Bibliotheca Polyglotta

▪ ǦYR_1 ‘lime’ ↗¹ǧīr
▪ ǦYR_2 ‘surely, truly, verily (adv.)’ ↗ǧayri
▪ ǦYR_3 ‘gear’ ↗ (EgAr) ²gīr
▪ ǦYR_4 ‘neighbourhood’ : ǧīraẗ ↗ǧār (√ǦWR)
▪ ǦYR_5 ‘endorsement (fin.)’ ↗ǧīrū

▪ Out of the 4 values DRS registers for Sem GYR, only the first two are represented in Ar (corresponding to ǦYR_1 and ǦYR_2). The first has perh. entered Ar via Aram, while the second prob. has gone the other way, from Ar to Aram. ǦYR_3 and ǦYR_5 are loan words from Engl and It, respectively, while ǦYR_4 actually belongs to ǦWR.

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▪ DRS 2 (1994)#GYR-1 Hbr gīr, BiblAram JudPal gīrā, Ar ǧīr ‘chaux’, SAr gyr ‘chaux’; ‘crépir’; Gz gayyara ‘enduire de chaux’. -2 Syr gēr, Ar ǧayri, ǧayriⁿ ‘assurément, certainement’. -3 JudPal gīr, gīrā, girᵉrā, Syr gērā ‘flèche, lance, projectile’. -4 PehlAram gyry ‘myrte’.

▪ ǦYR_1 ǧīr ‘lime’ : prob. from Aram gīrā ‘id.’, perh. akin to Akk kīru (kēru) ‘kiln (for lime and bitumen’. For details cf. ↗ǧīr.
▪ ǦYR_2 ǧayri ‘surely, truly, verily (adv.)’ : etymology obscure.
▪ ǦYR_3 EgAr gīr ‘gear’ : < Engl gear.
▪ ǦYR_4 ǧīraẗ ‘neighbourhood’ : < *ǧiwraẗ (√ǦWR), akin to ↗ǧār ‘neighbour, protected stranger’.
▪ ǦYR_5 ǧīrū ‘endorsement (fin.)’ : < It giro . For details cf. ↗ǧīrū.

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¹ǧīr جِير

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ǦYR

lime – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Perh. from Aram gīrā ‘lime’. – In contrast, Fraenkel mentions the traditional attribution to ^†ǧāra ‘to come to the boil, boil briskly’ as well as Pers gil ‘clay, mud’ as another option without confirming any of them. Klein is sure that Ar ǧīr is from Aram gīrā and that »[a]ll these words« go back to Akk kīru ‘chalkstone’ < Sum gir ‘id.’. However, these Akk and Sum words actually mean ‘kiln’ rather than ‘lime’ or ‘chalkstone’, and others (like already Zimmern1914) are much more reluctant to accept such an etymology; it is not found in DRS, nor with Dolgopolsky.

▪ …

▪ DRS 2 (1994)#GYR-1: Hbr gīr, BiblAram JudPal gīrā, Ar ǧīr ‘chaux’, SAr gyr ‘chaux’; ‘crépir’; Gz gayyara ‘enduire de chaux’
▪ Klein1987: Hbr gīr ‘lime; (nHbr) chalk’, BiblAram gīrā ‘plaster’, JudAram gīrā ‘lime’, Syr gīrā ‘birdlime’, SAr gyr ‘lime’, Te gerger ‘chalkstone’.

▪ Fraenkel1886 mentions that Ar ǧayyār and ǧīr traditionally are derived from ^†ǧāra ‘aufkochen, aufwallen’ (to come to the boil, boil briskly), »where prob. also GRR ‘to excite’ belongs«. Furthermore, he mentions Pers gil ‘clay, mud’ as another possibility but is eager to add that he would not want to decide whether or not the word might be related to it.
▪ Klein1987 (s.v. Hbr gîr) is convinced that »[a]ll these words [those he gives as cognates] are ultimately borrowed from Akk kīru ‘chalkstone’,¹ which itself is a loan word from Sum gir (of same meaning)«.² . In contrast, Zimmern1914 formulated more cautiously: Given that Akk kīru ‘oven’ (cf. Ar ↗Ar kūr, kīr) was particularly used as the shipper’s kiln, it might not be impossible (»wäre es nicht unmöglich«) that it was at the origin of Syr JudAram qīrā ‘asphalt, bitumen’ (whence Ar ↗qīr, ↗qār ‘tar, pitch’), and »then probably [!] also« Aram gīr, gīrā ‘lime’ (which »probably« [!] gave lHbr gîr, Ar ǧayyār, ǧīr, SAr gyr ‘lime’, as well as Gz gayyara ‘to limewash’).

1. CAD has kīru (kēru) ‘kiln (for lime and bitumen)’. 2. Halloran3.0: gir₄, kir₁₃ ‘kiln (for lime and bitumen); oven’.

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► ǧīrī, adj., calcareous, lime (adj.): nsb-formation.
► ǧayyār, n., unslaked lime: looks as if it were formed from ǧīr after a FaʕʕāL pattern, but is actually an independent loan, prob. from the same or a similar Aram source as ǧīr.
► ǧayyāraẗ, n.f., limekiln: quasi-PA f., from ǧīr after the FaʕʕāLaẗ pattern.

²gīr جِير

√ǦYR

(EgAr) gear.

▪ From Engl gear (in the mod. sense of ‘parts by which a motor communicates motion’).

▪ not earlier than 1890 s.

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▪ The Engl word from which the EgAr gīr is taken is attested from c. 1200 and meant originally ‘fighting equipment, armor and weapons’. It is »prob. from oNo gørvi (pl. gørvar) ‘apparel, gear’, related to görr, gørr, gerr ‘skilled, accomplished; ready, willing’, and to gøra, gørva ‘to make, construct, build; set in order, prepare’, a very frequent vb. in oNo, used in a wide range of situations from writing a book to dressing meat. This is from protGerm *garwjan ‘to make, prepare, equip’ (source also of oEngl gearwe ‘clothing, equipment, ornament’, which may be the source of some uses; oSax garwei; Du gaar ‘done, dressed’; oHGe garo ‘ready, prepared, complete’, garawi ‘clothing, dress’, garawen ‘to make ready’; Ge gerben ‘to tan’). – From eC14 as ‘wearing apparel, clothes, dress’, also ‘harness of a draught animal; equipment of a riding horse.’ From lC14 as ‘equipment generally; tools, utensils’, especially the necessary equipment for a certain activity, as the rigging of a sailing ship. Meaning ‘toothed wheel in machinery’ first attested 1520 s; specific mechanical sense of ‘parts by which a motor communicates motion’ is from 1814; specifically of a vehicle (bicycle, automobile, etc.) by 1888. Slang for ‘male sex organs’ from 1670 s« – EtymOnline.

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ǧayri جَيْرِ

√ǦYR

adv.

surely, truly, verily – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Of unknown etymology.

▪ …

▪ DRS 2 (1994)#GYR-2: Syr gēr, Ar ǧayri, ǧayriⁿ ‘assurément, certainement’.

▪ DRS 2 (1994)#GYR-2 holds that the Aram (Syr) is from Ar. Thus, the Ar adv. remains without any real cognate at all.

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ǧīrū جِيرو

√ǦYR

endorsement (fin.) – WehrCowan1979.

From It giro ‘tour, turn, circulation’.

▪ …

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▪ Rolland2014a: < It giro < Lat gyrus ‘cercle, rond, circuit; volte’, from Grk gŷros ‘rond, cercle’, par les dresseurs de chevaux.

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► ǧayyara, vb. II, to endorse (fin.): denom.

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