Bibliotheca Polyglotta

▪ ḤRː (ḤRR)_1 ‘heat, to burn’ ↗ḥarr
▪ ḤRː (ḤRR)_2 ‘stony area, rocky terrain’ ↗ḥarraẗ
▪ ḤRː (ḤRR)_3 ‘(to be born) free, freedom; nobility; (fig.:) the best of anything; to write elegantly; to dedicate to the service of God’ ↗ḥurr
▪ ḤRː (ḤRR)_4 ‘silk’ ↗ḥarīr

▪ From the seven values attached to the root *ḤRR in Sem (according to DRS), five are represented in ClassAr. Out of these five, four have survived into MSA. The values are all very different so that a relation even between individual values seems unlikely at first sight. However, it has been suggested that ḤRR_2 ‘stony area’ depends on ḤRR_1 ‘heat’ (*‘the burnt area’), and ḤRR_4 ‘silk’ could be derived from ḤRR_3 ‘to be free’ (*‘fabric/tissue free from unevenness’).
▪ With the notion of ‘heat, to burn’ (ḤRR_1), the 3-radical root seems to be based on the 2-rad. sequence *-ḤR- with a similar meaning, which appears also in other 3-rad. roots like ↗ḤRQ or ↗ḤMR.

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▪ DRS 9 (2010)#ḤRR–1 Akk erēru(m) ‘être chaud, brûlant, sec’ [CAD: ‘to become moldy’ (bread, grain)], Ug ḥrr ‘brûler, rôtir’, Hbr ḥārar, JP ḥᵃrar ‘brûler, flamber’, Mand hrr ‘être chaud’, Syr ḥar ‘être sec’, Ar ḥarra ‘être chaud, brûlant’, ḥarr, Liḥ ḥarr, Sab mḥr ‘fièvre’, Jib ḥar ‘chaleur’, Mhr ḥəráwrət, Ḥrs ḥərōrət ‘chaleur, boutons de chaleur; température’, – Mhr ḥəráwrət, Jib ḥɔ́r, ḥárɔ́rt ‘couche de brûlé au fond d’un récipient’, Jib ḥerr ‘gratter le brûlé du fond d’un récipient’, Soq ḥrr ‘être noir’, Gz ḥarara, ḥarra ‘être sec, brûlé par le feu’, Tña ḥarärä ‘brûler (feu), se brûler, être brûlé’, Te har ‘brûler’, härär wäda ‘briller, étinceler’, Har ḥarärä ‘être chaud’, Amh Gur ʔarrärä ¹ ‘être carbonisé’, Te ḥarri ‘maladie du grain’. –2 Ar ḥarraẗ, Qat mḥrr ‘terrain rocheux, terre pierreuse’. –3 *ḥurr‑ ‘né libre’: Hbr *ḥor (pl. ḥorīm) ‘libre, noble’; EmpAram ḥr, JP ḥarā, Syr ḥērā ‘libre’, bar ḥorīn, Nab Palm br ḥry ‘affranchi’, Syr ḥr ‘libre’, Ar ḥurr ‘libre, pur, franc’, SAr ḥr ‘noble, libre’, Mhr ḥarr, Soq ḥor ‘libre’, Gz ḥarrāwī ‘né libre, noble’, Amh hurr, ʔara, ʔarənnät ‘condition de l’homme libre’; ? Gz ḥarā ‘armée, officiers’, ḥarrāwī ‘soldat’, Tña Te ḥara ‘armée, troupe’.² –4 Ar ḥir(r) ‘vulve (de la femme)’.³ –5 Ar ḥarīr, Jib ḥárír, Soq ḥárhir, Gz ḥarīr, Te Tña ḥarir, Te har, Amh harir, har ‘soie’.⁴ –6 Sab Qat Min ḥrt ‘canal d’irrigation, digue’, mḥrt ‘système d’irrigation’, Qat ḥrt ‘aqueduc’. –7 Mhr ḥər, Jib ḥɔhr : abri pour les chevreaux, Mhr ḥər, Jib ḥerr ‘mettre à l’abri (des chevreaux)’.

1. Alongside with Gur arrärä, Leslau EDG gives also Gur ar-ǝn. 2. Note DRS: Selon Leslau CDG 240, le lien de ‘né libre’ avec ‘armée’ est possible mais non certain. – Amh ḥara ‘armée, troupe’ est un emprunt au Gz. Faut-il rapprocher le Te kärayi ‘armée’ ? 3. Aussi ḥir‑ et ḥirat‑, voir sous ḤR. 4. Les formes éthiopiennes sont des emprunts à l’arabe.

▪ The variety of meanings within the root in ClassAr as given by Badawi2008 matches EtymArab ’s assessment very well (numbering as in disambiguation above): [ḤRR_1] ‘heat, thirst, to become hot, to intensify’; [ḤRR_2] ‘volcanic rocky land’; [ḤRR_3] ‘free person, to liberate, to set free; the best of anything; to set right; to dedicate to the service of God’; [ḤRR_4] ‘silk’. The additional meanings under ḤRR_3 (‘the best of anything; to set right; to dedicate to the service of God’) are metaphorical extensions and will be treated under ↗ḥurr.
▪ DRS 9 (2010): »Pour la notion de chaleur, on rapprochera les rac. ḤRR, ḤRQ, et, pour ‘brûler’, les rac. ḤRQ, ḤLQ. Voir les renvois sous -ḤR-.« There we find: »La séquence -ḤR- est, avec des élargissement divers, à la base de plusieurs racines trilitères dont le sens fondamental paraît être celui de ‘être chaud, brûlant, brûler’, une valeur dérivée étant ‘être animé de colère, de haine’ et autres sens équivalents ou apparentés. Les élargissements apparaissent, comme W- initial: WḤR, comme -W final: ḤRW, dans la gémination de la seconde consonne radicale: ḤRR, dans le redoublement de la séquence: ḤRḤR. […] Des valeurs similaires se trouvent dans d’autres racines comportant cette séquence: par exemple ↗ḤRB, ↗ḤRW/Y, ↗ḤRK, […] ↗ḤRḌ, ↗ḤRQ, ↗ḤMR. Voir aussi la remarque sous ↗ḤWR.«
▪ Ǧabal2010-I: 395-6 assumes the basic value of ḤRR to be ḫulūṣ al-šayʔ min al-ġalīẓ allaḏī yaʕrūhu ʔaw yuḫāliṭu ʔaṯnāʔahū (bi-ʔan yaḫruǧa minhā) fa-yaṣfū wa-yanqà. Consequently, in his view, ḥarīr ‘silk’ depends on ḥurr ‘free’ (the fabric/tissue free from unevenness).

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ḥarr حَرّ

ID 197 • Sw 93/– • BP 3237 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ḤRː (ḤRR)

n.; adj.

heat, warmth; adj., warm, hot, spicy – WehrCowan1979.

▪ From Sem *ḤR ‘to burn’ which displays the biradical sequence *-ḤR- (with the same meaning) which seem to form the basis for extensions to some triradical roots with similar/derived values. (See "Discussion" below.)
▪ A relation between ḥarr and other values of Ar √ḤRR (‘stony area’, ‘to be born free’, ‘silk’) seems rather unlikely, cf. ↗ḤRR.

▪ eC7 Q 9:81 wa-qālū lā tanfirū fī ’l-ḥarri qul nāru ǧahannama ʔašaddu ḥarran ‘And they said: Go not forth in the heat! Say: The fire of hell is more intense of heat’ ▪ (heat of the sun, intense heat) 35:21 wa-lā ’l-ẓillu wa-lā ’l-ḥarūru ‘nor is the shadow equal with the sun’s full heat’

▪ DRS 9 (2010)#ḤRR 1. Akk erēru(m) ‘être chaud, brûlant, sec’ [CAD: ‘to become moldy’ (bread, grain)], Ug ḥrr ‘brûler, rôtir’, Hbr ḥārar, JP ḥᵃrar ‘brûler, flamber’, Mand hrr ‘être chaud’, Syr ḥar ‘être sec’, Ar ḥarra ‘être chaud, brûlant’, ḥarr, Liḥ ḥarr, Sab mḥr ‘fièvre’, Jib ḥar ‘chaleur’, Mhr ḥəráwrət, Ḥrs ḥərōrət ‘chaleur, boutons de chaleur; température’, – Mhr ḥəráwrət, Jib ḥɔ́r, ḥárɔ́rt ‘couche de brûlé au fond d’un récipient’, Jib ḥerr ‘gratter le brûlé du fond d’un récipient’, Soq ḥrr ‘être noir’, Gz ḥarara, ḥarra ‘être sec, brûlé par le feu’, Tña ḥarärä ‘brûler (feu), se brûler, être brûlé’, Te har ‘brûler’, härär wäda ‘briller, étinceler’, Har ḥarärä ‘être chaud’, Amh Gur ʔarrärä ‘être carbonisé’, Te ḥarri ‘maladie du grain’. — Outside Sem: Des formes Cush sont signalées par Leslau CDG 243: Bil harär, Af ur ‘brûler’,⁵ Tembaro harrūre, Sid āri, Or aru ‘être carbonisé’, ār ‘être en colère’.
▪ Zammit2002: Akk erēru ‘dürr sein (?)’, Ug ḥrr ‘to scorch; to roast’, Hbr ḥārar ‘to be hot, scorched, burn’ (poet., late), Aram ḥᵃrar ‘to burn, be blackened, charred’, Syr ḥar ‘to burn’, SAr m-ḥr ‘drought (or perh. fever)’, Gz ḥarūr ‘ardor, fervor, aestus’.

5. StarLing (Militarev2005, SahoAfar) relates this rather to Sem *ʔūr‑ ~ *ʔirr ‘fire’ ~ *ʔry ‘to set fire to’ (Hbr ʔūr ‘firelight, fire’, Ar ^†ʔirrat‑ ‘fire’, ʔarra u, ʔry i ‘to light a fire’, ʔawwara ‘to enflame’, Te ʔarwa ‘to flame, to blaze’), with cognates perhaps in Eg ỉr.t (gr) ‘flame’, and a number of Ch and SCush langs. The authors reconstruct AfrAs *ʔu/ir‑ ‘fire, to burn’ and point to entries on AfrAs *war‑ ‘to burn, roast’, *r˅w˅y‑ ‘fire; to burn’, and *ḥr ‘to burn’.

▪ StarLing (Militarev2006)#814 gives cognates almost identical to those in DRS and reconstructs Sem *ḤR ‘to burn’.
▪ DRS 9 (2010): »Pour la notion de chaleur, on rapprochera les rac. ḤRR, ḤRQ, et, pour ‘brûler’, les rac. ḤRQ, ḤLQ. Voir les renvois sous ḤR.« There we find: »La séquence ḤR est, avec des élargissement divers, à la base de plusieurs racines trilitères dont le sens fondamental paraît être celui de ‘être chaud, brûlant, brûler’, une valeur dérivée étant ‘être animé de colère, de haine’ et autres sens équivalents ou apparentés. Les élargissements apparaissent, comme W initial: WḤR, comme W final: ḤRW, dans la gémination de la seconde consonne radicale: ḤRR, dans le redoublement de la séquence: ḤRḤR. […] Des valeurs similaires se trouvent dans d’autres racines comportant cette séquence: par exemple ↗ḤRB, ↗ḤRW/Y, ↗ḤRK, […] ↗ḤRḌ, ↗ḤRQ, ↗ḤMR. Voir aussi la remarque sous ↗ḤWR.«
▪ A relation between ḥarr and other values of √ḤRR (‘stony area’, ‘to be born free’, ‘silk’) seems rather unlikely, cf. ↗ḤRR.

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► ḥarra, u, i (ḥarr, ḥarāraẗ), vb. I, to be hot: impossible to decide wheter the vb. is denom. from ḥarr, or ḥarr is deverbative from ḥarra.
► ĭstaḥarra, vb. X, to become hot, be heated, flare up (quarrel, fight); to be kindled, be ardent or burning (feeling, desire):…

► ^BP#1370ḥarāraẗ, n.f., heat; warmth; fever heat, fever; temperature; ardor, fervor (of emotion), passion; eagerness, enthusiasm, zeal; vehemence, violence, intensity; burning (of the skin): vn. I.
► ḥurayraẗ, pl. ‑āt, n., calorie: neologism, dim.f.
► ^BP#4041ḥarārī, adj, thermal, thermic, thermo-, heat (used attributively); caloric: neolog., nsb-adj from ḥarāraẗ | waḥdaẗ ḥarāriyyaẗ, n., calorie.
► ḥarāriyyaẗ, pl. ‑āt, n., calorie: neolog., f. nsb-adj from ḥarāraẗ.
► ḥarār, pl. ḥarāʔirᵘ, n.f., hot wind:…
► ḥarrānᵘ, f. ḥarrà, pl. ḥirār, ḥarārà, adj., thirsty; passionate, fervent, hot (fig.): ints. | zafraẗ ḥarrà, n., a fervent sigh; dumūʕ ḥarrà, n.pl., hot tears.
► ʔaḥarrᵘ, adj., hotter, warmer: elat. | ʔaḥarr al-tahānī, n., warmest congratulations; ʕalà ʔaḥarr min al-ǧamr, adv., on pins and needles, on tenterhooks, in greatest suspense or excitement.
► miḥarr, n., heating system, heating installation: neolog., n.instr.
► ^BP#2459ḥārr, adj., hot; warm; ardent, glowing, fervent, passionate: PA I.
► maḥrūr, adj., hot-tempered, hot-headed, fiery, passionate, furious: PP I.

ḥarraẗ حَرّة , pl. ‑āt

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ḤRː (ḤRR)

n.f.

stony area; volcanic country, lava field – WehrCowan1979.

▪ A relation between ḥarraẗ and other values of √ḤRR (‘heat, to burn’, ‘to be born free’, ‘silk’) seems rather unlikely, cf. ↗ḤRR. Some ClassAr dictionaries describe it as »though burned with fire« (Lane) and thus tend to explain it as dependent on ↗ḥarr ‘heat’.

▪ …

▪ DRS 9 (2010)#ḤRR–2 Ar ḥarraẗ, Qat mḥrr ‘terrain rocheux, terre pierreuse’.

▪ Any relation between ḥarraẗ and other values of √ḤRR (‘heat, to burn’, ‘to be born free’, ‘silk’)? Cf. ↗ḤRR.
▪ Some ClassAr dictionaries describe ḥarraẗ as a »stony tract… though burned with fire« (Lane) and thus tend to explain it as dependent on ↗ḥarr ‘heat’. Doubtful!

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ḥārr حارّ

ID 198 • Sw – • BP 2459 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ḤRː (ḤRR)

adj.

hot; warm; ardent, glowing, fervent, passionate – WehrCowan1979.

The word, used as adj., has the form of a PA from the vb. I ḥarra ‘to be hot’ (see ↗ḥarr) and thus means, properly, ‘being hot’.

▪ …

↗ḥarr.

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ḥurr حُرّ , pl.m. ʔaḥrār , pl.f. ḥarāʔirᵘ

√ḤRː (ḤRR)

adj.

adj., noble, free-born; genuine (jewels, etc.), pure, unadulterated; free; living in freedom; freeman; independent; free, unrestrained; liberal (pol.; al-ʔaḥrār the Liberals); frank, candid, open; free, available, uninvested (money) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ From Sem *ḥurr‑ ‘free-born’.
▪ Relations between ḥurr and other values of √ḤRR have been suggested (esp. ‘stony area’ and ‘silk’), while ‘heat, to burn’ definitely does not seem to be akin, cf. ↗ḤRR.
▪ The abstract notion of ‘freedom, nobility’ may be based on a primary meaning *‘free from defects or default, pure, unadulterated’.
▪ The notions of ‘the best of anything’, ‘to write elegantly’ and ‘to dedicate to the service of God’ etc. are explainable as metaphorical extensions: ‘the best of anything’ = lit. *‘free from defects’; ‘to write elegantly’ = lit. *‘to make a writing free from defects, by forming its characters rightly and rectifying its faults’ (Lane); and ‘to dedicate to the service of God’ = *‘to make o.s. (or s.o.) free for the service of God’.
▪ From ḥurr is derived the abstr. n. ḥurriyyaẗ which in ClassAr means ‘the state, or condition, of freedom’ as opposed to slavery, but from eC19 became the equivalent of one of the ideals of the French Revolution, Fr ‘liberté’, see ↗s.v..

▪ eC7 (a free man as opposed to a slave) Q 2:178 kutiba ʕalay-kumu ’l-qiṣāṣu fī ’l-qatlā ’l-ḥurru bi’l-ḥurri wa’l-ʕabdu bi’l-ʕabdi wa’l-ʔunṯā bi’l-ʔunṯā ‘Retaliation is prescribed for you in the matter of the murdered; the freeman for the freeman, and the slave for the slave, and the female for the female’, (liberating, setting free) 4:92 wa-man qatala muʔminan ḫaṭaʔan fa-taḥrīru raqabatin muʔminatin wa-diyatun musallamatun ‘He who hath killed a believer by mistake must set free a believing slave [lit. liberate a neck], and pay the blood-money to his [the latter’s] family’ ▪ (person dedicated, or consecrated, to the service of God) Q 3:35 rabb-i ʔin-nī naḏartu la-ka mā fī baṭn-ī muḥarraran fa-taqabbal minn-ī ‘My Lord! I have vowed unto Thee that which is in my belly as a consecrated (offering). Accept it from me.’
▪ 1875 1. Libre, de condition libre, non esclave. – 2. Bien né, de parents libres et qui n’ont pas été esclaves. – 3. Pur, bon, de bon aloi, franc (se dit de diverses choses sans mélange d’un corps étranger). – 4. Pur, verteux (syn. birr). – 5. Généreux, de race (cheval). – 6. Belle action, belle conduite. | mā hāḏā min-ka bi-ḥurrin Ce n’est pas bien de ta part. – 7. Milieu, intérieur. (Kazimirski1875)

▪ DRS 9 (2010)#ḤRR–3 Hbr *ḥor (pl. ḥorīm) ‘libre, noble’; EmpAram ḥr, JP ḥarā, Syr ḥērā ‘libre’, bar ḥorīn, Nab Palm br ḥry ‘affranchi’, Syr ḥr ‘libre’, Ar ḥurr ‘libre, pur, franc’, SAr ḥr ‘noble, libre’, Mhr ḥarr, Soq ḥor ‘libre’, Gz ḥarrāwī ‘né libre, noble’, Amh hurr, ʔara, ʔarənnät ‘condition de l’homme libre’; ? Gz ḥarā ‘armée, officiers’, ḥarrāwī ‘soldat’, Tña Te ḥara ‘armée, troupe’.⁶
▪ Zammit2002: Ar ḥurr ‘a free-man’: Hbr (late) ḥōr ‘noble’, Aram ḥᵃrar ‘to set free’, ḥōrā ‘free man’, Syr ḥarar ‘to set free’, SAr ḥr ‘free man, free-born man’, Gz ḥarā ‘liber homo, ingenuus’

6. Note DRS: Selon Leslau CDG 240, le lien de ‘né libre’ avec ‘armée’ est possible mais non certain. – Amh ḥara ‘armée, troupe’ est un emprunt au Gz. Faut-il rapprocher le Te kärayi ‘armée’ ?

▪ DRS 9 (2010) reconstruct Sem *ḥurr‑ ‘né libre’.
▪ Some ClassAr dictionaries assume that the primary meaning of the adj. refers to earth or sand, as, e.g., in ramlaẗ ḥurraẗ ‘sand in which is no mixture of any other thing’, or ʔarḍ ḥurraẗ ‘land in which is no salt earth’ (i.e., good earth, earth that has good herbage, etc.), and that the abstract meaning ‘free’ is a metaphorical use. This would explain vb. II in the sense of ‘to write accurately’ better (as a direct caus.) than by ‘deviation’. But the meaning ‘free-born’ throughout Sem as the primary value does not corroborate this explanation.
▪ Ǧabal 2010-I: 395 assumes the basic value of ḤRR to be ḫulūṣ al-šayʔ min al-ġalīẓ allaḏī yaʕrūhu ʔaw yuḫāliṭu ʔaṯnāʔahū (bi-ʔan yaḫruǧa minhā) fa-yaṣfū wa-yanqà. Should this be true then also ḥarīr ‘silk’ could be seen as derived from here (the tissue/fabric ‘free from unevenness, or faults’).

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► ḥarrara, vb. II, to liberate; to free, set free, release; to emancipate: caus.; to consecrate (s.o.) to the service of God: lit., *‘to make o.s. free for…’; to draw up, make out accurately (an account, a calculation); to adjust, render accurate (a weight, a mesure); to point or direct (a gun at s.o.); to revise (a book); to edit, redact (a book, a periodical); to write, pen, indite, compose (s.th.): explained by ClassAr lexicographers as *‘to make a writing free from defects, by forming its characters rightly and rectifying its faults’ (Lane). – For other meanings see ↗ḥarīr.
► taḥarrara, vb. V, to become free; to be freed, be liberated; to be emancipated; to be written, be composed: pseudo-pass. of II.
► ^BP#529ḥurriyyaẗ, pl. ‑āt, freedom, liberty; independence, unrestraint, license (e.g., poetic): abstr. formation | ḥurriyyaẗ al-ʕibādaẗ, n., freedom of worship; ḥurriyyaẗ al-fikr, n., freedom of thought; ḥurriyyaẗ al-kalām, n., freedom of speech; ḥurriyyaẗ al-našr / al-ṣaḥāfaẗ, n., liberty of the press; ḥurriyyaẗ al-taṣarruf, n., free disposal, right of disposition; authority, free hand: neologisms.
► ^BP#906taḥrīr, n., liberation; release; emancipation; record(ing), writing; editing, redaction; editorship (of a newspaper, a periodical): vn. II; (pl. ‑āt, taḥārīrᵘ) piece of writing, record, brief, document: resultative, lexicalized. | raʔīs al-taḥrīr, n., editor-in-chief; ʔidāraẗ al-taḥrīr, n., board of editors, editorial staff: neolog.; taḥrīran fī…, adv., issued, made out on (with the date; on documents and certifications).
► taḥrīrī, adj., liberational; emancipational; liberal; recorded in writing, written, in writing: nsb-adj from taḥrīr.
► ^BP#3623taḥarrur, n., liberation, emancipation (intr.): vn. V, refl. of II.
► muḥarrir, pl. ‑ūn, n., liberator, emancipator; writer, clerk; issuer (of a document); editor (of a newspaper, of a periodical): lexicalized PA II.
► muḥarrar, adj., consecrated to God; set down in writing, recorded in writing, written; booked; pl. ‑āt, bookings, entries: PP II.
► mutaḥarrir, adj., emancipated; n., an advocate of emancipation: lexicalized PA V.

ḥurriyyaẗ حُرِّيَّة

√ḤRː (ḤRR)

n.f.

freedom, liberty; independence, unrestraint, license (e.g. poetic) – WehrCowan1979.

The word is an abstract formation in ‑iyyaẗ from ↗ḥurr. In ClassAr it denotes the status of a free-born, as opposed to a slave. During C19 it came to express the modern concept of ‘freedom’, as a translation of one of the slogans of the French Revolution, liberté. By the early 1880s (at the latest), ḥurriyyaẗ had become a key concept of political discourse, as documented by the fact that al-Marṣafī mentions it as one of the words that were »on everybody’s tongue« during those days.

▪ 1875 »1. État d’homme libre, non esclave. – 2. Pureté (de ce qui est sans mélange). – 3. Bonne maison, origine noble et pure. – 4. Affranchissement des passions et des affections de l’âme. – 5. Libre examen de la verité. – 6. [!] mod. Liberté politique. [!] - 7. pl. de حُرٌّ Hommes libres, nobles (ce mot s’applique aux Arabes purs, sans mélange d’autre race).« (Kazimirski1875)
▪ »La devise de la Révolution française, ḥurriyyaẗ, ↗musāwāt, ↗ʔiḫāʔ, est adopté par Miṣr al-Qāhiraẗ, le journal d’ʔAdīb ʔIsḥāq exilé à Paris. Le Docteur Šiblī Šumayyil publie un article enthousiaste sur cette révolution, Al-Ṯawraẗ al-firansiyyaẗ wa’l-ǧumhūriyyaẗ al-ʔūlā, dans Miṣr, 9 mai 1879. Son frère, ʔAmīn Šumayyil, commence dans al-Tiǧāraẗ, quotidien d’ʔAdīb ʔIsḥāq, à partir du 2 mai 1879, une série d’études sur al-Niẓām al-šūrawī ‘Le régime parlementaire’ [↗šūrà ], se référant surtout aux règles du parlement britannique. En 1882, Miṣr, alors dirigé par ʕAwn ʔIsḥāq, frère d’ʔAdīb, donnera, sous le titre al-↗qānūn al-ʔasāsī, la traduction de la Déclaration des Droits de l’Homme et du Citoyen de 1789 (23 mars 1882). Cependant le vocabulaire politique est encore incertain à cette époque, puisqu’on désignait tantôt par qānūn ʔasāsī, tantôt par lāʔiḥaẗ ʔasāsiyyaẗ le projet de constitution élaboré par Šarīf Pacha en 1882 (cf. Rāfiʕī, Ṯawraẗ, 185).« (Delanoue 1963: 9-10, fn. 2).
▪1881 ḥurriyyaẗ is one of Ḥ. al-Marṣafī’s al-Kalim al-ṯamān, i.e., the eight key concepts that were »on everybody’s tongue« these days.

Cf. ↗ḥurr.

▪ …
▪ See also ↗ḥurr.

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ḥarīr حَرِير , pl. ḥarāʔirᵘ

√ḤRː (ḤRR)

silk; pl. ḥarāʔirᵘ, silken wares, silks – WehrCowan1979.

▪ »The etymology of the word is obscure; its synonyms ↗ibrīsam and ↗qazz, as well as ↗dībāǧ which more particularly denotes silk brocade, are Persian loanwords; ↗ḫazz, properly speaking a mixture of silk and wool, but sometimes also used for silk, is etymologically isolated in Arabic, and perhaps connected with qazz. ḥarīr occurs in the Qurʔān, sūras 23:23 = 35:33, and 76:12, where it is said that the raiment of the people of Paradise will be silk« – EI² (red.).
▪ Any relation between ḥarīr and other values of ↗√ḤRR? Perhaps with ↗ḥurr as the tissue is ‘free’ from defects, has a ‘faultless’, smooth fabric.

▪ eC7 Q 35:33 wa-libāsu-hum fī-hā ḥarīrun ‘and their clothes therein [sc. Paradise] will be [of] silk’

* DRS 9 (2010)#ḤRR 5 Ar ḥarīr, Jib ḥárír, Soq ḥárhir, Gz ḥarīr, Te Tña ḥarir, Te har, Amh harir, har ‘soie’.⁷ — Outside Sem: (Cush) Sa harīr, Af harēr.⁸

7. Les formes éthiopiennes [i.e., Gz Te Tña Amh] sont des emprunts à l’arabe. 8. Probablement emprunts directs à l’arabe.

▪ A relation between ḥarīr and other values of √ḤRR (‘heat, to burn’, ‘stony area’, ‘to be born free’) seems rather unlikely at first sight, cf. ↗ḤRR. But it may be akin to ↗ḥurr if the latter’s primary meaning could be established as *‘free from defects, default’. In this case, silk would properly be the ‘faultless’, smooth fabric. Cf. Ǧabal 2010-I: 395-6 where the basic value of ḤRR is assumed to be ḫulūṣ al-šayʔ min al-ġalīẓ allaḏī yaʕrūhu ʔaw yuḫāliṭu ʔaṯnāʔahū (bi-ʔan yaḫruǧa minhā) fa-yaṣfū wa-yanqà, and silk is al-ḥarīr min al-ṯiyāb, i.e., raqīq nāʕim laysa fīhi ġalaẓ.
▪ Hassan1986 suggested a Chinese origin of the word,¹ but although the idea should not be rejected from the outset his study does not fulfil scientific standards and can therefore not be taken as a serious contribution to etymological research.

1. From the words for ‘fine silk’ which, according to the author, are »Ssu-Li« [probably 絲 sī, 麗 lì ]. S. Mahdi Hassan, “The Arabic word ḥarīr as traceable to the Chinese term signifying fine-silk”, Islamic Studies, 25/3 (Autumn 1986): 333-5.

▪ Any relation to Grk Sêres, Lat Seres, the term used in Antiquity as a name for Chin traders? According to Lokotsch1927#1878, this name derives from Chin 丝儿 (絲兒) sī-ér, composed of sī ‘silk’ and the nominal suffix designating persons, -ér, »common among the inhabitants of the NChin provinces«. From the n.gent. Lat Seres are the name of the country Serica, the adj. seric-us ‘Seric, made from silk’, as n. serica ‘silk dress’. The Lat serica (~ sarica ~ sirica) gave Fr serge, sarge, Prov serga, It sargia, Cat sarja, Span Port sarga, Rum sarecă ‘serge, kind of woolen material, (wiki:) type of twill fabric that has diagonal lines or ridges on both sides, made with a two-up, two-down weave’, Span jergo, Port xergo ‘paillasse, straw mattress’, Span jergon, Port enxergão ‘paillasse’, Span sirgo ‘waste silk’, (Calabr)It siricu ‘silk worm’, Ge Sarsche; Ru sarža, Bulg sarža, Cz sarše, Pol sarza, szarsza ‘type of woolen material’. From Lat seric-um, adj.neutr., ‘silken, made of silk’, are also (mediated by oFr) Engl silk, as well as oSlav šelkŭ ‘silk’ > Ru šëlk, Ukr šołk ‘silk’, Ru (deriv.) šelkovica, šelkovnik ‘mulberry tree’. – It seta, Span Port Prov seda, Fr soie, Ge Seide go back to mLat seta ‘silk’ which is probably short for seta serica ‘Seric hair’, from Lat saeta ‘thick hair, bristle’ and the adj.f. seric-a, described above.

► ḥarīr ṣaḫrī, n., asbestos.
► ḥarīr ṣināʕī, n., rayon.

► ḥarrara, vb. II, to mercerize (cotton yarn or fabrics to achieve a silky lustre). – For other meanings see ↗ḥurr.

► ḥarīrī, adj., silken, silky, of silk: nsb-adj.
► ḥarāʔirī, adj., silken, silk (in compounds), of silk: nsb-adj from pl.; silk weaver: n.prof., nominalized nisba adj.
► ḥarrār, n., silk weaver: n.prof.

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