▪ ḤLː (ḤLL)_1 ‘to untie, solve, loosen, release, analyze, exculpate’ ↗ḥallau (ḥall) / i (ḥill) ▪ ḤLː (ḤLL)_2 ‘to be allowed, permissible, lawful; (legal) husband, wife; to be due’ ↗ḥallai (ḥill) ▪ ḤLː (ḤLL)_3 ‘to dismount, alight, stop, halt, settle down, stay; place, residence; to befall, occur, happen; to occupy; to become incarnate (in s.o.; God); to set in, begin (time, season)’ ↗ḥallai, u(ḥulūl). ▪ ḤLː (ḤLL)_4 ‘clothing, dress, suit’ ↗ḥullaẗ ▪ ḤLː (ḤLL)_5 ‘outer opening of the urethra’ ↗ʔiḥlīl ▪ ḤLː (ḤLL)_6 ‘cooking pot (EgAr)’ ↗ḥallaẗ ▪ †ḤLː (ḤLL)_7 ‘sesame’ : ClassAr †ḥall ▪ †ḤLː (ḤLL)_8 ‘pain between the legs’ : ClassAr †ḥalal♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘locale, residing area, township; stopping place, way station; to unpack, to come down, to take up residence, to terminate one’s travelling; to become permissible, to become free, spouse; to untie, to solve; to dissolve; to deserve’
▪ From the 13 values that DRS lists for the root ḤLL in Sem, only eight are attested in Ar. Two of these are dialect usages not to be found in MSA (DRS #ḤLL-2 ‘goods’ and #ḤLL-13 ‘cooking pot, vessel’), and two are attested in ClassAr but no longer in MSA (#ḤLL-7 ‘sesame’, #ḤLL-12 ‘pain in the legs, between the thighs’). DRS thinks (with Palache) that items #1 through #5 are related, being derived from a primary meaning of *‘to loose, untie, open, set free’. From this, the values ‘to unsaddle, put down the luggage, unload’, and hence ‘to stop, rest, settle down’ can easily be derived, and neither is a development of *‘to untie, open, release, set free’ into ‘to allow, desacralize’ semantically problematic, nor is it difficult to explain the meanings (DRS #ḤLL-5) ‘windpipe’, ‘canal of the udder or of the urethrea’, ‘hooka pipe’ etc. as the channels through which air, milk, urine, etc. is ‘released’. DRS remains silent, however, about what ‘clothing, garb, dress, suit’ (#ḤLL-4) should be derived from *‘to loose, untie, release’, etc. ▪ Cf. also Fronzaroli#4.05 who treats Ar ḥalla ‘to untie’, ḥalīl ‘(legitimate) husband’ and ḥalāl ‘legitimate’ as basically one item. ▪ Cf. however Huehnergard2011 who, probably on account of the Akk evidence, assumes *‘to be(come) clean, pure, holy’ as the primary value of Sem ḤLL – at least in the context of ḤLː (ḤLL)_2, Ar ḥalla ‘to undo, free, be permissible’, hence ḥalāl ‘legally permissible’. ▪ Given the unproblematic transition *‘to loose, untie,…’ > ‘to unsaddle, unload’ > ‘to rest, settle down’, DRS considers a connection (that obviously has been proposed) between ‘place, to settle’ and the root √ḪLL as little likely. ▪ Orel&Stolbova1994 #1284 reconstructs Sem *ḥul‑ ‘to untie’, WCh *ḥal‑ (<*ḥula‑) [StarLing: *Hal ], CCh *ʔul‑ [StarLing: *ʔo/ul ] ‘to untie’, ECh *wul‑ (< *ʔul‑) [not mentioned in StarLing], all from AfrAs *ḥul‑ [StarLing: dto.] ‘to untie’. StarLing adds: »Scarce data. Unreliable.« ▪ ḤLː (ḤLL)_4: Fraenkel1886 thinks that Ar ḥullaẗ ‘clothing, dress, robe’ probably is from Syr ḥellā ‘garment of fine linen’.1 ▪ ḤLː (ḤLL)_5 belongs obviously to the complex of ḤLː (ḤLL)_1 ‘to untie, release’ and means a canal through which liquids, air, etc. are ‘released’ and or run freely. ▪ For ḤLː (ḤLL)_6 EgAr ḥallaẗ ‘cooking pot’ (DRS #ḤLL-13), a Copt < Eg etymology has been suggested (not mentioned in DRS). ▪ ḤLː (ḤLL)_1: As cognate in a wider sense can also count Ar ↗ʔaylūl ‘(now mostly synonymous with) September’, since the name of this month is from Akk ulūlu, elūlu, elūnu, the name of a festival and of a month corresponding to parts of August and September. The Akk name belongs to the vb. Akk elēlu (< *ḥalālum) ‘to be(come) clean, pure, holy’ – Huehnergard2011. The later history of the word is sketched by Zimmern1914 as: Akk elēlu > lHbr ʔälûl, Aram ʔelūlā > SyrAr ʔaylūl > Ar fuṣḥà ʔaylūl (hence also other languages, e.g. Tu eylül).
▪ Tu 1876 [Aḥmed Vefīḳ, Luġat-ı ʕOs̠mānī ]: from ↗Ar ʔaylūl, from Aram ʔelūl, from Akk elūlu (name of a month; Nişanyan2011: ‘harvest season’). ▪ Engl halal : from Ar ḥalāl, from ↗ḥalla (ḥill) ‘to be allowed, permissable’.
▪ ḥallau (ḥall), to untie (a knot), unbind, unfasten, unravel, undo; to solve (a problem, a puzzle); to decipher, decode; to dissolve in water (chem.); to resolve (into components), analyze; to melt; to decompose, disintegrate (s.th.); to disband, break up, dissolve (an organization or party, parliament); to open, unpack (a package, and the like); to loosen, relax; to release, set free, let go; to clear, exonerate, exculpate (s.o., min from), absolve (min from sins); ḥulla, vb. pass., to be free; to be relaxed. – ▪ ḥallai (?), to pass into solution, dissolve; to fade (colour)
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▪ eC7ḥallau (to untie, release, free, undo, loosen) Q 20:27 wa-'ḥlul ʕuqdatan min lisānī ‘and loosen a knot from my tongue’
▪ Fronzaroli#4.05: a Ar ḥalla, SAr ḥll ‘to untie’, b Akk ellu ‘pure’, Hbr ḥalīlā ‘lungi!’, ḥōl, Syr ḥullā ‘profane’, Ar ḥalīl ‘(legitimate) husband’, ḥalāl ‘legitimate’. ▪ DRS 9 (2010)#ḤLL-1. Akk ell ‘pur’,3elēlu ‘être pur, libre’,4mullil officiant du culte, ‘purificateur’, Ug ḥll ‘être désacralisé’, mḥll ‘officiant (?)’, Can ḥol, ḥālāl ‘profane, non sacré’, ḥillel ‘rendre profane, profaner; détacher, ouvrir, donner accès à; jeter bas, détruire’, Aram ḥallel ‘tenir pour permis, purifier’, Ar ḥalla ‘être permis, licite; être obligatoire’, ḥill, ḥalāl ‘chose permise, licite’; – ḥalla ‘dénouer, déplier, résoudre’, dial. ḥall ‘ouvrir’; Sab ḥll ‘être à la merci de, être sans protection contre’, Qat ḥll ‘annuler, mettre fin, perdre’, ḥtll ‘trouver du secours, être secouru’, mḥllt (pl.) ‘vannes d’écluse’; ? Sab mḥlt : paiement d’une taxe; Mhr ḥlūl ‘déclarer licite’, Jib aḥlél ‘rendre licite, pardonner’, Mhr ḥáttəl ‘être résolu; être purgé’, Jib ḥɔ́ttəl ‘disparaître’, Mhr ḥəláwl, Jib ḥálúl ‘purge’; – ? Mhr šəḥlūl, Jib s̃ḥɛlél ‘prendre le repas du soir en mois de ramadan’; Tña ḥalal ‘brave homme; profitable, avantageux; légitime (épouse, enfant)’, Amh halal ‘licite (pour les Musulmans)’. ▪ The value is also related to others treated in the ‘mother’ entry, cf. ↗ḤLː (ḤLL), among which also ↗ḥalla (ḥill) ‘to be allowed, be legally persmissible’, etc., as well as ↗ḥalla (ḥulūl) ‘to stop, rest, settle down; place’. Cf., in this spirit, also Zammit2002 who puts together Akk elēlu ‘to be(come) clean, pure; to be free’, Ug ḥl(l) ‘to free (from a ban)’, Hbr ḥālal (Hif.) ‘to begin’ (lit. ‘untie, loosen, open’), Aram ḥᵃlal ‘to wash, rinse; to degrade, profane’, Syr ḥalel ‘to purify’, Ar ḥalla ‘to untie (a knot); to be lawful; alight, settle in a place’, SAr ḥll ‘to encamp; to be unprotected (against)’, Gz ḥalala ‘to be gathered, come in’. ▪ As cognate in a wider sense can also count Ar ↗ʔaylūl, now mostly synonymous with ‘September’, since the name of this month is from Akk ulūlu, elūlu, elūnu, the name of a festival and of a month corresponding to parts of August and September, akin to Akk elēlu (< *ḥalālum) ‘to be(come) clean, pure, holy’, which belongs to Sem *ḤLL – Huehnergard2011. ▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#1284: Outside Sem: (WCh) Bolewa ʔall‑ [?] ‘to loosen’; ʔúlee‑, olai, ʔúléi ‘to untie’ in three CCh idioms, and [not mentioned in StarLing any longer] the form wule ‘to loosen’ in an ECh language.
▪ Palache (as sketched in DRS) thinks that *‘to loose, untie, open, set free’ is the primary value of Sem *ḤLL. Huehnergard2011, however, seems to rely more on the Akk evidence, assuming *‘to be(come) clean, pure, holy’ to be the basis from which other ḤLː (ḤLL) values derive. ▪ However that may be, it is from the value of ‘to untie, release’ that ↗ḥalla (ḥulūl) ‘to unsaddle, put down the bagage, unload’, and hence ‘to stop, rest, settle down’ can easily be derived. In a similar way, also ↗ʔiḥlīl ‘windpipe’, ‘canal of the udder or of the urethrea’, ‘hooka pipe’ etc. can be explained as the channels through which air, milk, urine, etc. is ‘released’. ▪ Orel&Stolbova1994 #1284 reconstructs Sem *ḥul‑ ‘to untie’, WCh *ḥal‑ (<*ḥula‑) [StarLing: *Hal ], CCh *ʔul‑ [StarLing: *ʔo/ul ] ‘to untie’, ECh *wul‑ (< *ʔul‑) [not mentioned in StarLing], all from AfrAs *ḥul‑ [StarLing: dto.] ‘to untie’. StarLing adds: »Scarce data. Unreliable.«
▪ Tu eylül (1876, Aḥmed Vefīḳ, Luġat-ı ʕOs̠mānī ]: from ↗Ar ʔaylūl, from SyrAr ʔaylūl, from Aram ʔelūlā, lHbr ʔälûl, from Akk elūlu, name of a month (Nişanyan2011: ‘harvest season’) – Zimmern1914. Akk elūlu is probably connected to the vb. Akk elēlu (< *ḥalālum) ‘to be(come) clean, pure, holy’ which belongs to the Sem root *ḤLL – Huehnergard2011. ▪ Cf. also Engl Elul, from Hbr ʔělûl, a month name, from Akk elūlu, elūnu, name of a festival and of a month corresponding to parts of August and September, perh. from elēlu (< *ḥalālum) ‘to be(come) clean, pure, holy’ – Huehnergard2011.
►ḥallala, vb. II, to dissolve, resolve (into its component parts), break up, decompose, analyze; to make a chemical analysis (of s.th.): ints.; to be dissolvent, act as a solvent (on; med.); to discharge, absolve, clear, exonerate, exculpate (s.o.); (taḥillaẗ) to expiate an oath: caus. – For other values see ↗ḥalla (ḥill). ►ʔaḥalla, vb. IV, to discharge, release, absolve, disengage (s.o., min from): caus. – For other values see ↗ḥalla (ḥill) and ↗ḥalla (ḥulūl). ►taḥallala, vb. V, to dissolve, melt, disintegrate; to disengage o.s., disassociate o.s., extricate o.s., free o.s. (min from): intr. of II. ►ĭnḥalla, vb. VII, to be untied (knot); to be solved, be unraveled (problem); to be dissolved, be broken up, be disbanded (also, of an organization, a party, etc.); to dissolve, melt; to become slack, limp, weak, loose, relaxed; to disintegrate; to melt away: pass./intr. ►BP#269ḥall, pl. ḥulūl, n., untying, unfastening, undoing (of a knot); solution (of a problem, of a puzzle, etc.); unriddling, unraveling, explanation; solution (chem.); dissolution, disbandment, breaking up (of an organization, etc.), abolition, cancellation, annulment; release, freeing, liberation; decontrol, release, unblocking (e.g., of a blocked sum); discharge, clearing, exoneration, exculpation; absolution (Chr.): vn. I (and specific lexicalizations) | qābil lil ~, adj., soluble, solvable; al-~ al-ṭayfī, n., spectral analysis; ʔahl al-~ wa'l-ʕaqd or ʔahl al-~ wa'l-rabṭ, n.pl., influential people, those in power; fī ~i hī wa-tarḥāli-hī, in all his doings, in everything he did. ►BP#1610taḥlīl, n., dissolution, resolution, breaking up, decomposition, specification, detailing, analyzation; (pl. taḥālīlᵘ) analysis (chem.); absolution (Chr.): vn. II | bi'l-~, adv., in detail; maʕmal ~, n., laboratory for chemical analyses; ~ kahrabāʔī, n., electrolysis; ~ nafsī, n., psychoanalysis. ►taḥlīlī, adj., analytic(al): nsb-adj from vn. II, taḥlīl. ►taḥallul, n., dissolution, breakup; separation, disengagement, disassociation: vn. V. ►ĭnḥilāl, n., dissolution, breakup, decomposition; disintegration; decay, putrefaction; slackening, exhaustion, prostration, weakness, impotence: vn. VII. ►maḥlūl, adj., solved; dissolved, resolved, broken up; loose; untied, unfastened, unfettered, free, at large; weakened, prostrate, exhausted, languid: PP I; (pl. maḥālīlᵘ), n., solution (liquid; chem.): nominalized PP I | ~ al-šaʕr, adj., with loose, disheveled hair. ►BP#3951muḥallil, analyzer, analyst: nominalized PA II | ~ nafsī, n., psychoanalyst. ►munḥall, solved; dissolved, resolved, broken up; disbanded; languid, prostrate, weak: PA VII. – For another value see ↗ḥalla (ḥill).
to be allowed, permitted, permissible, lawful; to be due, payable (debt) – WehrCowan1979.
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▪ eC7ḥallai (to be(come) religiously lawful, permissible, allowable) Q 4:19 yā ʔayyuhā ’llaḏīna ʔāmanū lā yaḥillu lakum ʔan tariṯū ’l-nisāʔa karhan ‘you who believe, it is not lawful for you to inherit women against their will’. – ḥalāl: Q 16:116 wa-lā taqūlū li-mā taṣifu ʔalsinatu-kumu ’l-kaḏiba hāḏā ḥalālun wa-hāḏā ḥarāmun li-taftarū ʕalà ’ḷḷāhi ’l-kaḏiba ‘do not describe the falsehood your tongues utter, [saying], “This is lawful and that is forbidden”, inventing a lie about God’. – ḥalīl(aẗ) (lawful wife or husband) Q 4:23 wa-ḥalāʔilu ʔabnāʔi-kumu ’llaḏīna min ʔaṣlābi-kum ‘and the wives of your begotten sons who are of your loins’. – maḥill (place and/or time where s.th. becomes lawful, permissible, the correct place/time) Q 22:33 ṯumma maḥillu-hā ʔilà ’l-bayti ’l-ʕatīqi ‘then their correct place of sacrifice is near the ancient House’. – ḥallau (to become free of religious obligations of the pilgrimage) Q 5:2 wa-ʔiḏā ḥalaltum fa-'ṣṭādū ‘but when you have quitted [the state of] the pilgrimage sanctity, you may hunt’.
▪ DRS 9 (2010)#ḤLL-1: Akk ell ‘pur’, elēlu ‘être pur, libre’, mullil officiant du culte, ‘purificateur’, Ug ḥll ‘être désacralisé’, mḥll ‘officiant (?)’, Can ḥol, ḥālāl ‘profane, non sacré’, ḥillel ‘rendre profane, profaner; détacher, ouvrir, donner accès à; jeter bas, détruire’, Aram ḥallel ‘tenir pour permis, purifier’, Ar ḥalla ‘être permis, licite; être obligatoire’, ḥill, ḥalāl ‘chose permise, licite’; – ḥalla ‘dénouer, déplier, résoudre’, dial. ḥall ‘ouvrir’; Sab ḥll ‘être à la merci de, être sans protection contre’, Qat ḥll ‘annuler, mettre fin, perdre’, ḥtll ‘trouver du secours, être secouru’, mḥllt (pl.) ‘vannes d’écluse’; ? Sab mḥlt : paiement d’une taxe; Mhr ḥlūl ‘déclarer licite’, Jib aḥlél ‘rendre licite, pardonner’, Mhr ḥáttəl ‘être résolu; être purgé’, Jib ḥɔ́ttəl ‘disparaître’, Mhr ḥəláwl, Jib ḥálúl ‘purge’; – ? Mhr šəḥlūl, Jib s̃ḥɛlél ‘prendre le repas du soir en mois de ramadan’; Tña ḥalal ‘brave homme; profitable, avantageux; légitime (épouse, enfant)’, Amh halal ‘licite (pour les Musulmans)’. ▪ As is clear from the cognates given in DRS, the value ‘to be allowed, permissible’, etc., is assumed to be akin to that of ‘to untie, release, open, set free; to be pure, free (from a debt)’, treated under ↗ḥalla (ḥall); for the whole picture, cf. ↗ḤLː (ḤLL). To the same complex belongs, with all probability, also the idea of ‘to stop, rest, settle down; place’ (from *‘to untie the saddle, unload, alight’), cf. ↗ḥalla (ḥulūl). In this spirit, Zammit2002 puts together Akk elēlu ‘to be(come) pure; to be free [from a debt]’, Ug ḥl(l) ‘to free, releave (from a ban)’, Hbr ḥālal (Hif.) ‘to begin’ (lit. ‘untie, loosen, open’), Aram ḥᵃlal ‘to wash, rinse [i.e., to “dissolve” in water?]; to degrade, profane [i.e., make permissible against religious norms]’, Syr ḥalel ‘to purify’, Ar ḥalla ‘to untie (a knot); to be lawful; to alight, settle in a place’, SAr ḥll ‘to encamp; to be unprotected (against)’, Gz ḥalala ‘to be gathered, come in’.
▪ Accord. to DRS (quoting Palache), Ar ḥalla ‘to be allowed, permitted, permissible, lawful’ belongs together with Ar ↗ḥalla (ḥall) ‘to untie, release, set free; to exonerate, exculpate, absolve (from sins) [i.e., releave from a debt, a duty, a load]’ and the notions of ‘purity, purification’ (as in Akk) and ‘profanity, desacralisation’ (as in Ug and Hbr). It is difficult to say what was first—‘to be pure, free (from debt)’ or ‘to untie, release’. Huehnergard2011 gives ‘to be(come) clean, pure, holy’ as the basic value of Sem *ḤLL, while Palache (accord. to DRS) regards ‘to untie, release’. Whatever may be the case, the notion of ‘to be allowed, permissible’ seems to depend on either of the two; a derivation from ‘to untie, release’, though, is looks more natural than from ‘to be pure, free (from debts)’. ▪ For the wider context, to which also belongs the notion of ‘to stop, rest, settle down; place’ as well as ‘windpipe, milking canal, opening of the urethrea, etc.’, cf. ↗ḤLː (ḤLL), ↗ḥalla (ḥulūl), ↗ʔiḥlīl. ▪ It may seem a bit paradoxical that the meaning ‘to be due, payable’ (i.e., an obligation) goes together with the idea of ‘to be allowed’ (i.e., a permission, or a freedom). According to Lane (ii 1865), ClassAr lexicographers explain it as ‘the debt’s appointed term, or period, ended, so that the payment of it became due’.
▪ Engl halal : from Ar ḥalāl, from ḥalla (ḥill) ‘to be allowed, permissable’.
►ḥallala, vb. II, to make permissible or lawful, legitimate, sanction, justify, warrant; to declare permissible or lawful, allow, permit: caus. of I. (or denom. from ḥalāl ?). – For other values, see ↗ḥalla (ḥall, ḥill). ►ʔaḥalla, vb. IV, to declare (s.th.) lawful, legally permissible, permit, allow: caus. of I. – For other values see ↗ḥalla (ḥall, ḥill) and ↗ḥalla (ḥulūl). ►ĭstaḥalla, vb. X, to regard as permissible or lawful, think that one may do s.th.; to regard as fair game, as easy prey, seize unlawfully, misappropriate, usurp: autobenef. ►ḥill: kāna fī kulli ~in min (ʕan), vb., he was free to…, he was at liberty to…; he had free disposal of…; ʔanta fīkulli ~in min, you’re free to…, you may readily…: vn. I. ►BP#2397ḥalāl, n., that which is allowed, permitted or permissible; allowed, permitted, permissible, allowable, admissible, lawful, legal, licit, legitimate; lawful possession:… | ibn ~, n., legitimate son; respectable man, decent fellow. ►ḥalīl, pl. ʔaḥillāʔᵘ, n., husband: quasi-PP I (lit., ‘legitimate’ one, lawful partner). ►ḥalīlaẗ, pl. ḥalāʔilᵘ, n., wife: f. of the preceding. ►maḥill, n., due date; date of delivery: n.loc. ►munḥall, permitted, allowed: PA VII. – For other values see ↗ḥalla (ḥall, ḥill).
to dismount, alight, stop, halt; to settle down, stay (bi‑ at a place, also fī and hū ; ʕalà with s.o., at s.o.’s house), come (for a visit to); to take up residence ( hu in a place or country); to descend, come down; to descend (ʕalà upon s.o.; wrath); to overcome, overwhelm (ʕalà s.o.; sleep); to befall (bi‑ and ʕalà s.o.; punishment, suffering), occur, happen (bi‑ to s.o.); to become incarnate (fī in s.o.; God); to set in, arrive, begin (time, season) – WehrCowan1979.
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▪ eC7ḥallai (to become deserved, inevitable; to fall upon) Q 20:86 ʔa-fa-ṭāla ʕalaykum-u ’l-ʕahdu ʔam ʔaradtum ʔan yaḥilla ʕalaykum ġaḍabun min rabbikum fa-ʔaḫlaftum mawʕidī ‘did my presence amongst you become a distant memory to you? (or: was my being away too long for you?) or did you desire that anger from God befall you, so you broke your promise to me?’ – ḥallau (to alight, ascend) Q 13:31 wa-lā yazālu ’llaḏīna kafarū tuṣībuhum bi-mā ṣanaʕū qāriʕatun ʔaw taḥullu qarīban min dārihim ‘as for those who disbelieve, desaster will not cease to strike them, or fall close to their homes, because of what they do’.
▪ DRS 9 (2010)#ḤLL-3: Ar ḥalla ‘prendre place’, ḥillaẗ ‘séjour, quartier’, maḥall(aẗ) ‘halte, campement; lieu, place’, Tham ḥll ‘camper’, Sab ḥll ‘camper’, Mhr Ḥars ḥəl, Jib ḥell ‘s’établir, demeurer’, Ḥars məḥél ‘endroit’, Jib ḥallɛ́t ‘ville’, Śḥr añḥall ‘lieu, place’, añḥallet ‘demeure, chambre’, Soq tḥalol ‘séjourner’, ? Jib oḥól ‘virevolter, aller de place en place’; Gz ḥalala ‘être rassemblé, entrer’. ▪ Since this value probably depends on that of ‘to untie, loosen’, cf. also the cognates given for ↗ḤLː (ḤLL)_1-3. In the same vain, Zammit2002 puts together Akk elēlu ‘rein sein, werden; frei sein’, Ug ḥl(l) ‘lösen (vom Bann)’, Hbr ḥālal (Hif.) ‘to begin’ (lit. ‘untie, loosen, open’), Aram ḥᵃlal ‘to wash, rinse; to degrade, profane’, Syr ḥalel ‘to purify’, Ar ḥalla ‘to untie (a knot); to be lawful; alight, settle in a place’, SAr ḥll ‘to encamp; to be unprotected (against)’, Gz ḥalala ‘to be gathered, come in’.
▪ DRS puts a question mark before listing the value ‘to stop, rest, settle down’ as belonging to ḤLL. But the authors seem to agree with Palache who derives the item from a primary meaning of *‘to untie, open, release, purify’, which is still present in ↗ḥalla (ḥall, ḥill); for the whole picture, cf. ↗ḤLː (ḤLL). Thus, ‘to stop, rest, settle down’ (and hence ‘place where one stops, etc.’, n.loc.) is probably, literally, ‘to unsaddle, put down (o.’s luggage), unload, alight’.
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►ḥalla fī manṣib, vb. I, to take over or hold an office. ►ḥalla ṯāliṯan, vb. I, he came in third place (sport). ►ḥalla maḥallahū, vb. I, to be in the right place. ►ḥalla maḥall al-šayʔ / fulān, vb. I, to take the place of s.th./s.o., replace, supersede s.th./s.o., substitute for s.th./s.o. ►ḥallat fī qalbi hī maḥallan, she held a place in his heart. ►ḥalla maḥall al-taqdīr laday hi, vb. I, to enjoy s.o.’s high esteem. ►ḥalla min nufūsi 'l-qurrāʔi maḥalla 'l-istiḥsān, vb. I, to appeal to the readers, meet with the readers’ approval. ►ʔaḥalla, vb. IV, to cause to take or occupy the place of, shift, move, translocate (s.th., e.g., a tribe, to a place); to settle (bayn among). | ~ maḥalla hū, to cause s.o. or s.th. to take the place of s.o. or s.th. else, replace s.o. or s.th. by, substitute s.o. or s.th. for, take s.o. or s.th. as substitute for; ~ al-šayʔ maḥall al-ʕināyaẗ, vb., to pay attention to s.th., make s.th. one’s concern. – For other values see ↗ḥalla (ḥall). ►BP#2261ĭḥtalla, vb. VIII, to settle down ( hū at a place); to occupy (mil., a territory); to assume, take over, occupy, hold, have (a place, a rank, an office) | ~ al-makān al-ʔawwal, to occupy the foremost place; ~ ʔaʕmāla hū, to take over s.o.’s functions. ►ḥillaẗ, n.f., way station, stopping place, stop, stopover; encampment; absolution (Chr.); dispensation (Chr.). ►BP#2636ḥulūl, n., stopping, putting up, staying; descending, coming on, befalling, overtaking; incarnation; setting in, advent, arrival (of a time, of a deadline), beginning, dawn; substitution (for s.o.). ►BP#701maḥall, pl. ‑āt, maḥāllᵘ, n., 1 place, location, spot, site, locale, locality, center; (place of) residence: n.loc. – 2 business; business house, firm, commercial house; store, shop. – 3 object, cause (e.g., of dispute, admiration, etc.). – 4 gear (automobile): 2-4 extended / metaphorical usages of n.loc. | ~a hū, adv., in his (its) place; fī ~i-hī, adv., in his (its) place, in his (its) stead, instead of him; kāna fī ~i hī, vb., to be in the right place; to be appropriate, expedient, advisable; to be justified, warranted; fī ġayr ~i hī, adj./adv., improper, misplaced, unsuitable, ill-suited; out of place; inappropriate, inexpedient, inopportune; ṣādafa ~a-hū, vb. III, to be convenient, be most opportune; lā ~ a li…, there is no room for…; it is out of place, quite déplacé; ~ al-ʕamal, n.,place of employment; ~ al-ʔiqāmaẗ, n., (place of) residence, address; ~ tiǧārī, n., business house, commercial house; al-~āt al-ʕumūmiyyaẗ wa'l-tiǧāriyyaẗ, n.pl., public utilities and commercial houses; ism al-~, n., firm; ~ ruhūnāt, n., pawnshop; ~āt al-siyāḥaẗ, n., travel agencies; ~ muraṭṭibāt, n., refreshment parlor; ~ al-lahw and ~ al-malāhī, n., amusement center; ~ nizāʕ, n., object of controversy, controversial matter; lā ʔarà ~an li-ʕaǧabin, I don’t see any reason for amazement, there is nothing to be astonished about; ~ naẓar, n., s.th. deserving attention, a striking, remarkable thing; ~ ak sir (eg.), interj., in place, march! (command; mil.); ~ handasī, n., geometric locus (math.). ►BP#569maḥallī, adj., local; native, indigenous; parochial: nsb-adj from maḥall; pl. ‑āt, n., local news, local page (of a newspaper): nominalized nisba. ►maḥallaẗ, pl. ‑āt, n., way station, stopping place, stop, stopover, encampment; camp; section, part, quarter (of a city): n.loc. f. ►ʔiḥlāl, n., substitution (e.g., phon.): vn. IV. ►BP#563ĭḥtilāl, n., occupation (mil.): vn. VIII. | ǧuyūš al-~, n.pl., occupation forces. ►ĭḥtilālī, adj., occupying, occupation (used attributively): nsb-adj from vn. VIII; n., advocate of foreign occupation: nominalized nsb-adj. ►BP#1965, 3107muḥtall, adj., 1 occupying (mil.): PA VIII | ǧuyūš ~aẗ, n., occupation forces. 2 occupied (zone; mil.): PP VIII.
low copper vessel; cooking pot (EgAr) – WehrCowan1979.
According to Youssef2003 the EgAr word goes back to Eg ḥnw, Copt ḥnau ‘metal cooking pot shaped a little like a wok’.
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▪ The item is listed in DRS 9 (2010) as #ḤLL-13, but without cognates or further commentary. ▪ Youssef2003: Eg ḥnw, Copt ḥnau ‘metal cooking pot shaped a little like a wok’.
▪ Youssef2003 thinks the word is from Copt ḥnau < Eg ḥnw ‘metal cooking pot shaped a little like a wok’. – Cf. Crum1939: Copt ḥn(a)au ‘vessel, pot, receptacle’; ErmanGrapow1921: Eg ḥnw ‘vessel, receptable’ > Copt ḥnaau, Eg ḥnw.t ‘bowl, cup’). – Phonetically perhaps not impossible, though not really probable. But the fact that the item seems to be peculiar to EgAr makes a Copt origin quite likely.
▪ DRS 9 (2010)#ḤLL-4: Syr ḥellā ‘voile’, Ar ḥullaẗ ‘robe, manteau’
▪ Accord to DRS, the item is related to the complex of *‘to untie, release, purify’, treated under under ↗ḤLː (ḤLL) and ↗ḥalla (ḥall). DRS remains silent, however, about how ‘clothing, garb, dress, suit’ should be derived from *‘to untie, release, purify’, etc. ▪ Fraenkel1886 thinks Ar ḥullaẗ is probably from Syr ḥellā ‘garment of fine linen’2
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that which is allowed, permitted or permissible; allowed, permitted, permissible, allowable, admissible, lawful, legal, licit, legitimate; lawful possession – WehrCowan1979.
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▪ eC7 Q 16:116 wa-lā taqūlū li-mā taṣifu ʔalsinatu-kumu ’l-kaḏiba hāḏā ḥalālun wa-hāḏā ḥarāmun li-taftarū ʕalà ’ḷḷāhi ’l-kaḏiba ‘do not describe the falsehood your tongues utter, [saying], “This is lawful and that is forbidden”, inventing a lie about God’.
↗ḥalla (ḥill) ‘to be allowed, permissable’
↗ḥalla (ḥill) ‘to be allowed, permissable’
▪ Engl halal : from Ar ḥalāl, from ↗ḥalla (ḥill) ‘to be allowed, permissable’.
outer opening of the urethra; urethra (anat.) – WehrCowan1979.
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▪ DRS 9 (2010)#ḤLL-5: Ar ʔiḥlīl ‘canal du pis ou de la verge’, YemAr ḥillūl ‘trachée artère, gorge’, ḥallāl, ḥallālah ‘jonc, bambou; tube de houka’, EgAr ḥillaẗ ‘conduite d’eau’, ʔiḥlīl, ḥalal ‘pénis’. ▪ For the wider context, see DISC.
▪ The word obviously belongs to the complex, treated under ↗ḤLː (ḤLL) and ↗ḥalla (ḥall), of ‘to loosen, release’ and means a canal or an opening through which liquids, air, etc. are ‘released’ or run freely. Since no cognates are known from other Sem languages, the value seems to be a peculiarity of Ar. The fact, however, that it is found in EgAr and Yem dialects, with quite different specialisations, suggests an older origin. ▪ For the wider context of ‘to untie, release, purify’, etc., cf. ↗ḤLː (ḤLL) and ↗ḥalla (ḥall), with further references.
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