ǧāda.

taǧwīd تجْويد

√ǦWD

art of reciting the Koran, Koran reading (in accordance with established rules of pronunciation and intonation) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ vn. II, from ǧawwada ‘to do well, make good/better, improve; (esp.) to recite the Koran (in a correct and beautiful way)’, D-stem, either from the G-stem ↗ǧāda or denom. from ↗ǧayyid ‘good’.
▪ …

▪ DHDA (as of 16Nov2022): 791 (fī l-ʕadw) ‘quick, fast (walking)’; 815 ‘doing s.th. in a good, beautiful way, improve, master s.th.’; 936 ‘Koran recitation’

▪ ↗ǧāda.
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►

ǧayyid جَيِّد

√ǦWD

adj.

1a good, perfect, faultless; b outstanding, excellent, first rate; c good (as an examination grade) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ From ↗ǧāda (ints. formation?).
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▪ ↗ǧāda.
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↗ǧāda.

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