Bibliotheca Polyglotta

rāʔ راء

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

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R₁

The letter r of the Arabic alphabet.

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Rʔ رء

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 23Jul2023

√Rʔ

"root"

▪ Rʔ_1 ‘lung’ ↗riʔaẗ
▪ Rʔ_2 ...

▪ [v1] : From Sem *riʔ(-at)- ‘lung’, from AfrAs *w˅ray/ʔ- ‘lung’ – MilitarevKogan2000 (SED I) #224.
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▪ [v1] MilitarevKogan2000 (SED I) #224 : postBiblHbr rēʔā, Syr rāʔᵊtā (raʔtā, rātā), Mhr rəyēʔ, Ḥrs reyī, Jib rɔ̄t (pl. rói), EJib rīʔ (pl.),¹ Ar riʔaẗ ‘lung’; cf. prob. also wāriyaẗ, waràⁿ ‘maladie des poumons’ (arranged s.r. ↗WRY). »In these forms, w- could be regarded as a secondary element (a triconsonantizer?) if not for a comparison to Berb and CChad terms in w- which makes one suppose them to be a vestige of the old AfrAs form *w˅ray/ʔ‑.« | Outside Sem: (Berb) Ahaggar t-ârûri (<*ta‑wrawray, with redupl.), Ghadames t-ūra (pl. t-ūraw-īn), Qabyle t-ure-c, Ntifa t-uri-n (pl.), Zenaga t-uʔr-an (pl. without sg.), (CChad) Logone werwer (redupl.) ‘lungs’ (differenty compared [ibid.], cf. in #9 Sem *ʔir(r)-at- ‘chest, breast’). – Cf. also DRS 7 (1997) #WRʔ~WRY-1-2 .... -3 Ar warà(y) ‘blesser au poumon’.² -4 ....

1. Usually compared to Akk irtu, Ug i͗rt ‘breast’; reconstruction of two different roots probably related by metathesis (cf. #9 Sem *ʔir(r)-at- ‘chest, breast’) is preferable. 2. Formation secondaire sur ↗riʔaẗ ‘poumon’, v. s. Rʔ.

▪ [v1] Apart from Sem *riʔ(-at)-, MilitarevKogan2000 (SED I) #224 reconstruct also Berb *ta-wray ‘lung’ and give some CChad forms (without reconstructing a proto-form), all from a hypothetical AfrAs *w˅ray/ʔ‑ ‘lung’.
▪ [v1] If Ar riʔaẗ is comparable directly as a vestige of AfrAs *w˅ray/ʔ‑, then Sem *riʔ(-at)- can be interpreted as a secondary stem with a Iost *wa- or as a variant root.
▪ [v1] In Ar wāriyaẗ, waràⁿ ‘lung disease’ (arranged s.r. ↗√WRY), initial w- »could be regarded as a secondary element (a triconsonantizer?) if not for a comparison to Berb and CChad terms in w- which makes one suppose them to be a vestige of the old AfrAs form *w˅ray/ʔ‑« – MilitarevKogan2000 (SED I) #224.
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riʔaẗ رِئَة , pl. riʔūn, riʔāt

ID – • Sw – • BP 4524 • APD … • © SG | 23Jul2023

√Rʔ

n.f.

lung – WehrCowan1976

▪ From Sem *riʔ(-at)- ‘lung’, from AfrAs *w˅ray/ʔ- ‘id.’ – MilitarevKogan2000 (SED I) #224.
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▪ MilitarevKogan2000 (SED I) #224 : postBiblHbr rēʔā, Syr rāʔᵊtā (raʔtā, rātā), Mhr rəyēʔ, Ḥrs reyī, Jib rɔ̄t (pl. rói), EJib rīʔ (pl.),³ Ar riʔaẗ ‘lung’; cf. prob. also ^†wāriyaẗ, ^†waràⁿ ‘maladie des poumons’ (arranged s.r. ↗WRY).⁴ | Outside Sem: (Berb) Ahaggar t-ârûri (<*ta‑wrawray, with redupl.), Ghadames t-ūra (pl. t-ūraw-īn), Qabyle t-ure-c, Ntifa t-uri-n (pl.), Zenaga t-uʔr-an (pl. without sg.); (CChad) Logone werwer (redupl.) ‘lungs’ (differenty compared [ibid.], cf. in #9 Sem *ʔir(r)-at- ‘chest, breast’).
▪ Cf. also DRS 7 (1997) #WRʔ~WRY-1-2 .... -3 Ar warà(y) ‘blesser au poumon’.⁵ -4 ....

3. Usually compared to Akk irtu, Ug i͗rt ‘breast’; reconstruction of two different roots probably related by metathesis (cf. #9 Sem *ʔir(r)-at- ‘chest, breast’) is preferable. 4. see below, section DISC. 5. Formation secondaire sur ↗riʔaẗ ‘poumon’, v. s. Rʔ.

▪ MilitarevKogan2000 (SED I) #224 : Apart from Sem *riʔ(-at)-, the authors reconstruct Berb *ta-wray ‘lung’ and give some CChad forms (without reconstructing a proto-form), all from an hypothetical AfrAs *w˅ray/ʔ‑ ‘lung’.
▪ If the Ar forms are comparable directly as a vestige of the suggested AfrAs form, Sem *riʔ(-at)- can be interpreted as a secondary stem with a Iost *wa- or as a variant root.
▪ In contrast, in the older n.s ^†wāriyaẗ, ^†waràⁿ ‘lung disease’ (arranged s.r. ↗√WRY), »w- could be regarded as a secondary element (a triconsonantizer?) if not for a comparison to Berb and CChad terms in w- which makes one suppose them to be a vestige of the old AfrAs form *w˅ray/ʔ‑« – MilitarevKogan2000 (SED I) #224.
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►riʔawī, adj., pulmonary, pulmonic, pneumonic, of or pertaining to the lung, lung (used attributively): nsb-formation

RʔS رأس

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√RʔS

“root”

▪ RʔS_1 ‘head’ ↗raʔs
▪ RʔS_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘head, top part, uppermost section; first day of the month or the year; leader, chief; a leading horse, a domestic animal’

▪ RʔS_1 : (Kogan2015 Sw#38:) from protSem *raʔš‑ ‘head’ (SED I #225).
▪ RʔS_2 : …
▪ RʔS_3 : …

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raʔs رَأْس

ID 305 • Sw 38/68 • BP 215 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√RʔS

n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Kogan2015 (Sw#38): from protSem *raʔš‑ ‘head’ (SED I #225).
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▪ Bergsträsser1928: (*‘head’) Akk rēšu, Hbr rōš, Syr rēšā, Gz reʔs.
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raʔīs رَئِيس

ID 306 • Sw – • BP 47 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√RʔS

n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

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RʔF رأف

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 20Mar2023

√RʔF

“root”

▪ RʔF_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RʔF_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RʔF_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘mercy, kindness, compassion, to have pity, show kindness, be merciful’

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RʔY رأي

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021, last update 3Jun2023

√RʔY

“root”

▪ RʔY_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ RʔY_2 ‘»Listen to us«’ (Q 2:104, 4:46) ↗rāʕi-nā (arranged s.r. ↗√RʕY, though actually perh. rāʔi-nā)
▪ RʔY_3 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to see, to behold, to sight, in full view; spectator; mirror; to show vanity; to cause to see, to make a show before others, to act hypocritically, to demonstrate, to come into view; to conceive, to consider, to deem, an opinion; a dream, a vision, outer appearance’

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raʔà / raʔay‑ رَأَى / رَأَيْـ

ID 307 • Sw 57/130 • BP 75 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√RʔY

vb., I

… – WehrCowan1979.

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RBː (RBB) ربّ / ربب

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√RBː (RBB)

“root”

▪ RBː (RBB)_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ RBː (RBB)_2 ‘rabbi’ ↗rabbānī
▪ RBː (RBB)_ ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘master, lord, owner, guardian, to have possessions; to be characteristic of; to pamper, to raise, to educate; a word; an adopted person; animal kept for milk; a woman newly delivered of a baby; to do well; mesh, thickened juice; a group of people; a rabbi, a person learned in divine law; early youth, to approximate’.

▪ [v2] : The words ribbiyyūn and rabbāniyyūn are considered borrowings from Hbr or Syr - Jeffery1938.

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▪ Engl rabbi, Reb, rebbe, rabbinical: cf. ↗rabb.
▪ Engl rebec ↗rabāb.

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rabb رَبّ

ID 308 • Sw – • BP 194 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√RBː (RBB)

n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

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▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl rabbi, Reb, rebbe, from Hbr and Aram rabbî ‘my master’, from rab(b) ‘master, chief’, from rab ‘to be(come) much, many, great’ (‑î ‘my’; cf. Ar ↗rab(b)). – Engl rabbinical, prob. from Aram rabbin, pl. of rab(b) ‘master’ (see above).

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rabbānī رَبّانيّ

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 3Jun2023

√RBː (RBB)

n.

rabbi – Jeffery1938

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▪ eC7 Q iii, 73; v, 48, 68 – Jeffery1938.

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▪ Jeffery1938: »The passages are all late, and the reference is to Jewish teachers, as was recognized by the Commentators. Most of the Muslim authorities take it as an Arabic word, a derivative from rabb (cf. TA, i, 260; Rāġib, Mufradāt, 183; and Zam. on iii, 73). Some, however, knew that it was a foreign word, though they were doubtful whether its origin was Hbr or Syr.¹ / As it refers to Jewish teachers we naturally look for a Jewish origin, and Geiger, 51, would derive it from the Rabbinic rabbān, a later form of rabbī used as a title of honour for distinguished teachers,² , so that there grew up the saying gdwl m-rby rbn ‘greater than Rabbi is Rabbān’. The difficulty in accepting [Ar] rabbānī as a direct derivative from [Hbr] rabbān, however, is the final yāʔ, which as Horovitz, KU, 63, admits, seems to point to a Christian origin. In Jno xx: 16, Mk x: 51, we find the form [grk] rʰabbouneí (ʰo légetai Didáskale), or rʰabbōneí, which seems to be formed from the Targumic ribbôn,³ and it was this form that came to be commonly used in the Christian communities of the East, viz. Syr rabbōnī, Eth [Gz] rabbuni, Arm ṙabbowni.⁴ . The Syr rabbōnī was very widely used, and as Pautz, Offenbarung, 78, n. 4, notes, rbnā was commonly used for a ‘doctor of learning’, and the dim. rabbōnī was not uncommonly used as a title of reverence for priests and monks, so that we may conclude that the Qurʔānic word, as to its form, is probably of Syr origin.⁵ «

1. Vide al-Ǧawālīqī, Muʕarrab, 72; al-Suyūṭī, Itq, 320; Muzhir, i, 130; al-Ḫafāǧī, 94. 2. Hirschfeld, Beiträge, 51 n., says: ‘Muḥammad ermahnt die Rabbinen (rabbānī) sich nicht zu Herren ihrer Glaubensgenossen zu machen, sondern ihre Würde lediglich auf das Studium der Schrift zu beschränken, vgl. ix, 31.’ Vide also von Kremer, Ideen, 226 n. 3. Dalman, Worte Jesu, 267, and see his Grammatik des jüd. paläst. Aramäisch, p. 176. 4. Hübschmann, Arm. Gramm, i, 376; ZDMG, xlvi, 251. 5. Mingana, Syriac Influence, 85, agrees, but see Horovitz, JPN, 200.

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RBḤ ربح

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√RBḤ

“root”

▪ RBḤ_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ RBḤ_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘growth, gain, to profit, to earn, to win; trade, goods kept for trading; young sheep and camels’

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ribḥ رِبْح

ID 309 • Sw – • BP 1877 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√RBḤ

n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

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RBṢ ربص

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 20Mar2023

√RBṢ

“root”

▪ RBṢ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RBṢ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RBṢ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to sit in waiting, bide one’s time, be on the look-out; to lurk, waylay, ambush, wait for s.th. to befall s.o., await a chance to act’

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RBṬ ربط

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 20Mar2023

√RBṬ

“root”

▪ RBṬ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RBṬ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RBṬ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to tie, tie up, connect, unite; to station, garrison; to line up, (of an army) take up a position; to conclude an agreement; a band, fetters, shackles; a place where animals, particularly horses, are kept, stables’

▪ From Ar root √RBṬ ‘to bind, tie’ – Huehnergard2011.
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▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl marabout1, from Ar murābiṭ ‘posted, stationed; marabout’, PA of rābaṭa ‘to be posted, L-stem of ↗rabaṭa ‘to bind, tie’.

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RBʕ ربع

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√RBʕ

“root”

▪ RBʕ_1 ‘four’ ↗ ʔarbaʕ(aẗ); here belong also (ḥummà al-) ↗ribʕ ‘quartan (fever)’, ↗rubʕ ‘fourth part, quarter’ etc., ↗ʔarbaʕūnᵃ ‘forty; Ascension Day’, (yawm) al-ʔarbiʕāʔ or al- ↗ʔarbaʕāʔᵘ ‘Wednesday’, as well as items like tarbīʕ ‘lunar quarter; quadrangle; square, plaza’, tarbīʕaẗ ‘tile, floor tile’, murābiʕ ‘partner in an agricultural enterprise (sharing one quarter of the gains or losses)’
▪ RBʕ_2 ‘to gallop (horse), jump high (jerboa)’ ↗ rabaʕa, ‘jerboa’ (a hopping desert rodent) ↗yarbūʕ
▪ RBʕ_3 ‘to sit, stay, live; living zone, inhabited area, territory; large group of people, clan’ ↗ rabʕ
▪ RBʕ_4 ‘of medium height, medium-sized, well-built (of people)’ ↗rabʕaẗ (also marbūʕ [al-qāmaẗ]); here belongs also the rabbāʕ ‘athlete (boxer, wrestler, weight lifter, etc.)’
▪ RBʕ_5 ‘spring, vernal season; Rabia I and II (name of the third and fourth months of the Muslim year’ ↗ rabīʕ

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘four, fourth, to happen each fourth day, foursome; square, quarter; living quarters, neighbourhood; a well-built, medium-height person; spring, to become fertile, spring rains, to be in one’s prime, lushness’

▪ RBʕ_1 … .
▪ RBʕ_2 : For the nominal prefix ya- and the n. pattern ya-yaR₁R₂ūR₃ see ↗yāʔ (#Y_3).
▪ RBʕ_3: …
▪ RBʕ_4: …
▪ RBʕ_5: …

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ʔarbaʕaẗ أَرْبَعة , f. ʔarbaʕ

ID … • Sw … • BP 356 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√RBʕ

num.card.

four

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▪ Bergsträsser1928: (*‘four’) Akk arbaʔu, Hbr ʔarbaʕ, Syr ʔarbaʕ, Gz ʔarbā́ʕ.

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RBW ربو

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√RBW

“root”

▪ RBW_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ RBW_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘hill, elevated part of the land, to go on the top of a hill; growth, to increase; usury; to be out of breath, to have asthma; to raise, to grow under s.o.’s care, to educate, to cultivate; a group of ten thousand people’

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riban ربا , det. ‑ā

ID 311 • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√RBW

n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

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tarbiyaẗ تَرْبِيَة

ID 310 • Sw – • NahḍCon • BP 829 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√RBW

n.f.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ vn., II

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RTʕ رتع

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 20Mar2023

√RTʕ

“root”

▪ RTʕ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RTʕ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RTʕ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to pasture in lush grass, be in fertile land, have plenty to eat and drink, live in great affluence; to lark about in a carefree manner’

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RTQ رتق

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 20Mar2023

√RTQ

“root”

▪ RTQ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RTQ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RTQ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘space between any two fingers; a closed up mass, darkness; to mend, join together, repair, patch up; sticking together’

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RTL رتل

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 20Mar2023

√RTL

“root”

▪ RTL_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RTL_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RTL_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to have well-formed and neatly spaced teeth; to be symmetrical, be neatly arranged; to enunciate clearly and deliberately; the good of e..v erything’

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*RǦ‑ رجـ*

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 5Apr2023

√ RǦː (RǦǦ)

2-cons. “root nucleus”

▪ The basic meaning of the nucleus seems to be *‘to shake, rock, agitate, convulse, make tremble, etc.’

▪ In its essence, this value is preserved in ↗RǦː (RǦǦ) ‘to convulse, shake, rock’. Extensions in 3rd radicals include:

↗RǦZ ‘to thunder, roar, surge (sea)’
↗RǦS ‘to act brutally, atrocity’
↗RǦF ‘to agitate, convulse, shake, make tremble’
(?) ↗RǦL ‘to hit the ground (?), set free; foot’
↗RǦM ‘to stone’

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↗RǦː (RǦǦ), ↗RǦZ, ↗RǦS, ↗RǦF, ↗RǦM, perh. also ↗RǦL.

RǦː (RǦǦ) رجّ/رجج

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 20Mar2023, last updated 5Apr2023

√ RǦː (RǦǦ)

“root”

▪ RǦː (RǦǦ)_1 ‘to convulse, shake, rock’ ↗raǧǧa
▪ RǦː (RǦǦ)_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RǦː (RǦǦ)_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘the dregs of society, the dregs in a drinking trough; to shake, agitate, rouse, (of the sea) become tumultuous, turmoil, commotion, excitement, the sound of thunder’

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raǧǧ‑ / raǧaǧ‑ رَجَّ/رَجَجْـ , u (raǧǧ)

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 3Apr2023

√RǦː (RǦǦ)

vb., I

to convulse, shake, rock; pass. ruǧǧa, to be shaken, tremble, shake, quake – WehrCowan1976

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►ĭrtaǧǧa, vb. VIII, to be convulsed, shake, tremble, quake: Gt-stem, self-ref.

►raǧǧ, n., shaking, rocking, convulsion: vn. I
►raǧǧaẗ, n.f., 1a convulsion; b shock, concussion: lexicalized n.vic.
►raǧǧāǧ, adj., trembling, quaking, shaking, rocking: ints. formation
►ĭrtiǧāǧ, n., 1a shock, concussion; b trembling, tremor: vn. VIII | ĭrtiǧāǧ al-muḫḫ, n., cerebraI concussion (med.)

RǦʔ رجأ

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 20Mar2023

√RǦʔ

“root”

▪ RǦʔ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RǦʔ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RǦʔ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to postpone, delay, cause to wait’

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RǦRǦ رجرج

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 5Apr2023

√RǦRǦ

“root”

▪ RǦRǦ_1 ‘to tremble, quiver; to sway’ ↗raǧraǧa
▪ RǦRǦ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RǦRǦ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

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raǧraǧ‑ رَجْرَجَ , -raǧriǧ‑ (raǧraǧaẗ)

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 5Apr2023

√RǦRǦ

vb., I

1a to tremble, quiver; b to sway – WehrCowan1976

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►taraǧraǧa , vb. II, = I: t-stem, self-refl.
►raǧrāǧ, adj., 1a agitated; b trembling, tremulous; c swaying; d quivering: ints. formation | al-raǧrāǧ, the sea

RǦZ رجز

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 20Mar2023, last update 5Apr2023

√RǦZ

“root”

▪ RǦZ_1 ‘punishment (inflicted by God)’ ↗¹ruǧz; ‘to thunder, roar, surge (sea)’ ↗²ĭrtaǧaza
▪ RǦZ_2 ‘rajaz (a poetical meter)’ ↗raǧaz
▪ RǦZ_3 ‘dirt, filth’ (riǧz) ↗riǧs
▪ RǦZ_4 أرجوز : popular spelling of ↗q͗araʰ-gūz, i.e., ‘Karagöz’
▪ RǦZ_ ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘ballast used to steady a camel’s hawdaj/litter, weakness; plague, filth, abomination, guilt, devil’s insinuation, the worshipping of idols’

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¹ruǧz رُجْز

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 3Jun2023

√RǦZ

n.

▪ wrath – Jeffery1938
▪ punishment (inflicted by God) ...

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▪ eC7 Q lxxiv, 5 – Jeffery1938.

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▪ Jeffery1938: »The Sura [74] is an early one, and in this passage [74:1ff] the Prophet is urged to magnify his Lord, purify his garments, and flee from the wrath to come – wa’l-ruǧza fa-’hǧur. | It is usual to translate the word as ‘abomination’ or ‘idolatry’ and make it but another form of riǧz, which occurs in ii:56, vii:131, etc. (cf. LA, vii, 219; Rāġib, Mufradāt, 186, and the Commentaries). | There was some feeling of difficulty about the word, however, for Zam[aḫšarī] thought the reading was wrong and wanted to read riǧz, instead of ruǧz, and al-Suyūṭī, Itq, 311, would explain it as the form of riǧz in the dialect of Huḏayl. | It seems probable, however, as Bell, Origin, 88, and Ahrens, Muhammed, 22, have suggested, that the word is the Syr rūgzā ‘wrath’, used of the ‘wrath to come’, e.g. in Matt, iii, 7.⁶ . (Fischer, Glossar, 43, says Aram rūgzâ.)«

6. Vide also 1 Thess. i, 10, and Lagarde, Analecta Syra, p. 8, 1. 19.

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raǧaz رَجَز

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 5Apr2023

√RǦZ

n.

name of a poetical meter – WehrCowan1976

▪ »The proper meaning of the word is ‘tremor, spasm, convulsion (as may occur in the behind of a camel when it wants to rise)’. It is not clear how this word became a technical term in prosody. The other etymological meaning of raǧaz ‘thunder, rumble, making a noise’, may perhaps be taken into consideration. In that case, there might be an allusion to the iambic, monotonous and pounding rhythm of these poems (cf. ka-mā samiʕta raǧaza ’l-ṣawāʕiq, ʔAbū Nuwās, ed. E. Wagner, ii: 299; for the etymology, see also T. Fahd, La divination arabe, Leiden 1966: 153-8)« – M. Ullmann / W. Heinrich, art. »Radjaz«, in EI².

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►ĭrtaǧaza, vb. VIII, 1 to compose or declaim poems in the meter raǧaz; 2 ↗ruǧz: Gt-stem, self-ref.

►ʔarǧāz, 1 verses in the meter raǧaz; 2 little (work) song
►ʔurǧūzaẗ, pl. ʔarāǧīzᵘ, n.f., poem in the meter raǧaz

RǦS رجس

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 20Mar2023, last updated 5Apr2023

√RǦS

“root”

▪ RǦS_1 ‘dirt, filth; dirty act, atrocity’ ↗riǧs
▪ RǦS_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RǦS_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘dirt, filth, punishment, abomination, misbehaviour, doubt; the roar of camels, thunder, to gauge the level of water in a well’

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riǧs رِجْس , pl. ʔarǧās

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 5Apr2023

√RǦS

n.

1 dirt, filth; 2 dirty thing or act, atrocity – WehrCowan1976

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►raǧisa, a (raǧas) and raǧusa, u (raǧāsaẗ), vb. I, 1 to be dirty, filthy; 2 to commit a shameful act, do s.th. disgraceful or dirty: G-stem, denom.(?)
►raǧas, pl. ʔarǧās, n., dirt, filth
►raǧis, adj., dirty, filthy
►raǧāsaẗ, n.f., dirt, squalor: vn. I
►raǧǧās, adj., 1 roaring, surging (sea); 2 thundering: ints. formation

RǦʕ رجع

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 20Mar2023

√RǦʕ

“root”

▪ RǦʕ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RǦʕ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RǦʕ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to return, turn back, recur, revert; to take back, claim back; to back down, reply, give back, resume an activity; to become emaciated’

▪ …

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RǦF رجف

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 20Mar2023, last updated 5Apr2023

√RǦF

“root”

▪ RǦF_1 ‘to be convulsed, shaken; to tremble, quake, shiver, shudder; to agitate, convulse, shake’ ↗raǧafa
▪ RǦF_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RǦF_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to quake, earthquake, tremor, to tremble, agitate, shiver, shudder; to spread lies, spread false rumours; to thunder, prepare for war’

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raǧaf‑ رَجَفَ , u (raǧf, raǧafān)

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 5Apr2023

√RǦF

vb., I

1a to be convulsed, be shaken; b to tremble, quake; c to shiver, shudder; – 2 to agitate, convulse, shake – WehrCowan1976

▪ …

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►ʔarǧafa, vb. IV, 1a to make (s.o.) tremble or shudder; b to convulse, shake, rock; 2 to spread lies, false rumors; also with bi‑, e.g., ʔarǧafa bi-’ftirāʔāt, to spread calumnies: *Š-stem, caus.
►ĭrtaǧafa, vb. VIII, 1a to tremble, quake; b to shudder: Gt-stem, self-ref.

►raǧfaẗ, n.f., 1a trepidation, tremor; b shudder, shiver: n.vic.
►raǧǧāf, adj., 1a trembling, quaking; b shaken, convulsed: ints. formation
►ʔirǧāf, pl. ʔarāǧīfᵘ, n., untrue, disquieting talk, false rumor: lexicalized vn. IV

RǦL رجل

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021, last updated 5Apr2023

√RǦL

“root”

▪ RǦL_1 ‘foot’ ↗¹riǧl
▪ RǦL_2 ‘swarm (esp. of locusts)’ ↗²riǧl
▪ RǦL_3 ‘common purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.; bot.)’ ↗³riǧl
▪ RǦL_4 ‘man’ ↗raǧul, ‘masculinity, virility, manhood’ ↗ruǧūlaẗ
▪ RǦL_5 ‘to comb (hair)’ ↗raǧǧala
▪ RǦL_6 ‘to improvise, extemporise’ ↗ĭrtaǧala
▪ RǦL_7 ‘cooking kettle, caldron; boiler’ ↗mirǧal

Other values, now obsolete, include (Hava1899):

▪ ^†RǦL_8 ‘set free with its mother (suckling)’: ^†raǧil~raǧal; cf. also ^†ʔarǧala ‘to let (a young one) free with his mother; (fig.) to grant a respite to s.o.’
▪ ^†RǦL_9 ‘somewhat curly (hair)’: ^†raǧil~raǧl~raǧal
▪ ^†RǦL_10 ‘variegated (garment)’: ^†muraǧǧal
▪ ^†RǦL_11 ‘hard ground’: ^†raǧlà~raǧlāʔᵘ
▪ ^†RǦL_12 ‘blank paper; misfortune; precedence; time’: ^†riǧl
▪ ^†RǦL_ ‘...’: ^†...
▪ For several names of plants and stars, cf. [v1] ↗¹riǧl ‘foot’ and [v3] ↗³riǧl ‘purslane’

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘man, manhood, masculinity; foot, leg, to go on foot, dismount; to comb one’s hair; to improvise, talk or give an improvised speech; rocky land difficult to walk upon; (of locusts) to swarm; poverty, lazy person’.

▪ [gnrl] : There is hardly any value in this root that does not seem to be ultimately based on [v1] ‘foot’, though exact details remain unclear in many cases. The hypothesis of ‘foot’ as the overall etymon is corroborated by the fact that no other value but [v1] ‘foot’ has cognates in Sem and the broad spectrum of other meanings covered by √RǦL apparently is an Ar idiosyncrasy.
▪ [v1] : As Kogan2011 #6.3.2 observes, »[t]here is no single protSem term for ‘foot’. [… cf. Ar ↗faʕama ‘to have fat hips; to be fat (arms)’]. Reflexes of *rigl- ‘foot’ are attested throughout CSem (Hbr, Syr, Ar, Sab […; see] SED I No. 228) except Ug and Phoen […]. There is no consensus about whether Gz ʔəgr and related EthSem terms (SED I #7) are connected with *rigl- (similar forms in Ar dialects, such as DaṯAr ʔižr, SyrAr ʔəžər, make the picture especially complicated. […].« – V. Christian thought √RǦL was an extension in -L from the 2-cons. root nucleus *RǦ , reflected in Ar ↗raǧǧa ʻ(to rustle, shake, rock >) be convulsed, tremble, quake, sway, be excited, be distressed; to move, (move away >) deter’, reduplicated in raǧraǧa ‘to be moved, tremble, quiver, sway, be faint’. According to the author, the basic value of RǦL, assumed to be *‘to shake > to hit’, also produced ¹riǧl ʻ(to hit > kick >) foot’ and raǧlaẗ ʻfirm step’, whereas [v4] raǧul ʻman’ probably was *‘strong one < who beats < who makes tremble\shake’.¹
▪ [v2] : ‘Swarm (esp. of locusts)’ is prob. based on, or akin to, ^†[v8] ‘to let/set free’, and is thus *‘(s.th., animal, etc.) set free and now spreading freely, uncontrollably’, cf. also below, values [v3], [v5], [v6], ^†[v9], and ^†[v10].
▪ [v3] : The use of riǧl for ‘common purslane’ seems to be motivated by the plant’s similarity with ‘curly hair’, which would make [v3] ³riǧl dependent on ^†[v9] ^†raǧil~raǧl~raǧal ‘curly (hair)’ and, via the latter, on ^†[v8] *‘to be set free and spread uncontrollably’, cf. also [v2] ²riǧl ‘swarm (esp. of locusts)’.
▪ [v4] : ‘Man’ and derivatives (‘to behave like a man, masculinity, virility, manhood, etc.’) are prob. from ‘pedestrian’ (in Syr also ‘foot-soldier’), cf. the EgAr form rāgil which looks very much like a PA I, ‘going by foot’. But it could also be based on ^†riǧlaẗ~ruǧlaẗ ‘vigour in walking’. See also V. Christian’s view, sketched above sub [v1].
▪ [v5] : raǧǧala ‘to comb (hair)’ is a D-stem with (prob.) the original caus. meaning of *‘to let (hair) fall down freely’, thus derived from ^†[v8], cf. also values [v2], [v3], [v6], ^†[v9], and ^†[v10].
▪ [v6] : The notion of ‘improvisation, extemporisation’, associated with the Gt-stem ĭrtaǧala, is most likely a development from ^†[v8] *‘to let/set free to spread/unfold spontaneously, uncontrolled’, itself prob. derived from [v1] ‘foot’; cf. also [v2], [v3], [v5], ^†[v9], ^†[v10]. Derivation from [v4] ‘man’ – improvisation as proof of ‘manliness, manly virtue’ – looks less likely, though perh. not impossible, cf. DaṯAr (Dt-stem) taraǧǧal »‘marchander’, […] et en cela faire preuve de raǧālaẗ ou m?rǧalaẗ [< raǧul]« Landberg1923 (s.v. raqam) – in the extemporisation of verses, the ideas of *‘letting free’ and *‘manly virtue’ may overlap like in bargaining for a good price.
▪ [v7] : Etymology obscure. The idea that ‘cooking kettle, caldron; boiler’ could be from [v1] ‘foot’ (as *‘kettle with “feet”’) is rejected by some sources. If not *‘kettle with feet’, is mirǧal then a *‘kettle put/set down on (some kind of) feet (e.g., stones)’? (Cf. ^†ʔarǧala ‘to set down, discharge’, denom. vb. IV, from ¹riǧl ‘foot’). In principle, the miFʕaL pattern is used to form a n.instr., but this does not seem very meaningful for any of the other values that one may imagine as possible bases.
▪ ^†[v8] : The value ‘set free with its mother’ (said of a suckling) is with all likelihood based on [v1] ‘foot’, from *‘newly born, managing/strong enough to stand on its own feet and to run around and/or to drink from her teats’. Apparently, the freedom and lack of control granted to a suckling or a foal was the model on which further ideas were developed, esp. ^†ʔarǧala ‘to let free; (fig.) to grant a respite to s.o.’, as well values [v2], [v3], [v5], and [v6], discussed above, in addition to ^†[v9] and ^†[v10], below.
▪ ^†[v9] : The fact that the same words (^†raǧil~raǧl~raǧal) are used in ClassAr to express both ^†‘somewhat curly (hair) and ^†‘set free’ makes it rather likely that ^†[v9] represents some kind of fig. use of ^†[v8], so that the original meaning of ‘curly hair’ would be *‘hair “set free”, hair that grows without control, like a young foal running/hopping freely around’; for related values see [v2], [v3], [v5], [v6], and ^†[v10].
▪ ^†[v10] : The term ^†muraǧǧal for ‘variegated’ (said of a garment) is prob. extended use of ^†muraǧǧal in the sense of ‘leaving traces of wings on the sand (locusts)’, a PP II which is evidently derived from [v2] ‘swarm (esp. of locusts)’, as such akin to [v3], [v5], [v6], ^†[v8], and ^†[v9].
▪ ^†[v11] : The value ‘hard ground’ is mentioned also by BAH2008 as one of the chief values attached to √RǦL in ClassAr. The corresponding item, ^†raǧlà~raǧlāʔᵘ is the f. of the elative ^†ʔarǧalᵘ, meaning ‘white-spotted on one foot; large-footed’ (evidently from [v1] ‘foot’). It thus seems that ‘hard ground’ is somehow based on ‘foot’, though it seems difficult to find the tertium comparationis that would connect the two.
▪ ^†[v12] : In ClassAr, the term ^†riǧl appears not only with the values ‘foot’ (↗¹riǧl = [v1]), ‘swarm (esp. of locusts)’ (↗²riǧl = [v2]) and ‘common purslane (↗³riǧl’ = [v3]’), but also with still other values, as diverse as ‘blank paper; misfortune; precedence; riǧl time’). We may assume that these are somehow based on [v1], [v2], or [v3], but it is complete unclear how exactly one can get from the latter to the former.

1. Viktor Christian, »About some verbs of speaking«, WZKM, 29 (1915): 438-444, 444 link.

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▪ [v1] Kogan2015 175-6 #3: Ug ri-i[g]-lu, Hbr rägäl, Syr reglā, Ar riǧl, Sab rgl, Min rgl ‘foot’
▪ [v4] : According to Zammit2002, Ar raǧul ‘man’ has no cognates in Sem. But cf., perh. Syr ragālā, ragālāṯā ‘foot-soldier’.
▪ ...

▪ [gnrl] : See above, section CONC. In a more systematic manner, the spectrum of semantic values that seem to have developed from the basic ‘foot’, may perh. be sketched as follows:
0 – ^†¹riǧl ‘foot; (esp.) hind-leg of beasts\quadrupeds; (meton.) part, portion’. – Several natural phenomena are named ‘foot of...’, due to their resemblance with a foot:
0.1 riǧl al-baḥr ‘sea-gulf’
0.2 stars in Orio: ^†riǧl al-ǧabbār, riǧl al-ǧawzāʔ al-yusrà ‘Rigel, fixed star in the left foot of Orio’, ^†riǧl al-ǧawzāʔ al-yusrà ‘star in the right foot of Orio’
0.3 Several plants, too, may owe their name to a resemblance with *‘feet’: ^†riǧl al-ʔasad ‘filago, lion’s foot; ^†riǧl al-baqaraẗ ‘arum, friar’s cowl; ^†riǧl al-ǧarād ‘atriplex, oroche; ^†riǧl al-ḥamāmaẗ ‘anchusa, pigeon’s foot; ^†riǧl al-daǧāǧaẗ ‘chamemelum, hen’s foot; ^†riǧl al-ʔarnab ‘layopus, hare’s foot; ^†riǧl al-zāġ, riǧl al-ġurāb ‘lotus ornithopodus, bird’s foot, trefoil; ^†riǧl al-ʕuṣfūr ‘ornithopodus, bird’s foot; ^†riǧl al-qiṭṭ ‘glechoma, ground-ivy; ^†riǧl al-qaʕq, riǧl al-zurzūr, riǧl al-ʕiqāb ‘coronopus, crow’s foot; ^†riǧl al-wazz ‘podophyllum, duck’s foot (dangerous plant); ^†riǧl al-yamāmaẗ ‘delphinium, lark’s spur’. However, cf. also below on derivations from ^†raǧil, raǧl ‘curly’.
Immediately from ‘foot’ are three ideas, the third of which has sparked a larger sub-field in its own right:
1 – ^†raǧila (a, raǧal) ‘to have a white-spotted foot (horse)’, ^†ʔarǧalᵘ (f. raǧlāʔᵘ, ^†raǧlà, pl. ruǧl) ‘white-spotted on one foot; large-footed’, ^†tarǧīl ‘white spot on a horse's foot’
2 – ^†raǧala (u, raǧl) ‘to tie s.o. by the feet’, ^†ĭrtaǧala ‘to tie (a beast) by the foot; to seize s.o.’s foot’
3 – ^†raǧila (a, raǧal) ‘to go foot’, ^†raǧl ‘walking on foot’, ^†riǧlaẗ, ruǧlaẗ ‘pedestrianism’, ^†raǧil, rāǧil (pl. raǧl, raǧǧālaẗ, ruǧǧāl, riǧāl, ruǧlān) ‘pedestrian, on foot’, ^†raglān (pl. ruǧālà, raǧālà, raǧlà) ‘foot-passenger’, ^†raǧīl (pl. ʔarǧilaẗ, ʔarāǧilᵘ, ʔarāǧīlᵘ) ‘foot-passenger, pedestrian’, (pl. raǧlà, ruǧālà, raǧālà) ‘good walker, tramp’ > al-^†ʔarāǧīl (pl.) ‘hunters’; ^†ĭrtaǧala ‘to go at a middling pace (horse)’
3.1 ^†riǧlaẗ, ruǧlaẗ ‘vigour in walking’
3.1.1 ^†raǧl, raǧul ‘man; perfect; vigorous; husband’ > ^†raǧulaẗ ‘manlike woman, virago’, ^†ruǧlaẗ, ^†ruǧliyyaẗ, ^†raǧūliyyaẗ ‘manliness’, ^†taraǧǧala ‘to be manlike (woman); to go down (a well) without rope’. – The identification, in EgAr rāgil, of PA I ‘pedestrian’ with ‘man’ may be influenced by Syr ragālā, ragālāṯā ‘foot-soldier’.
3.2 ^†taraǧǧala ‘to alight (rider); (fig.) to be advanced (day)’. – Cf. Syr etraggal ‘to come\go on foot, dismount, step forward’?
3.3 ^†ʔarǧala ‘to let s.o. go on foot; to let (a young one) free with his mother; (fig.) to grant a respite to s.o.’; ^†raǧila, a (raǧal) ‘to be set free with his mother (young beast)’; ^†raǧala (u, raǧl) ‘to let (a female) suckle her young; to suck (his mother: young)’, ^†raǧil, raǧal ‘set free with his mother (suckling)’
3.3.1 ^†raǧil, raǧl ‘somewhat curly (hair)’, ^†raǧal (pl. ʔarǧāl, raǧālà) ‘having curly hair’, ^†raǧila (a, raǧal) ‘to be curly (hair)’
3.3.1.1 ^†raǧǧala ‘to comb (the hair); to comfort s.o.’, ^†mirǧal ‘comb’, ^†muraǧǧal ‘combed; hence also: variegated (garment)’
3.3.1.2 perh. from *‘curly’ also the names of some plants: riǧl, ^†riǧlaẗ ‘garden purslane’, ^†tarāǧīl ‘smallage (herb)’.
3.3.2 ^†²riǧl ‘swarm of locusts; hence also: large troop of beasts; and also: army’, ^†muraǧǧal ‘leaving traces of wings on the sand (locusts)’
3.3.3 ^†ĭrtaǧala ‘to extemporise (speech)’
?4 – mirǧal ‘copper caldron’ > ^†ĭrtaǧala ‘to cook s.th. in a kettle’
?5 – ^†²riǧl ‘blank paper; misfortune; precedence; time’
?6 – ^†raǧlà, raǧlāʔᵘ ‘hard ground’
▪ [v1] Kogan2015 175-6 #3: »The origin of protCSem *rigl ‘foot’ is uncertain; no directly comparable roots or forms are attested in either Akk, or EthSem,⁷ or modSAr. One may suspect that *rigl- was the protCSem alternative to a more ancient general designation of ‘foot’, viz. *paʕm- (perhaps the main protSem term with this meaning in view of its basic status in Ug, Phoen and some of modSAr ...). The spread of this replacement was uneven. In Aram and Ar, *paʕm- was completely (or almost completely) ousted by *rigl-,⁸ whereas in Hbr the presence of *paʕm- ‘foot’ is rather marginal (purely anatomic attestations listed in HALOT 952 scarcely exceed half a dozen).⁹ Conversely, in Ug and Phoen *paʕm- fully preserves its basic status (Ug pʕn, Phoen pʕm), whereas *rigl- is hardly attested at all.¹⁰ «
▪ ...

7. »Notwithstanding numerous attempts to prove the contrary (cf. Kaye 1991b, Voigt 1998a), Gz ʔəgr ‘foot’ is probably not to be identified with this root (cf. SED I #7).« 8. »There seems to be no trace of *paʕm- in Aram. In Ar, cf. perhaps fʕm ‘to be fullformed, thick in her shank (a woman)’.« 9. »It has been argued that the meaning ‘foot’ for paʕam is a Northern (Israelite) feature (Rendsburg 2006:322).« 10. »It is of course enigmatic why *rigl-, so conspicuously absent from Ug texts, found its way into the quardilingual lexical list. Note, on the one hand, that its position in the list (= Sum ur, Akk pe-nu) does not favor a general meaning ‘foot’, but rather ‘thigh’ – not attested for the reflexes of *rigl- in any other Sem language. On the other hand, this is probably not the only case when the choice of the ancient Ug lexicographer does not fully match our expectations. Why, for example, ʔadānu (rather than ʔabu) was chosen to designate ‘father’ (Huehnergard 1987a:104) or tunnanu (rather than naḥ(a)šu or baṯ(a)nu) was used for ‘snake’ (ibid. 185)? As for Phoen, the hypothetical mrgl ‘servant at the feet of ...’ is very uncertain (DNWSI 1060).«

▪ [v1] (Huehnergard2011:) Engl (etc.) Rigel, a fixed star in Orio, from Ar ↗riǧl ‘foot’

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raǧǧal‑ رَجَّلَ , ‑raǧǧil‑ (tarǧīl)

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 5Apr2023

√RǦL

vb., II

1 to comb (the hair); 2 to let down (the hair), let it hang long – WehrCowan1976

▪ Among the two values in the MSA D-stem raǧǧala, [v1] ‘to comb (hair)’ is prob. secondary, based on [v2] with the original caus. meaning of *‘to let (hair) fall down freely’. The latter meaning seems in its turn to be derived from ↗^†RǦL_8 ‘set free with its mother’ (said of a suckling), which with all likelihood is based on ↗¹riǧl ‘foot’. The chain of semantic development can thus be imagined as follows: *‘foot > newly born (foal, etc.), managing/strong enough to stand on its own feet and run around freely, uncontrolled > to “release” the hair, let it fall down freely’. The value ‘to comb’ is a further development, as curly hair often needs to be treated with a comb in order to hang down freely. See also ↗^†RǦL_9 ^†raǧil~raǧl~raǧal ‘somewhat curly (hair)’.
▪ The underlying idea of *‘set free, spreading freely, spontaneously, etc.’ can be found also in other items from the same root, such as ↗²riǧl ‘swarm (esp. of locusts)’, ↗³riǧl ‘common purslane’ (< *‘spreading freely’), ↗ĭrtaǧala ‘to improvise, extemporize’.
▪ …

▪ (Hava1899:) ^†raǧil, raǧl ‘somewhat curly (hair)’, ^†raǧal (pl. ʔarǧāl, raǧālà) ‘having curly hair’, ^†raǧila (a, raǧal) ‘to be curly (hair)’; ^†raǧǧala ‘to comb (the hair); to comfort s.o.’, ^†mirǧal ‘comb’, ^†muraǧǧal ‘combed; hence also: variegated (garment)’
▪ ...

▪ No immediate cognates in Sem or outside, but ultimately based on ↗¹riǧl.
▪ ...

▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ ...

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For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗¹riǧl, ↗²riǧl, ↗³riǧl, ↗raǧul (with ↗ruǧūlaẗ), ↗ĭrtaǧala, and ↗mirǧal, as well as, for the whole picture, root entry ↗√RǦL.

ĭrtaǧal‑ اِرْتَجَلَ , ‑rtaǧil‑ (ĭrtiǧāl)

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 3Apr2023

√RǦL

vb., VIII

to improvise, extemporize, deliver offhand (a speech) – WehrCowan1976

▪ Like many other items in the root, the Gt-stem ĭrtaǧala is, with all likelihood, a development from ↗^†RǦL_8 ‘to let/set free, (suckling) set free with its mother’, itself prob. based on ↗¹riǧl ‘foot’. The chain of semantic extension may be imagined as follows: *‘foot > newly born (foal etc.), managing/strong enough to stand on its own feet and to run around freely > (fig.) to let words or a melody come out freely, spontaneously’.
▪ With this underlying idea, ĭrtaǧala is akin to ↗²riǧl ‘swarm (esp. of locusts)’, ↗³riǧl ‘common purslane’ (< *‘≈ curly hair, spreading freely/uncontrollably’), ↗raǧǧala ‘to let (hair) fall down freely (> to comb)’.
▪ Derivation from ↗raǧul ‘man’ – improvisation as proof of ‘manliness, manly virtue’ – looks less likely, though perh. not impossible, cf. DaṯAr (Dt-stem) taraǧǧal »‘marchander’, […] et en cela faire preuve de raǧālaẗ ou m?rǧalaẗ [< raǧul]« (Landberg1923, s.v. raqam) – in the extemporisation of verses, the ideas of *‘letting free’ and *‘manly virtue’ may overlap like in bargaining for a good price.
▪ …

▪ ...

▪ No immediate cognates in Sem or outside, but ultimately based on ↗¹riǧl; cf. perh. also ↗raǧul.
▪ ...

▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ ...

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►ĭrtiǧāl, n., improvisation, extemporization, extemporary speech: vn. VIII
►ĭrtiǧālī, adj., extemporary, improvised, impromptu, offhand, unprepared: nsb-formation, from vn. VIII
►murtaǧal, adj., improvised, extemporaneous, extemporary, impromptu, offhand: PP VIII

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗¹riǧl, ↗²riǧl, ↗³riǧl, ↗raǧul (with ↗ruǧūlaẗ), ↗raǧǧala, and ↗mirǧal, as well as, for the whole picture, root entry ↗√RǦL.

¹riǧl رِجْل , pl. ʔarǧul

ID 314 • Sw 46/56 • BP 4356 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021, last updated 3Apr2023

√RǦL

n.f.

1a foot; b leg; 2 ↗²riǧl; 3 ↗³riǧl – WehrCowan1976

▪ As Kogan2011 #6.3.2 observes, »[t]here is no single protSem term for ‘foot’. [… cf. Ar ↗faʕama ‘to have fat hips; to be fat (arms)’]. Reflexes of *rigl- ‘foot’ are attested throughout CSem (Hbr, Syr, Ar, Sab […; see] SED I No. 228) except Ug and Phoen […]. There is no consensus about whether Gz ʔəgr and related EthSem terms (SED I #7) are connected with *rigl- (similar forms in Ar dialects, such as DaṯAr ʔižr, SyrAr ʔəžər, make the picture especially complicated. […]«
▪ V. Christian thought √RǦL was an extension in -L from the 2-cons. root nucleus ↗*RǦ-, reflected in Ar ↗raǧǧa ʻ(to rustle, shake, rock >) be convulsed, tremble, quake, sway, be excited, be distressed; to move, (move away >) deter’, reduplicated in raǧraǧa ‘to be moved, tremble, quiver, sway, be faint’. According to the author, the basic value of √RǦL, assumed to be *‘to shake > to hit’, also produced ¹riǧl ʻ(to hit > kick >) foot’ and raǧlaẗ ʻfirm step’; cf. also ↗raǧul ʻman’ (*‘strong one < who beats < who makes tremble\shake’).²
▪ There is hardly any value in the root ↗RǦL that does not seem to be ultimately based on ¹riǧl ‘foot’, though exact details remain unclear in many cases. The hypothesis of ‘foot’ as the overall etymon is corroborated by the fact that hardly any other value but ‘foot’ has cognates in Sem and the broad spectrum of other meanings covered by the root RǦL is, apparently, an Ar idiosyncrasy. For an overview of the ‘foot’-related semantic field, cf. section DISC in root entry ↗√RǦL. Among the many “feet” are the names of several stars (Rigel, in Orio) and plants (“foot of…”). The most productive secondary values derived from ‘foot’ seem to have been: (1) ‘to go on foot, walk’ (> ‘pedestrian’ > ‘foot-soldier’ > ‘man’), (2) ‘to alight (rider) (< *to stand on one’s feet)’, and (3) ‘to let go on foot, let (a young one) free with his mother’ > ‘to spread freely, uncontrollably’ (… > 3.1 ‘curly hair’ > 3.1.1 ‘to comb’ > ‘to comfort’; 3.1.2 ‘garden purslane’; … > 3.2 ‘swarm’ > ‘troop of beasts’ > ‘army’; … > 3.3 ‘to improvise, extemporise’).
▪ …

2. Viktor Christian, »About some verbs of speaking«, WZKM, 29 (1915): 438-444, 444 link.

▪ ...

▪ Kogan2015 175-6 #3: Ug ri-i[g]-lu, Hbr rägäl, Syr reglā, Ar riǧl, Sab rgl, Min rgl ‘foot’
▪ ...

▪ Kogan2015 175-6 #3: »The origin of protCSem *rigl- ‘foot’ is uncertain; no directly comparable roots or forms are attested in either Akk, or EthSem,¹¹ or modSAr. One may suspect that *rigl- was the protCSem alternative to a more ancient general designation of ‘foot’, viz. *paʕm- (perhaps the main protSem term with this meaning in view of its basic status in Ug, Phoen and some of modSAr ...). The spread of this replacement was uneven. In Aram and Ar, *paʕm- was completely (or almost completely) ousted by *rigl-,¹² whereas in Hbr the presence of *paʕm- ‘foot’ is rather marginal (purely anatomic attestations listed in HALOT 952 scarcely exceed half a dozen).¹³ Conversely, in Ug and Phoen *paʕm- fully preserves its basic status (Ug pʕn, Phoen pʕm), whereas *rigl- is hardly attested at all.¹⁴ «
▪ ...

11. »Notwithstanding numerous attempts to prove the contrary (cf. Kaye 1991b, Voigt 1998a), Gz ʔəgr ‘foot’ is probably not to be identified with this root (cf. SED I #7).« 12. »There seems to be no trace of *paʕm- in Aram. In Ar, cf. perhaps fʕm ‘to be fullformed, thick in her shank (a woman)’.« 13. »It has been argued that the meaning ‘foot’ for paʕam is a Northern (Israelite) feature (Rendsburg 2006:322).« 14. »It is of course enigmatic why *rigl-, so conspicuously absent from Ug texts, found its way into the quardilingual lexical list. Note, on the one hand, that its position in the list (= Sum ur, Akk pe-nu) does not favor a general meaning ‘foot’, but rather ‘thigh’ – not attested for the reflexes of *rigl- in any other Sem language. On the other hand, this is probably not the only case when the choice of the ancient Ug lexicographer does not fully match our expectations. Why, for example, ʔadānu (rather than ʔabu) was chosen to designate ‘father’ (Huehnergard 1987a:104) or tunnanu (rather than naḥ(a)šu or baṯ(a)nu) was used for ‘snake’ (ibid. 185)? As for Phoen, the hypothetical mrgl ‘servant at the feet of ...’ is very uncertain (DNWSI 1060).«

▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl Rigel, from Ar riǧl ‘foot’.

►raǧila, a, vb. I, to go on foot, walk
►taraǧǧala, vb. V, 1 = I | taraǧǧala fī ṭarīqi-h, to walk all the way; 2 to dismount (min or ʕan from; rider); 3 ↗raǧul : tD-stem, denom.
►raǧil, adj., going on foot, pedestrian, walking
►¹rāǧil, pl. raǧl, raǧǧālaẗ, ruǧǧāl, ruǧlān, adj., 1a going on foot, walking; b pedestrian: PP I

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗²riǧl, ↗³riǧl, ↗raǧul (with ↗ruǧūlaẗ), ↗raǧǧala, ↗ĭrtaǧala, and ↗mirǧal, as well as, for the whole picture, root entry ↗√RǦL.

²riǧl رِجْل

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 3Apr2023

√RǦL

n.

1 ↗¹riǧl; 2 pl. ʔarǧāl, n., swarm (esp. of locusts); 3 ↗³riǧl – WehrCowan1976

▪ The value ‘swarm (esp. of locusts)’ of the word riǧl (which also can mean ‘foot’ and ‘common purslane’, see ↗¹riǧl; and ↗³riǧl) is prob. based on, or akin to, ↗^†RǦL_8 ‘to let/set free’, and is thus *‘(s.th., animal, etc.) set free and now spreading freely, uncontrollably’, prob. based, ultimately, on ↗¹riǧl.
▪ With this underlying idea, ²riǧl ‘swarm (esp. of locusts)’ is akin to ↗³riǧl ‘common purslane’ (< *‘≈ curly hair, spreading freely/uncontrollably’), ↗raǧǧala ‘to let (hair) fall down freely (> to comb)’, as well as ↗ĭrtaǧala ‘to improvise, extemporize’.
▪ …

▪ ...

▪ No immediate cognates in Sem or outside, but prob. ultimately based on ↗¹riǧl.
▪ ...

▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ ...

–

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗¹riǧl, ↗³riǧl, ↗raǧul (with ↗ruǧūlaẗ), ↗raǧǧala, ↗ĭrtaǧala, and ↗mirǧal, as well as, for the whole picture, root entry ↗√RǦL.

³riǧl رِجْل

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 3Apr2023

√RǦL

n.

1 ↗¹riǧl; 2 ↗²riǧl; 3 n., common purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.; bot.) (EgAr riglaẗ) – WehrCowan1976

▪ The value ‘common purslane’ of the word riǧl (which otherwise can mean ‘foot’ and ‘swarm, esp. of locusts’, see ↗¹riǧl and ↗²riǧl) is prob. due to the plant’s resemblance with ^†‘curly (hair)’ (↗^†RǦL_9), which in its turn seems to have developed from ↗^†RǦL_8 *‘to be set free and run around uncontrollably (suckling, foal)’, ultimately from ↗¹riǧl ‘foot’.
▪ With this underlying idea, ³riǧl ‘common purslane’ is akin to ↗²riǧl ‘swarm (esp. of locusts)’, ↗raǧǧala ‘to let (hair) fall down freely (> to comb > to comfort)’, as well as ↗ĭrtaǧala ‘to improvise, extemporize’ and other, now extinct values.
▪ …

▪ ...

▪ No immediate cognates in Sem or outside, but ultimately based on ↗¹riǧl.
▪ ...

▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ ...

–

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗¹riǧl, ↗²riǧl, ↗raǧul (with ↗ruǧūlaẗ), ↗raǧǧala, ↗ĭrtaǧala, and ↗mirǧal, as well as, for the whole picture, root entry ↗√RǦL.

raǧul رَجُل , pl. riǧāl, riǧālāt

ID 313 • Sw 17/94 • BP 92 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021, last updated 3Apr2023

√RǦL

n.

man – WehrCowan1976

▪ ‘Man’ and derivatives (‘to behave like a man, masculinity, virility, manhood, etc.’) are prob. from ‘pedestrian’ (in Syr also ‘foot-soldier’), thus ultimately from ↗¹riǧl ‘foot’ (so also Kogan2011). – Cf. also the EgAr form rāgil which looks very much like a PA I, meaning *‘going on foot’ (and the EgAr pl. riggālaẗ ‘men’ sounds very similar to the Syr sg. ragālā ‘foot-soldier’). But it could also be based on ^†riǧlaẗ~ruǧlaẗ ‘vigour in walking’.
▪ …

▪ … ▪ ...

▪ According to Zammit2002, Ar raǧul ‘man’ has no cognates in Sem. But cf., perh. Syr ragālā, ragālāṯā ‘foot-soldier’.
▪ Ultimately prob. based on ↗¹riǧl.
▪ ...

▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ ...

–

►riǧālāt, n.pl., great, important men, leading personalities, men of distinction;
►riǧāl al-dawlaẗ, n.pl., statesmen;
►riǧāl al-sanad, n.pl., informants, sources of information

►taraǧǧala, vb. V, 1-2 ↗riǧl; 3 to assume masculine manners, behave like a man: tD-stem, denom.
►ĭstarǧala, vb. X, 1a to become a man, reach the age of manhood, grow up; b to act like a man, display masculine manners or qualities: *Št-stem, denom., desider.

►riǧālī, adj., men’s, for men (e.g., apparel): nsb-formation, based on pl. of raǧul
►^BP#4771ruǧūlaẗ, n.f., masculinity, virility, manhood: abstr. formation on pattern FuʕūLaẗ
►ruǧūliyyaẗ, n.f., masculinity, virility, manhood: : abstr. formation in ‑iyyaẗ, based on preceding
►EgAr ^BP#4471²rāgil, pl. riggālaẗ, n., man

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗¹riǧl, ↗²riǧl, ↗³riǧl, ↗raǧǧala, ↗ĭrtaǧala, and ↗mirǧal, as well as, for the whole picture, root entry ↗√RǦL.

mirǧal مِرْجَل , pl. marāǧilᵘ

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 3Apr2023

√RǦL

n.

1a cooking kettle, caldron; b boiler – WehrCowan1976

▪ The etymology of mirǧal ‘cooking kettle, caldron; boiler’ is somewhat obscure. The idea that it could be from ↗¹riǧl ‘foot’ (as *‘kettle with “feet”’) is rejected by some scholars. If not *‘kettle with feet’, is mirǧal then perh. a *‘kettle placed on (some kind of) “feet” (e.g., stones)’? (Cf. ^†ʔarǧala ‘to set down, discharge’, denom. vb. IV, from ¹riǧl ‘foot’.) – In principle, the miFʕaL pattern is used to form nomina instrumenti, but this does not seem very meaningful for any of the values else associated with ↗√RǦL and, theoretically, candidates that could serve as bases of derivation. – I (S.G.) still think mirǧal is from ¹riǧl ‘foot’, perh. *‘instrument (kettle) that stands on its own “feet”’, like a foal\suckling that has become strong enough to stand on its own feet to get sucked by its mother (see ↗RǦL_8). Alternatively, it may be the *‘instrument that sets free (clouds of) steam etc.’, similar to ↗²riǧl ‘swarms\clouds (esp. of locusts)’.
▪ …

▪ ...

▪ ?
▪ ...

▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ ...

–

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗¹riǧl, ↗²riǧl, ↗³riǧl, ↗raǧul (with ↗ruǧūlaẗ), ↗raǧǧala, ↗ĭrtaǧala, as well as, for the whole picture, root entry ↗√RǦL.

RǦM رجم

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√RǦM

“root”

▪ RǦM_1 ‘to curse; to stone; heap of stones’ ↗raǧama
▪ RǦM_2 ‘dragoman, to interpret’ ↗turǧumān (and ↗raǧama)
▪ RǦM_3 ‘shooting stars, meteorites’ ↗ruǧum (and ↗raǧama)
▪ RǦM_4 ‘diet’ ↗riǧīm

Other values, now obsolete, include:

RǦM_5 ‘cross-beams of a pulley’ : ^†riǧāmān (du. – Hava1899)
RǦM_6 ‘strong; battering (horse); sling’ : ^†mirǧam (Hava1899)

▪ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘1 stones, to stone, kill by stoning, heap up stones (on a grave), heap abuse (on); 2 to curse, drive out, expel; 3 to doubt, conjecture; 4 boycotting; 5 shooting stars; 6 to gauge the level of water in a well’

▪ The situation within the Sem root RGM is summarized by Kogan2015:218#28 as follows: »Hbr rgm, Syr rgm, Ar rǧm < protCSem *RGM ‘to stone’. ⇒ [This meaning] represents an extension of the more original [Sem] ‘to speak (emphatically), to curse’,³ represented by Akk ragāmu ‘to call; to prophesy; to summon; to lodge a claim, sue’, Ug rgm ‘to say, tell, announce’, Ar rǧm ‘to revile, utter evil speech’, (III) ‘to plead in defense of someone’, Gz ragama ‘to curse, insult’, Jib s̃érégəm ‘to blame one another with harsh words’. Within this approach, Soq rígɛm ‘être lapidé’ can be plausibly explained as an Arabism. / The diachronic background of *rgm in modSAr remains problematic. Throughout modSAr, the basic meaning of this root is ‘to cover, protect’: Mhr rəgūm ‘to cover (usually food to keep the flies off it)’, Jib ɛrgúm ‘to cover, put a lid on’, Soq régom ‘couvrir, protéger’. As such, this meaning can hardly have anything to do with stoning, and it seems wise, therefore, to keep apart Soq rígɛm ‘to be stoned’ and régom ‘to cover, protect’ as different (homonymous) roots […]. At the same time, it is noteworthy that one of the prominent applications of rgm in Jib is connected with covering a dead body with stones: erógəm ‘to cover (a dead body, with stones and soil)’, rɔ́tgəm ‘(corpse) to be buried’, s̃ergím ‘to be covered, buried alive (as, e.g., a witch)’, rəgmún ‘stoned, covered by stones; covered by stones and soil (in the grave)’. The same semantic nuance is attested in Ar: raǧam ‘stones that are placed upon a grave’, rǧm (II) ‘to place a stone on one’s grave’. These facts may prompt one to abandon the traditional semantic explanation […], disconnecting the meaning ‘to stone’ from ‘to blame, curse’ and deriving it instead from ‘to cover (with stones).’⁴ It is more likely, however, that the meaning ‘to cover with stones’ in Ar represents a secondary development from ‘to stone (as punishment)’, which, in its turn, influenced Jib rgm ‘to cover’, originally unconnected to the present root.«
▪ RǦM_1-3 seem to be etymologically related. As suggest by Leslau and substantiated by Kogan2015, the development within the Sem root seems to have been: Sem *RGM ‘to speak, say, shout’ > ‘to speak against, bring legal action against’ > ‘to abuse, curse’ > ‘to cast stones [while cursing]’ > ‘stone, tombstone; meteorites’; for ‘to interpret ’ see DISC below). – Cf., however, the fact that »[t]he lapidation and heaps of stones [as part of the ḥaǧǧ rituals] at Minā are called ǧamraẗ [↗√ǦMR, not √RǦM, i.e., with metathesis], [… traditionally derived from ǧamarāt al-ʕArab ‘groups of Bedouin tribes’, allegedly close to Ar ↗ǧamma and ↗ǧamaʕa ‘to reunite’]« – art. »radjm« (M. Gaudefroy-Demombynes / T. Fahd), in EI².
▪ In contrast, RǦM_4 is a borrowing from Fr régime ‘diet’.
▪ Value RǦM_5 ‘the two cross-beams of a pulley’, attested in ClassAr ^†riǧāmān, seems to be an extension of ^†riǧām ‘stone for cleansing a well; stone-work around a well’ (Hava1899), which clearly belongs to the ‘heap of stones’ of RǦM_1.
▪ Value RǦM_6 ‘strong; battering (horse); sling’, attested in ClassAr ^†mirǧam (Hava1899), has with all probability to be seen in connection with the ‘cursing’ and ‘casting (of stones)’ that is among the main ideas of RǦM_1.

3. As already argued by Leslau, CompDictGz 465: »In view of the various meanings within Sem, the development seems to be: ‘to speak, say’ > ‘to speak against, bring legal action against’ > ‘to abuse, curse’ > ‘to cast stones’.« 4. »As actually done in HALOT 1187: “The basic meaning develops from ‘to heap up stones’ > ‘to stone’ > ‘to curse’ > ‘to make a statement’” (cf. already Nöldeke 1910:47: “Im Geez hat die Grundbedeutung ‘steinigen’ durchaus die übertragene Bedeutung ‘verfluchen’ angenommen… Das Verbum ist ein Denominativ von einem Worte, das ‘Stein’ bedeutet”). This reconstruction, presupposing a diametrical reversal of Leslau’s semantic hypothesis mentioned above, appears highly improbable, especially in its latter step (‘to curse’ > ‘to make a statement’).« – Kogan2015:218, n. 655.

–

▪ RǦM_1 : CAD, Zammit2002, Tropper2008, Kogan2015: Akk ragāmu ‘to call, call out; to prophesy; to summon, convoke; to lodge a claim, sue, bring a legal complaint, claim s.th. by lawsuit’, rigmu ‘voice, sound; noise; call, proclamation; thunder; wailing, lamentation; complaint, request, legal complaint’ (from oAkk on), Ug rgm ‘to say, tell, announce, report, talk’, Ar raǧama ‘to revile, utter evil speech; (L-stem) to plead in defense of someone’, Gz ragama, Gur räggämä, (as)suraggämä, Amh täräggʷämä, räggämä ‘to curse, insult, revile’, Jib s̃érégəm ‘to blame one another with harsh words’. – Hbr rāgam ‘to stone, kill by stoning’, Aram Syr rᵉgam, Ar raǧama ‘to stone’, (? Ar > ) Soq rígɛm ‘to be stoned’. – ? Mhr rəgūm ‘to cover (usually food to keep the flies off it)’, Jib ɛrgúm ‘to cover, put a lid on’, Soq régom ‘to cover, protect’, Jib erógəm ‘to cover (a dead body, with stones and soil)’, rɔ́tgəm ‘(corpse) to be buried’, s̃ergím ‘to be covered, buried alive (as, e.g., a witch)’, rəgmún ‘stoned, covered by stones; covered by stones and soil (in the grave)’, Ar raǧam ‘stones that are placed upon a grave’, raǧǧama ‘to place a stone on one’s grave’.
▪ RǦM_2 : ↗turǧumān, prob. akin to RǦM_1 (via the Akk etymon).
▪ RǦM_3 : ↗ruǧum, akin to RǦM_1.
▪ RǦM_4 : Ø (no cognates, foreign word).
▪ RǦM_5 : as RǦM_1.
▪ RǦM_6 : as RǦM_1.

▪ RǦM_1 and RǦM_3 : Semantics in this Sem root oscillate between ‘to shout, etc.’, ‘to curse’, ‘to stone’, and ‘to cover with stones’. Which was first? According to Huehnergard2011, the primary meaning of Sem *RGM is ‘to say, speak, call, shout, contest, lay claim to’ (as in Akk, Ug, and partly also Ar)—this opinion is substantiated by Kogan2015, cf. above, section CONC. According to Huehnergard, there may also have been a t-stem *t-RGM ‘to speak to one another, translate’ already in protSem times. – The value ‘to curse, damn, revile’ (Ar, Gz) would then be a special development from ‘to shout, contest, lay claim to’, and ‘to stone; stones, missiles’ a transfer of meaning based on the fact that the throwing of stones often accompanied the condemnation of a person or an idol (cf. the symbolic stoning of Satan as part of the ḥaǧǧ rites). The fact, however, that Can (Hbr, Aram) only has ‘to stone’ makes this theory slightly questionable. Nöldeke thought that Ar, which shows both ‘stoning’ and ‘cursing’, had loaned the latter value from Gz, interpreting the epithet of Satan, Gz rəgūm ‘the cursed one’, as belonging to Ar rǧm which, according to this theory, only meant ‘to stone’ but then also came to mean ‘to curse’.
▪ RǦM_2 : Most previous research tends to see Ar tarǧama ‘to interpret’ and turǧumān ‘interpreter’ as—ultimately—dependent on the Akk targumannu and thus on Akk ragāmu ‘to speak, shout, call, etc.’ (RǦM_1) < Sem ] ‘to speak (emphatically), to curse’. Huehnergard2011 would not exclude the possibility of the t-stem *t-RGM ‘to speak to one another, translate’ going back as far as into protSem times. In contrast, Wellhausen1897 thought that the value ‘to explain, interpret’ is a generalisation of a more specific type of explanation, namely interpreting the stones/pebbles that used to been thrown (in the sand) as a heathen mantic practice, the notion of ‘interpreting’ thus being dependent on ‘to throw stones (with the aim of foretelling the future or getting advice)’.
▪ RǦM_3 : Ar ruǧum ‘shooting stars, meteorites’ seems to be the result of a transfer of meaning from the stones that are cast (at s.o. as a punishment, or at the Devil to curse him) on the *‘stones’ that *‘are cast through the sky’.
▪ RǦM_4-6 : See above, section CONC.

▪ For Engl dragoman and Targum cf. entry tarǧama.

–

raǧam‑ رَجَمَ , u (raǧm)

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√RǦM

vb., I

1 to stone; 2 to curse, damn, abuse, revile – WehrCowan1979.

▪ The traditional opinion, put forward, among others, by Lane, was that the ‘throwing, casting of stones’ was the »primary meaning« and [v2] thus dependent on [v1]. However, this view is contested by Kogan who, sorting out the difficult semantic entanglements within the Sem root, comes to the conclusion that the overall evidence seems to speak against the traditional theory. Following Leslau, Kogan assumes a semantic development along the line *‘to speak, say > to speak against, bring legal action against > to abuse, curse > to cast stones > heap of stones > stone(s)’.

▪ eC7 raǧama (to stone) Q 18:20 ʔin yaẓharū ʕalay-kum yarǧumū-kum ‘if they should discover you, they will stone you’. – raǧm (the act of stoning) Q 18:22 raǧman bi’l-ġaybi ‘conjecturing, guessing in the dark, guessing at what is being kept hidden, shooting in the dark [lit., throwing stones without seeing, blindly)’. – ruǧūm (pl. of raǧm : materials for stoning, rocks, projectiles, missiles) Q 67:5 wa-ǧaʕalnā-hā ruǧūman liš-šayāṭīni ‘and We have made them [the stars] rocks for stoning the devils’. – raǧīm (quasi-PP: stoned, cast out) Q 15:17 wa-ḥafiẓnā-hā min kulli šayṭānin raǧīmin ‘and guarded it from every outcast devil’; (epithet of Satan) Q 16:98 al-~ ‘the outcast, the stoned’. – marǧūm (stoned, castaway, outcast) Q 26:116 la-takūnanna min-a ’l-marǧūmīna ‘you will be among those stoned’.
▪ Lane describes two series of semantic values attached to raǧm in ClassAr: (1) ‘throwing, casting of stones’ > ‘slaying (in any manner, but generally:) stoning, putting to death’ > ‘beating, battering’ (al-ʔarḍ the ground, said of camels); (2) act of ‘cursing, reviling’ > ‘driving away; expelling; putting, or placing, at a distance, away, or far away; cutting off from friendly, or loving communion or intercourse; forsaking; abandoning’
▪ Hava1899 has still raǧama u (raǧm) in the sense, among others, of ‘to put a stone on (DO a tomb)’, the L-stem ^†rāǧama ‘to throw stones (DO at s.o.); to contend (DO with s.o., fī in words); to protect (ʕan)’, the tL-stem ^†tarāǧama ‘to throw stones at one another’, as well as the PP II ^†muraǧǧam ‘doubtful (news)’ and the (PA III, nominalized adj.?) ^†murāǧim ‘foul speech’.

▪ CAD, Zammit2002, Tropper2008, Kogan2015: (a) [Sem *RGM ‘to speak (emphatically), to curse’] Akk ragāmu ‘to call, call out; to prophesy; to summon, convoke; to lodge a claim, sue, bring a legal complaint, claim s.th. by lawsuit’, rigmu ‘voice, sound; noise; call, proclamation; thunder; wailing, lamentation; complaint, request, legal complaint’ (from oAkk on), Ug rgm ‘to say, tell, announce, report, talk’, Ar raǧama ‘to revile, utter evil speech; rāǧama ‘to plead in defense of s.o.’, Gz ragama, Gur räggämä, (as)suraggämä, Amh täräggʷämä, räggämä ‘to curse, insult, revile’, Jib s̃érégəm ‘to blame one another with harsh words’. – > (b) [protCSem *RGM ‘to stone’] Hbr rāgam ‘to stone, kill by stoning’, Aram Syr rᵉgam, Ar raǧama ‘to stone’, (? Ar > ) Soq rígɛm ‘to be stoned’. – > (c) [non-Eth SSem (Ar SAr)] Jib erógəm ‘to cover (a dead body, with stones and soil)’, rɔ́tgəm ‘(corpse) to be buried’, s̃ergím ‘to be covered, buried alive (as, e.g., a witch)’, rəgmún ‘stoned, covered by stones; covered by stones and soil (in the grave)’, Ar raǧam ‘stones that are placed upon a grave’, raǧǧama ‘to place a stone on one’s grave’. – ? [SAr] Mhr rəgūm ‘to cover (usually food to keep the flies off it)’, Jib ɛrgúm ‘to cover, put a lid on’, Soq régom ‘to cover, protect’.

▪ In their EI² entry on »radjm«, M. Gaudefroy-Demombynes and T. Fahd still seem to put forward the traditional opinion that the primary value of raǧm is ‘the casting of stones’: »r-ǧ-m is a Sem root, derivatives from which are found in the O[ld]T[estament] with the meaning of ‘to stone, to drive away or kill by throwing stones’ an abominable creature; raǧmaẗ is ‘a heap of stones, an assembly of men, cries, tumult’. / In Arabic, the root means ‘to stone, to curse’; raǧm ‘heap of stones’, also means simply the ‘stones placed upon tombs’ either as flagstones or in a heap, a custom which ḥadīṯ condemns, recommending rather that a grave should be level with the surface of the ground. In the ḥadīṯ of ʕAbd Allāh b. Muġfal, it is discussed whether lā turaǧǧimū qabrī means ‘do not build my grave in a mound’ or ‘do not utter imprecations there’.«
▪ However, the same entry also states that »[t]he lapidation and heaps of stones at Minā are called [with metathesis] ǧamraẗ [√ǦMR, not √RǦM!], and ǧamarāt al-ʕArab means ‘the groups of Bedouin tribes’; we find there the two old meanings of the root which can be taken back to ǧ-m-, in Ar ↗ǧamma and ↗ǧamaʕa ‘to reunite’. The Arab grammarians derive ǧamraẗ ‘lapidation’ from ǧamarāt al-ʕArab. / In addition to the meaning of ‘ritual stoning as a punishment for fornication’, raǧm means the casting of stones at Minā, which is one of the pre-Islamic rites preserved by Muḥammad and inserted among the ceremonies of the pilgrimage« (op.cit. supra).
▪ For the most recent analysis cf. Kogan2015, quoted above in section CONC and, in more detail, in “root” entry ↗RǦM.

▪ Tu recm (<1500) Kıpçak Türkçesi Sözlüğü : from Ar raǧm ‘a stoning, killing by stoning’, akin to Akk ragāmu ‘to speak, call, lodge a claim at court’ – Nişanyan14Oct2014.

► raǧama bi’l-ġayb, vb. I, 1 to talk about s.th. of which one knows nothing; 2 to guess, surmise, make conjectures; 3 to predict the future: from the pre-Isl mantic practice of casting pebbles in the sand to predict the future; see raǧǧama, next paragraph.

► raǧǧama, vb. II, 1 to talk about s.th. of which one knows nothing; 2 to guess, surmise, make conjectures; 3 to predict the future: denom. from ruǧmaẗ ‘pile of pebbles’ or ruǧūm ‘materials for stoning’. As already noted by Wellhausen1897, Ar tarǧīm has the same meaning as ḍarb bi’l-ḥaṣy, the art of prophesy from throwing pebbles. From this, the sense of ‘to assume, conjecture’ could be derived: *‘to throw stones > to interpret the results, try to give them a meaning > to make conjectures, assume’. ↗tarǧama, too, may be dependent on the heathen practice: *‘to throw stones > to (try to) interpret the results, solve the riddle > to interpret (in general)’

► raǧm, n., 1 stoning: vn. I; 2 (pl. ruǧūm) missile: transfer of meaning from the act of stoning to anything that is thrown. – Cf. also ruǧmaẗ, below. | raǧm bi’l-ġayb, n., conjecture, guesswork; prophecy: see preceding paragraphs.
► ruǧum, n., shooting stars, meteorites: transfer of meaning (*‘s.th. thrown, missile > what looks like missiles in the sky’)? See also ↗s.v.
► ruǧmaẗ, pl. ruǧam, riǧām, n.f., tombstone: prob. deverb., resultative (originally *‘heap of pebbles’, piling up when stones are thrown, hence also: ‘heap of stones on a tomb’). – Cf. Wellhausen1897: 111-2: »Bei gewissen Heiligtümern war eine eigentümliche Sitte mit dem Umlauf [i.e., the ↗ṭawāf ritual] verbunden, nemlich das ĭrtiǧām, das Werfen kleiner Steine. In einem Verse des ʔAʕšà heisst es: "sie läuft um sie herum und geht hin und her zu ihnen, so wie ein Steinwerfender um einen Steinhaufen den Umlauf macht".¹ Die Sitte ist uns namentlich daher bekannt, dass sie am zehnten Tage des ↗ḥaǧǧ und an den drei folgenden Tagen bei den drei ǧamarāt von Mina ausgeübt wird. Das Heiligtum, die ruǧmaẗ oder ǧamraẗ, ist in diesem Fall kein einzelner Stein, sondern ein Steinhaufen. Auch bei den Hebräern (Gal, Gen. 31:51s., nicht Gilgal) und bei den Aramäern (Igura) hat es solche Steinhaufen gegeben, ebenso bei den Saracenen des Nilus. Hieronymus übersetzt [Hbr] ki-ṣrôr ʔ^äḇän bᵊ-margēmāh Prov[erbs] 26:8 mit ‘mittere lapidem in acervum Mercurii’;² er denkt an die griechische Sitte der [Grk] hérmakes, auf die jeder Vorübergehende einen Stein warf. Der Steinhaufen kann aber auch ein ‘Grab’ bezeichnen, und auch dann kommt es vor, dass die Vorübergehenden neue Steine hinzu werfen.³ Im Islam war das allerdings eine Entehrung des Toten,⁴ ursprünglich aber wol eine Verehrung, wie die Analogie vermuten lässt und das Beispiel des Abu Righal von Tâif (BHisham 32,20) zu beweisen scheint.⁵ «
► raǧīm, adj., 1 stoned; 2 cursed, damned: quasi-PP I; see also ↗s.v. – 3 For another value, see ↗riǧīm.

1. Freytag, Hamasae versio 1, 371. 2. Cf. the translation ‘as a small stone in a heap of stones’, in The Holy Scriptures According to the Masoretic Text, JPS Tanakh 1917. The English Standard Version, however, has renders the Hbr text as ‘Like one who binds the stone in the sling’. 3. Aġānī 14: 131,26; BHišām 32,20. Die gewöhnliche Bedeutung von ruǧmaẗ und raǧm ist: ‘Steinhaufe über einem Grabe’. 4. BAṯīr 3: 144,25; Aġānī 14: 144,12s.; Bakrī 679. 5. Ein ähnlicher Brauch kommt bei den Juden vor, und V. A. Huber bezeugt ihn für die Iren. – Vgl. Hamlet, Act 5, Sc. 1.

raǧīm رَجيم

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√RǦM

adj.

1 stoned; 2 cursed, damned. – 3 For another value, see var. ↗riǧīm – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Although the vb. raǧama is known in Ar, Jeffery1938 follows Rückert and Nöldeke in assuming that raǧīm in the meaning ‘the cursed one’ is a borrowing from Gz and thus secondary. This assumption, however, is contested by Kogan who thinks the value ‘to stone’ is secondary to that of ‘to curse’; cf. ↗RǦM, ↗raǧama.

▪ (quasi-PP: ‘stoned, cast out’) Q 15:17 wa-ḥafiẓnā-hā min kulli šayṭānin raǧīmin ‘and guarded it from every outcast devil’; (epithet of Satan) Q 16:98 al-~ ‘the outcast, the stoned’.
▪ Cf. also Q 3:36, 15:34, 38:77, 81:25 ‘stoned, pelted, driven away by stones, execrated’.

▪ The narrower context is provided by Gz ragama, Gur räggämä, (as)suraggämä, Amh täräggʷämä, räggämä ‘to curse, revile’. For the general frame, however, see ↗raǧama.

▪ Jeffery1938: »We find it used only of Satan and his minions, and it is said to derive from the tradition that the demons seek to listen to the counsels of Heaven and are pelted away by the angels¹⁵ (cf. Sura 67:5). / The Muslim authorities naturally take it as a pure Ar word, a form faʕīl from ↗raǧama which is used several times in the Qurʔān. As a technical term associated with Satan, however, it would seem to be the Eth [Gz] rəgūm and mean ‘cursed’ or ‘execrated’ rather than ‘stoned’. [Gz] ragama means ‘to curse’ or ‘to execrate’ and is used of the serpent in Gen. iii: 14, and of those who are delivered over to the fire prepared for the devil and his angels in Matt. xxv: 41. Rückert, in his notes to his translation of the Qurʔān (ed. A. Müller, p. 440),¹⁶ had noted this connection with the Eth [Gz], and Nöldeke, Neue Beiträge, 25, 47, thinks that Muḥammad himself in introducing the Eth word [Gz] šayṭān = [Ar] šayṭān introduced also the epithet rəgūm, but not knowing the technical meaning of the word treated it as though from raǧama […] ‘to stone’¹⁷ (Cf. Ahrens, Christliches, 39).«
▪ Jeffery’s argument is taken up also by Nişanyan¹⁸ . But Kogan2015’s findings seem to make the old theory obsolete; ↗RǦM, ↗raǧama.

15. There is, however, reason to believe that the epithet belongs to a much older stratum of Sem belief in regard to demons, cf. Wellhausen, Reste, 111. 16. See also Müller’s statement in ThLZ for 1891: 348. 17. Wellhausen, Reste, 232; Pautz, Offenbarung, 49; Margoliouth, Chrestomathia Baidawiana, 160. Praetorius, ZDMG, 61: 620 ff., argues against this derivation, but unconvincingly. See also Van Vloten in the Feestbundel aan de Goeje, pp. 35, 42, who thinks that it was used in pre-Islamic Arabia in connection with pelting snakes. 18. »Habeşçe sözcük Kutsal Kitap çevirisinde Tekvin 3:14 ve Matt 25:41’de şeytanın sıfatı olarak zikredilir. Arapça raǧm ‘taşlama, taşlayarak öldürme’ fiiliyle anlam bağı kurulamaz. Nöldeke NB 25, 47; Jeffery 140.« – Nişanyan01Apr2013.

▪ Tu racim (<1400) Kıpçak Türkçesi Sözlüğü , < Ar raǧīm ‘1 taşlanan, recmedilen, 2 lanetli (şeytanın sıfatı)’ < Gz ragīm ‘lanetli (şeytanın sıfatı)’ < Eth √rgm ‘lanetlemek, mahkûm etmek’ – Nişanyan01Apr2013.

–

riǧīm رِجيم

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√RǦM

n.

diet – WehrCowan1979.

▪ From Fr régime ‘course of diet, exercise’, from Lat regimen ‘rule, guidance, government, means of guidance, rudder’, from reg-ere ‘to rule, direct, keep straight, guide’, IE *reg- ‘to move in a straight line’, hence, ‘to direct in a straight line, rule, guide’ – Rolland2014a.

▪ …

▪ Skr raǧ- ‘king, leader;’ Av razeyeiti ‘directs’; Pers rāst ‘right, correct’; Lat regere ‘to rule’, rex ‘king, leader’, rectus ‘right, correct’; oIr ri, Gael righ ‘king’; Gaul -rix ‘king’, in personal names, such as Vircingetorix; Goth reiks ‘leader’; oEngl rice ‘kingdom’, -ric ‘king’, rice ‘rich, powerful’, riht ‘correct’; Goth raihts, oHGe recht, oSwed reht, oNo rettr ‘correct’) – EtymOnline .

▪ See above, section CONC.

–

RǦW رجو

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 20Mar2023

√RǦW

“root”

▪ RǦW_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RǦW_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RǦW_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘hope, to hope, look forward to, anticipate, expect; to fear, be apprehensive about; areas covered by (e.g., a room, a house, a town), directions, sides’

▪ …

–

.

–

RḤB رحب

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√RḤB

“root”

▪ RḤB_1 ‘(to be, grow) wide, large, spacious’ ↗raḥ˅ba
▪ RḤB_2 ‘welcome!’ ↗marḥaban

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to be wide, to be spacious, to be ample; to welcome; courtyard, flood channels in a valley, spacious fertile lands’

▪ …

–

↗raḥ˅ba

RḤB_2 ‘welcome!’ is probably related to RḤB_1; but cf. entry ↗marḥaban for theories that derive it from Aram or Pers.

–

raḥib‑ رحِب , a (raḥab), and raḥub‑ رحُب , u (ruḥb, raḥābaẗ)

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√RḤB

vb., I

to be wide, spacious, roomy

According to Huehnergard2011, the root can be traced back not farther than WSem *rḥb ‘to be(come) wide, large’.

▪ eC7 Q 9:25 wa-ḍāqat ʕalay-kumu l-ʔarḍu bi-mā raḥubat ‘and the earth, vast as it is, was straitened for you’.¹ Cf. also the parallel in Q 9:118.

1. Paret1971_Konk: »Der Ausdruck ist metaphorisch zu verstehen«, cf. therefore Paret’s own translation as ‘Sie half euch aber nichts, und euch wurde angst und bange.’

▪ BDB1906: Hbr rāḥab, Aram rəḥab (in deriv.), Ar raḥiba, raḥuba, Gz rəḥəba ‘to be, or grow, wide, large’. – Cf. also Hbr raḥab ‘breadth, broad expanse’, rōḥab ‘breadth, width’, rāḥāb ‘wide, broad’, rəḥôb ‘broad, open place, plaza’, märḥāb ‘broad, roomy place’. – BDB1906 gives also a Akk rêbitu ‘open place’, but I could not verify this in CAD. There, one finds only rību ‘street’ and ribītu ‘street, main street, thoroughfare’; but are these related?
▪ Müller2010: Sab rḥb ‘umfassend sein’, rḥb ‘erweitern, vergrößern’.

▪ Huehnergard2011: < WSem *rḥb ‘to be(come) wide, large’

–

► ^BP#2022raḥḥaba, vb. II, to welcome (bi‑ s.o., s.th.), bid welcome (bi‑ to s.o.); to receive graciously, make welcome (bi‑ s.o.): caus. of I (then ‘to welcome’ is, literally, ‘to make the space wide (for a guest, etc.)’), or denom. from ↗marḥaban ?
► taraḥḥaba, vb. V, to welcome (bi‑ s.o.), bid welcome (bi‑ to): refl. of II ?

► raḥb, adj., wide, spacious, roomy; unconfined: this (or ruḥb, or raḥab) may be the proper etymon from which all the other items derive. | r. al-ṣadr, adj., generous, magnanimous; broad minded, open-minded, liberal; frank, candid, open hearted; carefree; r. ṣadr, n., generosity, magnanimity; open-mindedness, broad-mindedness, liberality; frankness, candor; r. al-bāʕ, adj., generous, open handed, liberal; r. al-ḏirāʕ, adj., dto.
► ruḥb, n., vastness, wideness, spaciousness, unconfinedness: this (or raḥb, or raḥab) may be the proper etymon from which all the other items derive. | ʔatà ʕalà ’l-r. wa’l-saʕaẗ, vb., to be welcome; wajada r~an wa-saʕatan, vb., to meet with a friendly reception.
► raḥab, n., vastness, wideness, spaciousness, unconfinedness: this (or raḥb, or ruḥb) may be the proper etymon from which all the other items derive. | r. al-ṣadr, n., magnanimity, generosity; lightheartedness.
► ^BP#4753raḥbaẗ, raḥabaẗ, pl. raḥabāt, riḥāb, n., wide area, wide space; large square; courtyard, inner court (e.g., of a mosque); pl. riḥāb, wideness, vastness; generosity, magnanimity, big-heartedness; sacred precinct, protected area: f. formation of raḥb; the pl. riḥāb may be, originally, a sg. (cf. Hbr rəḥôb ‘broad, open place, plaza’). | riḥāb al-kawn and riḥāb al-faḍāʔ, n.pl., vastness of outer space; ʔanā fī riḥābika, I am under your protection, in the realm of your generosity! (spoken at the grave of a saint); nazala fī riḥābihī ḍayfan, he came to him as a guest; riḥāb al-ǧāmiʕaẗ, n.pl., university grounds, campus.
► raḥīb = raḥb : ints. formation.
► raḥābaẗ, n.f., wideness, vastness, spaciousness, unconfinedness | r. al-ṣadr, n., magnanimity, generosity.
► ^BP#1072marḥaban bika, adv., welcome!: ↗s.v..
► tarḥāb, n., welcome, greeting:. | qābalahū bi-t., vb. III, to receive s.o. with open arms.
► ^BP#2889tarḥīb, n., welcoming, welcome, greeting: vn. II.
► tarḥībī, adj.: nsb-adj from tarḥīb | kalimaẗ tarḥībiyyaẗ, n., welcoming speech, word of welcome.

marḥaban مرْحباً

ID … • Sw – • BP 1072 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√RḤB, MRḤB

adv.

welcome!

The popular greeting is often claimed (by Christians or non-Arabs) to be of Aram/Syr or Pers origin. But there is no cogent reason why it should not be genuinly Arabic. The meaning ‘welcome!’ is in any case attested already in the Q.

▪ eC7 Q 38:59-60 hāḏā fawǧun muqtaḥimun maʕa-kum, lā marḥaban bi-him [▪ …] qālū: bal ʔantum lā marḥaban bi-kum ‘Here is an army rushing blindly with you. (Those who are already in the Fire say): No word of welcome for them. [▪ …] They say: Nay, but you (misleaders), for you there is no word of welcome.’

▪ BDB1906: Hbr märḥāb ‘broad, roomy place’, which is also used figuratively »of freedom from distress and anxiety«.
▪ Cf. also ↗raḥ˅ba.

Several etymologies have been suggested:

▪ Arab lexicographers derive it from ↗√RḤB ‘ample, wide’ as a vn. or n.loc. »You say marḥaban and marḥaban bi-ka meaning ‘Thou hast come to, or found, ampleness, spaciousness, or roominess’, or ‘alight you, or abide you in ampleness, etc.’, for such we have for thee, the word being put in the acc. because of a verb understood; or ‘thou hast alighted in an ample […] space’, ‘welcome to ampleness [etc.]’« (Lane iii 1867). – Cf. Hbr märḥāb ‘broad, roomy place’, which is also used figuratively »of freedom from distress and anxiety« (BDB1906).
▪ Another theory traces it back to Syr mār ḥūbā ‘The Lord is (full of) love’, allegedly a greating among Aramaic-speaking Christians.
▪ A third explanation sees it as an Arabized form of Pers mehr-bān, an adj. signifying (accord. to Steingass) ‘benevolent, benficient, kind, affectionate, friendly, compassionate, favouring, loving; […] a friend’.

–

► ^BP#2022raḥḥaba, vb. II, to welcome (bi‑ s.o., s.th.), bid welcome (bi‑ to s.o.); to receive graciously, make welcome (bi‑ s.o.): caus. of vb. I ↗raḥVba ‘to be wide, spacious’ (then ‘to welcome’ is, literally, ‘to make the space wide (for a guest, etc.)’), or denom. from ↗marḥaban ?
► taraḥḥaba, vb. V, to welcome (bi‑ s.o.), bid welcome (bi‑ to): refl. of II ?

► tarḥāb, n., welcome, greeting:. | qābalahū bi-t., vb. III, to receive s.o. with open arms.
► ^BP#2889tarḥīb, n., welcoming, welcome, greeting: vn. II.
► tarḥībī, adj.: nsb-adj from tarḥīb | kalimaẗ tarḥībiyyaẗ, n., welcoming speech, word of welcome.

RḤḌ رحض

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√RḤḌ

“root”

▪ RḤḌ_1 ‘to rinse, wash’ ↗raḥaḍa
▪ RḤḌ_2 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ RḤḌ_3 ‘…’ ↗…

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

…

raḥaḍ‑ رَحَضَ , a (raḥḍ)

ID … • Sw … • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√RḤḌ

vb., I

to rinse, wash – WehrCowan1976.

▪ …

▪ Bergsträsser1928: (*‘to wash’) Akk (rḫṣ (i)), Hbr rḥṣ a (a), PapyriAram rḥʕ, Gz rḥḍ –/a (a) ‘to sweat’.

…

►mirḥāḍ, pl. marāḥīḍᵘ, n., lavatory, toilet: n.instr.

RḤQ رحق

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 20Mar2023

√RḤQ

“root”

▪ RḤQ_1 ‘wine’ ↗raḥīq
▪ RḤQ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RḤQ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): no known verbal root, occurs once in the Qur’an: ‘wine, the most exquisite pure mature wine (83:25) they are given to drink of the best of wines, sealed’

▪ …

–

.

–

RḤL رحل

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√RḤL

“root”

▪ RḤL_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ RḤL_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to travel, to set out, to go away; travel gear, travel bags, saddles; to take as a mount; (of a camel) a strong traveller; journey’

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

raḥal‑ رَحَلَ

ID 315 • Sw – • BP 2203 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√RḤL

vb., I

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

riḥlaẗ رِحْلَة

ID 316 • Sw – • BP 1009 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√RḤL

n.f.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

marḥalaẗ مَرْحَلَة

ID 317 • Sw – • BP 366 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√RḤL

n.f.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

RḤM رحم

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√RḤM

“root”

▪ RḤM_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ RḤM_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘the womb, blood relatives; mercy, kindness, compassion, pity, sympathy, to show mercy, to show compassion, to let off, to be kind, forgiveness, bounty, good fortune, blessing’

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ Bergsträsser1928: (*‘to have pity’) Akk irēm, Hbr (ints) rḥm, Syr rḥm e (a) ‘to love’, Gz (mḥr – (a)).
▪ …
▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

raḥim رَحِم

ID 318 • Sw – • BP 2372 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√RḤM

n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Kogan2011: from protSem *raḥim‑ ‘womb’.
▪ …

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

raḥmaẗ رَحْمَة

ID 319 • Sw – • BP 972 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√RḤM

n.f.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

raḥmān رَحْمٰن / رَحْمان

ID 320 • Sw – • BP 4105 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√RḤM

n./adj.

the Merciful (i.e., God) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ eC7 Q : Occurs some fifty-six times outside its place in the superscription of the Suras, ‎‎'The Merciful’.

▪ …
▪ …

‎‎‎‎▪ Jeffery1938, 140-41: »I[n the Qurʔān, i]t occurs always as a title of God, almost as a personal ‎name for God.¹⁹ – Certain early authorities recognized the ‎word as a borrowing from Hebrew. Mubarrad and Thaʕlab held this view, says as-Suyūṭī, Itq, ‎‎321; Mutaw, 58, and it is quoted from az-Zaǧǧāǧ in LA, xv, 122. – The root rḥm is common ‎Semitic [↗√RḤM ], and several Ar forms are used in the Qurʔān, e.g. raḥima; raḥmaẗ; riḥm; raḥīm; marḥamaẗ; but the form of raḥmān is itself against its being genuine ‎Ar. Fraenkel, Vocab, 23, pointed out that RḤMNā occurs in the Talmud as a name of God ‎‎(e.g. ʔMR RḤMNā ‘saith the all-merciful'), and as Hirschfeld, Beiträge, 38, notes, it is also so used ‎in the Targums and in the Palmyrene inscriptions (cf. NSI, p. 300; RES, ii, 477). In the ‎Christian-Palestinian dialect we find RḤMN, which is the equivalent of the Targumic MRḤMN and ‎in Lk. vi, 36, translates [Grk] oiktírmōn,²⁰ and in the SAr inscriptions RḤMNN occurs several ‎times²¹ as a divine ‎name.²² – ‎There can be little doubt that it was from S. Arabia that the word came into use in ‎Ar,²³ but as Nöldeke-Schwally, i, 113, points out, it is hardly likely to have originated there ‎and we must look elsewhere for the origin.²⁴ ‎Sprenger, Leben, ii, 198-210, in his discussion of the word, favours a Christian origin, ²⁵ while Hirschfeld, Beiträge, 39, insists that it is of Jewish origin, and Rudolph, ‎‎Abhängigkeit, 28, professes to be unable to decide between them.²⁶ The fact that the word occurs in the old poetry²⁷ and is known to ‎have been in use in connection with the work of Muḥammad's rival Prophets, Musailama of ‎Yamāma²⁸ and al-Aswad of Yemen, ‎‎²⁹ would seem to point to a Christian rather than a Jewish origin, ‎though the matter is uncertain.«

▪ For the root itself cf. √RḤM.

19. Sprenger, Leben, ii, 198. 20. Schwally, Idioticon, 88; Schulthess, Lex, 193, ‎and see Wellhausen, ZDMG, ixvii, 630. 21. Müller, ZDMG, xxx, 672; Osiander, ZDMG, x, 61; CIS, iv, No. 6; and particularly ‎Fell in ZDMG, liv, 252, who gives a list of texts where it occurs. 22. Halévy, JA, viiiᵉ sér, xx, 326, however, takes it as an adjective and not ‎as a divine name. (Note also Ahrens, Christliches, 35; Ryckmans, Nom propres, i, 31.) 23. Grimme, ZA, xxvi, 161; Bell, Origin, 52; Lidzbarski in SBAW, Berlin, 1916, p. ‎‎1218. 24. Halévy, REJ, xxiii, in discussing the inscription, ‎thinks that it is of purely pagan origin. See also Margoliouth, Schweich Lectures, 67 ff. 25. So ‎Pautz, Offenbarung, 171 n., and vide Fell, ZDMG, liv, 252. Mingana, Syriac Influence, 89. ‎‎ 26. So Massignon, Lexique, ‎‎52. Sacco, Credenze, 18, apparently agrees with the Jewish theory. See also Horovitz, JPN, 201-‎‎3. 27. Div. Hudh. (ed. Wellhausen), clxv, 6 ‎‎; Mufaḍḍaliyyāt (ed. Thorbecke), 34, 1. 60; al-Aʕshā, Dīvān, lxvi, 8. 28. al-Ṭabarī, Annales, i, 1933-7. Ibn Hishām, 200. 29. Beladhorī, 105, 1. 6.

▪ Lokotsch1927#1687: Ar raḥmān > Tu rahman (or rather Hbr raḥᵃmānî ‘merciful, compassionate, pitiful’ [hapax in the Bible, Lam. 4:10])?) > Ru raḫmannyj, Pol rachmany (rare), more common rochmanny ‘tamed, mild, compassionate, tender’.

►

RḪW رخو

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 20Mar2023

√RḪW

“root”

▪ RḪW_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RḪW_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RḪW_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to relax, slacken, ease up; affluence, to live in comfort; gentle breeze; to travel at a good easy pace, to be infrequent’

▪ …

–

.

–

RDː (RDD) ردّ / ردد

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√RDː (RDD)

“root”

▪ RDː (RDD)_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ RDː (RDD)_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to turn back, to cause to go back, to give back, to stand back; to avert, to reject, to dissuade; to refer to, to submit a matter (to s.o.); to have an exchange of words, a dialogue; retreat, reneging; point of reference, judgement; reputation’

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

radd‑ / radad‑ رَدَّ / رَدَدْـ

ID 322 • Sw – • BP 396 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√RDː (RDD)

vb., I

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

ĭrtidād ارْتِداد

ID 321 • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√RDː (RDD)

n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

RDʔ ردأ

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 20Mar2023

√RDʔ

“root”

▪ RDʔ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RDʔ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RDʔ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘support, help, backing, to bolster, back up; to become bad, spoil; mean, vile, base; to go beyond’

▪ …

–

.

–

RDF ردف

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 20Mar2023

√RDF

“root”

▪ RDF_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RDF_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RDF_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘backside, posterior, rump; to come after, follow, come from the back, come in succession, ride behind s.o.; to stand in for, a ruler’s substitute; entourage’

▪ …

–

.

–

RDM ردم

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 20Mar2023

√RDM

“root”

▪ RDM_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RDM_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RDM_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to fill (a hole in the ground) with earth, fill gaps in a wall; to mend, patch a tattered garment; to live off the good of the land; to remain, be constant; dam, big heap of earth’

▪ …

–

.

–

RDY ردي

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 20Mar2023

√RDY

“root”

▪ RDY_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RDY_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RDY_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘death, destruction, demise, to perish, kill, cause death, die by falling, animal killed by falling, to bring to the ground, ruin; garment, cloak, to wear; to increase’

▪ …

–

.

–

RḎL رذل

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 20Mar2023

√RḎL

“root”

▪ RḎL_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RḎL_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RḎL_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to be base, uncouth, vile, low, despicable; dregs of society, rejects, dirt, vice’

▪ …

–

.

–

RZː (RZZ) رزّ / رزز

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√RZː (RZZ)

“root”

▪ RZː (RZZ)_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ RZː (RZZ)_2 ‘…’ ↗…

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl mortise, perh. from Ar murtazz ‘fastened’, PP of ĭrtazza, vb. VIII, ‘to be fixed (in place)’, Gt-stem of razza, vb. I, ‘to fix, stick, insert’.

–

ʔaruzz أَرُزّ , var. ruzz

ID 323 • Sw – • BP 4015 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ʔRZ, RZː (RZZ)

n.

rice – WehrCowan1979.

▪ »From its place(s) of origin in India or China ca. 3,000 BC, the use of rice spread to the Middle East, where it was also cultivated in pre-Islamic times, albeit in limited areas such as Mesopotamia and Jordan. Knowledge of rice spread slowly among the classical cultures of the Mediterranean; its diffusion westward as a cultivated crop is evident in Islamic times and references to its cultivation in al-Andalus from the 4th/10th century are numerous.« – D. Waines, »al-Ruzz«, in EI².
▪ Canard: »[Le riz] apparaît très anciennement dans l’Inde et en Chine. De l’Inde il fut introduit dans les pays iraniens, de là en Mésopotamie, puis en Syrie et enfin en Égypte. Ultérieurement il apparut dans certains pays d’Europe. Dans 1’antiquité, Strabon le signale dans 1’Inde, la Bactriane, la Susiane, la Babylonie et la Basse Syrie.«
▪ Littmann’s (1924: 15) assumption that rice came to Europe via the Persians is probably still correct. Therefore it is quite safe to search for the source of Grk óryza —the ancestor of most Eur words for ‘rice’—in an Iranian language. Since the Arabs, too, seem to have become acquainted with the cereal through the Persians, Ar (ʔa)ruzz is likely to stem from the same source as Grk óryza rather than from the Grk word itself (Rolland2014). ▪ Lexicographers have it that the form ruzz is more colloquial, while ʔaruzz is the variant used »among persons of distinction« (Lane).
▪ DRS seems to regard the var.s ʔurz and ʔuruz(z) as the most original ones in Ar, perhaps of Iran origin.

▪ …

DRS 1 (1994)#ʔRZ-3: nHbr ʔōrez, Aram ʔūrzā, Ar ʔurz, ʔuruz(z), Soq ʔírhez, Mhr ḥayrez, Śḥr ʔiróz ‘riz’.

▪ Engl rice, (mC13), from oFr ris, from It riso, from Lat orīza, from Grk óryza ‘rice’, via an IndIran lang (cf. Pashto vriže, oPers brizi), ultimately from Skr vrīhí-s ‘rice’. The Grk word is the ultimate source of all Eur words (Welsh reis, G Reis, Lith rysai, SrbCroat riza, Pol ryż, etc.). Introduced 1647 in the Carolinas – etymonline.com.
▪ Kluge2002: (As previous, adding that) oInd vrīhí‑ is of obscure etymology, perhaps of Sem origin. Rice came to Europe via the Arabs.
▪ Nourai (and after him Rolland2014) give 3 Pers and 3 Av words: Pers oroz, varīzeh, berenǧ, and Av brīzi, vrinǧ, urvinǧ.
▪ Lokotsch1927#1733: Ar ruzz, from < Grk óryza, from some Oriental source. From Ar (with def.art.) ar-ruzz are Span Portug arroz, Sard arrosu, Catal arros etc.
▪ Landberg1923 notes that some Ar lexicographers also give runz as a var. (Ṣiḥāḥ says that both ruzz and runz are coll. for ʔaruzz).³⁰ Landberg thinks that the dialectal runz could be a dissimilation of ruzz, but considers also the possibility that it was the other way round, i.e., ruzz was secondary, the result of an assimilation, in which case, he says, runz would be the primary form »et le grec óryza proviendrait alors de l’arabe ou de l’aram.«

30. Lane registers even more var.s: ʔaruzz, ʔuruzz, ʔurz, ʔuruz, ʔaruz, ʔāruz, ruzz, runz. According to Lane’s sources, ʔaruzz is »the form commonly obtaining among persons of distinction«, ruzz that »commonly obtaining among the vulgar«, and runz »of the dial. of ʕAbd al-Qays«.

▪ See DISC above.

–

RZQ رزق

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√RZQ

“root”

▪ RZQ_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ RZQ_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘provision, livelihood, earnings, means of living, subsistence, income, bounty, (of God) to provide with means of living, to seek to earn a living, (of God) to bestow with bounties or to favour with bounties, to grant as means of sustenance’

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

rizq رِزْق

ID 324 • Sw – • BP 3000 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√RZQ

n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

RSː (RSS) رسّ/رسس

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 20Mar2023

√ RSː (RSS)

“root”

▪ RSː (RSS)_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RSː (RSS)_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RSː (RSS)_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to bring about reconciliation, mend; the onset of fever; to be firmly fixed, be well established, take root firmly; a sign; a wise person; an old well, to dig a well; to spread rumours’

▪ …

–

.

–

RSḪ رسخ

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 20Mar2023

√RSḪ

“root”

▪ RSḪ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RSḪ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RSḪ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to be firmly fixed, be deeply rooted, be strongly established, stand firm, be completely absorbed into the soil, be thoroughly informed’

▪ …

–

.

–

RSL رسل

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√RSL

“root”

▪ RSL_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ RSL_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘flock, camels, a series of flocks, to drive groups of camels to the water in succession; ease, gentleness, slow pace, clear enunciation, to be lucid, to travel at an easy pace; message, messenger, to send a message, to dispatch, to exchange messages, an errand; to let go, to neglect; wind’

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

rasūl رَسُول

ID 326 • Sw – • BP 523 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√RSL

n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

risālaẗ رِسالَة

ID 325 • Sw – • BP 433 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√RSL

n.f.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

murāsil مُراسِل

ID 327 • Sw – • BP 4132 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√RSL

¹adj.; ²n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

RSM رسم

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√RSM

“root”.

▪ RSM_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ RSM_2 ‘…’ ↗…

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

marsūm مَرْسُوم

ID 328 • Sw – • BP 3380 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√RSM

¹adj.; ²n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

RSW رسو

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√RSW

“root”

▪ RSW_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ RSW_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to come to stand firm, to dock, to anchor; to sink (e.g. a peg) firmly into the ground; to mend, to effect a reconciliation; (of clouds) to break into a downpour’

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

marsaⁿ, det. marsà مَرْسًى , var. mursà , pl. marāsin , det. marāsī

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√RSW

n.

anchorage – WehrCowan1979.

n.loc. from ↗rasā ‘to be firm; to anchor’.

▪ eC7 Q 11:41 wa-qāla 'rkabū fī-hā bi-'smi ’ḷḷāhi maǧrā-hā wa-mursā-hā ‘and he said: Bord it [the ark]! In the name of God will be its sailing and anchoring’; Q 79:42 yasʔalūna-ka ʕani ’l-sāʕati ʔayyāna mursā-hā ‘They ask you [prophet] of the Hour: when ever it its arrival [lit. coming to port]?’ – BAH2008.

▪ ↗rasā

▪ In the Q, the word appears as mursà, not marsà. Accord. to Jeffery1938, it is only in Q 11:41 that it means ‘harbour, haven’ (in other places it is ‘fixed time’). With this meaning, accord. to the author, the word is a loan from Gz marso ‘haven’.

–

RŠD رشد

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 20Mar2023

√RŠD

“root”

▪ RŠD_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RŠD_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RŠD_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘guidance, reason, good sense, correctness, to be rightly guided, lead to the correct path, seek guidance, directions, landmark, guide’

▪ …

–

.

–

RṢː (RṢṢ) رصّ / رصص

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√RṢː (RṢṢ)

“root”

▪ RṢː (RṢṢ)_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ RṢː (RṢṢ)_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to line up, to align, to set together in a row or stack, to pile up, to fit together tightly; lead, soldering with lead’

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

raṣāṣ رَصاص

ID 329 • Sw – • BP 1946 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√RṢː (RṢṢ)

n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

RṢD رصد

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 20Mar2023

√RṢD

“root”

▪ RṢD_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RṢD_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RṢD_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to be on watch, observe, sit in waiting, watch out for s.th., a watching post; to prepare, designate; highway; downpour of rain’

▪ …

–

.

–

RḌʕ رضع

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 20Mar2023

√RḌʕ

“root”

▪ RḌʕ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RḌʕ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RḌʕ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to suck a mother’s milk, suckle a baby, a suckling mother, a suckling baby, to seek a foster mother, breast-feeding’

▪ …

–

.

–

RḌY رضي

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√RḌY

“root”

▪ RḌY_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ RḌY_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008, s.r. RḌw/y): ‘to accept, to agree, to consent, to be pleased, to be satisfied, approval, contentment, acceptance; favour, grace’

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

raḍiy‑ رَضِيَ / رَضِيـ

ID 331 • Sw – • BP 1191 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√RḌY

vb., I

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

rāḍiⁿ , det. ‑ī راضٍ

ID 330 • Sw – • BP 3043 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√RḌY

adj.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

RṬB رطب

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 20Mar2023

√RṬB

“root”

▪ RṬB_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RṬB_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RṬB_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘moisture, to be moist, be wet, be soft, be ripe, be succulent; ripened, fresh dates, to ripen dates, palm trees, green verdant pasture’

▪ …

–

.

–

RʕB رعب

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 20Mar2023

√RʕB

“root”

▪ RʕB_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RʕB_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RʕB_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘fear, terror, fright, to frighten; to fill up a drinking trough; to be fat and flabby; to be sliced; a tall, slim, beautiful woman’

▪ …

–

.

–

RʕD رعد

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√RʕD

“root”

▪ RʕD_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ RʕD_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘thunder, tremor, shiver, shudder, to agitate; to take fright, to threaten, faint-hearted; to be flabby’

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

raʕd رعْد

ID 332 • Sw – • BP 6368 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√RʕD

n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Kogan2011: from protSem *raʕd‑ ‘thunder’, functioning as sy synonym to *hadad‑ , cf. Ar hāddaẗ ‘thunder’.
▪ …

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

RʕY رعي

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√RʕY

“root”

▪ RʕY_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ RʕY_2 ‘»Listen to us«’ (Q 2:104, 4:46) ↗rāʕi-nā (arranged here, s.r. √RʕY, though actually perh. rāʔi-nā, from ↗√RʔY)
▪ RʕY_3 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘pasture, grazing land, to graze, shepherd, to shepherd; to guard, to watch over, to observe, guardianship, to manage; to abide, to heed advice, to mend one’s ways’

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

…

rāʕi(-nā) راعِنا

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 3Jun2023

√RʕY, RʔY

imperative? vocative?

Of uncertain meaning. Pickthall comments on his translation as “Listen to us” (see below, section HIST): »a word which the Muslims used to call the Prophet’s attention respectfully, rāʔinā, the Jews could change into an insult by a slight mispronunciation. It is not clear in which language the insult was made but it was probably a double entendre in Hbr, Syr, or Aram«

▪ …

▪ eC7 Q 2:104 yā-ʔayyu-hā ’llaḏīna ʔāmanū lā taqūlū rāʕi-nā wa-qūlū ’nẓur-nā wa-’smaʕū wa-lil-kāfirīna ʕaḏābun ʔalīmun ‘O ye who believe, say not (unto the Prophet): “Listen to us” but say “Look upon us,” and be ye listeners. For disbelievers is a painful doom’; Q 4:46 mina ’llaḏīna hādū yuḥarrifūna ’l-kalima ʕan mawāḍiʕi-him wa-yaqūlūna samiʕnā wa-ʕaṣaynā wa-smāʕ ġayra musmaʕin wa-rāʕi-nā layyan bi-ʔalsunati-him wa-ṭaʕnan fī ’l-dīni ‘Some of those who are Jews change words from their context and say: “We hear and disobey; hear thou as one who heareth not” and “Listen to us!” distorting with their tongues and slandering religion’

.

▪ Jeffery1938: »The reference is the same in both passages – ‘say not rāʕi-nā but say unẓur-nā.’ The Commentators tell us that the Jews in Arabia used to pronounce the word rāʕi-nā, meaning ‘look at us’, in such a way as to relate it with the root [Hbr] raʕ ‘evil’, so Muḥammad urged his followers to use a different word unẓur-nā ‘behold us’, which did not lend itself to this disconcerting play on words.³¹
/ Hirschfeld, Beiträge, 64, thinks the reference is to [Hbr] rʔhnʔ or rʔnw occurring in connection with some Jewish prayer, but it is much more likely that the statement of the Commentators is correct and that as Geiger, 17, 18, noted,³² it is a play on [Hbr] raʕ and rāʔâʰ and reflects the Prophet’s annoyance at the mockery of the Jews.«

31. al-Suyūṭī, Itq 320, quoting Abū Naʕīm’s Dalāʔil al-Nubuwwa. Cf. Mutaw, 59. 32. Vide, also Palmer, Qoran, i,14; and Dvořák, Fremdw, 31; Horovitz, JPN, 204.

–

raʕà / raʕay‑ رَعَى / رَعَيْـ , ī

ID … • Sw – • BP 3051 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√RʕY

vb., I

to protect; to sponsor – WehrCowan1976.

▪ …

▪ Bergsträsser1928: (*‘to let graze, pasture (tr.)’) Akk irʔī, Hbr rāʕā (ē), Syr rʕā (ē), Gz réʕya (ipfv yérʕay).
▪ Fronzaroli #6.44: Akk reʔū ‘to guard the flock’, Ug rʕy ‘shepherd’, Hbr rāʕā, Syr rᵉʕā, Gz réʕeya ‘to tend (a flock on the pasture)’.
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#2115: Akk reʔū, Ug rʕy, Gz rʕy, Ḥrṣ Mhr rō, Soq reʕe ‘to herd’, Hbr rʕy, SAr rʕy ‘to graze’.

▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#2115: protSem *r˅ʕay‑ ‘to graze’, based on protSem *r˅ʕ‑. Together with protLEC *ʔa‑riʔ‑ ‘to chase’ from AfrAs *riʕ‑ ‘to drive, chase’.

…

► ^BP#3778rāʕà, vb. III, to heed, observe; to respect s.th.: L‑stem, associative.
► ^BP#1041riʕāyaẗ, n.f., custody; patronage; (social) welfare: vn. I.
► ^BP#3011murāʕāẗ, n.f., deference, respect; compliance: vn. III.
► ^BP#3229rāʕⁱⁿ, def. al‑rāʕī, n., guardian; patron, sponsor; steward: PA I

RĠB رغب

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 20Mar2023

√RĠB

“root”

▪ RĠB_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RĠB_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RĠB_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘desire, wish, to ask for s.th., to covet, a request; gluttony, a heavy load; a soft load’.

▪ …

–

.

–

RĠD رغد

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 20Mar2023

√RĠD

“root”

▪ RĠD_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RĠD_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RĠD_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘meadow, garden; easy living, affluence, to live in comfort, be pleasant and carefree (of living); to be weak, be strained’

▪ …

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.

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RĠM رغم

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 20Mar2023

√RĠM

“root”

▪ RĠM_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RĠM_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RĠM_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘nose, pride; to be angry, reject, dispute, aversion; to compel, compulsion; dust, soil; humiliation; escape, refuge, places of refuge’

▪ …

–

.

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RFT رفت

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 20Mar2023

√RFT

“root”

▪ RFT_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RFT_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RFT_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘remnants, rejects, to break into small pieces, disintegrate, human remains, to decay, small pieces, dry broken grass’

▪ …

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.

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RFṮ رفث

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 20Mar2023

√RFṮ

“root”

▪ RFṮ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RFṮ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RFṮ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘obscenity, indecency, indecent action or speech, to behave in an obscene manner, sexual intercourse’

▪ …

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.

–

RFD رفد

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 20Mar2023

√RFD

“root”

▪ RFD_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RFD_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RFD_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘augmentation, addition; help, support, assistance; to deputise, a king’s deputy; to choose as a leader; share, portion, tributary’

▪ …

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.

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RFRF رفرف

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 20Mar2023

√RFRF

“root”

▪ RFRF_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RFRF_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RFRF_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to flutter, flap wings, shiver; flaps, frills, sheer material; tent, the flaps of a tent, pillows, carpets, fine furnishings; to glitter; to favour with gifts, provisions, a flock of sheep’

▪ …

–

.

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RFʕ رفع

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 20Mar2023

√RFʕ

“root”

▪ RFʕ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RFʕ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RFʕ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to raise, lift up, hoist, elevate, erect; to submit; to rise; to glorify, exalt, honour; to eliminate, remove; to cease, dry up’

▪ …

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.

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RFQ رفق

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 20Mar2023

√RFQ

“root”

▪ RFQ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RFQ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RFQ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘elbow, to lean on, seek support, support o.s.; companion, husband, wife, to accompany; utilities, victuals; kind, to be kind, be gentle and compassionate’

▪ …

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RQː (RQQ) رقّ/رقق

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 21Mar2023

√ RQː (RQQ)

“root”

▪ RQː (RQQ)_1 ‘to be(come) thin, delicate, fine, tender, soft; to have pity, feel compassion’ ↗raqqa; ‘flat bread; waffles’ ↗ruqāq
▪ RQː (RQQ)_2 ‘turtle’ ↗¹raqq
▪ RQː (RQQ)_3 ‘parchment’ ↗²raqq
▪ RQː (RQQ)_4 ‘Rakkah (city in N Syria)’ ↗al-Raqqaẗ
▪ RQː (RQQ)_5 ‘slavery, bondage’ ↗¹riqq
▪ RQː (RQQ)_6 ‘tambourine’ ↗(EgAr) ²riqq

Other values, now obsolete, include (Hava1899):

▪ ^†RQː (RQQ)_7 ‘hot (day); desert’: ^†raqāq
▪ ^†RQː (RQQ)_ ‘...’: ^†...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘ownership, slavery; parchment, scroll, written record; thin, to thin out, be sheer, become tattered; to be weak, be tender; to be clear, glimmer’

▪ [gnrl] : With the exception of [v2] ‘turtle’ (and perh. ^†[v7] ‘hot (day); desert’), all other values attached to √RQː (RQQ) seem to go back to the one basic notion of [v1] *‘thinness, softness’. ▪ [v1] : from protSem *RQQ ‘(to be/become) thin, fine, soft, tender’ – Huehnergard2011.
▪ [v2] : MilitarevKogan2005 (SED II) #190 reconstruct Sem *raḳḳ‑ ‘turtle’
▪ [v3] : According to Jeffery1938 a borrowing from Gz raqq ‘parchment’, thus via Gz ultimately from the same origin as [v1] (parchment seen as the *‘thin material’).
▪ [v4] : The city name al-Raqqaẗ is from †raqqaẗ (pl. riqāq) ‘land regularly flooded by a river’,⁵ obviously on account of its marshy surroundings; cf. also †ruqāq ‘shallow water, low sea’. The term is akin to [v1] *‘thinness, softness’ (sc. of the flooded land).
▪ [v5] : Accord. to Ar lexicographers, one of the terms for ‘slaves’, raqīq, is based on riqqaẗ in the (now obsol.) sense of ‘abjectness, meanness, paltriness, contemptibleness’ (Lane iii 1867, quoting from Tāǧ al-ʕArūs), thus based on [v1], with a development *‘thin > weak > mean, contemptible’.
▪ [v6] : In EgAr, the ‘tambourine’ is called ²riqq, obviously due to the instrument’s covering with a thin, parchment-like membrane.
▪ ^†[v7] : prob. akin to [v1], but the exact nature of the relation remains obscure.
▪ …

5. Lane iii 1867: ‘any land by the side of a valley, over which the water spreads in the days of the increase, and into which it then sinks, or disappears, and which therefore produces good herbage’.

–

▪ [v1] BDB1906, Leslau2006 (CDG), Tropper2008: Akk raqāqu ‘to be thin’, Ug rq /raqqu/ ‘thin, fine’ (Tropper), ‘thin cake’ (Leslau), Hbr raq ‘thin’, Syr raqqᵊq (D) ‘to make thin’, Gz raqqa, raqaqa ‘to be subtle, soft, thin, slight’, raqīq ‘soft, subtle, minute, thin, slender, slight, immaterial’, Te räqqa, Tña räqäqä, Amh räqqäqä ‘to be thin, delicate’, Ar raqqa ‘to be thin; (fig.) to be weak, slender, scanty, etc.’, DaṯAr raqraqa ‘to render thin’.
▪ [v2] MilitarevKogan2005 (SED II) #190: Akk (from oBab onwards) raḳḳu (f.pl. ruḳḳētu), Syr raqqā, Mnd riqa, ‘turtle’, Ar raqq ‘grande tortue; espèce d’amphibie resemblant au crocodile’ (BK1860)
▪ [v3] (inner-Sem borrowing) via Gz akin to ↗[v1].
▪ [v4] : ↗[v1]
▪ [v5] : ↗[v1]
▪ [v6] : ↗[v1]
▪ ^†[v7] : ↗[v1] ?
▪ ...

▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ ...

–

raqq- / raqaq- رَقَقْـ/رَقَّ , i (riqqaẗ)

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 21Mar2023

√ RQː (RQQ)

vb., I

1a to be or become thin, delicate, fine; b to be tender, soft; 2 to be pure, clear, limpid (water); 3 to soften, relent (li‑ toward s.o.), have pity, feel compassion, have sympathy (li‑ for) – WehrCowan1976

▪ From protSem *RQQ ‘(to be\come) thin, flat, fine, soft, tender’ – Huehnergard2011.
▪ The notion of *‘thinness, softness’ is the basis from which most other values attached to √RQː (RQQ) have developed, see in particular ↗¹raqq ‘parchment’ (via Gz < *‘thin material’), ↗al-Raqqaẗ (city in NSyr, lit. ‘land regularly flooded by a river’, i.e., covered by “thin”, ‘shallow water’), ↗¹riqq ‘slavery, bondage’ (< *‘contemptible < weak < thin’), ↗EgAr ²riqq ‘tambourine’ (covered with a thin, parchment-like membrane).
▪ …

▪ ...

▪ BDB1906, Leslau2006 (CDG), Tropper2008: Akk raqāqu ‘to be thin’, Ug rq /raqqu/ ‘thin, fine’ (Tropper), ‘thin cake’ (Leslau), Hbr raq ‘thin’, Syr raqqᵊq (D) ‘to make thin’, Gz raqqa, raqaqa ‘to be subtle, soft, thin, slight’, raqīq ‘soft, subtle, minute, thin, slender, slight, immaterial’, Te räqqa, Tña räqäqä, Amh räqqäqä ‘to be thin, delicate’, Ar raqqa ‘to be thin; (fig.) to be weak, slender, scanty, etc.’, DaṯAr raqraqa ‘to render thin’.
▪ ...

▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ ...

–

►raqqa la-hū qalbu-h, expr., he took pity on him

►raqqaqa, vb. II, 1a to make thin, thin out; b to refine, make fine, soft or tender, render delicate; c to flatten, roll out (esp. metal); 2 to polish, smooth, make elegant (one’s speech): D-stem, caus.
►ʔaraqqa, vb. IV, 1 to make thin, fine or tender, render delicate, refine; 2 to soften (the heart): *Š-stem, caus.
►taraqqaqa, vb. V, to soften, relent (li‑ toward s.o.), have pity, have sympathy (li‑ for), sympathize (li‑ with): tD-stem, intr. self-ref.
►ĭstaraqqa, vb. X, 1 to be thin, fine, delicate; 2 to soften; 3 ↗¹riqq: *Št-stem

►²raqq, var. ³riqq, n., parchment
►EgAr ²riqq, n., tambourine
►riqqaẗ, n.f., 1a thinness; b slenderness, slimness; 2 fineness, delicateness, delicacy; 3a gentleness, mildness; b amiability, graciousness, friendliness: vn. I | riqqaẗ al-ḥāšiyaẗ, n.f., friendliness, courteousness, amiability; riqqaẗ al-šuʕūr, n.f., sensitivity, delicacy of feeling, tact; riqqaẗ al-ṭabʕ, n.f., kindness, gentleness, mild temper, friendliness; riqqaẗ al-mazāǧ, n.f., gentleness, mild temper
►ruqāq, n., 1 flat loaf of bread; 2 waffles
►^BP#2695raqīq, pl. ʔariqqāʔᵘ, I n., 1 ↗¹riqq; 2 flat loaf of bread (neǧd); II adj., 1a thin; b slender, slim; 2 fine, delicate; 3a soft, tender, gentle; b sensitive, tactful, discreet, prudent | raqīq al-ḥāl, adj., poor, needy; raqīq al-ḥāšiyaẗ\al-ḥawāšī, adj., friendly, courteous, civil, amiable; raqīq al-šuʕūr, adj., sensitive; raqīq al-ṭabʕ, adj., kind, gentle, mild-tempered, friendly; raqīq al-mazāǧ, adj., gentlehearted
►raqīqaẗ, n.f., lamina, flake: nominalized quasi-PP I.f.
►ʔaraqqᵘ, adj., 1a thinner; b slimmer; 2 more delicate: el.
►mirqāq, n., rolling pin: n.instr.
►marqūq, n., thin, flaky pastry: nominalized PP I.

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗¹raqq, ↗²raqq, ↗al-Raqqaẗ, ↗¹riqq, ↗²riqq, ↗ruqāq, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗RQː (RQQ).

¹raqq رَقّ, pl. ruqūq

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 21Mar2023

√ RQː (RQQ)

n.

turtle – WehrCowan1976

▪ MilitarevKogan2005 (SED II) #190 reconstruct Sem *raḳḳ‑ ‘turtle’
▪ No obvious relation with any of the other values attached to ↗RQː (RQQ).
▪ …

▪ ...

▪ MilitarevKogan2005 (SED II) #190: Akk (from oBab onwards) raḳḳu (f.pl. ruḳḳētu), Syr raqqā, Mnd riqa, ‘turtle’, Ar raqq ‘grande tortue; espèce d’amphibie resemblant au crocodile’ (BK1860)
▪ ...

▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ ...

–

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗raqqa, ↗²raqq, ↗al-Raqqaẗ, ↗¹riqq, ↗²riqq, ↗ruqāq, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗RQː (RQQ).

²raqq رَقّ , var. ³riqq

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 21Mar2023

√ RQː (RQQ)

n.

parchment – WehrCowan1976

▪ According to Jeffery1938 a borrowing from Gz raqq ‘parchment’, thus via Gz ultimately of the same origin as ↗raqqa ‘(to be\come) thin, soft’ (parchment seen as the *‘thin material’).
▪ EgAr ²riqq ‘tambourine’ is prob. called so due to the instrument’s covering with a thin, parchment-like membrane.
▪ …

▪ eC7 (‘volume, scroll of parchment’) Q 52:(1-)3 wa-ṭ-ṭūri | wa-kitābin masṭūrin | fī raqqin manšūrin ‘By the Mount | And a Scripture inscribed | On fine parchment unrolled’
▪ ...

▪ ↗raqqa
▪ ...

▪ Jeffery1938: »The Lexicons take the word from ↗raqqa ‘to be thin’ (LA, xi, 414), which is plausible enough, but there can be little doubt that it is a foreign word borrowed from the Eth [Gz],³³ where raqq means ‘parchment’ (charta pergamena, membrana, Dillmann, Lex, 284), which translates Grk membránai in 2 Tim. iv: 13. It was an early borrowing and occurs many times in the old poetry.«
▪ ...

33. Fraenkel, Fremdw, 246. [Gz] raqq is from raq(a)qa ‘to be thin’; cf. Hbr raq and Syr raq, so that [Gz] raqīq corresponds to [Ar] raqīq.

–

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗raqqa, ↗¹raqq, ↗al-Raqqaẗ, ↗¹riqq, ↗²riqq, ↗ruqāq, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗RQː (RQQ).

al-Raqqaẗ الرّقّة

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 21Mar2023

√ RQː (RQQ)

n.prop.geogr.

Rakka, name of a NSyr city on the Middle Euphrates

▪ The city name al-Raqqaẗ is from †raqqaẗ (pl. riqāq) ‘land regularly flooded by a river’,⁶ obviously on account of its marshy surroundings; cf. also ^†ruqāq ‘shallow water, low sea’. With this, the name is akin to ↗raqqa ‘(to be\come) thin, soft’ (sc. referring to the ‘thin’ layers of ‘soft’ soil that covers flooded land).
▪ …

6. Lane iii 1867: ‘any land by the side of a valley, over which the water spreads in the days of the increase, and into which it then sinks, or disappears, and which therefore produces good herbage’.

▪ ...

▪ ↗raqqa ▪ ...

▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ ...

–

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗raqqa, ↗¹raqq, ↗²raqq, ↗¹riqq, ↗²riqq, ↗ruqāq, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗RQː (RQQ).

¹riqq رِقّ

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 21Mar2023

√ RQː (RQQ)

n.

quality or condition of being a slave, slavery, bondage – WehrCowan1976

▪ Accord. to Ar lexicographers, one of the terms for ‘slaves’, raqīq, is based on riqqaẗ in the (now obsol.) sense of ‘abjectness, meanness, paltriness, contemptibleness’ (Lane iii 1867, quoting from Tāǧ al-ʕArūs), thus based on ↗raqqa ‘(to be\come) thin, soft’, with an assumed development *‘thin > weak > mean, contemptible’.
▪ …

▪ ...

▪ ↗raqqa
▪ ...

▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ ...

–

►ĭstaraqqa, vb. X, 1-2 ↗raqqa; 3 to enslave, make a slave: *Št-stem, desiderative
►^BP#2695raqīq, pl. ʔariqqāʔᵘ, I n., 1 slave, slaves (sg. and coll.) | tiǧāraẗ al-raqīq, n.f., slave trade; 2 ↗raqqa); II adj., ↗raqqa

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗raqqa, ↗¹raqq, ↗²raqq, ↗al-Raqqaẗ, ↗²riqq, ↗ruqāq, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗RQː (RQQ).

EgAr ²riqq رِقّ

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 21Mar2023

√ RQː (RQQ)

n.

tambourine – WehrCowan1976

▪ In EgAr, the ‘tambourine’ is called ²riqq, obviously due to the instrument’s covering with a thin, parchment-like membrane, see ↗²raqq ~ ³riqq ‘parchment’, all dependent on ↗raqqa ‘(to be\come) thin, soft’, and ‘parchment, membrane’ seen as *‘thin material’.
▪ …

▪ ...

▪ ↗raqqa ▪ ...

▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ ...

–

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗raqqa, ↗¹raqq, ↗²raqq, ↗al-Raqqaẗ, ↗¹riqq, ↗ruqāq, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗RQː (RQQ).

ruqāq رُقاق

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 21Mar2023

√ RQː (RQQ)

n.

1 flat loaf of bread; 2 waffles – WehrCowan1976

▪ From ↗raqqa ‘(to be\come) thin, flat, fine, soft’, from protSem *RQQ ‘id.’
▪ …

▪ ...

↗raqqa ▪ ...

▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ ...

–

►raqqaqa, vb. II, 1a to make thin, thin out; b to refine, make fine, soft or tender, render delicate; c to flatten, roll out (esp. metal); 2 to polish, smooth, make elegant (one’s speech): D-stem, caus. of ↗raqqa
►ʔaraqqa, vb. IV, 1 to make thin, fine or tender, render delicate, refine; 2 to soften (the heart): *Š-stem, caus. of ↗raqqa
►raqīqaẗ, n.f., lamina, flake: nominalized quasi-PP I.f. of ↗raqqa
►mirqāq, n., rolling pin: n.instr., from ↗raqqa
►marqūq, n., thin, flaky pastry: nominalized PP I ↗raqqa

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗raqqa, ↗¹raqq, ↗²raqq, ↗al-Raqqaẗ, ↗¹riqq, ↗²riqq, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗RQː (RQQ).

RQB رقب

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√RQB

“root”

▪ RQB_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ RQB_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘neck, responsibility; slave, war prisoner; an elevated place, a watching post, to watch, to observe, to guard, to regard; to stand in awe of, to show deference, to pay attention to s.o.’

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

raqabaẗ رَقَبَة

ID 333 • Sw 50/103 • BP 3859 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√RQB

n.f.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

RQD رقد

√RQD

“root”

▪ RQD_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RQD_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RQD_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘sleep, to sleep, lie down; sleeping place, bedding; grave, resting place; to be lazy, be phlegmatic; to settle in one place; to become tattered’

▪ …

–

.

–

RQM رقم

√RQM

“root”

▪ RQM_1 ‘to mark, brand, imprint; to stripe (a fabric); to provide with points (a text)’ ↗raqama
▪ RQM_2 ‘numeral, number’ ↗raqm
▪ RQM_3 ‘inscription tablet; letter, message’ ↗¹raqīm

Other values, now obsolete, include (Lane iii 1867, Hava1899):

▪ ^†RQM_4 ‘calamity, misfortune, thing that one cannot accomplish or manage’: (bint al-) ^†raqim (var. ^†raqam, ^†raqm)
▪ ^†RQM_5 ‘meadow; side of a valley; reservoir; mellow’: ^†raqmaẗ
▪ ^†RQM_6 ‘plant of the class pentandria’: ^†raqamaẗ
▪ ^†RQM_7 ‘remaining, staying, dwelling, abiding, remaining fixed’ (as a f. epithet): ^†raqūm
▪ ^†RQM_8 ‘a certain serpent’: ^†ʔarqamᵘ
▪ ^†RQM_9 ‘(name of a beek?, or a mountain?, near Mecca?)’: ^†al-Raqam
▪ ^†RQM_ ‘...’: ^†...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘speckles, speckled snake, markings, stripes, writings, dotting, to mark, dot, write; a great number; side of the valley, place where flood waters gather’.

▪ [v1] : According to Landberg1923, the basic value of ClassAr raqama is ‘to mark’, hence also raqm ‘marking, mark, chiffre’. When Kogan2015: 121 #24 reconstructs protSem *rḳm ‘to embroider’ he seems to give the evidence of the non-Ar cognates (Hbr, Pun, Aram Syr, Gz) prominence over the more general Ar ‘marking’. But we should prob. not exclude the possibility that Ar may have preserved the more original meaning, so that one could assume a protSem *‘to mark, brand’ from which several more specific notions (‘to variegate, embroider’, ‘to stripe’, ‘to put dots on s.th., provide a text with points’, ‘to mark with a price label’, etc.) then would derive.
▪ [v2] : The meaning ‘numeral, number’ of Ar raqm seems to be a specialisation from the more general [v1] ‘to mark’: *‘… > to put a mark (on a garment, or piece cloth) specifying its price, put a price-mark on s.th. > price-mark > number’. One may also think of derivation from ‘to inscribe’ (see [v3]).
▪ [v3] : Like [v2], also [v3] ‘inscription tablet; letter, message’ may be derived, as a specialisation, from the more general [v1] ‘marking’, along a hypothetical line of development *‘(to mark, make distinct ↔ to embroider) > to variegate, weave in colour > to paint figures on a tissue, or parchment > to make incisions, write on a clay/lead tablet > inscription tablet > message, letter’. However, the word al-raqīm is first attested not earlier than in the Qur’ān and may be a borrowing or a misreading there. – The meaning ‘to write’ of the vb. I raqama may be secondary, based on the interpretation of al-raqīm as ‘writing, inscription’.
▪ ^†[v4] : According to DHDA, the value ‘calamity, misfortune’ is first attested (as ^†raqam) in a verse by the pre-Isl poet al-ʔAʕšà in which he describes the intensity with which his poetry affects the audience. If akin to [v1], a ‘calamity, misfortune’ brought about by sharp verses may originally have been a *‘decisive mark’ left on the public. Or is a ‘calamity, misfortune’ a ‘predetermined destiny’, *‘inscribed’ in the heavenly document where all events ever to happen in the world are listed? In this case, the closest value would be [v3] ‘inscription’. One may, however, also think of ‘calamity, misfortune’ as s.th. as poisonous as the ^†[v8] ʔarqamᵘ type of snake. An argument in favour of an association with [v3] ‘inscription’ is the expression dāhiyaẗᵘⁿ raqīmᵘⁿ where raqīm is not an adj., but a noun, coming as apposition qualifying the type of dāhiyaẗ as ‘…of the type of / equal to (that of) a raqīm’, i.e., as a predetermined destiny. raqīm can, however, also be used as an adj., as the f. form ^†²raqīmaẗ ‘intelligent (woman)’ shows. Is the meaning ‘intelligent’ from ‘calamity’ or from ‘snake’, intelligence in a woman seen as ‘misfortune’, or as ‘poison’?
▪ ^†[v5] : Morphologically, the term ^†raqmaẗ for ‘meadow; side of a valley; reservoir’ (Hava1899) is the f. of raqm and can therefore be suspected to depend on the latter and thus, ultimately, on [v1]. But how exactly? The more detailed and complex definition found in Lane iii 1867⁷ does not help to clarify the term’s origin. Could the ‘side of a valley’ have been regarded as an *‘embroidery’? Or did the ‘place where water collects’ look like *‘speckles’ or *‘stripes’?
▪ ^†[v6] : The ‘plant of the class pentandria’ (Hava1899) called ^†raqamaẗ seems to have gotten this name because the five stamens in each flower may have looked like dots or speckles; if this is correct, the term is a development from [v1] *‘to mark, make look distinct’.
▪ ^†[v7] : The FaʕūL pattern of the adj. ^†raqūm implies the strong presence of a certain quality associated with √RQM in the woman who is described as raqūm, but it remains unclear to which of the other values attached to √RQM the meaning ‘remaining, staying, dwelling, abiding, remaining fixed’ should be connected.
▪ ^†[v8] : The type of snake labelled with the el. adj. ^†ʔarqamᵘ is prob. so called after its dotted or two-coloured skin’, cf. the value ‘speckled snake’ given in BAH2008 as one of the values attached to the root in ClassAr (DHDA has ‘male black-white-coloured snake’). – Cf. also ^†[v4].
▪ ^†[v9] : ^†al-Raqam , as in ^†yawm al-Raqam ‘the Battle of al-Raqam’, is said by ClassAr lexicographers to mean a ‘water’ (or possibly a mountain?) close to Mecca, in the lands of the Ġaṭafān tribe. The origin of the name is obscure.

7. ‘small quantity of herbage; a herb, or leguminous plant, … inclining to bitterness, and having a small red flower; a meadow is sometimes thus termed; (also) side of a valley, or place where its water collects’.

–

▪ [v1] BDB1906, Zammit2002, Leslau2008 (CDG), Kogan2015: 121 #24 : Hbr rāqam ‘to variegate, weave in colour’, riqmāʰ ‘variegated stuff (woven or embroidered)’, rōqēm ‘variegator, worker\weaver in colours’, Pun rqm ‘to embroider’, Aram riqmᵊṯâ, riqmāṯâ ‘variegated cloth or skin, checks, spots’, Syr tarqᵊmāṯā ‘freckles’, Ar raqama ‘to embroider’, Gz raqama ‘to embroider, paint figures on parchment, (T.Y.M.) make incisions, write’⁶
▪ [v2] : ↗[v1] (or ↗[v3])
▪ [v3] : ↗[v1] (unless borrowed from an obscure source, or a misreading in the Qurʔān)
▪ ^†[v4] : < [v1]? (or perh. [v3], or ^†[v8]?)
▪ ^†[v5] : < [v1]?
▪ ^†[v6] : < [v1]?
▪ ^†[v7] : ?
▪ ^†[v8] : < [v1]
▪ ^†[v9] : ?

6. Syr raqmā ‘embroidered robe’ and Gz raqama ‘acu pingere, figuris pingere (vestem)’ are marked as borrowings from Ar in Zammit2002, following the view of the sources used by the author. However, the common opinion of the more recent studies, as well as some older ones, sees the Aram and Gz forms as genuine.

▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ For more details about values [v1], [v2] and [v3], see ↗raqama, ↗raqm, and al-raqīm
▪ ...

–

raqam- رَقَمَ , u (raqm)

√RQM

vb., I

1 to write; 2a to point, provide with points (a text); b to brand (a horse); c to imprint (a trace, a mark); d to mark; 3 to stripe (a fabric); 4 to number – WehrCowan1976

▪ [gnrl] : From among the four main values the vb. raqama can take in MSA, [v2] and [v3] seem to be older, while [v1] and [v4] prob. represent secondary developments. According to Landberg1923, the basic value of ClassAr raqama is [v2d] ‘to mark’ (as distinct, clearly standing out, etc.’), hence also raqm ‘marking, mark, chiffre’. Giving prominence to the Sem evidence outside Ar (Hbr, Pun, Aram Syr, Gz), Kogan2015: 121 #24 reconstructs protSem *rḳm ‘to embroider’, a value that is attested in ClassAr also for raqama. But ‘to mark, make look different, variegate’ may actually be the older value, from which ‘to embroider’ then would only be a specialisation. If Kogan is right, it is the other way round and ‘to mark’ is a generalisation based on the more specific ‘to embroider’.
▪ [v2] : Within [v2], value [v2c] ‘to imprint’ is only a variant of the basic [v2d], focusing on the result of ‘marking’ (i.e., leaving an imprint), and [v2b] ‘to brand’ represents a case of special use (‘marking’ horses etc.). The same may be true for [v2a] ‘to put (diacritical) points on a text’, unless it is secondary from [v1] ‘to write’ (see below).
▪ [v3] : The value ‘striping (a fabric)’ seems to be closely associated with tissues etc., thus in proximity to Kogan’s *‘embroidery’ and the value of RQM in other Sem languages. But one may also regard the ‘striping’ as a special form of the more general [v2d] ‘marking, making distinct’ (which, as we said above, may be the primary value).
▪ [v1] : The value ‘to write’ is prob. a secondary development, either based on [v2a] ‘to put (diacritical) points on a text’ or a denom. derivation from ↗al-raqīm, a term appearing for the first time in the Qurʔān (18:9) and traditionally held to mean ‘inscription tablet, writing, inscription’ (though the commentators were not sure about that and several other meanings have been suggested); the etymology of al-raqīm itself is not clear, but its FaʕīL (quasi-PP) form does not exclude the value *‘s.th. written; s.th. written upon’, which, ultimately, could be from *‘marking, making distinct’.
▪ [v4] : Like [v1], also [v4] ‘to number’ may either be another specialisation of [v2d] ‘to mark’ or denominative from ↗raqm ‘numeral, number’ (itself prob. based on [v2d]).
▪ For other values of, or akin to, raqama in ClassAr see root entry ↗RQM.
▪ …

▪ Lane iii 1867: ^†raqama ‘to write (a writing, book, letter); to seal, stamp, print, impress; to mark the writing with the dots, or points, and make its letters distinct, or plain; (al-ṯawb) to figure, variegate, decorate the garment, or piece of cloth; to make it striped, mark with stripes; to figure, variegate, decorate with a certain, or known, figuring, variegation or decoration, such as became a mark thereof; (esp. also) to mark, put a mark (on a garment, or piece cloth) specifying its price, put a price-mark on s.th.; to mark s.th. so as to distinguish it from other things (e.g., by writing etc.); (hence:) zāda fī ’l-raqm, expr., to add to one’s tradition and lie (from raqm signifying the writing upon a garment or piece of cloth)’
▪ ...

▪ BDB1906, Zammit2002, Leslau2008 (CDG), Kogan2015: 121 #24 : Hbr rāqam ‘to variegate, weave in colour’, riqmāʰ ‘variegated stuff (woven or embroidered)’, rōqēm ‘variegator, worker\weaver in colours’, Pun rqm ‘to embroider’, Aram riqmᵊṯâ, riqmāṯâ ‘variegated cloth or skin, checks, spots’, Syr tarqᵊmāṯā ‘freckles’, Ar raqama ‘to embroider’, Gz raqama ‘to embroider, paint figures on parchment, (T.Y.M.) make incisions, write’⁷
▪ ...

7. Syr raqmā ‘embroidered robe’ and Gz raqama ‘acu pingere, figuris pingere (vestem)’ are marked as borrowings from Ar in Zammit2002, following the view of the sources used by the author. However, the common opinion of the more recent studies, as well as some older ones, sees the Aram and Gz forms as genuine.

▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ ...

–

►raqqama, vb. II, 1 to point, provide with points (a text); 2a to stripe, streak; b to rule; 3 to number: D-stem, denom./caus.

►^BP#351raqm, pl. ʔarqām, n., 1a numeral; b number, No. | al-ʔarqām al-hindiyyaẗ, the numerals of the Arabs; raqm al-qiyās or al-raqm al-qiyāsī, record (athlet.), saǧǧala raqmᵃⁿ qiyāsiyyᵃⁿ , to set a record (athlet.)
►^BP#3664raqmī, adj., 1a numerical; b digital: nsb-formation from raqm
►raqīm, n., 1a inscription tablet; b letter, message: traditionally seen as quasi-PP I; cf., however, also ↗s.v.
►mirqam, pl. marāqimᵘ, n., 1a drawing pencil, crayon; b (painter’s) brush: n.instr.
►tarqīm, n., 1 pointing; 2 numbering, numeration: vn. II
►marqūm, pl. marāqīmᵘ, n., striped blanket: nominalized PP I.

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗raqm and ↗¹raqīm as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√RQM.

raqm رَقْم , pl. ʔarqām

√RQM

n.

1a numeral; b number, No. – WehrCowan1976

▪ ‘Numeral; number’ is only one out of a larger variety of values the word raqm could take in ClassAr. According to Lane (iii 1867), raqm is, originally, a vn. of raqama ‘to mark, variegate, make look different, put diacritical points on s.th. written, ( hence also) to write’. Lane reproduces the ClassAr opinion that, from ‘writing’, the meaning developed further: »(hence:) raqm al-ṯawb, writing [or price-mark, etc.] upon a garment, or piece of cloth; (hence:) al-raqm al-hindī, the Indian notation of numerals, adopted by the Arabs; […]«. This explanation sounds rather modern, and Landberg1923 is prob. right when he thinks that, among the bedouins of the South, »le prix d’une marchandise n’est jamais marqué, car il n’y a pas de “prix fixe” […]; il faut marchander […].« Therefore, we would think that the sense of ‘numeral; number’ is secondary, a generalisation from al-ʔarqām al-hindiyya, originally perceived as *‘Indian marks, or characters’ of a diacritical (or variegating?) function, *‘making a difference’ or functioning as a kind of *‘embroidery’. The *‘Indian marks\signs’ became the ‘Indian numbers’ when the Arabs began to understand the function of the Indian characters. Finally, the ‘Indian numbers’ became the numbers\numerals in general.

▪ ...

▪ ↗raqama
▪ ...

▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ Landberg1923: DaṯAr raqam ‘superposer une chose sur une autre, poser sur, appliquer sur’ (to cover s.th. with s.th. else) : »raqam est ici une prononciation pour rakam [↗rakama] .... Les Bédouins de Sud ne connaissent pas le sens littéraire de raqama ‘marquer’, ni le subst. raqm ‘marque, chiffre’. Le prix d’une marchandise n’est jamais marqué, car il n’y a pas de “prix fixe” ...; il faut marchander ....«
▪ ...

–

►al-ʔarqām al-hindiyyaẗ, the numerals of the Arabs;
►raqm al-qiyās or al-raqm al-qiyāsī, record (athlet.) | saǧǧala raqmᵃⁿ qiyāsiyyᵃⁿ , to set a record (athlet.)

►raqama, u (raqm), vb. I, 1-3 see ↗s.v.; 4 to number: G-stem, denom. (?)
►raqqama, vb. II, 1-2 ↗raqama; 3 to number: D-stem, denom./caus.

►^BP#3664raqmī, adj., 1a numerical; b digital: nsb-formation from raqm
►tarqīm, n., 1 ↗raqama; 2 numbering, numeration: vn. II

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗raqama and ↗¹raqīm, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√RQM.

raqīm رَقيم

√RQM

n.

1a inscription tablet; b letter, message – WehrCowan1976

▪ Given the fact that the term al-raqīm, as appearing in Q 18:9 in the context of the Qur’ānic story of the ‘People of the Cave’ (the “Seven Sleepers”), gave rise to controversial discussion among Muslim scholars, the word does not seem to have formed part of the common Ar vocabulary of the time, and it is therefore quite plausible to assume that, unless it was a misreading (as some Western scholars believe), it may well have been a borrowing from another language (some Muslim lexicographers thought it was Grk, meaning ‘writing’ or ‘inkhorn’). Those who tend to take it as a misreading, would emend the text into *DQYS ‘Decius’ (the name of the Roman emperor figuring in the Christian legend) or into *al-ruqād ‘…of the sleep’ (cf. ↗raqada). Other readings include the name of a place (village, valley, mountain?, close to modern ʕAmmān, or in the SPal desert?), or that of the dog that, according to tradition, accompanied the Seven Sleepers and is mentioned a few verses later (Q 18:17). Despite its unclear meaning, tradition nonetheless tends to derive it, as a quasi-PP I, from √RQM, similar or even identical in meaning with the kitāb marqūm ‘writing, inscription’ (mentioned in Q 83:9 and containing the genuine PP I, marqūm, not the quasi-PP of the FaʕīL pattern). DHDA, for instance, confirms that the Qur’ānic verse is the first attestation of the term, gives its meaning as ‘tablet written on’ (al-lawḥ al-maktūb fīh), thus, implicitly, likening it to the lead tablet on which, according to the Christian version of the story, the names of the Seven Sleepers were inscribed.
▪ If the word is genuine, from √RQM, and if the meaning ‘writing, inscription’ is correct, one will have to imagine a semantic development along the line *‘(to mark, make look different, distinct? >) to embroider > to variegate, weave in colour > to paint figures on a tissue, or parchment > to make incisions, write on a clay/lead tablet > inscription’. In view of the attested meanings of ↗raqama and its Sem cognates, such a development is not inconceivable.
▪ …

▪ eC7 Q 18:9 ʔam ḥasibta ʔanna ʔaṣḥāba ’l-kahfi wa’l-raqīmi kānū min ʔāyāti-nā ʕaǧaban ‘Or deemest thou that the People of the Cave and the Inscription are a wonder among Our portents? (Pickthall)| Or do you consider the People of the Cave and the inscription are a wonder among Our signs? (McAuliffe)’
▪ ClassAr period (as summarized from Lane iii 1867): ‘(sky) figured\decorated with stars; book, writing; tablet of lead whereon were inscribed\engraved the names of the People of the Cave (commonly called the Seven Sleepers) and their ancestry, and their story, and their religion, and what it was from which they fled; mass of stone; stone tablet on which were insribed their names, and a which was put upon the entrance of the cave; (or) the town\village from which they came forth, (or) the mountain\valley in which was the cave; (or) their dog; receptable for ink (Ibn Durayd, with uncertainty as to its correctness); said to be of the language of the Greeks; tablet’
▪ ...

▪ ↗raqama (unless a borrowing from an unknown source)
▪ ...

▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ Horovitz1926[=KU]: 95: »Q 18:8 heißen die Siebenschläfer ʔaṣḥāb al-kahf wa’l-raqīm. Clermont-Ganneau, Études d’archéologie orientale III: 295, wollte darin mit al-Muqaddasī die Ortschaft al-Raqīm im Ostjordanland unweit ʕAmmān sehen, wo sich eine Höhle befindet. Doch steht nichts weiter fest, als daß man in nachkoranischer Zeit den Ort – wenn es im Koran einer ist – dorthin verlegte, vgl. zur Kritik dieser Gleichsetzung auch Huber, Die Wanderlegende von den Siebenschläfern, 236ff. Eher ist vielleicht an die Bedeutung ‘Schrift’ zu denken, um so mehr als in Q 83:9 kitāb marqūm vorkommt und die bleiernen Tafeln, auf welche die Jünglinge ihre Namen schrieben, in den verschiedenen Texten ausdrücklich hervorgehoben werden (Guidi, Testi, 20, 70f. lawḥē men abrā; Cod. Sachau 321 lawḥē de abrā). Von den Deutungen, die die arabische Tradition sonst noch für al-raqīm gibt, ist die eine, derzufolge darin der Name des Q 18:17 erwähnten Hundes zu sehen sei, auch in einem dem ʔUmayya zugeschriebenen Verse zu finden (Fragment 8,2 Schulthess); er stimmt jedoch mit Q 18:8,17 so nahe überein, daß er als unecht gelten muß). Neuerdings will Torrey (A Volume of Oriental Studies Presented to E. G. Browne, 457f.) raqīm als Verlesung von dqym deuten, das seinerseits fälschlich für Syr dqys stehe, der syrischen Umschreibung des Namens Decius. Aber koranische Namensformen, die auf Verlesung beruhen, sind sonst nicht nachweisbar, und selbst wenn man grundsätzlich eine Entstehung koranischer Namen aus Verlesung für möglich halten sollte, so bliebe immer noch der Artikel unerklärt; daß Muḥammad ihn von sich aus einem fremden Eigennamen vorgesetzt hätte, stimmt ebenfalls nicht zu seiner sonstigen Gewohnheit. Auch wird im Verlauf der Erzählung von den Siebenschläfern selbst im Koran sonst kein einziger der Beteiligten mit Namen genannt.«
▪ Jeffery1938: »al-Raqīm is mentioned at the commencement of Muḥammad’s version of the story of the Seven Sleepers. The Commentators present the widest divergences as to its meaning. Some take it as a place-name, whether of a village, a valley, or a mountain. Some think it was a document, a kitāb or a lawḥ. Others consider it the name of the dog who accompanied the Sleepers; others said it meant an inkhorn, and some, as Ibn Durayd, admitted that they did not know what it meant. / Their general opinion is that it is an Ar word, a form FaʕīL from √RQM, but some, says al-Suyūṭī, Itq, 321, said that it was Grk, meaning either ‘writing’ or ‘inkhorn’ in that tongue. / The probabilities are that it is a place-name, and represents [Syr] rqm ḏgānā, otherwise known as rqm bmr brā ḏṣyn, a place in the desert country of S. Palestine,³⁴ very much in the same district as the Muslim geographers place al-Raqīm.³⁵ ^,³⁶ «
▪ Paret1980 (Konk.) 310: »Vielleicht ist das Wort im Sinn von “Inschrift” gemeint, wobei an die bleiernen Tafeln zu denken wäre, auf denen nach christlicher Überlieferung die Namen der Siebenschläfer verzeichnet waren« (i.e., perh. ‘inscription’, sc. on the lead tablet on which, acc. to Christian tradition, the names of the Sleepers were inscribed)
▪ Luxenberg2000: 65-67 suggests that al-raqīm is a misreading for al-ruqād and translates accordingly: ‘Meinst du etwa, daß die Leute der Höhle und des Schlafes unter unseren Zeichen wunderlich waren?’
▪ ...

34. Cf. the Targumic rqm d-gyʕā [Jastrow1903 has rᵊqam Gêʔāʰ ‘= Kadesh Barnea’, with variant spelling]. 35. Ibn Aṯīr, Chron, xi, 259; Yāqūt, Muʕǧam, ii, 804. 36. Torrey in Ajeb Nameh, 457 ff., takes [Aram] רקים rqym to be a misreading of דקיס dqys and to refer to the Emperor Decius who is so prominent in the Oriental legends of the Seven Sleepers. Such a misreading looks easy enough in the Hbr characters, but is not so obvious in Syr rqym and dqys, and as Horovitz, KU, 95, points out, it does not explain the article of the Ar word. Horovitz also notes that names are carefully avoided in the Qurʔānic story save the place-name al-Kahf, which is at least a point in favour of Raqīm being also a place-name. (Torrey’s remarks on Horovitz’s objection will be found in Foundation, 46, 47.)

–

►raqama, u (raqm), vb. I, 1 to write: G-stem, perh. denom.; 2-3 ↗raqama; 4 ↗raqm

►mirqam, pl. marāqimᵘ, n., 1a drawing pencil, crayon; b (painter’s) brush: n.instr., from ↗¹raqama

For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗raqama and ↗raqm, as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√RQM.

RQW/Y رقو/ي

√RQW/Y

“root”

▪ RQW/Y_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RQW/Y_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RQW/Y_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘sand dune, ladder, to climb, ascend, ascension, advance; a charm, a spell, incantation’

▪ …

–

.

–

taraqqiⁿ تَرَقٍّ

√RQY

n.

.

▪ vn., V

.

▪ Tu terakki ‘advancement, progress; increase, augmentation, growth; advancement of salary’ 1429 (Aḥmed b. Ḳāḍı-i Manyas, Gülistān tercümesi) günden güne teraḳḳī-ile [ilerleyerek] muḳarreb-i sulṭān [sultanın yakını] oldı. – Deriv: terakkiperver ‘progressive’ 1892 (Tıngır & Sinapian, Iṣṭılāḥāt Luġati) Progressiste [Fr.]: terakkiperver. Le parti progressiste: terakkiperver fırkası – NişanyanSözlük_2Jul2015.

.

RKB ركب

√RKB

“root”

▪ RKB_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ RKB_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘mount, to mount, to ride, to board, a travelling group, caravan, boat; to accumulate, to stack up; complex; to commit; knee, to injure one’s knee’

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

rakib‑ رَكِبَ

√RKB

vb., I

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ Bergsträsser1928: (*‘to ride, drive’) Akk rkb (a), Hbr rkb a (a), Syr rkb e (a), SAr rkb ‘horseman’.
▪ …
▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

rukbaẗ رُكْبة , pl. rukab , ‑āt

√RKB

n.f.

knee – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Kogan2011: from protSem *birk‑ ‘knee’.
▪ Ultimately perh. … < AfrAs *rukub‑ ‘knee, thigh’ (as suggested by Orel&Stolbova1994) or, with metathesis (and vowel change Sem *i > Ar u), from a Sem *birk‑ (DRS 2, Orel&Stolbova)?
▪ …

▪ …

▪ Bergsträsser1928: Within Sem, Ar rukbaẗ shows metathesis, cf. Akk birku, Hbr béreḵ, Aram burka, Gz berk ‘knee’. – Cf. also ↗baraka (vb.) ‘to kneel down’.
▪ Kogan2011: Akk birku, Ug brk, Hbr bäräk, Syr burkā, Gz bərk, Mhr bark ‘knee’.
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#2133: Aram ʔarkūbā. – Outside Sem: rukufe ‘thigh’ in one CCh language.

▪ Kogan2011: Sem *birk‑ ‘knee’.
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#2133: Based on the word rukufe ‘thigh’ in one CCh language, and on the Arab evidence, the authors reconstruct Sem *rukb‑ ‘knee’ and CCh *rukub‑ ‘thigh’ and, thence, AfrAs *rukub‑ ‘knee, thigh’.

–

► ʔabū ’l-rukab, n., dengue, breakbone fever (med.)

RKD ركد

“root”

▪ RKD_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RKD_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RKD_3 ‘...’ ↗...
♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to abate, stagnate, become still, become sluggish, stagnation, stillness’

▪ …

–

.

–

RKZ ركز

“root”

▪ RKZ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RKZ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RKZ_3 ‘...’ ↗...
♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘mysterious sound, low indistinct sound, whisper; to stick, fix a pole in the ground; mineral deposits, gum; fixing point, position; brains, control’

▪ …

–

.

–

RKS ركس

“root”

▪ RKS_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RKS_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RKS_3 ‘...’ ↗...
♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘a group of people; to turn upside down or back-to-front, be inverted; to relapse, fall back; a bridge; a weak, indecisive person’

▪ …

–

.

–

RKḌ ركض

“root”

▪ RKḌ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RKḌ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RKḌ_3 ‘...’ ↗...
♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to beat, hit with legs or feet; the sides of an animal, to urge an animal to run by beating its sides with one’s legs; (of birds) to beat wings in flight, beat the ground with one’s feet, run fast, run away; to quiver’

▪ …

–

.

–

RKʕ ركع

“root”

▪ RKʕ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RKʕ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RKʕ_3 ‘...’ ↗...
♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to bow, kneel; to submit, surrender, yield; to regress, deteriorate in health, fall on hard times, become poor’

▪ …

–

.

–

RKM ركم

“root”

▪ RKM_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RKM_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RKM_3 ‘...’ ↗...
♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘heap, heap up, gather, hoard, pile up; large herd; middle of the road’

▪ …

–

.

–

RKN ركن

“root”

▪ RKN_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RKN_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RKN_3 ‘...’ ↗...
♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘corner; power, might, to be mighty, strong ally, support, to find support in, lean upon, rely upon; family; calm, confident’

▪ …

–

.

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RMḤ رمح

“root”

▪ RMḤ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RMḤ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RMḤ_3 ‘...’ ↗...
♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘spear, lance, to lance; to gallop, beat the ground with two hoofs together’

▪ …

–

.

–

RMD رمد

“root”

▪ RMD_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ RMD_2 ‘…’ ↗…
♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘dust, ashes, to become dusty, to become ashes, to become grey; to be famished, to perish, to become poor; eye disease’

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

ramād رَماد

n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

RMZ رمز

“root”

▪ RMZ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RMZ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RMZ_3 ‘...’ ↗...
♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘sign, signal, nod, wink, gesture, motion, to signal, gesticulate, move lips or eyes without uttering a sound; to move, quiver’

▪ …

–

.

–

RMḌ رمض

“root”

▪ RMḌ_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ RMḌ_2 ‘…’ ↗…
♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘extreme heat of midday sun, hot stones, to become very hot (of sand and ground), to burn one’s feet on sun-baked, stony ground; to have aches and pains; to become very thirsty; to bake inside hot ashes; to sharpen’

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

▪ Engl Ramadan ↗ramaḍān.

–

ramaḍān رمضان

n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl Ramadan, from Ar ramaḍān, from ramaḍ ‘parchedness’, from ramiḍa ‘to be(come) scorched’.

►

RML رمل

“root”

▪ RML_1 ‘sand’ ↗raml
▪ RML_2 ‘(to be/become) a widow(er)’ ↗ʔarmalaẗ
▪ RML_3 ‘ramal’ (a metre in classical poetry) ↗ramal
For other values, now obsolete, cf. "DISC" below.

▪ A rather complex root in ClassAr, RML today shows only three major values. Of these, ‘(to be/become) a widow(er)’ is said to be dependent on ‘sand’ by indigenous lexicographers, but this seems to be wrong.
▪ The root is only scarcely represented in Sem (only ‘sand’ in modSAr), and not at all in AfrAs. It seems to be an Ar innovation.

–

▪ …
▪ …

▪ Classical dictionaries make RML_2 depend on RML_1: the notion of be(com)ing a widow(er) seems to be a secondary value, developed from an earlier ^† ‘to be(come) poor, needy’, thought to be a metaphorical extension from ‘sand’ (< *‘to look like s.o. who is creeping in the sand’, because s/he is near starvation). But Kogan2011 gives another etymology, see ↗ʔarmalaẗ.
▪ In contrast, RML_3 ‘ramal’, the term for one of the metres of classical poetry, is said to derive from ^†ramala, u (ramalān, ramal, marmal), vb. I, now extinct, with the meaning of (inter al.) ‘to go in a kind of trotting pace, between a walk and a run; to go quickly’ or from RML_4, see below and s.v. ↗ramal).
Other notions attached to √RML and found in ClassAr include:
▪ RML_4 ^†‘to weave (thinly, a mat of palm-leaves, or the like)’: ^†ramala u (raml), vb. I, ? hence also: ‘to ornament with jewels, precious stones, gems, etc.’
▪ RML_5 ^† ‘to have little rain’: ^†ramila a (ramal), vb. I, in ramilat al-sanaẗ : perhaps fig. use of ‘to run short (of provision), become poor’, but it may also be denom. from ramal, pl. ʔarmāl, n., ‘weak rain, little rain’. Connected to RML_1 ‘sand’ ?
▪ RML_6 ^† ‘to lengthen, make long, wide (rope, cord)’: one of the many values of ʔarmala (vb. IV); cf. also ^†ramal ‘redundance, excess (in a thing)’.
▪ RML_7 ^†ramal ‘(black/white) lines, or streakes, upon the legs of the wild cow’; ^†rumlaẗ, pl. rumal, ʔarmāl ‘diversity of colours upon the legs of the wild bull; black line, or streak (upon the back and thighs of a gazelle)’; ʔarmalᵘ ‘(= ʔablaqᵘ) black and white’. – Connected to RML_1 ‘sand’ ?
▪ RML_8 ^†ʔurmūlaẗ ‘stump of (the plant, tree, called) ʕarfaǧ, stock, stem’.
▪ Also from RML_1 ‘sand’ or, more precisely, the denom./caus. vb.s II rammala ‘to put sand into s.th. (food)’ (and hence contaminate) and IV ʔarmala ‘to become sandy; cleave to the sand’ are such specialised meanings as (II) ‘to smear (with blood)’ (probably < ‘sprinkle blood on s.th. like sand’), ‘to adulterate, corrupt, render unsound (speech)’ (<… like contaminating food by put sand into it) and (IV) ‘to be smeared with blood (arrow, the claws of a lion, etc.)’. – The value ‘geomancy’ derives from the fact that a kind of divination was practised by means of figures or lines in the sand.

–

raml رَمْل , pl. rimāl

n.

sand – WehrCowan1979.

Not secured whether the word is Sem or an Ar innovation. If the former, one could follow TB2007 in reconstructing Sem *raml‑ ‘sand’. In ClassAr the derivational register is much richer than in MSA. – The word may also be the etymon of other values of ↗√RML, particularly the complex around ‘widow’ (↗ʔarmalaẗ).

▪ …

▪ TB2007 #3181: SAr rml ‘building sand’ (?), ? Gz ramal ‘sand’ (perhaps from Ar), Mhr rátmǝl ‘to be covered with sand’, ramlēt ‘sand; soil, dust’, Jib C rōl ‘to roll in the dust, to lie in wait’, E rǝmlɛ́t, C rɛ̄l ‘sand’, Soq rǝ́mɔl ‘to lie hidden crouch down’, rémol ‘s’étendre’ (perhaps denom. from ramal ‘sand’; le verbe aurait le sens ‘se coucher sur le sable’).

▪ TB2007 #3181: On account of what seem to be cognates in the modSAr languages (and perhaps also Gz), the authors reconstruct Sem *raml‑ ‘sand’.
▪ For raml possibly being the etymon of other values of √RML, see ↗RML.

–

► ʕilm al-raml, ḍarb al-raml, n., geomancy (divination by means of figures or lines in the sand)
► ʔumm rimāl, n., hyena.
► rammala, vb. II, to sprinkle with sand (s.th., so as to blot it): denom.
► ramlī, adj., sandy, sabulous; sand (in compounds): nsb-adj | sāʕaẗ ramliyyaẗ, n., sandglass, hourglass.
► rammāl, n., geomancer: n.prof., lit. ‘the thrower of sand, sand man’.
► mirmalaẗ, n.f., sandbox: n.loc./instr.

ramal رمَل

n.

ramal (name of a poetical metre) [6 times fā-ʕi-lā-tun, i.e., – ᴗ – – ] – WehrCowan1979.

Arab lexicographers derive the name of one of the classical metres of poetry from a vb. I, now extinct, ^† ramala u which, apart from meanings relating to ↗raml ‘sand’, in ClassAr also can mean either ‘to weave (thinly, a mat of palm-leaves, etc.)’ or ‘to walk quickly’. From our present state of knowledge it is difficult to decide whether there may be some truth at least to one of these etymologies. The fact that ramal sometimes is classified as an insound, somehow “contaminated” type of poetry, does not bring much more light into the word’s etymology.

▪ …

–

▪ »The name, according to the Arab view, […] is said to mean either “haste” or “woven” (Freytag, Darstellung der arab. Verskunst, p. 136)«.³⁷
▪ Some theoreticians of Classical verse classify poetry in three main modes—qaṣīd, raǧaz, and ramal —and regard the latter as »incongruous, unsound, or faulty, in structure« (Lane 3-1867). Is ramal then a kind of “contaminated” poetry? In this case, one could think of a relation with ↗raml ‘sand’ from which, among others, rammala (vb. II) ‘to sprinkle s.th. with sand, so as to blot it’, in ClassAr also ‘to put sand into s.th.’, e.g., food, and hence contaminate it, or ‘to adulterate, corrupt, render unsound’ (said of speech), are derived.
37. A. Schaade, art. »Ramal«, in EI¹.

–

►

ʔarmalaẗ أرْملة , pl. ʔarāmilᵘ , ʔarāmilaẗ

n.f.

widow – WehrCowan1979.

▪ If Kogan2011 is right, the word derives from protSem *ʔalman-at‑ ‘widow’. In this case, indigenous Ar etymology which makes the word dependent on raml ‘sand’ should probably be dismissed. Ar lexicographers regard ‘widow’ as a semantic extension: ‘sand’ > ‘to cleave to the sand’ > ‘to look (so poor and needy) like s.o. who is cleaving to the sand because his traveling provisions are exhausted’ > ‘to be in need of s.o. who provides for o.s.’ >, ‘to be a widow’ (because widows are in need of s.o. to provide for them).
▪ An explanation of this evidence could be that with the gradual mutation, in Ar, of a Sem *ʔalman-at‑ to ʔarmal-aẗ, the original value of *LMN ‘to be without/in need of support’ began to overlap with Ar RML ‘sand’, ‘be covered with sand’, ‘creep in the sand’, ‘look sandy’, etc., so that the explanation of ‘being in need of support’ as derived from ‘being destitute, look poor like s.o. covered with sand’ seemed plausible to the Arab lexicographers.

For the ClassAr dictionaries, the primary value of ʔarmalᵘ (as well as the PA IV, ^†murmil) is (Lane iii-1867) ‘a man whose provisions, or travelling-provisions, have become difficult to obtain, or exhausted, or consumed, and who has become poor’, hence also the more general meaning ‘needy, needing, in want’ and even ‘destitute, indigent’, the pl. ʔarāmilᵘ and ʔarāmilaẗ being applied also to ‘men without women, or women without men, after they have become in need or want’. While the m. does not seem, in ClassAr, to be used (in the sg. at least) with the specific meaning ‘widower’, the f. ʔarmalaẗ can mean ‘woman having no husband’ (in general) and, more specifically, ‘widow’. Wherever ʔarmalᵘ nevertheless means ‘widower’ this is regarded by many authorities to be »cases of deviation from the usual course of speech [▪ …] because the man’s provision does not go in consequence of the death of his wife, since she is not his maintainer, whereas he is her maintainer«.

Kogan2011: Akk almattu ⁸ , Ug ʔalmnt, Hbr ʔalmānā, Syr ʔarmaltā ‘widow’
8. CAD: ‘woman without support, widow’

▪ Classical dictionaries make ʔarmalaẗ depend on ↗raml ‘sand’: for them, the notion of be(com)ing a widow(er) seems to be a secondary value, developed from an earlier ^† ‘to be(come) poor, needy’. For the vb. IV ʔarmala, for example, Lane 3 (1867) gives ‘to become sandy’, hence (!) ‘to become poor’ [as though cleaving to the sand], ‘to become s.o. whose travelling-provisions became difficult to obtain, [… or] exhausted, or consumed’, and hence (!) ‘to become an ʔarmalaẗ (said of a woman), i.e., without a husband’ »because of her being in need of one to expend upon her«.
▪ Kogan2011 reconstructs Sem *ʔalman-at‑ ‘widow’ and thinks that the Syr and Ar forms (that show ‑r‑ instead of *‑l‑) »must be related with a mutation of sonorants.«
▪ Given, on the one hand, the wider Sem dimension and the old age of the meaning ‘woman without support, widow’ proper, and, on the other hand, the abundance of instances in ClassAr where the lack of support is associated with the “creeping in the sand” of those miserable who have come in a situation of need, we may be confronting a case of semantic overlapping and contamination here in which two originally distinct roots, *LMN and *RML, have merged, with *LMN mutating, phonologically, to RML and the sense of ‘lack of support’ intersecting and eventually being integrated into that of ‘sand’.

–

► ʔarmala, vb. IV, to become a widower or a widow: denom. (?).
► tarammala, vb. V, = IV.
► ʔarmalᵘ, pl. ʔarāmilᵘ, n., widower: (secondary?) m. of ʔarmalaẗ.
► tarammul, n., widow(er)hood: vn. V.

RMN رمن

“root”

▪ RMN_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ RMN_2 ‘…’ ↗…
♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to mend, to patch up; animal halter; to decay, decayed remnants, rotten and decayed bones.’ – The word rummān is classified by the philologists under this root and also under root RMː(RMM).

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

rummān رُمّان

n.

pomegranate – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ eC7 Q 6:99, 6:141, 55:68 ʻpomegranate’

Orel&Stolbova1994#2122: Akk lurmu, Hbr rimmōn. – Outside Sem: Eg rrm.t ‘fruit’ (NK).

▪ Jeffery1938, 144-45: »The generally accepted opinion among the Muslim authorities is that it is a form fuʕlān from ↗√RMː (RMM) (cf. Rāghib, Mufradāt, 203), but some had considerable doubts about it as we see from LA, xv, 1 48; and Jawharī, sub voc. – Guidi, Della Sede, 582, noted it as a loan-word in Ar, and Fraenkel, Fremdw, 142, suggested that it was derived from the Syr rūmanā, the Ar form being built on the analogy of tuffāḥ. As the Eth [Gz] rōmān and the Phlv ideogram rōramnā or romanā,³⁸ are of Aram origin we may assume the same for Ar rummān, but the ultimate origin of the word is still uncertain.³⁹ It occurs in Hbr as רמון, in Aram רימונא and רומנא, as well as Mandaean רומאנא,⁴⁰ but appears to be non-Semitic.⁴¹ Horovitz, Paradies, 9, thinks that if it is true that the pomegranate is a native of Socotra we may have to look in that direction for the origin of the word. It is, of course, possible that it is a pre-Semitic word taken over by the Semites. (See Laufer, Sino-Iranica, 285.)«
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#2122: From Sem *rimān‑ ‘granate’ < AfrAs *riman‑ ‘fruit’. If Eg rrm.t ‘fruit’ (NK) really is cognate, then it would show both assimilation of liquida and metathesis.
38. PPGl, 198; Frahang, Glossar, p. 105; and Nöldeke, Neue Beiträge, 42. 39. Löw, Aramäische Pflanzennamen, 310, says: »Etymologie dunkel," and see Zimmern, Akkad. Fremdw, 54. 40. Nöldeke, Mand. Gramm, 123; Lidzbarski, Mandäische Liturgien, p. 218. 41. Hommel, Aufsätze, 97 ff.; BDB, 941, "a foreign word of doubtful origin."

–

► rummānaẗ, n.f., knob, pommel; (pl. ‑āt). | r. yadawiyyaẗ, n., hand grenade.

RMY رمي

“root”

▪ RMY_1 ‘to throw, cast’ ↗ramà
▪ RMY_2 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ RMY_3 ‘…’ ↗…
♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to throw, to cast, to cast away, to throw off; to shoot at, to hunt, target, aim, projectiles; to come in succession; to accuse, to defame; share, usury’

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▪ …
▪ …

…

ramà / ramay‑ رَمَى / رَمَيْـ , ī (ramy)

vb., I

1a to throw, cast; to fling, hurl; 1b to toss away, throw down; 2 to throw aside, toss aside, discard, lay aside; 3a to shoot, fire; 3b to pelt, hit, bombard, shoot, fire; 4 to charge, accuse, blame, reproach; to aim, drive, be aimed (at), have in view, purpose, intend, be out for – WehrCowan1976.

▪ The original meaning ‘to throw, cast’ has taken additional notions, both concrete (‘to shoot, fire’) and metaphorical (‘to discard'; to throw accusations upon s.o. = ‘to charge, accuse, blame’). In the act of throwing, aiming is included, thence ‘to aim, have in view, intend, etc.’.
▪ …

▪ …

▪ Bergsträsser1928: (*‘to shoot, throw’) Akk (ramû ‘to loosen, become weak’, rammû ‘to release, untie, remove’), Hbr rāmā (ē), Syr rmā (ē), Gz ramáya (ipfv yérmī).
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#2097: Akk ramû, Hbr rmy, Ar rmy. – Outside Sem: (ECh) ram, rame ‘throw’; ram ‘shoot’.

▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#2097: For the Akk, Hbr and Ar forms, the authors reconstruct a common ancestor in portSem *r˅m˅y‑ ‘to throw, shoot’, which has to be assumed as being based on *r˅m‑, since none of the ECh COGNates (ram, rame ‘throw'; ram ‘shoot'; < ECh *ram‑) shows an extension in *‑y. The AfrAs ancestor is to be reconstructed as *ram‑ ‘throw’.

…

RHB رهب

“root”

▪ RHB_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ RHB_2 ‘…’ ↗…
♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘emaciated or fatigued she-ʕamel; to fear, to dread, to frighten, to threaten; monk, the state of being a monk, monasticism; small bone in the breast opposite the arm (the ensiform cartilage); sleeve’

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–

▪ …
▪ …

–

ʔirhāb إِرْهاب

n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

RHF رهف

“root”

▪ RHF_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RHF_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RHF_3 ‘...’ ↗...
♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘group of people, particularly men, under ten in number; a person’s family or tribe; mound covering one of the entrance to the jerboa’s tunnels; to take large mouthfuls’

▪ …

–

.

–

RHQ رهق

“root”

▪ RHQ_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ RHQ_2 ‘…’ ↗…
♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘lying, weak-mindedness; to approach, to cover, to overshadow, to eclipse, to catch up with; to reach adolescence; to be impetuous, to be peevish; to distress, to oppress, to humiliate’

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–

▪ …
▪ …

–

murāhaqaẗ مُراهَقَة

n.f.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

RHN رهن

“root”

▪ RHN_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RHN_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RHN_3 ‘...’ ↗...
♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘pledge, security, pawn, to place as security; hostage, to give as hostage; to venture, risk, wager; binding, to be subject to; to make constant’

▪ …

–

.

–

RHW رهو

“root”

▪ RHW_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RHW_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RHW_3 ‘...’ ↗...
♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to be still, be calm, peaceful, tranquillity; to be wide, be ample; to go in succession; to enable; a ditch’. Some philologists consider rahw of Syr or Nab origin.

▪ …

–

.

–

RWD رود

“root”

▪ RWD_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RWD_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RWD_3 ‘...’ ↗...
♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘scout, person scouting for pasture land, to scout, reconnoitre, search, seek; will, to want, covet; to soften up, dissuade, entice, tempt; handle, applicator’

▪ …

–

.

–

RWʕ روع

“root”

▪ RWʕ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RWʕ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RWʕ_3 ‘...’ ↗...
♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘fright, to frighten, take fright; to scare, alarm, surprise; to impress with beauty, fire the imagination, be inspired; to be extreme (in beauty); heart/soul/mind’

▪ …

–

.

–

RWĠ روغ

“root”

▪ RWĠ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RWĠ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RWĠ_3 ‘...’ ↗...
♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to deviate, swerve, dodge, go by a side road, trick, a fox, to fox; to want; to approach, come over; to hide’

▪ …

–

.

–

RWM روم

“root”

▪ RWM_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RWM_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RWM_3 ‘Byzantine Romans’ ↗Rūm
♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): proper name of Roman origin, used collectively, occurring once in the Qur’an: ‘Byzantine Romans, citizens of the Eastern Roman Empire (30:2-3)’

▪ …

–

.

–

RWḤ/RYḤ روح / ريج

“root”

▪ RW/YḤ_1 ‘to go’ ↗rāḥa
▪ RW/YḤ_2 ‘wind’ ↗rīḥ
▪ RW/YḤ_3 ‘spirit, soul’ ↗rūḥ
▪ RW/YḤ_4 ‘palm (of hand)’ ↗rāḥaẗ
▪ RW/YḤ_5 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ RW/YḤ_6 ‘…’ ↗…
♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008, s.r. RWḤ): ‘wind, to blow, to fan; smell, scent, fragrant shrubs to sniff; to decay, to smell rotten; soul, spirit, the jinn, the angels; the evening, to go home, to return after the day’s toil, to bring livestock home, to rest; great herds of animals, to pasture, grazing place; to depart, to walk away, to commence travelling; might, power, victory; mercy, bounty, pleasure, children; to do intermittently, to interchange’

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

▪ Engl racket cf. perh. ↗rāḥaẗ.

–

rāḥ‑ / ruḥ‑ راحَ / رُحْـ

vb., I

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

rīḥ رِيح

n.f.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Kogan2011: There is no protSem term for ‘wind’, but derivates of the root *rwḥ are common in CSem, which probably reflects the protWSem picture. Cf. also protSem *npš ‘to blow’ > Ar nafas ‘breath’.
▪ …

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

rūḥ رُوح

n.f.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

rāḥaẗ راحَة

n.f.

palm of the hand…. – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Kogan2011: from protSem *rāḥ‑at‑ ‘palm’, synonym of *kapp‑ (> Ar ↗kaff).
▪ …

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl racket1, from Ar rāḥat, bound form of rāḥaẗ ‘palm of the hand’.

►

ĭstirāḥaẗ اِسْتِراحَة

n.f.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

RYB ريب

“root”

▪ RYB_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RYB_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RYB_3 ‘...’ ↗...
♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘calamities; doubts, to suspect, entertain; to accuse, alarm’

▪ …

–

.

–

RYŠ ريش

“root”

▪ RYŠ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RYŠ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RYŠ_3 ‘...’ ↗...
♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘feathers, plumage, to fix feathers to (e.g. arrows); to be affluent, fine clothes and furnishings; to be hospitable; to bribe’

▪ …

–

.

–

RYḌ ريض

“root”

▪ RWḌ_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ RWḌ_2 ‘…’ ↗…
♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘greenery with waters and foliage, meadows, gardens, wide open places with water and vegetation, bottom of the valley covered with plants and drinkable water; to tame, to train; to exercise, to practise’

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

riyāḍaẗ رِياضَة

n.f.

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

►

RYʕ ريع

“root”

▪ RYʕ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RYʕ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RYʕ_3 ‘...’ ↗...
♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘mountain, heights, roads; growth, to give a great yield; to return, recur; to run, spread; early stages (e.g. of youth)’

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RWY روي

“root”

▪ RWY_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ RWY_2 ‘…’ ↗…

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rawà / raway‑ رَوَى / رَوَيْـ

vb., I

… – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Kogan2011: from protWSem *rwy ‘abundance of water’.
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riwāyaẗ رِواية , pl. ‑āt

n.f.

1 tale, narrative; 2 report account; 3 story; 4 novel; 5 play, drama; 6 motion picture, film – WehrCowan1979.

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► riwāyaẗ būlīsiyyaẗ, detective story
► riwāyaẗ muḥzinaẗ, tragedy
► riwāyaẗ masraḥiyyaẗ, play, stage play
► riwāyaẗ sīnamāʔiyyaẗ, motion picture, film
► riwāyaẗ muḍḥikaẗ, comedy
► riwāyaẗ ġināʔiyyaẗ, opera
► riwāyaẗ qiṣaṣiyyaẗ or qaṣaṣiyyaẗ, novel
► riwāyaẗ tamṯīliyyaẗ, play, drama
► riwāyaẗ nāṭiqaẗ, sound film
► riwāyaẗ hazliyyaẗ, comedy.

RYF ريف

“root”

▪ RYF_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ RYF_2 ‘…’ ↗…
,,,

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rīf رِيف

n.

… – WehrCowan1979.

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RYN رين

“root”

▪ RYN_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RYN_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ RYN_3 ‘...’ ↗...
♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘filth, rust; to cover, engulf, seal, overwhelm, overpower, prevail’

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