Bibliotheca Polyglotta

▪ ḤMR_1 ‘red’ ↗ʔaḥmarᵘ
▪ ḤMR_2 ‘asphalt’ ↗ḥumar
▪ ḤMR_3 ‘donkey’ ↗ḥimār
▪ ḤMR_4 ‘deer, roebuck’ ↗yaḥmūr
Other values, now obsolete, include (BK1860, Lane ii 1865, Hava1899):

▪ ^†ḤMR_5 (cf. DRS #ḤMR-1) ‘to burn with anger’: ^†ḥamira (a, ḥamar)
▪ ^†ḤMR_6 (cf. DRS #ḤMR-1) ‘intense heat’: ^†ḥamārraẗ; cf. also ^†ḥimir ʻviolent, severe; most copious’
▪ ^†ḤMR_7 (cf. DRS #ḤMR-1) ‘inflammation caused by eating too much barley or by prolonged thirst, indigestion (horse)’: ^†ḥamar
▪ ^†ḤMR_8: (diseases causing red skin etc.) ʻerysipelas¹ ; skin lesion caused by anthrax’: ^†ḥumraẗ; cf. also ^†ḥumayraẗ ‘measles’.
▪ ^†ḤMR_9 ‘a kind of bird like a sparrow, red-headed sparrow, redstart’: ^†ḥum(m)ar
▪ ^†ḤMR_10 (≙ DRS #ḤMR-4) ‘ramasser, réunir de tous côtés’: ^†ʔaḥmara
▪ ^†ḤMR_11 (≙ DRS #ḤMR-7) ‘tamarind’: ^†ḥumar
▪ ^†ḤMR_12 (≙ DRS #ḤMR-10) ‘to scrape off, flay (sheep); to shave (the head); to excoriate; (fig.) to criticise sharply’: ^†ḥamara (u, ḥamr)
▪ ^†ḤMR_13 (cf. DRS #ḤMR-10) ‘to cut in pieces’: ^†ḥammara
▪ ^†ḤMR_14 (≙ DRS #ḤMR-11) ‘marcher vite’: ^†ʔaḥmara
▪ ^†ḤMR_15 ‘large rock; tombstone’: ^†ḥimāraẗ
▪ ^†ḤMR_16 ‘to ride a jade’: ^†ḥammara
▪ ^†ḤMR_17 ‘choice part of a flock; (fig.) anything precious’:^†ḥumr al-naʕam
▪ ^†ḤMR_18 ‘polisher for iron’: ^†ḥimār
▪ ^†ḤMR_19 ‘Anchusa, pigeon-foot (plant)’: ^†ḥumayrāʔᵘ
▪ ^†ḤMR_20 (ḤMYR) ‘Hymiarites (ancient tribe of Yemen)’: ^†ḥimyar (n.coll.); cf. also ^†ḥammara ʻto speak Hymiaritic’

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘redness, to dye or colour red; (of a person) to be fair in colour; to be difficult; donkey; big boulders; to scrape off, flay’.

1. a relatively common bacterial infection of the superficial layer of the skin (upper dermis), extending to the superficial lymphatic vessels within the skin, characterized by a raised, well-defined, tender, bright red rash, typically on the face or legs – en.wiki, 27Feb2021.

▪ Huehnergard2011, Kogan2011, DRS: from protSem *ḥimār‑ ‘donkey’.

–

▪ DRS 9 (2010) #ḤMR (for a comment on the grouping, see below, section DISC): -1 Akk emēru ‘être rouge’, emr‑, Ug ḥmr, Ar ʔaḥmar, yaḥmūr ‘rouge’, Sab ḥmrt (?) ‘rouge (?)’, Gz ḥamar ‘baie rouge’, Tña ḥamär, ḥamray ‘rouge; roux, brun clair (cheval)’, Amh ḥamär ‘roux (cheval)’. Hbr ḥᵃmarmar ‘être rougeâtre’. – nHbr ḥämar ‘brûler’; EmpAram hmr ‘colère’, Ar ḥamira ‘être rouge de colère’, ḥamrāʔ, ḥamārraẗ ‘chaleur brûlante (de midi, de l’été)’, ḥimirr ‘très violent’, ḥamira ‘avoir mauvaise haleine’ Jib aḥmír ‘mauvaise haleine et indigestion’. -2 Akk amār ‘tas de briques’, Hbr ḥomęr ‘boue, argile de potier’, JP ḥemārā, Ar ḥumar ‘asphalte’, Soq ḥamóra ‘bitume’, ḥámreh ‘saleté, lie’. -3 protSem *ḤiMāR ‘âne’: Akk imēr‑, Ug ḥmr, Hbr ḥᵃmōr, EmpAram Palm hmr, ḥᵃmārā, Ar ḥimār, Sab Min ḥmr. – ? Mhr ḥəmūr, Ḥrs ḥəmōr, Jib ḥõr ‘domestiquer, dompter, dresser une monture’, Mhr ḥəmɛ̄r ‘maîtrisé’. -4 Ug ḥmr: unité de mesure, Hbr ḥomȩr ‘monceau’, mesure pour les dattes sèches; JP ḥᵃmar ‘entasser, accumuler’, Ar ʔaḥmara ‘ramasser, réunir de tous côtés’. -5 EmpAram ḥmr, Talm ḥōmer ‘joyau, perle’, Syr ḥumrā ‘petite sphère’; Mhr ḥēmər, Jib ḥəyɛ̃r ‘ceinture, cordon porté à la taille par les jeunes garçons’; – Mhr məḥáwmər, Jib moḥũr (pl.) ‘gouttes de pluie tombant des arbres’. – ?6 Syr ḥᵃmūrtā ‘roue; tronçon de colonne, maillon de chaîne, etc.’. -7 Ar ḥumar ‘tamarin, fruit du tamarin’, Gz ḥamor, ḥomar, Tña ḥamär, ḥomär, ḥəmor, Amh ḥomär ‘tamarin’. -8 Gz ḥāmar: sorte de petit bateau, Tña ḥamär, Amh hamär ‘bateau’. -9 Te ḥamra ‘maigrir (vache)’. -10 Ar ḥamara ‘gratter, raser, écorcer, écorcher’, miḥmar ‘écharnoir’, ḥammara ‘hacher’. -11 ʔaḥmara ‘marcher vite’.
▪ [v7] Kogan2011: Akk emeru ‘to have intestinal trouble’, Hbr ḥmr ‘to glow, burn (of intestines)’, Ar ḥmr ‘to suffer from indidestion and bad breath’, Jib aḥmír ‘bad breath and indigestion’ (SED I No. 28v).
▪ [v15] Kogan2015: 594 #15: Jib ḥɛr̃ ‘mountain’, Soq ḥámər ‘petite montagne’, likely identical with Ar ḥimāraẗ ‘mass of stone or rock, any wide stone’, perh. also Hbr ḥōmär ‘heap’ (but not the Hbr measure name ḥōmär, which is »almost certainly derived from ḥămōr ‘donkey’«).
▪ …

▪ DRS 9 (2010) #ḤMR: On their grouping, the authors remark that »[l]e classement a ici principalement pour but d’ordonner commodément les diverses valeurs. Il n’implique pas toujours des séparations fondamentales. Les valeurs peuvent, pour certaines, être liées à d’autres dont elles constitueraient des emplois métaphoriques.«
▪ [v1] An indication of the colour term’s development from *ʻto glow, burn’ could be fact that it is not the original Sem term for ʻred’, which can be reconstructed as protSem *ʔdm ‘red’ (cf. Kogan2011).
▪ [v3] (DRS, on their #ḤMR-3): »Le nom de l’âne a été expliqué par certains comme *ʻanimal rouge’ [v1], par d’autres comme *ʻanimal porteur, bête de somme’, le rattachant à la notion de ʻcharge’ qui serait attestée en SAr et en Aram. […] Pour Hodge, Fol.Or. 17 (1976): 11, qui compare à l’Eg mr ʻattacher’, ḥ‑ serait une préformative, d’où ʻattaché [avec une charge]’; contre Leslau CDG 234: “ni ḥml ni ḥmr n’existent en Gz …. Le Gz ḥamala ʻtransporter’ est un emprunt à l’Ar.” – Le rapprochement avec les formes signifiant ʻdompter, domestiquer, apprivoiser’ est hautement hypothétique.« – Kogan2015 (594 #15) thinks that the measure name Hbr ḥōmär is »almost certainly derived from ḥămōr ‘donkey’« (= Ar ḥămōr).
▪ [v4] (DRS, on their #ḤMR-1): »L’Hbr et l’Ar connaissent une forme yaḥmūr en relation avec cette racine. En Hbr, elle est citée dans deux passages nommant des animaux licites à la consommation: Deut. 14:5 et 1 Rois 5:3; il semble s’agir d’une sorte de ʻdaim’ ou de ʻgazelle’. En Ar, outre sa valeur de ʻrouge’, elle désigne, entre autres, 1’ʻonagre’, ce qui a conduit divers lexicographes à en faire un dérivé du nom de 1’ʻâne’; mais il se trouve qu’elle nomme aussi une espèce d’antilope et une espèce d’oiseau. Il paraît donc vraisemblable que cette désignation a plutôt un rapport avec le nom de la couleur«.
▪ [v7] Partial semantic overlapping with ↗√ḪMR ʻto ferment, be in a state of fermentation’.
▪ [v11] If a loan from Gz, one should not only consider Gz ḥamor, ḥomar ʻtamarind’, but perh. also ḥomar ʻacorn’, prob. akin to ḥamar ʻred berry’, thus ultimately from [v1] ʻred’.
▪ [v12] ClassAr lexicographers tend to make ʻto scrape off, skin’ dependent on [v1] ʻred’. Cf. root entry ḤMR in Lane ii 1865 which gives as first meaning of vb. I »ʻto pare a thong, strip it of its (inner) superficial part, then oil it, previously to sewing with it, so that it becomes easy to sew with’ (app. because this operation makes it to appear of a red, or reddish, colour], hence ʻto pare, peel, strip s.th. of its bark, coat, covering, crust, etc.’«; cf. also the expressions ḥamara-hū bi’l-sawṭ ʻto excoriate s.o. with the whip’, and the fig. use in ḥamara-hū bi’l-lisān ʻto gall s.o.’
▪ [v17] ^†ḥumr al-naʕam ‘choice part of a flock; (fig.) anything precious’: ClassAr lexicographers explain that the colour adj. ʔaḥmar (f. ḥamrāʔᵘ, pl. ḥumr), when applied to camels, means »ʻof a colour like that of saffron when a garment is dyed with it so that it stands up by reason of [the thickness of] the dye: or of an unmixed red colour’ […]. It is said that, of she-camels, the ḥamrāʔᵘ is the most able to endure the summer midday-heat; […] and that the ṣahbāʔᵘ is the most beautiful to look at […]; and the Arabs say that the best of camels are the ḥumr and the ṣuhb. [Hence,] ḥumr al-naʕam signifies the ʻhigh-bred\excellent of camels’, and is proverbially applied to ʻanything highly prized, precious, valuable, excellent’« – Lane ii 1865.
▪ …

▪ Cf. perh. Engl homer (unit of volume used by ancient Hebrews for liquids and dry goods) ↗ḥimār.

–

ḥumar حُمَر

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021, update 05Mar2021

√ḤMR

asphalt – WehrCowan1976.

▪ DRS (#ḤMR-2) groups Ar ḥumar ‘asphalt’ together with Akk amār ‘heap of bricks’ (cf. Ar ^†ḥumraẗ ʻpounded bricks’?) and Hbr ḥomęr ‘mud, potter’s clay’ (see root entry ↗√ḤMR [v10]), but adds that their grouping should not necessarily be considered reflecting etymological dependence. In fact, ‘asphalt’ may perh. rather be related to the notion of ʻred’ (↗ʔaḥmarᵘ) which, in its turn, could be dependent on the idea of *‘to glow, be hot, burn, be burning’ [cf. vb. II, ḥammara ‘to fry, roast’, ClassAr ^†ḥamārraẗ ‘intense heat’, as well as the 2-consonantal ↗√ḤMː (ḤMM)].
▪ If DRS is right, one may also have to consider ^†ʔaḥmara ‘ramasser, réunir de tous côtés’ as well as ^†ḥimāraẗ ‘large rock; tombstone’ – cf. root entry ↗√ḤMR.
▪ Fraenkel1886 thought the word was a loan from Syr. But no such word seems to exist in Syr… .
▪ …

▪ …

▪ DRS 9 (2010) #ḤMR (for a comment on the grouping, see above, section CONC, and below, section DISC): -1 Akk emēru ‘être rouge’, emr‑, Ug ḥmr, Ar ʔaḥmar, yaḥmūr ‘rouge’, Sab ḥmrt (?) ‘rouge (?)’, Gz ḥamar ‘baie rouge’, Tña ḥamär, ḥamray ‘rouge; roux, brun clair (cheval)’, Amh ḥamär ‘roux (cheval)’. Hbr ḥᵃmarmar ‘être rougeâtre’. – nHbr ḥämar ‘brûler’; EmpAram hmr ‘colère’, Ar ḥamira ‘être rouge de colère’, ḥamrāʔ, ḥamārraẗ ‘chaleur brûlante (de midi, de l’été)’, ḥimirr ‘très violent’, ḥamira ‘avoir mauvaise haleine’ Jib aḥmír ‘mauvaise haleine et indigestion’. -2 Akk amār ‘tas de briques’, Hbr ḥomęr ‘boue, argile de potier’, JP ḥemārā, Ar ḥumar ‘asphalte’, Soq ḥamóra ‘bitume’, ḥámreh ‘saleté, lie’. – -3-11… [irrelevant].
▪ …

–

ḥumarī, adj., asphaltic, asphalt, tar, tarry: nisba formation.

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗ḥimār, ↗ʔaḥmarᵘ, ↗yaḥmūr, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√ḤMR.

ḥimār حِمار , pl. ḥamīr, ḥumur, ʔaḥmiraẗ

√ḤMR

donkey, ass – WehrCowan1976.

▪ Huehnergard2011, Kogan2011, DRS (#ḤMR-3): from protSem *ḥimār‑ ‘donkey’. – Cf. also Ar ↗ʕayr (from a protWSem *ʕayr‑, synonymous to protSem *ḥimār‑), and ↗ʔitān ‘donkey mare’.
▪ For attempts to explain the donkey as *ʻred animal’, thus linking it to ↗ʔaḥmarᵘ, or as *ʻpack animal, beast of burden’ (from ↗ḤML), or still other suggestions, see below, section DISC. – For fig. and other usage (*‘stupidity’, *‘slowness’, *‘bridge’, …), see section HIST.
▪ …

▪ ClassAr ^†ḥammara, vb. II, ʻto call s.o. an ass’: clearly denom.
▪ The same ClassAr vb. II, ^†ḥammara, can also mean ‘to ride a jade’. This usage is prob. from ^†miḥmar ʻhorse of mean race that resembles the ass in his slowness of running’, thus prob. dependent on ḥimār ʻdonkey’.
▪ ClassAr knows ḥimār also in the sense of ^†‘polisher for iron (wooden implement of the polisher, upon which he polishes iron)’ as well as ^†‘piece of wood in the fore part of the saddle called raḥl upon which a woman when riding lays hold, fore part of the saddle called ʔikāf, stick upon which saddles called ʔaqtāb are carried’, and ^†ḥimār al-ṭunbūr ‘(bridge of the mandolin) a thing well-known’. All of them may be fig. use, though it remains unclear in how far a donkey should resemble a bridge, etc. In the case of ^†‘polisher of iron’ and ^†‘piece of wood…’, the actual etymon was prob. not ḥimār, but ^†ḥamara ‘to scrape off, flay (sheep); to shave (the head); to excoriate’; cf. also ^†ḥamīraẗ ʻthong, strap (so called because it is pared)’; see [v12] in root entry ↗ḤMR, as the saddle grip may originally be *‘the skinned one’.
▪ …

▪ Bergsträsser1928: (*‘donkey’) Akk imēru, Hbr ḥmōr, Syr ḥmārā, SAr ḥmr.
▪ DRS 9 (2010) #ḤMR-3 Akk imēr‑, Ug ḥmr, Hbr ḥᵃmōr, EmpAram Palm hmr, ḥᵃmārā, Ar ḥimār, Sab Min ḥmr. – ? Mhr ḥəmūr, Ḥrs ḥəmōr, Jib ḥõr ‘domestiquer, dompter, dresser une monture’, Mhr ḥəmɛ̄r ‘maîtrisé’. -4 Ug ḥmr: unité de mesure, Hbr ḥomȩr ‘monceau’, mesure pour les dattes sèches; JP ḥᵃmar ‘entasser, accumuler’, Ar ʔaḥmara ‘ramasser, réunir de tous côtés’.
▪ …

▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl homer, from Hbr ḥōmer ‘heap’, a unit of capacity, »unit of volume used by ancient Hebrews for liquids and dry goods. […] 1 homer equals 220 litre or 220dm³. – The homer should not be confused with the omer [Hbr ʕōmär, cf. Ar ↗ʕam˅ra], which is a much smaller unit of dry measure«.¹ – Kogan2015: 594 #15 agrees with Huehnergard2011 on that the word »almost certainly« is derived from Hbr ḥămōr (= Ar ḥimār) ‘donkey’, signifying originally the burden carried by a donkey. However, Kogan thinks that the Hbr measure name ¹ḥōmär ‘homer’ should be kept apart from the homonymous ²ḥōmär ‘heap’, which is perh. akin to Ar ^†ḥimāraẗ ‘mass of stone or rock, any wide stone’, likely identical with Jib ḥɛr̃ ‘mountain’, Soq ḥámər ‘petite montagne’ (↗√ḤMR [v10] ‘ramasser, réunir de tous côtés’, [v15] ‘large rock; tombstone’).
▪ …

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer_(unit), as of 03Mar2021.

►ḥimār al-waḥš and ḥimār waḥšī, n., wild ass, onager;
►samm al-ḥimār, n., oleander (Nerium oleander; bot.)

►ḥimāraẗ, n.f., she-ass, female donkey: f. of ḥimār
►ḥammār, pl.ḥammāraẗ, n., donkey driver: n.prof., from ḥimār.
►yaḥmūr, n., 1 ↗ʔaḥmarᵘ; 2 ↗yaḥmūr; 3 wild ass; 4 ↗ʔaḥmarᵘ.

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗ḥumar, ↗ʔaḥmarᵘ, ↗yaḥmūr, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√ḤMR.

ʔaḥmarᵘ أَحْمَر , f. ḥamrāʔᵘ, pl. ḥumr

√ḤMR

adj.

1 red, red-colored, ruddy; 2 rosy, pink – WehrCowan1976.

▪ Accord. to Kogan2011, Ar ʔaḥmarᵘ replaced protSem *ʔdm ‘red’, a term for one of the four basic colours in the protSem colour spectrum¹ (see also Ar ↗LBN and ↗BYḌ for ‘white’, ↗ẒLM and ↗SWD for ‘black’, ↗WRQ and ↗ḪḌR for ‘green’). The fact that ʔaḥmarᵘ is not the original Sem term for ʻred’, may be an indication for the colour term’s development from other notions, such as *ʻto glow, burn’ or *ʻto scrape off, flay, excoriate’.
▪ Accord. to Landberg1920, »[l]e thème ḤMR doit être un développement de √ḤM ʻêtre chaud, être brûlant’ vhv. [↗√ḤMː (ḤMM)], ce qui a motivé le sens de ʻrouge’« (DRS 9 #ḤMR-1); similarly Kogan2011: »perhaps related to Hbr ḥmr ‘to glow, burn’«, thus akin to, or perh. even dependent on, ^†‘to burn with anger’ (↗√ḤMR [v5]) and ʻviolence, severity, intensity’ (↗√ḤMR [v6]).
▪ If not dependent on *‘to glow, burn’, should one perh. consider ‘to scrape off, flay (sheep); to shave (the head); to excoriate’ (↗√ḤMR [v12]) as an alternative origin? It may well be that the colour is called ʔaḥmarᵘ after the redness of the flesh that appears when scraping, skinning, excoriating. On the other hand, semantically, it may also be the other way round, i.e., the latter actions being called ḥamara because they cause blood to flow and thus *ʻmake red’. The entry on √ḤMR in Lane ii 1865 – which starts with this value – gives the impression that ClassAr lexicographers tend to make ʻto scrape off, skin, etc.’ dependent on ʻred’.
▪ Values, now obsolete, that obviously depend on ‘red’ are: diseases causing red skin, etc., like ^†ʻerysipelas; anthrax; ‘measles’ (↗√ḤMR [v8], perh. in itself akin to ↗√ḤMR [v12] ‘to scrape off, flay, shave, excoriate, pare, peel, divest’); ^†‘red-headed sparrow, redstart’ (↗√ḤMR [v9]); ^†ḥammara ‘to cut in pieces’ (<*‘to make red by causing to bleed’) (↗√ḤMR [v13]); ^†‘choice part of a flock, anything precious’ (↗√ḤMR [v17], < *ʻthe red ones’, “red” skin signaling maturity and excellency; see below, section HIST, for more details); ^† ‘Anchusa, pigeon-foot (plant)’ (↗√ḤMR [v19]).
▪ Perhaps akin are also: ↗ḥumar ‘asphalt’, ↗ḥimār ‘donkey’, ↗yaḥmūr ‘deer, roebuck’ and obsolete values such as ^†‘to burn with anger’ (↗√ḤMR [v5], prob. < *ʻto become red’ out of anger), ^†ʻviolence, vehemence, intensity’ (↗√ḤMR [v6]); ^†‘tamarind’ (↗√ḤMR [v11]); perh. even the n.gent. ^†‘Hymiarites (ancient tribe of Yemen)’ (↗√ḤMR [v20]) = ḤMYR)?
▪ …

1. As reconstructed by Bulakh 2003, 2004, 2006a, 2006b.

▪ Rare vb. XI: ^†ĭḥmārra ʻto become accidentally red’.
▪ »Applied to a camel, ʻof a colour like that of saffron when a garment is dyed with it so that it stands up by reason of [the thickness of] the dye: or of an unmixed red colour’ […]. It is said that, of she-camels, the ḥamrāʔᵘ is the most able to endure the summer midday-heat; […] and that the ṣahbāʔᵘ is the most beautiful to look at […]; and the Arabs say that the best of camels are the ḥumr and the ṣuhb. [Hence,] ḥumr al-naʕam signifies the ʻhigh-bred\excellent of camels’, and is proverbially applied to ʻanything highly prized, precious, valuable, excellent’. – Applied to a man, ʻwhite in complexion’, because abyaḍᵘ might be considered as of evil omen [implying the meaning of leprosy]: or […] because the latter epithet, applied to a man, was only used by the Arabs as signifying ʻpure’ or ʻfree from faults’; but they sometimes used this latter epithet in the sense of ʻwhite in complexion’, applied to a man &c. So, accord. to some, in the trad., buʕiṯtu ʔilà l-ʔaḥmar wa’l-ʔabyaḍ, i.e. ʻI have been sent to the white and the black’, because these two epithets comprise all mankind; [therefore, by the former we should understand the white and the red races; and by the latter, the negroes; but some hold that by the former are meant the foreigners, and] by the latter are meant the Arabs. One says also, [when speaking of Arabs and more northern races] ʔatā-nī kullᵘ ʔaswadᵃ min-hum wa-ʔaḥmarᵃ, meaning ʻevery Arab of them, and foreigner, came to me’; and one should not say, in this sense, ʔabyaḍ. – al-ḥamrāʔᵘ, also, is applied to ʻthe foreigners (al-ʕaǧam, collectively)’ because a reddish white is the prevailing hue of their complexion, or […] ʻthose foreigners mostly characterized by whiteness of complexion, as the Greeks and Persians’. You say, laysa fī l-ḥamrāʔi miṯluhū ʻthere is not among the foreigners (al-ʕaǧam) the like of him’. And, accord. to some, al-ʔaḥmarᵘ wa’l-ʔabyaḍᵘ means ʻthe Arabs and the foreigners’. […] al-ḥamrāʔᵘ (= ʔabnāʔ al-ḥamrāʔⁱ) is an appellation applied to ʻemancipated slaves’, and ĭbn ḥamrāʔ al-ʕiǧān, meaning ʻson of the female slave’, is an appellation used in reviling and blaming« – Lane ii 1865.
▪ …

▪ DRS 9 (2010) #ḤMR-1 Akk emēru ‘être rouge’, emr‑, Ug ḥmr, Ar ʔaḥmar, yaḥmūr ‘rouge’, Sab ḥmrt (?) ‘rouge (?)’, Gz ḥamar ‘baie rouge’, Tña ḥamär, ḥamray ‘rouge; roux, brun clair (cheval)’, Amh ḥamär ‘roux (cheval)’. Hbr ḥᵃmarmar ‘être rougeâtre’. – nHbr ḥämar ‘brûler’; EmpAram hmr ‘colère’, Ar ḥamira ‘être rouge de colère’, ḥamrāʔ, ḥamārraẗ ‘chaleur brûlante (de midi, de l’été)’, ḥimirr ‘très violent’, ḥamira ‘avoir mauvaise haleine’ Jib aḥmír ‘mauvaise haleine et indigestion’.
▪ …

–

►dūn al-ʔaḥmar, taḥt al-ʔaḥmar, adj., infrared;
►al-baḥr al-ʔaḥmar, n., the Red Sea;
►al-ṣalīb al-ʔaḥmar, n., the Red Cross;
►al-mawt al-ʔaḥmar, n., violent death;
►al-hawà al-ʔaḥmar, n., sexual intercourse;
►al-ʔaḥmarān, expr., (ʻthe two red ones’, i.e.) wine and meat;
►al-ʔaswad wa’l-ʔaḥmar, expr., (ʻthe black and the red’, i.e.) all mankind;
►ʔaḥmar al-šafāyif, n., lipstick.

►ḥammara, vb. II, 1 to redden, color or dye red (s.th.); 2a to roast (s.th.); b to fry (s.th.); c to brown (flour in preparing a roux): D-stem, denom.caus.
►ĭḥmarra, vb. IX, to turn red, take on a reddish color, redden, blush: denom.

►ḥumraẗ, n.f., 1a redness, red color(ation), red; b rouge (cosm.); 2 brick dust, brick rubble; 3 erysipelas, St. Anthony’s fire (med.)
►ḥumūr, n., red, red color(ation), redness.
►ḥumayraẗ, n., redstart (zool.)
►ḥamrāʔᵘ, n.f., smut, rust (disease affecting cereals); al-ḥamrāʔ, n.f., Alhambra, the Citadel of Granada: f. of ʔaḥmar
►yaḥmūr, n., 1 red; 2 deer, roe, roebuck; 3 wild ass; 4 hemoglobin (physiol.)
►ĭḥmirār, n., 1 reddening, blush(ing), redness, red coloration; 2 erythema (med.): vn. IX.
►muḥammar, adj., roasted: PP II. | baṭāṭis muḥammar(aẗ), n.(f.), fried potatoes.

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗ḥumar, ↗ḥimār, ↗yaḥmūr, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√ḤMR.

yaḥmūr يَحْمُور

√ḤMR, YḤMR

adj.; n.

1 red; 2 deer, roe, roebuck; 3 wild ass; 4 hemoglobin (physiol.) – WehrCowan1976.

▪ [v1] ↗ʔaḥmarᵘ.
▪ [v2] MilitarevKogan2005 #249: from protSem *yaḥmūr‑ ‘oryx, kind of antelope, roebuck’. While rather wide attestation of cognates in Sem allow the reconstruction of a protSem form, the authors of DRS 10 (2012) still think (s.v. #YḤMR) that the word is formed from ↗ḤMR, thus < *‘the red one’. Until today, yaḥmūr may also mean ʻred’, see also DISC below. (For ideas on the etymology of the latter, see i>ʔaḥmarᵘ.)
▪ [v3] ↗ḥimār.
▪ [v4] ↗ʔaḥmarᵘ.
▪ …

▪ …

▪ NB: only data relevant for [v2] are given here:

▪ MilitarevKogan2005 #249: Ug yḥmr, Hbr yaḥmūr ‘roebuck’, JudAram yaḥmūrā, f. yaḥmūrtā ‘fallow-deer’, Sam yḥmwr ‘an animal’, Syr yaḥmūrā ‘antilope, cervus dama’, Mnd iamuria (pl.) ‘kids, lambs, claves, young of animals’, nSyr yakhmûrâ ‘antelope, roebuck’, Ar yaḥmūr ‘espèce d’antelope appelée baḳar al-waḥš; onagre’ (BK).
▪ DRS 9 (2010) #ḤMR (for a comment on the grouping, see below, section DISC): -1 Akk emēru ‘être rouge’, emr‑, Ug ḥmr, Ar ʔaḥmar, yaḥmūr ‘rouge’, Sab ḥmrt (?) ‘rouge (?)’, Gz ḥamar ‘baie rouge’, Tña ḥamär, ḥamray ‘rouge; roux, brun clair (cheval)’, Amh ḥamär ‘roux (cheval)’. Hbr ḥᵃmarmar ‘être rougeâtre’. – nHbr ḥämar ‘brûler’; EmpAram hmr ‘colère’, Ar ḥamira ‘être rouge de colère’, ḥamrāʔ, ḥamārraẗ ‘chaleur brûlante (de midi, de l’été)’, ḥimirr ‘très violent’, ḥamira ‘avoir mauvaise haleine’ Jib aḥmír ‘mauvaise haleine et indigestion’. -2 […]. -3 Akk imēr‑, Ug ḥmr, Hbr ḥᵃmōr, EmpAram Palm hmr, ḥᵃmārā, Ar ḥimār, Sab Min ḥmr ‘âne’. – […]. – 4-11 […].
▪ …

–

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗ḥumar, ↗ḥimār, ↗ʔaḥmarᵘ, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√ḤMR.

Permanent link

http://www2.hf.uio.no/common/apps/permlink/permlink.php?app=polyglotta&context=ctext&uid=d83f6715-06ff-11ee-937a-005056a97067

Choose languages

Choose images, etc.

Choose languages

Choose display