Bibliotheca Polyglotta

▪ ḪWR_1 ‘to low, moo (cattle)’ ↗ḫāra
▪ ḪWR_2 ‘to be\grow weak, decline in force; ^†to abate (heat), to soften (snow)’ ↗ḫawira
▪ ḪWR_3 ‘inlet, bay; tract of land between two hills; gulf; mouth of a river’ ↗ḫawr
▪ ḪWR_4 ‘parson, curate, priest’ ↗ḫūrī

Other values (obsolete, or dialectal only):

▪ ^†ḪWR_5 ‘rectum, anus of the horse’ ↗^†ḫawrān; ‘hips, buttocks’ ↗ḫawwāraẗ
▪ ^†ḪWR_6 ‘the best, the choice (camels)’ ↗^†ḫūr
▪ ḪWR_7 ‘avid, greedy, voluptuous’: YemAr ḫāwur, DaṯAr ʔaḫwar
▪ ḪWR_8 ‘moire’: SyrAr ḫārā

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘the lowing of an ox or a cow, to low, to moo; weakness, to weaken at the time of need, a coward; low land between high hills’

▪ The semantics in this root partially overlap with that of ↗√ḪRː (ḪRR) and √ḤWR.

▪ ḪWR_1 ḫāra ‘to low, moo (cattle)’: Landberg1920 thinks it is onomatopoetic, to be compared to √ḪRː (ḪRR) (↗ḫarra ‘to murmur, bubble, gurgle; to snore’); Orel&Stolbova1994 derive it from an AfrAs *qor- ‘to shout, say’ (with assumed cognates in Berb, Eg, and some WCh langs); Tropper2008 considers a possible relation of Ug ḫwr ‘to be weak (horse)’ (and, implicitly, also of Ar ḫawira, ḪWR_2) with the animal’s uttering such a sound; according to ClassAr lexicographers, from ‘to low, moo, bellow’ derives also the meaning ‘to bend, turn, incline’; BDB1906 (s.v. Hbr √ḤWR) identifies this latter meaning with that of ḪWR_2 ‘to be weak’.
▪ ḪWR_2 ḫawira ‘to be\grow weak, decline in force; ^†to abate (heat), to soften (snow)’: Tropper2008 proposes to see the item together with Ug ḫwr ‘to be weak (horse)’ and Gz ḫəwwər, ḫəwwur ‘weak, strengthless’; to the latter may (acc. to Kogan2015 and DRS #ḪWR-1) perh. also belong some modSAr (Mhr, Jib, Soq) items meaning ‘a little’; alternatively, Tropper thinks Ug ḫwr could be cognate to Ar ḫāra ‘to low’ (ḪWR_1) or to Ar ↗ḫarra ‘to fall down, sink to the ground’; BDB1906 (s.v. Hbr √ḤWR) identifies ‘to be weak’ with this the obsolete ^†‘to bend, turn, incline’, which ClassAr lexicographers however derive from ḪWR_1 ‘to low, moo, bellow’.
▪ ḪWR_3 ḫawr ‘inlet, bay; tract of land between two hills; gulf; mouth of a river’: according to Ḍannāwī2004 perh. borrowed from a Pers hor (?); Freytag1830, too, thinks it is from Pers [nothing fitting in Steingass, but VahmanPedersen1998 has nPers ḫor ‘mouth of a river, small bay’; however, this may be an Arabism]; the Pers connection can seem plausible in the light of the E/GulfAr and modSAr forms given in DRS; in contrast, Landberg1920 identifies ḫawr with ↗ġawr ‘bottom; declivity, depression; graben, valley’; Cohen1969 #162 suggests cognates in Eg ḫrw ‘depression’ (> Dem ẖlt, Copt [B] ḫel(l)ot] ‘valley, rift, river’), as well as some Berb and Cush idioms, and thus sees an AfrAs dimension; BDB1906 compares Hbr √ḤWR (only in ḥor ‘hollow’, ?and perh. the n.prop.terr. ↗Ḥawrān) with Ar ḫāra ‘to bend, turn, incline, (of man) be weak’ (cf. ḪWR_1, ḪWR_2) and ḫawr ‘hollow, depressed ground between hills’.
▪ ḪWR_4 ḫūrī ‘parson, curate, priest (Chr.)’: some think the word is from Grk χorós ‘choir’; Dozy considered it an abbreviated form of Grk χōrepískopos ‘vice bishop in the countryside’ (cf. ↗ʔusquf); Wahrmund, in contrast, compares Fr curé ‘parson’.

▪ ^†ḪWR_5 ḫawrān ‘rectum, anus of the horse’: acc. to Lane ii (1865), some ClassAr lexicographers relate this value to ḪWR_3 »because it [the anus] is like a depressed place between two hills (ḫawr)«; seen together in DRS with ḫawwāraẗ ‘hip, buttocks’; any relation to ḪWR_2 ḫawira ‘to be weak (?hence also: soft)’?
▪ ^†ḪWR_6 ḫūr ‘the best, the choice (camels)’: acc. to Lane < *ḫuyr ↗ḫayr.
▪ ḪWR_7 YemAr ḫāwur, DaṯAr ʔaḫwar ‘avid, greedy, voluptuous’: Landberg1920 thinks the item belongs to ḪWR_2 (*‘to be weak > to long for s.th. to eat to regain strength’).
▪ ḪWR_8 SyrAr ḫārā ‘moire’: prob. from Pers ḫārā ‘very hard rock, perh. granite; [?hence:] kind of watered silk stuff, waved silk’ (Steingass, Redhouse).

▪▪ …
▪▪ …

▪DRS 10 (2012) #ḪWR-1 Ar ḫāra ‘être faible, débile’, ḫawar ‘faiblesse, manque de vigueur’; EAr ḫār ‘s’ébouler (terre)’, Gz ḫəwwər ‘faible, invalide’, ? Mhr ḫawr, Jib ḫä́rín, Soq ḥarə́rən ‘un peu’. -2 YemAr ḫāwur ‘avide, plein de convoitise, voluptueux’. -3 Ar ḫawr, Ḏ̣ofAr ‘golfe, embouchure d’un fleuve’, ʕOmAr ḥōr ‘port’, DaṯAr ḫawr ‘port, golfe’, Mhr ḫawr, Soq ḫōr, ḥōr ‘baie, embouchure’, Jib ḫohr ‘bras de mer’. -4 Ar ḫawwāraẗ ‘cul, fesses’, ḫawrān ‘orifice de l’anus (chez les animaux)’. -5 ḫāra ‘mugir, beugler’. -6 Akk ḫūrat- ‘sumac utilisé dans le corroyage’. -7 SyrAr ḫārā ‘moire’. -8 Ḥrs ḫawrət ‘base du crâne, nuque’.

See CONC and individual entries.

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ḫār‑ / ḫur‑ خار / خُرـ , u (ḫuwār)

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ḪWR

vb., I

to low, moo (cattle) – WehrCowan1994

▪ Landberg1920 thinks it is onomatopoetic, to be compared to √ḪRː (ḪRR) (↗ḫarra ‘to murmur, bubble, gurgle; to snore’).
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994 derive it from an AfrAs *qor- ‘to shout, say’ (with assumed cognates in Berb, Eg, and some WCh langs).
▪ Tropper2008 considers a possible relation of Ug ḫwr ‘to be weak (horse)’ (and, implicitly, also of Ar ↗ḫawira) with the animal’s uttering such a sound.

▪ HDAL: earliest attestation in this sense 563 AD
▪ (ḫuwār ‘lowing, mooing’) Q 20:88 fa-ʔaḫraǧa lahum ʕiǧlan ǧasadan lahū ḫuwārun ‘so he produced for them a calf, an effigy that produced a lowing sound’

▪ DRS 10 (2012) #ḪWR-5 Ar ḫāra ‘mugir, beugler’: without cognates in Sem.
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994 #2044: AfrAs *qor- ‘to shout, say’ > Sem *ḫūr- ‘to bellow’ (reconstructed only from Ar ḫāra u), based on biconsonantal *ḫ˅r-. Cognates in Berb *kur- (Ahg kur-ət) ‘to call’, Eg ḫr ‘to say’ (OK), WCh *qwar- (gwar ‘to groan’; kwar, gwar-al ‘to shout, cry, call’ in some WCh idioms).

▪ Orel&Stolbova1994 #2044: Sem *ḫūr- ‘to bellow’ (reconstructed only from Ar ḫāra u), based on biconsonantal *ḫ˅r-, Berb *kur- (Ahg kur-ət) ‘to call’, Eg ḫr ‘to say’ (OK), WCh *qwar- (gwar ‘to groan’; kwar, gwar-al ‘to shout, cry, call’) < AfrAs *qor- ‘to shout, say’.

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► ḫuwār, n., lowing, mooing: vn. I

ḫawir‑ خَوِر , a (ḫawar), var. ḫār‑ / ḫur‑ خار , u (ḫuʔūr, ‑aẗ)

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ḪWR

vb., I

to decline in force or vigor; to grow weak, spiritless, languid, to languish, flag; to dwindle, give out (strength) – WehrCowan1994

▪ Tropper2008 suggests seeing the item together with Ug ḫwr ‘to be weak (horse)’ and Gz ḫəwwər ‘weak, strengthless’; to the latter may (acc. to Kogan2015 and DRS #ḪWR-1) perh. also belong some modSAr (Mhr, Jib, Soq) items meaning ‘a little’; alternatively, Tropper thinks Ug ḫwr could be cognate to Ar ḫāra ‘to low, moo’ (ḪWR_1) or to Ar ↗ḫarra ‘to fall down, sink to the ground’.

▪ HDAL: earliest attestation in this sense 570 AD.
▪ In pre-MSA texts, ḫāra / ḫawira is also attested as ^†‘to abate (heat); to soften (snow)’.

▪ DRS 10 (2012) #ḪWR-1 Ar ḫāra ‘être faible, débile’, ḫawar ‘faiblesse, manque de vigueur’; EAr ḫār ‘s’ébouler (terre)’, Gz ḫəwwər ‘faible, invalide’, ? Mhr ḫawr, Jib ḫä́rín, Soq ḥarə́rən ‘un peu’.
▪ Kogan2015: 559 #51: For the modSAr forms Mhr ḫawr, Jib ḫɛ́rín, Soq ḥarə́rhɛn ‘a little’, Kogan reconstructs prot-modSAr *ḫūr‑, *ḫarr-˅n- ‘a little’, adding that the origin is uncertain »although A. Jahn’s comparison (1902:199) with Ar ḫwr ‘to be weak, feeble’ is not unreasonable, see further Gz ḫəwwur ‘weak, invalid’, Te ḥawärä ‘perdre la parole (de faiblesse)’«. »Semantically more attractive is M. Bittner’s equation (1915a:40-41) with Ar ḥwr ‘to decrease, be defective or deficient’ [ḤWR_3, ↗ḥāra], but one is reluctant to accept it because of the phonological difference.«
▪ Tropper2008: Ug ḫwr ‘to be weak (horse)’, Gz ḫəwwər ‘weak, strengthless’. Alternatively, Ug ḫwr could be cognate to Ar ↗ḫāra ‘to low, moo’ (ḪWR_1) or to Ar ↗ḫarra ‘to fall down, sink to the ground’.
▪ ? Ar ^†ḫawwāraẗ, n.f., hips, buttocks; ^†ḫūr, n.f.pl. (said to be pl. of sg. ^†ḫawwār, ‑aẗ, but regarded as pl.tantum by others) ‘women of ill fame’. – Cognates of ḫawira ‘to be weak (?hence also: soft)’ or rather to be seen together with ↗^†ḫawrān ‘rectum, anus’?

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► ḫawar, n., weakness, fatigue, enervation, languor, lassitude
► ḫawwār, adj., weak, languid, strengthless

ḫawr خَوْر , pl. ʔaḫwār, ḫīrān

√ḪWR

inlet, bay – WehrCowan1994

▪ Of unclear origin. Several etymologies have been suggested. Freytag1830 and Ḍannāwī2004 assume a Pers source, which could be in line with the fact that DRS 10 (2012) only give E/GulfAr and modSAr cognates. On the other hand, the word does not seem uncommon in EgAr and SudAr (BehnstedtWoidich2011). In contrast, Landberg1920 saw ḫawr related to ġawr, while BDB1906 would not exclude kinship with items from the root √ḪWR but also consider a Hbr word as cognate. Farthest, as often, goes Cohen1969, assuming an AfrAs origin.

▪ HDAL: earliest attestation in this sense 709 AD (al-ʕAǧǧāǧ).

▪ DRS 10 (2012) #ḪWR-3 Ḏ̣ofAr ‘golfe, embouchure d’un fleuve’, ʕOmAr ḥōr ‘port’, DaṯAr ḫawr ‘port, golfe’; Mhr ḫawr, Soq ḫōr, ḥōr ‘baie, embouchure’, Jib ḫohr ‘bras de mer’.
▪ Cohen1969 #162: Eg ḫrw ‘lowland, depression’, Copt (B) ḫel(l)ot [Copt (S) šlōt – Westerndorf2008: < Eg ḫ3r(w)ṯ, Dem ẖlt] ‘valley, rift, river’; Berb (Tom) égərəw ‘large river, lake, see’, tēgərt ‘rivulet, brook’; Bed kŭān, Bil kŭra, Ch aḳual ‘river’; Som hūr ‘lake’ (< Ar ?), ḫōri ‘river bank, rivulet, brook’. – ? Hbr ḳor ‘to flow’ (?), Gz ḳʷallā ‘lowland’ (valley of a large river), Amh kʷərē ‘pond, pool’.
▪ BehnstedtWoidich i (2011):424 #143 – In Kordofan, ḫōr typically means ‘river’. The ClassAr meanings (Lane: ‘low, or depressed, ground or land… between two elevated parts… an inlet from a sea or large river, entering into the land… a place, or channel, where water pours into a sea or large river”) are found in Luxor (BehnstedtWoidich1994), while Qāsim2002 (QAS) notes ‘valley, graben’ for the Sudan (hence also kóóru ‘river’ im Ki-Nubi/Kenia – Heine1982).

▪ In pre-MSA texts, ḫawr is attested as ‘tract of land between two hills, valley; gulf, bay, gulf; mouth of a river’.
▪ Of Pers origin? – According to Ḍannāwī2004, it is perh. borrowed from a Pers »هور« (hor ? – unidentifiable in my Pers dictionaries). Freytag1830, too, thought it was a »vox Persica«, i.e., a borrowing from Pers; Steingass1892 does not have anything that might fit this assumption, but VahmanPedersen1998 has nPers ḫor ‘mouth of a river, small bay’; however, this may be in itself an Arabism, as is assumed in Redhouse’s Tu–Engl dictionary of 1890 where »khavr, vulg. khor ‘bay, strait, channel; river mouth on the sea, harbor; low-lying bottom where water is apt to collect« is marked »A.«, indicating Ar origin]. The Pers connection can seem plausible in the light of the E/Gulf Ar and modSAr forms given in DRS. But compare BehnstedtWoidich2011 (see COGN) who found that the word is common also in Egypt and Sudan.
▪ Landberg1920 identified ḫawr with ↗ġawr ‘bottom; declivity, depression; graben, valley’.
▪ BDB1906 compared Hbr ḥōr ‘hollow’ (√ḤWR; Klein1987: ḥūr ‘hole’, ḥōr, ḥôr ‘hole, aperture’) with Ar ḫawr, rendered as »hollow, depressed ground between hills«, which, however, is also seen as co-original with ↗ḫāra (rendered as »to bend, turn, incline, of man be weak«), in this way equating also ḪWR_1 and ḪWR_2). In contrast, a connection with the n.prop.terr. ↗Ḥawrān is seen as unlikely.
▪ The AfrAs dimension suggested by Cohen1969 sounds rather far-fetched at first sight. However, in the light of the evidence given by BehnstedtWoidich2011 for Egypt and the Sudan, at least the Eg items could perh. be genuine cognates.

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ḫūrī خُوريّ , pl. ḫawārinaẗ

√ḪWR

parson, curate, priest (Chr.) – WehrCowan1994

▪ Some think the word is from Grk χorós ‘choir’. Dozy considered it an abbreviated form of Grk χōrepískopos ‘vice bishop in the countryside’. In contrast, Wahrmund1887 compared Fr curé ‘parson’, a suggestion perh. worth following.

▪ …

▪ –

▪ Rolland2014: as also ḫūrus ‘choir’ from Grk χorós ‘choir’, of unknown origin. According to Dozy I, however, ḫūrī is short for Grk χōrepískopos ‘vice bishop in the countryside’.
▪ Wahrmund1887: < Fr curé ‘parish-priest’. This suggestion has not received much attention so far, but is phonologically convincing as it explains the final ‑ī in ḫūrī.

▪ If ḫūrī is from Grk χorós, then it has the same origin as Engl choir, c. 1300 queor ‘part of the church where the choir sings’, from oFr cuer, quer ‘(architectural) choir of a church; chorus of singers’ (C13, modFr chœur), from Lat chorus ‘choir’ (see chorus). In Engl, the meaning ‘band of singers’ is from c. 1400, quyre. Re-spelled mC17 in an attempt to match classical forms, but the pronunciation has not changed – EtymOnline.
▪ If it is from Fr curé, cognates in Eur langs are items that, ultimately, go back to Lat cura ‘care, concern, trouble’. Fr curé is first attested in 1259 as ‘parish-priest’; by extension, any ‘cleric’ (1845); from mLat curatus ‘one responsible for the care (of souls)’ (C11; very rare in the Middle Ages), derived from Lat cura, curare ‘to take care of’ (CNRTL, EtymOnline).

► al-ḫūrī al-ʔusqufī, n., representative of the bishop (Chr.); see also ↗ʔaḫyarᵘ.

^†ḫawrān خوْران , pl. ‑āt, ḫawārīnᵘ

√ḪWR

rectum, anus of the horse – Lane ii (1865)

▪ Acc. to Lane, some ClassAr lexicographers relate this value to ↗ḫawr (ḪWR_3) »because it [the anus] is like a depressed place between two hills«.
▪ Seen together in DRS with ḫawwāraẗ.
▪ Any relation to ↗ḪWR_2 ḫawira ‘to be weak (?hence also: soft)’?

▪ Cf. also the obsolete ^†ḫāra, u (ḫawr), vb. I, ‘to beat or prick animals in their hind parts (ḫawrān)’

▪ DRS 10 (2012) #ḪWR-4 Ar ḫawwāraẗ ‘cul, fesses’, ḫawrān ‘orifice de l’anus (chez les animaux)’ : no cognates given.
▪ ? ^†ḫawwār ‘very weak; sensitive, touchy’, ^†ḫawwāraẗ ‘hips, buttocks; (Hava1899:) weak; slender and fine she-camel’; ^†ḫūr (pl.tantum, but regarded as pl. of sg. ^†ḫawwār, ‑aẗ by some) ‘women of ill fame’ (but this latter item may be from Pers ^†ḫʷur, ḫor ‘despicable, contemptible, abject, mean, vile, base, infamous’ – Steingass1892): cognates of ḫawrān or rather to be seen together with ↗ḪWR_2 ḫawira ‘to be weak (?hence also: soft)’?

…

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^†ḫūr خُور (pl. tantum?)

√ḪWR

n.f.pl. (pl.tantum?)

1 the best, the choice (camels); 2 women of ill fame – Lane ii (1865)

▪ [v1] Acc. to Lane < *ḫuyr; thus, see ↗ḫayr, √ḪYR

▪ [v2] Regarded as pl. of sg. ^†ḫawwār, ‑aẗ ‘very weak; sensitive, touchy’ by some (↗ḫawira), but more likely a pl.tantum and as such from Pers ^†ḫʷur, ḫor ‘despicable, contemptible, abject, mean, vile, base, infamous’ (Steingass1892)

▪ …

▪ See CONC.

See CONC.

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