Bibliotheca Polyglotta

zāy زاي

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√

R₁

The letter z of the Arabic alphabet.

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▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Englcedilla, izzard, zed, zeta, from Grk zēta, alteration (influenced by the following letter ēta ‘eta’) of Phoen *zēn, seventh letter of the Phoen alphabet; zayin, from Hbr zayin, from alteration of Phoen *zēn (see above); cf. Ar zāy.

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zāǧ زاج

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ZāǦ, ZWǦ

n.

vitriol – WehrCowan1979.

From Pers zāǧ ‘sulfate, vitriol (sulphuric acid), alum’ – Rolland2014a.

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zār زار

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ZāR, ZWR

n.

name for a popular cult of spirits found in northeastern Africa and such adjacent regions as the Arabian peninsula – art. »zār« (A. Rouaud, T. Battain), in EI² .

▪ »The zār ritual or practice seems to have originated in the Horn of Africa and, especially, in Ethiopia. According to E. Cerulli, the word (Ar zār, Amh zar, Som saar, etc.) may be said to derive from “the name of the supreme god of the pagan Cushitic peoples, the Sky-God called in Agaw (Bilen) ǧār, and in the Sidamo languages (Kaffa) yarō and (Buoro) darō ”. The Italian scholar further thought that, in the context of Ethiopian Christianity, this god must have been reduced to the role of an evil spirit, one which has been likewise retained among the Muslims and, probably, among the Falasha. These propositions do not provide answers to all the questions involved, but are still of value in so far as they have not been replaced by more information. Etymologies deriving zār from the Ar vb. zāra “to visit” seem fantastic, although current in Arab milieux« – art. »zār« (A. Rouaud, T. Battain), in EI².
▪ »a religious custom apparently originating in the Horn of Africa during the 18th century and later spreading throughout East and North Africa. Zār custom involves the possession of an individual (usually female) by a spirit. It is also observed in Egypt, Sudan, Somalia, southern Iran and elsewhere in the Middle East. / […] / The zār cult served as a refuge for women and effeminate men in conservative, Muslim-dominated Sudan. / In Ethiopia, zār also refers to malevolent demons. [… M]ental illness is often attributed to zār possession« – en.wiki

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▪ DRS 8 (1999)#[ZAR]: Te Tña Amh Gur zar, Ar zār ‘esprit mauvais’, Soq zehereh ‘sorcière’.

▪ DRS 8 (1999)#[ZAR]: Ar < EthSem < Cush *‘sky; Sky-God’

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ZBD زبد

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 24Mar2023

√ZBD

“root”

▪ ZBD_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ZBD_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ZBD_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘froth, foam, scum; butter; essence; to be angry’

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ZBR زبر

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 24Mar2023

√ZBR

“root”

▪ ZBR_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ZBR_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ZBR_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘stone, to line the inside of a well with stone; inscribing on stone, reading, writing, written record; stamina, patience, intelligence’

▪ The word zabūr ‘psalter’, which is conveniently classified under this root, is a borrowing either from Syr or Hbr – BAH2008.
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ZBRǦD زبرجد

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ZBRǦD

“root”

ZBRǦD_1 ‘green jewels, chrysolite, topaz’ ↗zabarǧad

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zabarǧad زَبَرْجَد

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ZBRǦD

n.

green jewels, cut from chrysolite or peridot – WehrCowan1979.

▪ From Pers zabarǧad (Rolland2014a).

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DRS 8 (1999)#ZMRGD: a [ZMRGD], nHbr ʔizmaragd , Syr zamargᵊda, Ar zabarǧad, Gz zamaragd. – b [ZMRD] JP zᵊmōrad, ʔizmīrad, Syr zumrud, Ar zumurrud, Gz zamrud ‘émeraude’.

DRS 8 (1999)#ZMRGD-a: From Grk smáragdos. »Une autre étymologie propose la dérivation inverse, du Sem au Grk (Akk barraqt-, Hbr baräqät, etc., racine BRQ, v.s., ‘briller’)«. In a similar vein, an origin in Skr marak(a)ta-m ‘emerald’ has been both proposed and contested; »pour Zimmern[1914] […] et aujourd’hui selon Xavier Tremblay (communication personnelle), Skr marak(a)tam est au contraire un emprunt ancien au Sem, de même que Grk smáragdos est un emprunt plus récent, à moins que le Skr ne soit un archaïsme savant fondé sur le prâkrit emprunté au Grk.«

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ZBN زبن

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 24Mar2023

√ZBN

“root”

▪ ZBN_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ZBN_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ZBN_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to push, kick; to sell dates on the tree by estimating their quantity; to divert, keep good things away’.

▪ zabāniyaẗ is considered by some as a borrowing from either Akk or Syr – BAH2008
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ZǦː (ZǦǦ) زجّ / زجج

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ZǦː (ZǦǦ)

“root”

▪ ZǦː (ZǦǦ)_1 ‘ferrule, arrow-, spearhead’ ↗zuǧǧ
▪ ZǦː (ZǦǦ)_2 ‘to throw, hurl; to push, urge, drive; to press, squeeze, force’ ↗zaǧǧa
▪ ZǦː (ZǦǦ)_3 ‘having beautifully arched eyebrows; to pencil (eyebrows)’ ↗ʔazaǧǧᵘ
▪ ZǦː (ZǦǦ)_4 ‘glass’ ↗zuǧāǧ

Other values, now obsolete, include:

ZǦː (ZǦǦ)_5 ‘to run (ostrich)’ : zaǧǧa u (zaǧǧ)
ZǦː (ZǦǦ)_6 ‘point/tip of the elbow’ : zuǧǧ
ZǦː (ZǦǦ)_7 ‘to produce a dull sound, mumble, murmur, cry’: zaǧǧa ; ‘drum’: zinǧ
ZǦː (ZǦǦ)_8 ‘berries; glass-vessels of the clove-tree; pellitory, wall-wort’ : (ḥašīšaẗ al-) zaǧāǧ

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘iron base of a spoon; arrow head; arching eyebrow; glass’. – zuǧāǧaẗ is regarded by some as a borrowing from Syr.

▪ Out of the 6 values listed for Sem √ZGG in DRS, only 4 are represented in Ar; of these, 3 have survived into MSA.
▪ Apart from ZǦː (ZǦǦ)_4 (zuǧāǧ ‘glass’), which seems to be of Aram (< Phoen?) origin, at least one other item—ZǦː (ZǦǦ)_1 (zuǧǧ ‘ferrule, arrow-, spearhead’) —is probably a loanword (from a Pers word for arrows with pointed arrow-heads). On zuǧǧ ‘arrow-head’ and zuǧāǧ ‘glass’ seem to depend a number of secondary values: from ‘arrow-head’ are probably ZǦː (ZǦǦ)_2 ‘to throw, hurl; to push, urge, drive; to press, squeeze, force’ (see DISC, below) and ZǦː (ZǦǦ)_6 ‘point of the elbow’ (probably just a metaphorical use: an elbow as pointed as an arrow-head), while ZǦː (ZǦǦ)_8 ‘glass-vessels of the clove-tree’ with all likelihood is related to, if not identical with, ‘glass’. However, little research has been done on the root so far, and the relations suggested here are far from being established.
▪ The etymologies of ZǦː (ZǦǦ)_3 (ʔazaǧǧᵘ ‘having beautifully arched eyebrows’) and ZǦː (ZǦǦ)_5 (zaǧǧa ‘to run’, said of an ostrich)’ remain quite obscure.
▪ ZǦː (ZǦǦ)_7: Acc. to DRS without doubt based on a Pers etymon.

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▪ DRS 8 (1999)#ZGG-1 Hbr zāg, TargAram zaggā, zuggā ‘peau de raisin’. -2 Syr zag ‘tinter (oreille); crier’, zənāgā ‘tintement, bruit; chœur’, Ar zaǧǧa ‘produire un bruit sourd, murmurer, crier’, zinǧ ‘tambour’. -3 Ar zaǧǧa ‘frapper avec le bout de la lance’, zuǧǧ ‘ferrure au bout de la lance, fer de flèche, pointe du coude’, MġrAr zəǧǧ ‘pousser’, tzəǧǧəǧ ‘se pousser mutuellement, se battre (chameaux)’, HispAr zaǧǧ ‘donner un coup de poing’, zuǧǧ ‘poing’, ʕAnâze zaǧǧ ‘jeter, vider’, DaṯAr zaǧǧ ‘boire d’un trait’. -4 zaǧǧa ‘être fin, allongé (sourcil)’, EgAr zaggig ‘se faire les sourcils (au crayon)’. -5 Ar zaǧǧa ‘courir’, HispAr zaǧǧaǧ ‘sortir en courant’, Malt zegg ‘glisser, patiner’, Jib zegg ‘courir’, Soq n-zgzg ‘marcher vite’, Mhr Soq zəg ‘changer de route’. -6 Te zəgaga ‘scrofules’, Tña zəgag : sorte de maladie.

▪ ZǦː (ZǦǦ)_1 zuǧǧ (pl. zuǧāǧ, ClassAr ziǧāǧ, ziǧaǧaẗ) ‘ferrule, arrow-, spearhead’: acc. to Rolland2014a, the word is from Pers zuǧ ‘flèche dont le fer est en corne ou en ivoire, flèche courte, sans plumes’ (Steingass1892: ‘bone-headed arrow, very short arrow’). In ClassAr, there are also the (probably extended) meanings ‘point of the elbow’ [ZǦː (ZǦǦ)_6] and ‘tush of a stallion’ (Hava1899), all sharing the notion of peakedness or pointedness. – Cf. also ^†zuǧaǧ ‘darts, javelins, furnished with iron-heads’; ^†zaǧǧa (u, zaǧǧ), vb. I, ‘to hit s.o. with the butt-end of a spear, shoot arrows at; to strike (with the iron-foot of a spear)’, ^†mizaǧǧ ‘short lance’; ^†ʔazaǧǧa, vb IV, ‘to put an iron-foot to (a spear)’, muziǧǧ ‘ironed (spear-butt)’ (Hava1899).
▪ ZǦː (ZǦǦ)_2 zaǧǧa (u, zaǧǧ) ‘1 to throw, hurl; 2 to push, urge, drive; to press, squeeze, force’: With all likelihood, and as already suggested by ClassAr lexicographers, [v1] seems to be a development from the obsol. denom. vb. I, ^†zaǧǧa (u , zaǧǧ), ‘to hit s.o. with the butt-end of a spear, shoot arrows at; to strike with (the iron-foot of a spear)’, cf. ZǦː (ZǦǦ)_1, while [v2] can be thought of as being a denom. vb. derived from zuǧǧ in the meaning of ‘(tip of the) elbow’ [ZǦː (ZǦǦ)_6, which seems to be essentially the same item as ZǦː (ZǦǦ)_1].
▪ ZǦː (ZǦǦ)_3 ʔazaǧǧᵘ ‘having beautifully arched eyebrows’: cf. also (denom.?) ^†zaǧǧa (zaǧiǧ-) (a, zaǧaǧ) and ^†ĭzdaǧǧa, vb. VIII, ‘to be thin and arched (eyebrows)’ (Hava1899). – In ClassAr, the vb. II, zaǧǧaǧa, would not only mean ‘to pencil the eyebrows’ but still also ‘to level (a place)’ (Hava1899), from *‘to clip the redundant portions of the hair or the eyebrows’. The etymology of the value itself remains obscure so far.
▪ ZǦː (ZǦǦ)_4 zuǧāǧ(aẗ), var. (acc. to Hava1899) ^†zaǧāǧ, ^†ziǧāǧ ‘glass’: from Aram zgūgīṯā ‘glass’ (Nişanyan_22Jun2015, reporting common opinion). For details cf. also Jeffery1938: 149-50 (see ↗zuǧāǧ). – Nişanyan believes that the ultimate origin of the word must be Phoenicia where glass was “invented” around 2500 BC.
▪ ZǦː (ZǦǦ)_5 : ^†zaǧǧa (u, zaǧǧ) ‘to run (ostrich)’; cf. also ^†ʔazaǧǧᵘ in the sense of ‘walking with widestreched legs (ostrich)’ (Hava1899): explained by ClassAr lexicographers as from ZǦː (ZǦǦ)_2 zaǧǧa in the sense of ‘to throw’, i.e., *‘he [the ostrich] threw out his legs’.
▪ ZǦː (ZǦǦ)_6 ^†zuǧǧ (pl. ziǧāǧ, ziǧaǧaẗ) ‘point/tip of the elbow’: probably figurative use, likening the elbow with an arrow-head, i.e. = ZǦː (ZǦǦ)_1.
▪ ZǦː (ZǦǦ)_7 : ^†zaǧǧa ‘to produce a dull sound, mumble, murmur, cry’; zinǧ ‘drum’: According to DRS, items belonging to this value are »[s]ans doute fondées sur une forme d’origine persane.« In the entry on Sem ZGG, DRS mentions Ar ^†zinǧ ‘drum’, which obviously corresponds to Pers zinǧ ‘two brass orbs, which when struck together make a kind of music or accompaniment to other instruments’ (Steingass1892);¹ but cf. also Pers zanǧ ‘plaint, lamentation; crying, weeping; [etc.]’ (ibid.). On the other side, the same entry refers the reader-user to the entry on ZÂG, where we find ZÂG#3 ‘clochette’ (little bell), not represented in Ar, but in nHbr zag, JP Syr zaggā, zuggā, Mand zanga, nSyr zīgā, zāgā, Ṭur zāgo and traced back to Pers zang ‘a bell carried by courier and qalandar-monks (Steingass1892), bell (VahmanPedersen1998)’.
▪ ZǦː (ZǦǦ)_8 : (ḥašīšaẗ al-) ^†zaǧāǧ ‘berries; glass-vessels of the clove-tree; pellitory, wall-wort’ (Lane, Hava1899): dependent on ZǦː (ZǦǦ)_4 zuǧāǧ(aẗ) ‘glass’?

1. Dozy1881, however, explains ^†zinǧ as just a var. of ↗ṣanǧ ‘cymbal’. According to Rolland2014a, the latter is from Pers sanǧ ‘cymbal’.

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zaǧǧ‑/ zaǧaǧ‑ زَجِّ / زَجَجْـ , u (zaǧǧ)

ID … • Sw – • … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ZǦː (ZǦǦ)

vb., I

1 to throw, hurl (s.th.); 2 to push, shove, urge, drive (s.o. or s.th.); to press, squeeze, force, cram (s.o. or s.th., into) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ [v1] probably from zaǧǧa ^†‘to hit s.o. with the butt-end of a spear, shoot arrows at; to strike with (the iron-foot of a spear)’, from ↗zuǧǧ ‘arrow-head’.
▪ [v2] denom. from ↗zuǧǧ ^†‘(tip of the) elbow’.

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▪ DRS 8 (1999)#ZGG-3 Ar zaǧǧa ‘frapper avec le bout de la lance’, zuǧǧ ‘ferrure au bout de la lance, fer de flèche, pointe du coude’, MġrAr zəǧǧ ‘pousser’, tzəǧǧəǧ ‘se pousser mutuellement, se battre (chameaux)’, HispAr zaǧǧ ‘donner un coup de poing’, zuǧǧ ‘poing’, ʕAnâze zaǧǧ ‘jeter, vider’, DaṯAr zaǧǧ ‘boire d’un trait’.

▪ With all likelihood, and as already suggested by ClassAr lexicographers, [v1] ‘to throw, hurl’ seems to be a development from ClassAr zaǧǧa (u , zaǧǧ) in the—now obsolete—sense of ^†‘to hit s.o. with the butt-end of a spear, shoot arrows at; to strike with (the iron-foot of a spear)’, which is a denom. vb. I from ↗zuǧǧ ‘arrow-head’, in itself probably a borrowing from Pers zuǧ ‘id.’. – In contrast, [v2] ‘to push, urge, drive; to press, squeeze, force’ can be thought of as being a denom. from the same ↗zuǧǧ in the (now obsolete) meaning of ‘(tip of the) elbow’ [↗ZǦː (ZǦǦ)_6].

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► zuǧǧa bi-hī fī ’l-siǧn, expr., he was thrown into prison

For other values of the root, cf. ↗zuǧǧ, ↗ʔazaǧǧᵘ, ↗zuǧāǧ, and (for the general picture) ↗ZǦː (ZǦǦ).

zuǧǧ زُجّ , pl. zuǧāǧ

ID … • Sw – • … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ZǦː (ZǦǦ)

n.

ferrule; arrowhead; spearhead – WehrCowan1979.

Probably a loanword from a Pers word for arrows with pointed arrow-heads.

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▪ DRS 8 (1999)#ZGG-2 Syr zag ‘tinter (oreille); crier’, zənāgā ‘ tintement, bruit; chœur’, Ar zaǧǧa ‘produire un bruit sourd, murmurer, crier’, zinǧ ‘tambour’. -3 Ar zaǧǧa ‘frapper avec le bout de la lance’, zuǧǧ ‘ferrure au bout de la lance, fer de flèche, pointe du coude’, MġrAr zəǧǧ ‘pousser’, tzəǧǧəǧ ‘se pousser mutuellement, se battre (chameaux)’, HispAr zaǧǧ ‘donner un coup de poing’, zuǧǧ ‘poing’, ʕAnâze zaǧǧ ‘jeter, vider’, DaṯAr zaǧǧ ‘boire d’un trait’.

▪ According to Rolland2014a, Ar zuǧǧ (pl. zuǧāǧ, ClassAr ziǧāǧ, ziǧaǧaẗ) ‘ferrule, arrow-, spearhead’ is from Pers zuǧ ‘flèche dont le fer est en corne ou en ivoire, flèche courte, sans plumes’ (Steingass1892: ‘bone-headed arrow, very short arrow’). In ClassAr, there are also the (probably extended) meanings ‘point/tip of the elbow’ [= ↗ZǦː (ZǦǦ)_6] and ‘tush of a stallion’ (Hava1899), all sharing the notion of peakedness or pointedness. – Cf. also ^†zuǧaǧ ‘darts, javelins, furnished with iron-heads’; ^†zaǧǧa (u, zaǧǧ), vb. I, ‘to hit s.o. with the butt-end of a spear, shoot arrows at; to strike (with the iron-foot of a spear)’, ^†mizaǧǧ ‘short lance’; ^†ʔazaǧǧa, vb IV, ‘to put an iron-foot to (a spear)’, muziǧǧ ‘ironed (spear-butt)’ (Hava1899).
▪ Cf. also the vb. I ↗zaǧǧa (u, zaǧǧ) which in MSA means ‘1 to throw, hurl; 2 to push, urge, drive; to press, squeeze, force’. With all likelihood, and as already suggested by ClassAr lexicographers, [v1] seems to be a development from the obsol. denom. ^†zaǧǧa (u, zaǧǧ) ‘to hit s.o. with the butt-end of a spear, shoot arrows at; to strike with (the iron-foot of a spear)’, while [v2] can be thought of as being a denom. vb. derived from zuǧǧ in the meaning of ‘(tip of the) elbow’ [see preceding paragraph and ↗ZǦː (ZǦǦ)_6].

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For other values of the root, cf. ↗zaǧǧa, ↗ʔazaǧǧᵘ, ↗zuǧāǧ, and (for the general picture) ↗ZǦː (ZǦǦ).

ʔazaǧǧᵘ أَزَجُّ , f. zaǧǧāʔᵘ , pl. zuǧǧ

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ZǦː (ZǦǦ)

adj.

having beautifully arched eyebrows – WehrCowan1979.

Of unknown etymology.

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▪ DRS 8 (1999)#ZGG-4 : zaǧǧa ‘être fin, allongé (sourcil)’, EgAr zaggig ‘se faire les sourcils (au crayon)’.

▪ The adj. is an elative formation (for colours, handicaps, etc.) from an otherwise lost basis.
▪ ClassAr still knows the (denom?) vb. I, ^†zaǧǧa (zaǧiǧ-) (a, zaǧaǧ), and vb. VIII, ^†ĭzdaǧǧa, both meaning ‘to be thin and arched (eyebrows)’ (Hava1899). – In ClassAr, the corresponding vb. II, zaǧǧaǧa, would not only mean ‘to pencil the eyebrows’ but still also ‘to level (a place)’ (Hava1899), figurative/extended use of *‘to clip the redundant portions of the hair or the eyebrows’. The etymology of the value itself remains obscure so far.

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► zaǧǧaǧa, vb. II, 1 to pencil | ~al-ḥaǧibayn, expr., to pencil the eyebrows; 2 see ↗zuǧāǧ.

For other values of the root, cf. ↗zuǧǧ, ↗zaǧǧa, ↗zuǧāǧ, and (for the general picture) ↗ZǦː (ZǦǦ).

zuǧāǧ زُجاج

ID 351 • Sw – • BP 3050 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ZǦː (ZǦǦ)

n.

glass (as substance) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Probably a back-formation from the f. zuǧāǧaẗ, which is from Aram zgūgīṯā, Syr zgōgīṯā ʻglass, crystal’.
▪ Ultimately perh. from a Phoen word for ‘glass’, since glass was “invented” in Phoenicia around 2500 BC.

▪ eC7 zuǧāǧaẗ (glass container) Q 24:35 al-miṣbāḥu fī zuǧāǧaẗin il-zuǧāǧaẗu kaʔanna-hā kawkabun durriyyun ‘the lamp is in a glass container, and the glass is like a shimmering star’

▪ DRS 8 (1999)#ZGG : not mentioned [!]. Because it is not regarded as Sem?
▪ Aram zgūgīṯā, Syr zgōgīṯā ʻglass, crystal’.

▪ Nişanyan_22Jun2015: Ar zuǧāǧ < Aram zagāg ‘glazier, glass-maker’ < Aram zgūgīṯā ‘glass’.
▪ Jeffery1938, 149-50 (on Qurʔānic zuǧāǧaẗ): »There was some uncertainty as to the vowelling of the word, whether zuǧāǧaẗ; zaǧāǧaẗ or ziǧāǧaẗ. The philologers attempt to derive it from ↗zaǧǧa though they do not suggest how it can be explained from this root.² Fraenkel, Fremdw, 64, showed that it has no verbal root in Ar, and suggested that it is the Aram זגוגיתא, Syr zgōgīṯā meaning ʻglass’ or ʻcrystal’. The Syr word is early and quite common, and it was probably when the Arabs came to use glass that they took over the word along with the article.«
▪ Nişanyan believes that the ultimate origin of the word must be Phoenicia where glass was “invented” around 2500 BC.
▪ Is the obsol. (ḥašīšaẗ al-) ^†zaǧāǧ ‘berries; glass-vessels of the clove-tree; pellitory, wall-wort’ (Lane, Hava1899) dependent on zuǧāǧ(aẗ) ‘glass’?

2. LA, iii, 112.

▪ Tu zücaciye (1680 Meninski, Thesaurus), from Ar zuǧāǧ (+ nsb-ending -ī + f. -aẗ) – Nişanyan_22Jun2015.

► zaǧǧaǧa, vb. II, 1 see ↗zaǧǧa (al-ḥaǧibayn). – 2 to glaze, coat with glass (s.th.); to enamel (s.th.): denom., applicative.

► ^BP#4490 zuǧāǧaẗ, pl. ‑āt, n.f., 1 piece of glass; 2 (glass) bottle, flask; 3 (drinking) glass, tumbler: n.un.
► zuǧāǧī, adj., glassy, vitreous: nsb-adj.
► zaǧǧāǧ, n., glazier: n.prof.
► muzaǧǧaǧ, adj., glazed, enameled: PP II | muzaǧǧaǧāt and maṣnūʕāt muzaǧǧaǧaẗ, n.f. pl., enameled ware.

For other values of the root, cf. ↗zuǧǧ, ↗zaǧǧa, ↗ʔazaǧǧᵘ, and (for the general picture) ↗ZǦː (ZǦǦ).

zuǧāǧaẗ زُجاجَة , pl. ‑āt

ID 351a • Sw – • BP 4490 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ZǦː (ZǦǦ)

n.f.

1 piece of glass; 2 (glass) bottle, flask; 3 (drinking) glass, tumbler – WehrCowan1979.

▪ The word looks as if it were a n.un., formed from the coll.n. ↗zuǧāǧ ‘glass’. Etymologically, however, zuǧāǧ may be a back-formation made from zuǧāǧaẗ.

▪ eC7 zuǧāǧaẗ (glass container) Q 24:35 al-miṣbāḥu fī zuǧāǧaẗin il-zuǧāǧaẗu kaʔanna-hā kawkabun durriyyun ‘the lamp is in a glass container, and the glass is like a shimmering star’

▪ DRS 8 (1999)#ZGG : not mentioned [!] - because regarded as non-Sem?
▪ From Aram zgūgīṯā, Syr zgōgīṯā ʻglass, crystal’.

▪ As mentioned above in section CONC, the word looks as if it were a n.un., formed from the coll.n. ↗zuǧāǧ ‘glass’. Etymologically, however, zuǧāǧaẗ seems to have been the word to have been loaned: from Aram zgūgīṯā, Syr zgōgīṯā ʻglass, crystal’.
▪ Jeffery1938, 149-50 (on Qurʔānic zuǧāǧaẗ): »There was some uncertainty as to the vowelling of the word, whether zuǧāǧaẗ; zaǧāǧaẗ or ziǧāǧaẗ. The philologers attempt to derive it from ↗zaǧǧa though they do not suggest how it can be explained from this root.³ Fraenkel, Fremdw, 64, showed that it has no verbal root in Ar, and suggested that it is the Aram זגוגיתא, Syr zgōgīṯā meaning ʻglass’ or ʻcrystal’. The Syr word is early and quite common, and it was probably when the Arabs came to use glass that they took over the word along with the article.«
▪ Nişanyan believes that the ultimate origin of the word must be Phoenicia where glass was “invented” around 2500 BC.

3. LA, iii, 112.

–

► zaǧǧaǧa, vb. II, 1 see ↗zaǧǧa (al-ḥaǧibayn). – 2 to glaze, coat with glass (s.th.); to enamel (s.th.): denom., applicative.

► ^BP#3050 zuǧāǧ, n., glass (as substance): n.coll., perh. a back-formation from zuǧāǧaẗ.
► zuǧāǧī, adj., glassy, vitreous: nsb-adj.
► zaǧǧāǧ, n., glazier: n.prof.
► muzaǧǧaǧ, adj., glazed, enameled: PP II | muzaǧǧaǧāt and maṣnūʕāt muzaǧǧaǧaẗ, n.f. pl., enameled ware.

For other values of the root, cf. ↗zuǧǧ, ↗zaǧǧa, ↗ʔazaǧǧᵘ, and (for the general picture) ↗ZǦː (ZǦǦ).

ZǦR زجر

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 24Mar2023

√ZǦR

“root”

▪ ZǦR_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ZǦR_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ZǦR_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to scold, rebuke; to forbid, restrain, prohibit; to drive away’

▪ …

–

.

–

ZǦW زجو

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 24Mar2023

√ZǦW

“root”

▪ ZǦW_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ZǦW_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ZǦW_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to urge gently, assist along, drive forward, propel’

▪ …

–

.

–

ZḤZḤ زحزح

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 24Mar2023

√ZḤZḤ

“root”

▪ ZḤZḤ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ZḤZḤ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ZḤZḤ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to budge, dislodge, shift, push away’

▪ This root can be regarded as a further derivative of the root ↗ZḤː (ZḤḤ) – BAH2008.
▪ …

–

.

–

ZḤF زحف

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 24Mar2023

√ZḤF

“root”

▪ ZḤF_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ZḤF_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ZḤF_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to crawl, creep, drag o.s. along, (of an army) to advance en masse, advance steadily and slowly, march’

▪ …

–

.

–

ZḤM زحم

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ZḤM

“root”

▪ ZḤM_1 ‘to push, shove, press; crowd, crush, jam’ ↗zaḥama

▪ Seems to be an exclusively Ar root.
▪ See ↗zaḥama.

–

See ↗zaḥama.

–

zaḥam‑ زحم , a (zaḥm)

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ZḤM

vb., I

to push, shove, hustle, jostle, crowd, press, beset (s.o) - WehrCowan1979.

▪ An exclusively Ar root.
▪ DRS 8 (1999)#ZḤM: The Aram forms are borrowed from Pers, which is dependent on Ar.

▪ …

▪ DRS 8 (1999)#ZḤM: Ar zaḥama ‘serrer, resserrer’, zāḥama ‘s’agglomérer, augmenter en nombre’, zaḥm, zuḥm ‘foule, affluence’, zaḥmaẗ ‘foule, respiration oppressée; peine, fatigue’; DaṯAr zaḥma ‘profond soupir d’une femme en mal d’enfant’, IrqAr zaḥḥam ‘ennuyer, troubler’, zdiḥam ‘être bondé, encombré, grouiller’, EAr tzāḥam ‘se disputer qc, se faire de la concurrence’, nzaḥam ‘être pressé, gêné’, SudAr ChadAr zaḥma ‘foule’, ?ChadAr zaḥam ‘vendre aux enchères’, HispAr zahán ‘presser l’un contre l’autre’, zihám ‘presse (de foule), hâte’, MġrAr Tak zḥəm ‘presser qn en le bousculant, faire des coudes dans une foule, concurrencer’, MorocAr zḥam ‘faire des efforts pour expulser (excréments, foetus)’, Maraz zḥam ‘se contracter dans un effort’, Ḥass zaḥme ‘dysenterie (chez l’homme)’; Zaër zḥəm ‘désirer ardemment qc’, Jib zaḥam ‘venir’, zotḥəm ‘être encombré’, zaḥmet ‘foule’. – nAram zaḥmta ‘cohue’, nSyr zāḥmat, zaḫmat ‘difficulté, ennui’.

See above, section CONC.

▪ Tu zahmet [<1250 (1444) ʔEdīb ʔAḥmed, ʕAtebet-ül Ḥaḳāyıḳ) – Nişanyan_09Apr2015. – Tu ĭzdiḥām (1391 Seyf-i Sarāyî, Gülistān tercümesi) – Nişanyan_pre-2011.

► zāḥama, vb. III, 1 to push, shove, hustle, jostle, crowd, press, beset (s.o.); 2 to compete, vie (with s.o.): associative.
► ʔazḥama, vb. IV, 1 to press together, crowd together, mill about; 2 to be closely packed (fī in); 3 to compete with one another: ints.
► ĭzdaḥama, vb. VIII, to be crowded, teem, swarm (bi‑ with); to jostle, crowd together, mill about (e.g., people): T-stem, pseudo-pass./intr.
► ^BP#4048zaḥmaẗ, n.f., 1 crush, jam; 2 crowd, throng: vn. (?).
► ^BP#4421ziḥām, n., 1 crush, jam; 2 crowd, throng: vn. I/III.
► muzāḥamaẗ, pl. ‑āt, 1 competition; 2 rivalry: vn. I/III | lā yaqbalu al-~, expr., unrivaled, matchless, without competition.
► tazāḥum, n., (mutual) competition: vn. VI.
► ĭzdiḥām, n., 1 crowd, crush, jam; 2 overcrowdedness : vn. VIII.
► muzāḥim, pl. ‑ūn, n., competitor; rival: PA III.
► muzāḥimaẗ, n.f., rival (f.): PA III.f.
► muzdaḥim, adj., overcrowded, packed, jammed; teeming, swarming, crowded, crammed (bi‑ with): PA VIII.
► muzdaḥam, n., crowd, crush, jam: n.loc. VIII (or nominalized PP VIII).

zaḥmaẗ زَحْمَة

ID 353 • Sw – • BP 4048 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ZḤM

n.f.

1 crush, jam; 2 crowd, throng – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

See ↗zaḥama.

ziḥām زِحام

ID 352 • Sw – • BP 4421 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ZḤM

vn., III

1 crush, jam; 2 crowd, throng – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

See ↗zaḥama.

ZḪRF زخرف

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 24Mar2023

√ZḪRF

“root”

▪ ZḪRF_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ZḪRF_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ZḪRF_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘gold, ornamentation, decoration, flowery talk, land covered with flowers’

▪ It has been suggested that the entire root is a borrowing from Syr – Bah2008.
▪ …

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.

–

*ZR‑ زرـ

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ZR

2-cons. root nucleus

to spill (Ehret1989#18), disperser, éparpiller (DRS)

▪ According to Ehret1989#18, a »pre-protSem« 2-cons. root nucleus ZR- existed with the meaning ‘to spill’. For 3-cons. extensions from this root nucleus cf. below, section DERIV.
▪ Cf. also DRS 8 (1999)#-ZR- : Plusieures racines signifiant ‘disperser, éparpiller’ contiennent cette séquence consonantique; souvent, il s’agit de racines à 4 consonnes qui peuvent, dans certains cas, constituer des développements de racines triconsonantiques par adjonction ou insertion, ou aussi par croisement avec une autre racine : voir par exemple ZRBS, ZRTS, qui sont liés à ZRS, ZRW, ZRR, ZRQ, ZRBB, ZNZR; cette séquence alterne avec ZL dans ZWLL, ZLNṬL; v. aussi s. -ḎR-. D’autres formes de sens analogue présentent une séquence Z + pharyngale ou laryngale, voir ZH/Ḥ/ʕ.

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

3-cons. extensions for the 2-cons. root nucleus *ZR-, according to Ehret1989#18:

► + “extendative” *‑b = ↗zariba ‘to flow, run, run out, flow over’
► + “sunderative” *‑ʕ = ↗zaraʕa ‘to sow, scatter seed, seed (n.)’
► + “andative” *‑ḳ = ↗zaraqa ‘to drop excrement; to throw, hurl’
► + “fortative” *‑m = ^†zarama ‘to give birth’

ZRB زرب

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 24Mar2023

√ZRB

“root”

▪ ZRB_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ZRB_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ZRB_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘wooden sheep enclosure; entrance; lion’s den; waterfall course; carpet, field full of flowers’

▪ zarābiyy ‘carpets’ is considered by some as a borrowing from Pers, Syr or Gz.
▪ …

–

.

–

ZRʕ زرع

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ZRʕ

“root”

▪ ZRʕ_1 ‘to sow, plant, grow, cultivate; seed’ ↗zaraʕa
▪ ZRʕ_2 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ ZRʕ_3 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to sow, plant, cultivate, grow plants’

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

…

zaraʕ‑ زَرَعَ , a (zarʕ)

ID … • Sw … • BP 3141 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ZRʕ

vb., I

1 to sow; 2 to spread, scatter; 3a to plant (in the soil) to grow, cultivate (plants); 3b to till, cultivate; 3c to culture (bacteria); 4a to implant (a foreign organ or tissue in the body), transplant (e.g., a heart; med. ); 4b to set (an explosive charge); 4c to lay (e.g., a mine) – WehrCowan1976.

▪ Is zaraʕa denominative from zarʕ ‘seed’, or the latter deverbative from the former?
▪ …

▪ …

▪ Bergsträsser1928: (*‘seed’) Akk zēru, Hbr zéraʕ, Syr zarʕā, Gz (zarʔ).

…

►ĭnzaraʕa, vb. VII, N‑stem, pass. of vb I.
►ĭzdaraʕa, vb. VIII, to sow: Gt‑stem.
►ĭstazraʕa, vb. X, to utilize as acreage (land): *Št‑stem, desiderative.

► ^BP#3690zarʕ, n., 1 sowing: vn. I. – 2 (pl. zurūʕ) seed; 3a young standing crop, green crop; 3b plantation; field(s); 4 transplantation (of an organ; med. ): meton. use of vn. I. | al‑zarʕ wal‑ḍarʕ, expr., agriculture and stock farming.
► ^BP#1508zirāʕaẗ, n.f., agriculture; tilling, tillage; cultivation (of land); growing, raising (of crops); farming: vn. I. | zirāʕaẗ al‑qulūb, n.f., heart transplantation (med. ).
► ^BP#1579zirāʕī, 1 adj., agricultural, agrarian, farm‑ (in compounds); 2 (pl. ‑ūn), n., agronomist, agricultural expert: nisba from zirāʕaẗ.
►zarīʕaẗ, n.f., that which is sown or planted; crop: quasi‑PP I, f.
►zarrāʕ, pl. ‑ūn, n., peasant, farmer; planter: ints. formation, n.prof.
►^BP#1769mazraʕ, n., (arable) land: n.loc.
►mazraʕaẗ, pl. mazāriʕᵘ, n.f., 1a field under cultivation; 1b farm; 1c plantation; 2 country estate: n.loc.
►mazraʕānī, n., farmer: n.prof. in ‑ānī.
►tazrīʕ, n., agriculturalization (of a country, in contrast with taṣnīʕ industrialization): vn. II.
►muzāraʕaẗ, n.f., temporary sharecropping contract (Isl. Law): vn. III.
►zāriʕ, pl. zurrāʕ, 1a seedsman, sower; 1b planter; 2a peasant; 2b farmer: PA I.
►mazrūʕ, adj., cultivated, planted: PP I.
►mazrūʕaẗ, pl. ‑āt, n.f., 1 young standing crop, green crop; 2 planted land: PP I, f.
► ^BP#3932muzāriʕ, pl. ‑ūn, n., 1 peasant, farmer; 2 agronomist: PA III.
►munzariʕ, adj.: ʔarāḍⁱⁿ munzariʕaẗ, n.pl.f., planted land: PA VII.

ZRQ زرق

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ZRQ

“root”

▪ ZRQ_1 ‘to drop excrement (bird)’ ↗zaraqa
▪ ZRQ_2 ‘to hit, pierce, jab, bore; injection; javelin; to throw, hurl (s.th.)’ ↗zaraqa
▪ ZRQ_3 ‘(to be/come) blue; dark-coloured; glaucoma; cyanosis (med.); jay (zool.)’ ↗ʔazraqᵘ
▪ ZRQ_4 (= ZWRQ) ‘boat, rowboat, skiff’ ↗zawraq
▪ ZRQ_5 (= ZRQN) ‘a bright red’ ↗zarqūn

Other values, now obsolete, include:

^†ZRQ_6 ‘blindness’ : zaraq
^†ZRQ_7 ‘lie’ : zūraq

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘blue, to become blue; to pass through swiftly, to pass excrement’. – The term ʔazraq, which is usually translated as ‘blue’, in fact covers a range of colours in Arabic including grey, green, and white and also means purity of water.

▪ Out of the 5 values listed in DRS for the root ZRQ in Sem, 3 are represented in Ar, of which 2 have survived into MSA. But there are more than only those listed in DRS.
▪ ZRQ_1-4 [≙ DRS#ZRQ-1&2]: In DRS, zaraqa in the sense of ‘to drop excrement (bird)’ (ZRQ_1) is seen together with zaraqa ‘to throw, hurl; to hit, pierce, jab, bore’ (ZRQ_2) and even zawraq ‘small boat’ (ZRQ_4). The meaning of the root in Sem in general varies between ‘to sprinkle, scatter’ and ‘to hit (and hence also: pierce)’. For the 2-cons. root nucleus *ZR- from which this ZRQ can be seen as an extension in *‑ḳ (Ar ‑q), Ehret1989 assumes an original value of ‘to spill’. If this is true, the semantic development could be imagined to have been as follows: ‘to spill’ > ‘to sprinkle, scatter, disperse’ > ‘to drop; to throw, hurl’ > ‘to hit’ > ‘to pierce’. In contrast, Orel&Stolbova1994#2610 reconstruct a Sem *z˅r˅ḳ‑ ‘to dart’, which they derive (together with SaAf *ʒ˅rig‑ ‘to stir’ and LEC *ʒarug‑ / *ʒaruk‑ ‘to shift, push’, from AfrAs *ʒariḳ‑ / *ʒaruḳ‑ ‘to throw, push’). – Given that the original value of Ar ʔazraqᵘ (ZRQ_3 = DRS#ZRQ-2) was not ‘blue’ but rather ‘iridescent, shimmering, glittering, flashing’ (said of water, eyes of birds, metallic arrowheads, etc.), a relation between ‘to sprinkle > to throw/hurl > to hit’ and ‘to radiate, shimmer, glitter, flash’ (i.e., “sprinkle > throw/hurl > hit with” light) does not seem too unlikely.
▪ ZRQ_3 [≙ DRS#ZRQ-2] : The value ‘blue’ is a rather late development from an earlier ^†‘iridescent, shimmering, glittering, flashing’. With this, the value can be seen as originating in a figurative use of ZRQ_2 ‘to throw, hurl’ (sc. beams of light, to radiate), which in itself is based on ZRQ_1 ‘to spill, disperse’ (esp. excrements, said of birds).
▪ ZRQ_4 [treated within DRS#ZRQ-1] : The value ‘boat, rowboat, skiff’ seems to be figurative use: a small boat (which elsewhere may be likened to a nutshell) is called a ‘bowl, basin’ here (cf. Ar ^†mizraq ‘drinking cup, [Freytag1830:] crater, phiala’, Hbr mizrāq [Klein1987:] ‘bowl, basin’). The latter value seems to be derived from ‘to sprinkle’, the basic value inherent in ZRQ_1 and ZRQ_2 (and, indirectly, also ZRQ_3), see preceding paragraphs.
▪ ZRQ_5 [DRS: –] : from Pers zargūn ‘gold-coloured’ (composed of Pers zar ‘gold’ + gūn ‘colour’).
▪ ZRQ_6 [DRS: –] ^†zaraq ‘blindness’: essentially the same as ZRQ_3 which today mainly signifies ‘blue’ but originally just described s.th. ‘iridescent, shimmering, glittering, flashing’, a quality that also characterizes the eyes of a blind person.
▪ ZRQ_7 [≙ DRS#ZRQ-5] ^†zūraq ‘lie’: ?

–

▪ DRS 8 (1999)#ZRQ -1 Akk zarāqu ‘asperger’, Hbr zāraq [Klein1987: ‘to throw, toss, sprinkle’], JP Syr zᵊraq ‘répandre, asperger’, mzrqyʔ (pl.) ‘aspersoirs’; nSyr zāriq ‘paraître (soleil)’, zrāqa ‘lever (du soleil), Est’, Ar zaraqa ‘fienter (oiseau), lancer, jeter, percer, injecter (avec une seringue)’, zarraqa ‘répandre de l’eau, pisser; inciter’, Ḥass zrīg ‘lait additionné d’eau’; Ar mizrāq ‘javelot, lance courte’ mazāriq (pl.) ‘rayons de soleil’, zurraq : nom de diverses espèces de rapaces, PalAr zēraq ‘taon’, MġrAr zarrāqaẗ ‘tuyau, seringue’, zroq, zaraq ‘se lever, pointer à l’horizon (astre)’, ẓṛug ‘bondir, jaillir’, zrəg ‘glisser furtivement’, Ḥass ẓaṛgeg ‘couler lentement, à petit filet, laisser filtrer la lumière’; Mhr zərūq, Ḥrs zeroq, Jib zoroq ‘porter un coup avec une pointe, piquer’, Gz zaraqa, Tña zäräqä ‘percer d’une lance’, zäräq̄ä ‘percer, fendre, découper en lanières; tamiser’, Amh zärräqä ‘découper du bois à jour’. ? Te zärqä ‘être abondante (pluie)’, Gz məzrāq, Tña mäzraq ‘javelot’, Te märzaq : grand bâton avec une pointe en fer; Mhr Ḥrs zērəq, Jib zerq : sorte de serpent très rapide. – Akk zirīq-, zuruqq- : appareil primitif pour puiser de l’eau pour l’irrigation, Ar zirq ‘litière, fourrage’. Hbr mizrāq [Klein1987: ‘bowl, basin’], Ar mizraq ‘vase à boire’, Syr zūrqā, Ar zawraq, GulfAr zārūg ‘petit bateau’. – For possible cognates outside Sem cf. below, section DISC. -2 Akk zarrīq- ‘aux yeux iridescents’, Syr zārqā ‘bleu, vert bleu’, Mand zarūq, nSyr mazrič̣ ‘briller (yeux)’, Ar ʔazraqᵘ ‘bleu, pâle, livide; qui a les yeux bleu pâle, aveugle, brillant’, zarraqa ‘briller’, IrqAr zaraq, zarwaq ‘décorer, colorer’, Ḥass aẓṛag ‘pie (robe d’animaux), bariolé, bigarré’, ʕOmAr mzarga, Ḥrs mezarrget ‘chamelle rousse et noire’, Gz ʔazraq ‘bleu sombre’. – For possible cognates outside Sem cf. below, section DISC. – -3 Akk zirq ‘mouton’. -4 zirqaẗ : sorte de lynx. -5 Ar zūraq ‘mensonge’, Gz zaraqa ‘dire des paroles vaines, plaisanter’, Tña zäqqärä ‘plaisanter’, Gz zarq, Amh zärq ‘plaisanterie’.

▪ ZRQ_1/2 [= DRS #ZRQ-1] : cf. above, section CONC. – Else (according to DRS): Sur les rapports entre Akk zuruqq- et Aram zarnūqā, Ar zurnūq, v. s. ZRNQ. – Ebl semble attester une forme de la racine désignant un bâton long; peut-être mazriqu à rapprocher de l’Ar mizrāq ou zirīq comme en Akk, v. ci-dessus. – Une forme Hbr zārqā (Hos. 7 /9) est parfois traduite par ‘s’insinuer’ d’après l’Ar dial. – TargAram présente quelques formes à consonne initiale d : dᵊraq, dārēq ‘asperger, répandre’; peut-être est-ce dû à l’influence de dᵊrā de même sens, v.s. ḎRW/Y? Il peut s’agir aussi d’un phénomène de dissimilation. – Pour zarrāq ‘astrologue’ = ‘jeteur (de sorts)’, rapport avec ‘percer’? – PalAr zeraq ‘taon’, en relation avec ‘injecter, piquer’. – Cf. also ZQː (ZQQ), ZRZQ. – As for outside Sem, DRS, quoting HSED 543 [#2610], compares some Cush formes: Sa -izrig-, -idrig- ‘to stir’, Som durk-, durug-, Arbore zarug, zurg-, zurug-) ‘to shift, push’; (Cush g/k corresponding Sem q ?). – DRS also suggests to compare [Berb] Mzab əzrəg ‘jaillir’, Tqblt zrirəg ‘couler, filer rapidement sur une surface lisse’, Tua əzrəg, əhrəg ‘aller à l’eau’, et aussi Tua zəreggət ‘percer, commencer à paraître’; emprunts à l’Ar? – Noter, en regard des formes éthiopiennes, [Berb] Tqblt aməẓṛag ‘gros bâton, lance, javelot’. – Orel&Stolbova1994#2610 reconstruct Sem *z˅r˅ḳ- ‘to dart’, [Cush] SaAf *ʒ˅rig- ‘to stir’, LEC *ʒarug- / *ʒaruk- ‘to shift, push’, all from AfrAs *ʒariḳ- / *ʒaruḳ- ‘to throw, push’.
▪ ZRQ_3 [= DRS #ZRQ-2] : In modAr, the sense of ‘blue’ is dominant in ʔazraqᵘ, but cf. e.g. Fischer1965 on earlier values in ClassAr. With these, the item is probably dependent on ZRQ_1/2, cf. above, section CONC. – NB in DRS : »Peut-être faut-il séparer le Ḥass ‘pie, bariolé, bigarré’ de la racine Ar et lier au [Berb] Tqblt izirig ‘ligne, rayures’, Tšlḥt azrirəg ‘rayure d’une étoffe’. – Par ailleurs on relève Tqblt zrurəg et ẓṛurəq ‘briller, étinceler’, ainsi que Mzab əzzərrag ‘bleu à rincer le linge’, emprunts à l’Ar.«
▪ ZRQ_4 [cf. also DRS #ZRQ-1] : As already mentioned above (section CONC), the Ar word for a small boat, zawraq, seems to be akin to Sem words for ‘to sprinkle’, hence also ‘to irrigate’ and ‘bowl’ (i.e., vessel for throwing or tossing a liquid). – According to PayneSmith1903, Syr zūrqā is from Ar (in DRS it is given as a genuine cognate).
▪ ZRQ_5 : From Pers zargūn ‘gold-coloured’, composed of Pers zar ‘gold’ (Av zar ‘gold’) + gūn ‘colour’ (EtymOnline ), akin to Aram zarag, zargūn ‘peony, peony-coloured’, Syr zrag ‘to glisten, be red’ (with wine, said of the eyes), zārgâ ‘wine colour (a colour betw. red and yellow), topaz, amethyst’ (PayneSmith1903).⁴
▪ ZRQ_6 ^†zaraq ‘blindness’: belonging to ZRQ_3 which originally meant an ‘iridescence, shimmering, glittering, flashing’, that often also was ascribed to eyes, esp. those of birds, but evidently also to the eyes of blind persons.
▪ ZRQ_7 ^†zūraq ‘lie’: probably akin to one of the above, but semantics are obscure.

4. According to Nişanyan (22Dec2014, #zirkon), quoted also in Rolland2014a, Ar zarqūn is from Pers āzargūn ‘flame-coloured’, composed of Pers āẕar ‘fire’ + gūn ‘colour’.

↗zarqūn.

–

1 zaraq‑ زَرَقَ , u , i (zarq)
2 zaraq‑ زَرَقَ , u (zarq)

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ZRQ

vb., I

1 to drop excrement (bird)
2 a to hit, pierce (s.o. bi‑ with); b to jab, bore (into s.o. or s.th.); c to throw, hurl (s.th.) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ In DRS, zaraqa in the sense of ‘to drop excrement (bird)’ is seen together with zaraqa ‘to throw, hurl; to hit, pierce, jab, bore’ (and even ↗zawraq ‘small boat’). The meaning of the root in Sem in general varies between ‘to sprinkle, scatter’ and ‘to hit (and hence also: pierce)’. For the 2-cons. root nucleus *ZR- from which this ZRQ can be seen as an extension in *‑ḳ (Ar ‑q), Ehret1989 assumes a basic value of ‘to spill’. If this is correct, the semantic development could be imagined to have been as follows: ‘to spill’ > ‘to sprinkle, scatter, disperse’ > ‘to drop [=v1]; to throw, hurl [=v2c]’ > ‘to hit’ [=v2a] > ‘to pierce’ [=v2ab]. In contrast, Orel&Stolbova1994#2610 reconstruct a 3-cons. root Sem *z˅r˅ḳ‑ ‘to dart’, from AfrAs *ʒariḳ‑ / *ʒaruḳ‑ ‘to throw, push’.
▪ The vn. zarq seems to have been an early, though not very common med. techn. term for ‘injecting, injections’ (today: zarq al-ʔibar).
▪ For a possible connection with ↗ʔazraqᵘ (today: ‘blue’, but originally:) ^†‘iridescent, shimmering, glittering, flashing’ (water, eyes of birds, metallic arrowheads, etc.), cf. s.v. and DISC on ZRQ_1-4 and esp. ZRQ_3 in entry ↗ZRQ.
▪ Cf. also ZRQ_4 in ↗ZRQ on a possible relation between zaraqa and ↗zawraq ‘small boat’.

▪ …

▪ DRS 8 (1999)#ZRQ-2 Akk zarrīq- ‘aux yeux iridescents’, Syr zārqā ‘bleu, vert bleu’, Mand zarūq, nSyr mazrič̣ ‘briller (yeux)’, Ar ʔazraqᵘ ‘bleu, pâle, livide; qui a les yeux bleu pâle, aveugle, brillant’, zarraqa ‘briller’, IrqAr zaraq, zarwaq ‘décorer, colorer’, Ḥass aẓṛag ‘pie (robe d’animaux), bariolé, bigarré’, ʕOmAr mzarga, Ḥrs mezarrget ‘chamelle rousse et noire’, Gz ʔazraq ‘bleu sombre’. – For possible cognates outside Sem cf. below, section DISC.
▪ For cognates of other items that perhaps also are related, cf. ↗ʔazraqᵘ, ↗zawraq, and ↗ZRQ.

▪ In addition to what is said above, section CONC, DRS comments: Sur les rapports entre Akk zuruqq- et Aram zarnūqā, Ar zurnūq, v. s. ZRNQ. – Ebl semble attester une forme de la racine désignant un bâton long; peut-être mazriqu à rapprocher de l’Ar mizrāq ou zirīq comme en Akk, v. ci-dessus. – Une forme Hbr zārqā (Hos. 7 /9) est parfois traduite par ‘s’insinuer’ d’après l’Ar dial. – TargAram présente quelques formes à consonne initiale d : dᵊraq, dārēq ‘asperger, répandre’; peut-être est-ce dû à l’influence de dᵊrā de même sens, v.s. ḎRW/Y? Il peut s’agir aussi d’un phénomène de dissimilation. – Pour ^†zarrāq ‘astrologue’ = ‘jeteur (de sorts)’, rapport avec ‘percer’? – PalAr zeraq ‘taon’, en relation avec ‘injecter, piquer’. – Cf. also ZQː (ZQQ), ZRZQ. – As for outside Sem, DRS, quoting HSED 543 [#2610], compares some Cush formes: Sa -izrig-, -idrig- ‘to stir’, Som durk-, durug-, Arbore zarug, zurg-, zurug-) ‘to shift, push’; (Cush g/k corresponding to Sem q ?). – DRS also suggests to compare [Berb] Mzab əzrəg ‘jaillir’, Tqblt zrirəg ‘couler, filer rapidement sur une surface lisse’, Tua əzrəg, əhrəg ‘aller à l’eau’, et aussi Tua zəreggət ‘percer, commencer à paraître’; emprunts à l’Ar? – Noter, en regard des formes éthiopiennes, [Berb] Tqblt aməẓṛag ‘gros bâton, lance, javelot’. – Orel&Stolbova1994#2610 reconstruct Sem *z˅r˅ḳ- ‘to dart’, [Cush] SaAf *ʒ˅rig- ‘to stir’, LEC *ʒarug- / *ʒaruk- ‘to shift, push’, all from AfrAs *ʒariḳ- / *ʒaruḳ- ‘to throw, push’.
▪ For a possible connection between ʔazraqᵘ ‘blue; (originally:) iridescent, shimmering’ and zaraqa in the sense of ‘to throw, hurl; to hit, pierce’, cf. ʔazraqᵘ and DISC in ↗ZRQ.

▪ Tu zerk ‘throwing a javelin’ (1680 Meninski, Thesaurus) < Ar vn. zarq. – The use as a med. technical term in the sense of ‘injecting, injection’ was marginal in Ar and did not appear in Ottoman before the 20th c. Then, however, it became widespread in this sense – Nişanyan_31Dec2014. – Tu mızrak ‘javelin’ (1354 Masʕūd b. ʔAḥmed, Süheyl ü Nevbahar terc. ], from Ar mizrāq ‘id.’ < Ar zaraqa ‘to throw a javelin’– Nişanyan_30Oct2014.

► zarq al-ʔibar, n., injections, injectings: vn. I, specialisation.

► mizrāq, pl. mazārīqᵘ, n., javelin: n.instr. (from [v2ab]).

ʔazraqᵘ أَزْرَقُ , f. zarqāʔᵘ , pl. zurq

ID 354 • Sw – • BP 1754 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ZRQ

adj.

1 blue; 2 dark-coloured – WehrCowan1979.

▪ ‘Blue’ does not belong to the system of basic colour designations reconstructed (acc. to Kogan2011) by Bulakh for Sem (white ↗LBN, black ↗ẒLM, red ↗ʔDM, yellow-green ↗WRQ).
▪ BAH2008: »The term ʔazraq, which is usually translated as ‘blue’, in fact covers a range of colours in Ar including grey, green, and white and also means purity of water.«
▪ Fischer1965, 47 ff.: The original meaning of the adj. is ‘iridescent, shimmering, glittering, flashing’ (schillernd, schimmernd, glitzernd, blinkend, said of water, eyes of birds, metallic arrowheads,…), cf. also ^†ʔazraqī ‘(a certain type of) falcon’ (so called because of the iridescence of the bird’s eyes), or ^†zaraq ‘blindness’ (so called after the iridescence of blind people’s eyes); cf. ZRQ_3 and ZRQ_6 in “root” entry ↗ZRQ.
▪ Given the original value just mentioned, a relation between this ‘iridescence, shimmering, glittering’ and the semantic complex treated s.v. ↗zaraqa does not seem too unlikely: the iridescence of a water surface, of eyes, or of metallic arrowheads was perh. perceived as a kind of ‘sprinkling’ of light, or ‘throwing/hurling’ and ‘hitting’ the observer by the beams/flashes of light emitted by the glittering object. The value could thus be seen as having emerged from a figurative use of ↗zaraqa ‘to throw, hurl’ (ZRQ_2), which in itself is based on zaraqa ‘to spill, disperse’ (esp. excrements, said of birds = ZRQ_1). – Cf. also DISC in “root” entry ↗ZRQ.
▪ For suggestions on an AfrAs dimension in the etymology of zaraqa or its composition of a 2-cons. root nucleus + extension in *‑ḳ (Ar ‑q) cf. ↗ZRQ and ↗*ZR-.

▪ eC7 [blue, grey, green, white-eyed (with terror); sightless] Q 20:102 yawma yunfaḫu fī ’l-ṣūri wa-naḥšuru ’l-muǧrimīna yawmaʔiḏin zurqan ‘the day the Trumpet will be sounded and We gather the sinful, sightless’

▪ DRS 8 (1999)#ZRQ-2 Akk zarrīq- ‘aux yeux iridescents’, Syr zārqā ‘bleu, vert bleu’, Mand zarūq, nSyr mazrič̣ ‘briller (yeux)’, Ar ʔazraqᵘ ‘bleu, pâle, livide; qui a les yeux bleu pâle, aveugle, brillant’, zarraqa ‘briller’, IrqAr zaraq, zarwaq ‘décorer, colorer’, Ḥass aẓṛag ‘pie (robe d’animaux), bariolé, bigarré’, ʕOmAr mzarga, Ḥrs mezarrget ‘chamelle rousse et noire’, Gz ʔazraq ‘bleu sombre’.
▪ Cf. perh. also the cognates of ↗zaraqa (if ʔazraqᵘ should be etymologically related to zaraqa – see above, section CONC, and ↗ZRQ, ↗zaraqa).

See above, section CONC.

–

► al-zarqāʔᵘ, n.f., the blue sky, the blue
► al-māʔ al-zarqāʔᵘ (eg.), n.f., glaucoma (med.)

► zariqa, a (zaraq), vb. I, to be blue: prob. denom. (from zaraq or ʔazraqᵘ).
► ĭzraqqa, vb. IX, to be blue: form IX for colours and handicaps.

► zaraq, n., 1 blue, blueness, blue color; 2 glaucoma (med.): vn. I.
► zurqaẗ, n.f., 1 blue, blueness, blue color; 2 cyanosis (med.):…
► zurayq and ʔabū zurayq, n., jay (zool.): so called on account of the colour/iridescence of its eyes.
► ĭzriqāq, n., blueness, blue: vn IX. | dāʔ al-~, n., cyanosis.

zawraq زَوْرَق , pl. zawāriqᵘ

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ZRQ, ZWRQ

n.

boat, rowboat, skiff – WehrCowan1979.

▪ In DRS, zawraq is treated together with ↗zaraqa. If this is correct, the value ‘boat, rowboat, skiff’ can be explained as figurative use: a small boat (which elsewhere is often likened to a nutshell) is called a ‘bowl, basin’ here (cf. Ar ^†mizraq ‘drinking cup, [Freytag1830:] crater, phiala’, Hbr mizrāq ‘bowl, basin’). The latter value seems to be derived from ‘to sprinkle’, the basic value inherent in zaraqa. One could also imagine the small boat being likened to s.th. that is ‘thrown around’ or ‘scattered’ (by the waves).

▪ …

▪ DRS 8 (1999)#ZRQ -1 Akk zarāqu ‘asperger’, Hbr zāraq [Klein1987: ‘to throw, toss, sprinkle’], JP Syr zᵊraq ‘répandre, asperger’, mzrqyʔ (pl.) ‘aspersoirs’; nSyr zāriq ‘paraître (soleil)’, zrāqa ‘lever (du soleil), Est’, Ar zaraqa ‘fienter (oiseau), lancer, jeter, percer, injecter (avec une seringue)’, zarraqa ‘répandre de l’eau, pisser; inciter’, Ḥass zrīg ‘lait additionné d’eau’; Ar mizrāq ‘javelot, lance courte’ mazāriq (pl.) ‘rayons de soleil’, zurraq : nom de diverses espèces de rapaces, PalAr zēraq ‘taon’, MġrAr zarrāqaẗ ‘tuyau, seringue’, zroq, zaraq ‘se lever, pointer à l’horizon (astre)’, ẓṛug ‘bondir, jaillir’, zrəg ‘glisser furtivement’, Ḥass ẓaṛgeg ‘couler lentement, à petit filet, laisser filtrer la lumière’; Mhr zərūq, Ḥrs zeroq, Jib zoroq ‘porter un coup avec une pointe, piquer’, Gz zaraqa, Tña zäräqä ‘percer d’une lance’, zäräq̄ä ‘percer, fendre, découper en lanières; tamiser’, Amh zärräqä ‘découper du bois à jour’. ? Te zärqä ‘être abondante (pluie)’, Gz məzrāq, Tña mäzraq ‘javelot’, Te märzaq : grand bâton avec une pointe en fer; Mhr Ḥrs zērəq, Jib zerq : sorte de serpent très rapide. – Akk zirīq-, zuruqq- : appareil primitif pour puiser de l’eau pour l’irrigation, Ar zirq ‘litière, fourrage’. Hbr mizrāq [Klein1987: ‘bowl, basin’], Ar mizraq ‘vase à boire’, Syr zūrqā, Ar zawraq, GulfAr zārūg ‘petit bateau’.
▪ For possible cognates outside Sem (if zawraq is related to ‘to throw, hurl’), cf. ↗zaraqa, ↗ZRQ.

See above, section CONC.

–

► zawraq buḫārī, n., steam launch
► zawraq aṣ-ṣayd, n., fishing boat
► zawraq kanadī, n., Canadian canoe
► zawraq kayāk/kāyāk, n., kayak (rowing sport)
► zawraq al-naǧāẗ, n., lifeboat
► zawraq nāsif, n., torpedo boat

ZRQN زرقن

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ZRQN

“root”

▪ ZRQN_1 ‘bright red’ ↗zarqūn

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

zarqūn زَرْقُون

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ZRQ, ZRQN

adj.

a bright red – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Perh. from Pers zargūn ‘gold-coloured’, composed of Pers zar ‘gold’ (Av zar ‘gold’) + gūn ‘colour’ (EtymOnline , DRS #ZRQN), akin to Aram zarag, zargūn ‘peony, peony-coloured’, Syr zrag ‘to glisten, be red’ (with wine, said of the eyes), zārgâ ‘wine colour (a colour betw. red and yellow), topaz, amethyst’ (PayneSmith1903).¹

1. According to Nişanyan (22Dec2014, #zirkon), quoted also in Rolland2014a, Ar zarqūn is from Pers āẕargūn (with initial ā‑) ‘flame-coloured’, composed of Pers āẕar ‘fire’ + gūn ‘colour’.

▪ …

▪ (not real cognates, but akin to) Aram zarag, zargūn ‘peony, peony-coloured’ (Nişanyan_22Dec2014), Syr zrag ‘to glisten, be red’ (with wine, said of the eyes), zārgâ ‘wine colour (a colour betw. red and yellow), topaz, amethyst’ (PayneSmith1903).

▪ DRS 8 (1999)#ZRQN-1 labels zarqūn ‘céruse rouge, minium’ (lead cerussite, red lead) a specifically HispAr item. According to the Dictionnaire historique de la langue française the word is a »réemprunt à l’Ar zarkūn lui-même pris au Lat hyacinthus et qui avait donné jargon.«
▪ Aram from Ar or Pers?
▪ In Syr zrag ‘to glisten, be red’ there is (conspicuous?) partial overlapping with ‘iridescent, shimmering, glittering’, the original meaning of Ar ʔazraqᵘ (now mostly ‘blue’).

▪ Engl zircon, 1794, circon, also jargon, new name given in chemistry to jacinth, from Fr zircone and Ge Zirkon, from Ar zarqūn ‘cinnabar, bright red’, from Pers zargun ‘gold-colored’, from Av zari- ‘gold-colored’, from zar ‘gold’. – zirconium, metallic chemical element, 1808, coined in modLat by German chemist and mineralogist M. H. Klaproth (1743-1817) in 1789; so called because it was found in zircon – EtymOnline
▪ Lokotsch1927#141: Ar zarkūn [sic!] > Span azarcón ‘red lead’, Port zarcão, azarcão.
▪ Rolland2014a: Perhaps this is the etymon also of It giargone ‘variety of diamant’, whence Fr jargon. Cf., however, CNRTL #jargon²: »1723 jargons ‘petits cristaux vendus par les droguistes pour de vrais hyacinthes’; 1752 ‘sorte de diamant jaune’, empr. à l’It giargone ‘variété de diamant’ attesté dep. C14 (d’apr. DEI), de même orig. que oFr jacunce, jargunce ‘pierre précieuse’, cf. jacinthe et hyacinthe.« If Fr jargon is not from Ar zarqūn but from Lat hyacinthus ‘plante à bulbe, glaïeul; sorte d’améthyste’, Grk hyákinthos, from Syr yaquntā, in itself a loan from Grk hyákinthos, then one will rather have to compare Ar ↗yāqūt.
▪ Tu zirkon, 1892 (Tıngır & Sinapian, Iṣṭılāḥāt Luġāti), from Fr zircon ‘red gem’, from Ge Zirkon (1789 Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Ge chemist), from Ar zarqūn ‘1 brilliant red, 2 red gem’ – Nişanyan (22Dec2014, #zirkon).

–

ZRY زري

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 24Mar2023

√ZRY

“root”

▪ ZRY_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ZRY_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ZRY_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to abuse, scorn, reproach, humiliate, consider insignificant’

▪ …

–

.

–

ZʕFR زعفر

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ZʕFR

“root”

▪ ZʕFR_1 ‘saffron’ ↗zaʕfarān
▪ ZʕFR_2 ‘…’ ↗…

▪ …

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

zaʕfarān زَعْفَران

ID 355 • Sw – • BP??? • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ZʕFR

n.

saffron – WehrCowan1979.

Of obscure etymology, perh. from mPers. If so, zaʕfarān would be one out of the significant number of Pers botanical-culinary terms that found their way into Ar.

▪ …

▪ DRS 8 (1999)#ZʕPR: Syr zʕprn, Ar zaʕfarān, Mhr Ḥrs EJib zaʕferān, Te zäʔəfran, Amh zəʔəfran ‘saffron’.
▪ …

▪ EALL (Asbaghi, »Persian Loanwords«): a loan from mPers zarparān ‘saffron’ (lit. ‘with gold leaves’).
▪ Rolland2014a: »Peut-être du Pers zar-parān ‘aux pétales d’or’. Mais ce n’est qu’une des diverses hypothèses proposées pour ce mot à l’étymologie obscure. Boutrolle, Laffitte et Lemut⁵ optent pour un rattachement commun de zaʕfarān et ↗ʕuṣfur ‘carthame, safran bâtard’, à la famille de la racine ↗ṢFR ‘jaune’.«
▪ DRS 8 (1999)#ZʕPR: AHW 93 compares the Akk plant name azupīr-, azupirān-, but this is dismissed by CAD 1/II, 531, following Landsberger WO 3/260, n. 56. – The EthSem forms are based on a borrowing from Ar.

5. “Considérations sur l’origine de mot safran ”, Bulletin de la SELEFA 8: 9-16.

▪ European words for ‘saffron’ originate in Ar Spain. Thus, for Ge Safran, Kluge2002 says that (in its mHGe form saf[f]rān) it is a C13 loan from oFr safran, which in turn is from Span azafrán, from Ar zaʕfarān ‘crocus’.
▪ For Engl saffron, gives: »c1200, from oFr safran (C12), from mLat safranum (cognate with It zafferano, Span azafran), ultimately from Ar az-zaʕfarān, which is of unknown origin.«
▪ The Ar word has made its way into many Eur langs. Lokotsch1927#2178 gives It zafferano, Fr safran, Span azafrán, Port açafrão, Rum safran, sofran, şofran ‘id.’, oFr saffre ‘embroidered with gold thread’, Sard tofferanu ‘saffron’; Ge Safran, Engl saffron, Du saffraan, Ru safran, Pol szafran, Cz Serb šafran, Bulg Serb čafran ‘id.’.

–

ZʕL زعل

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ZʕL

“root”

▪ ZʕL_1 ‘(to be/come) bored, fed up, tired; (to be/come) annoyed, angry’ ↗zaʕil

Other values, now obsolete, include:

ZʕL_2 ^†‘to be brisk; to prance; to be restless’: zaʕila
ZʕL_3 ^†‘ostrich’: zaʕlaẗ
ZʕL_4 ^†‘to remove’: ʔazʕala

▪ It looks as if value ZʕL_1 ‘annoyed, angry’ (and hence also ‘bored, fed up, tired’) has gradually developed from the now obsolete ZʕL_2 ‘to be brisk; to prance; to be restless’. Lane, at least, says that ZʕL_1 is not ClassAr, it rather pertains to »the modern language«; in Hava1899, the respective meanings are marked with the sign for Syrian (Levantine) Arabic. DRS puts a question-mark before its separation of the two values; what corresponds to ZʕL_1 (= DRS ZʕL#2) appears as dialectal only.
▪ ZʕL_3: identification of the animal with its behaviour/movements?
▪ ZʕL_4: metathetical var. of ʔaʕzala ?

–

▪ DRS 8 (1999)#ZʕL-1 Ar zaʕila ‘être gai, dispos et alerte’, zāʕala ‘arracher qc de sa place’. - ?2 SudAr ziʕil ‘être en colère’, EAr zəʕel ‘être fâché, ennuyé’, MġrAr zʕəl ‘s’ennuyer, être mal disposé; se fâcher’, Maraz zʕal ‘se hâter, s’élancer’; ?MorocAr zʕal ‘geindre (de fatigue sous une charge)’; nAram azʕel ‘se mettre en colère’. -3 Gz zəʕlā ‘frange, bande de vêtement’, Amh zəʕəla ‘calotte de prêtre’. -4 Amh (Gond) zal ‘jambe de derrière d’une bête égorgée’.

▪ From among the four values given for Sem ZʕL in DRS, only two are relevant for Ar.
▪ DRS is not sure whether these two should be separated from each other or rather they belong together. Lane marks the ZʕL_1 values as used »in the modern language«, as opposed to ClassAr. Hava1899 identifies the respective items as peculiar to LevAr. This could suggest an Aram connection; but there do not seem to be Aram cognates. Furthermore, in DRS the value is not restricted to LevAr but is widespread also elsewhere (SudAr, EAr, MġrAr, etc.).
▪ ZʕL_3 ‘ostrich’: value not mentioned in DRS, but found in Freytag, Hava1899, and others. – Was the animal called so because of its prancing? or its restlessness?
▪ ZʕL_4 ‘to remove’: value not mentioned in DRS, but in many dictionaries. – A metathetical var. of vb. IV, ʔaʕzala (cf. √ZʕL vs. √ʕZL)? Cf. ↗ʕazala.

–

zaʕil‑ زَعِلَ , a (zaʕal)

ID 356 • Sw – • BP 5167 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ZʕL

vb., I

1 to be bored, be fed up (min with s.th.), be tired (min of); 2 to be annoyed, angry – WehrCowan1979.

From the adj. zaʕil ?

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ZʕL

adj.

annoyed, angry, vexed, put out – WehrCowan1979.

▪ It cannot be excluded that the value ‘annoyed, angry’ developed from an earlier, now obsolete ^†‘to be brisk; to prance; to be restless’ (cf. ↗ZʕL_1/2). Lane gives the latter as the meaning the word has in ClassAr, while the former belongs to »the modern language«. Hava1899 marks ‘annoyed, angry, vexed, etc.’ as LevAr, while DRS gives evidence for that this meaning is much more widespread. In WehrCowan1979, however, the item figures as MSA, not specifically dialectal usage.
▪ zaʕil is taken as the etymon proper here. A similarly ‘basic’ form could well be the n. zaʕal. In contrast, the vb. I, zaʕila, is probably denominative.

▪ In addition to the values listed in WehrCowan1979, Hava1899 has still the old ClassAr values: ^†zaʕil, adj., ‘lively’; ^†zaʕila a (zaʕal) ‘to be brisk; to prance without rider (horse); to be restless (sick person)’; ^†ʔazʕala, vb. IV, ‘to render lively’, ^†tazaʕʕala, vb. V, ‘to be brisk, sprightly’. – Cf. also ^†zaʕlaẗ, n.f., ‘ostrich’ (*the prancing one?)?

▪ DRS 8 (1999)#ZʕL-1 Ar zaʕila ‘être gai, dispos et alerte’, zāʕala ‘arracher qc de sa place’. - ? 2 SudAr ziʕil ‘être en colère’, EAr zəʕel ‘être fâché, ennuyé’, MġrAr zʕəl ‘s’ennuyer, être mal disposé; se fâcher’, Maraz zʕal ‘se hâter, s’élancer’; ?MorocAr zʕal ‘geindre (de fatigue sous une charge)’; nAram azʕel ‘se mettre en colère’.

▪ DRS is not sure whether the two values (#1) ‘to be brisk, etc.’ and (#2) ‘to be bored, annoyed, etc.’ should be separated from each other or rather seen together, as basically one. According to Lane, the ZʕL_1 values occur »in the modern language«, while the others are ClassAr. Hava1899 identifies the respective items as peculiar to LevAr. This could suggest an Aram connection; but is does not seem as if there were any Aram cognates. Furthermore, in DRS the value is not restricted to LevAr but is widespread also elsewhere (SudAr, EAr, MġrAr, etc.).

–

► zaʕila, a (zaʕal), vb. I, 1 to be bored, be fed up (min with s.th.), be tired (min of); 2 to be annoyed, angry: denom. (from the adj.)?

► zaʕʕala, vb. II, to annoy, vex (s.o): D-stem, caus.
► ʔazʕala, vb. IV, to trouble, annoy (s.o.): Š-stem, caus.
► zaʕal, n., displeasure, annoyance, irritation, vexation: vn. I, the etymon proper?
► ^BP#4827zaʕlānᵘ, adj., annoyed, angry, vexed, put out: ints.
► zāʕūlaẗ, n.f., annoyance, anger, irritation, vexation: rare pattern, pointing to Aram origin?

zaʕlānᵘ زَعْلانُ

ID 357 • Sw – • BP 4827 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ZʕL

adj.

annoyed, angry, vexed, put out – WehrCowan1979.

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ZʕM

“root”

▪ ZʕM_1 ‘to maintain, declare; to believe; to take for, regard as; chief, garant’ ↗zaʕama, ↗zaʕīm

Other values, now obsolete:

^†ZʕM_2 ‘(kind of boats, vessels)’: zaʕāʔimᵘ
^†ZʕM_3 ‘to covet, desire eagerly’ : zaʕima
^†ZʕM_4 ‘glory, dignity, power’ : zaʕamaẗ
^†ZʕM_5 ‘truthful; mendacious’ : zuʕmī
^†ZʕM_6 ‘having little fat; having much fat (she-camel, sheep, goat)’ : zaʕūm

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to claim, to allege; to undertake, to be leader, to lead, leadership’

▪ Out of the 5 values given by DRS for the root ZʕM in Sem, 3 are represented in Ar, of which only 1 in MSA (1 in ClassAr, 1 in EAr).
▪ ZʕM_1 : apparently without cognates in Sem. – For ClassAr zaʕama (u, z˅ʕm), Hava1899 gives the value ‘to assert s.th. true or false’, DRS has ‘parler, dire, énoncer une opinion’ as the basic value from which the others derive. The zaʕīm is the one who has the authority to decide between true and false, good and bad, right and wrong.
▪ ZʕM_2 : ClassAr ^†zaʕāʔimᵘ is obviously the pl. of an (obsol.) sg. that, according to regular patterns, should be assumed to be ^†*zaʕīmaẗ. Etymology obscure. Borrowed from a SAr lang?
▪ ZʕM_3 : The vb. I ^†zaʕima ‘to covet, desire eagerly (fī s.th.)’, which is not found in MSA any longer, belongs to ZʕM_1 ‘to assert, pronounce an opinion’: if you are convinced that s.th. is right, true, or good, and express your opinion vehemently, you may attach your emotions to it, hence desire it.
▪ ZʕM_4 ^†zaʕamaẗ ‘glory, dignity, power’: from ZʕM_1; lit., quality of a zaʕīm.
▪ ZʕM_5 ^†zuʕmī ‘truthful; mendacious’: from ZʕM_1; lit., subject to zuʕm, i.e., s.th. the quality of which still has to be tested and asserted, s.th. that can be either so or so.
▪ ZʕM_6 ^†zaʕūm ‘having little fat; having much fat (she-camel, sheep, goat)’: from ZʕM_1; lit., (animal) »of which one doubts whether there be in her fat or not, and which is therefore felt with the hand, in order that one may know if she be fat or lean« (Lane). – Cf. also the less equivocal ^†zaʕim ‘(of roasted meat:) dripping with its gravy; succulent, dripping with its juice or fat’ (ibid.)

–

▪ DRS 8 (1999)#ZʕM-1 Ar zaʕama ‘parler, dire, énoncer une opinion’, zaʕima ‘désirer ardemment’, zaʕīm ‘garant, chef, prince’, zaʕamat ‘gloire, dignité, pouvoir’; HispAr zaʕam ‘prétendre, se vanter, faire le brave’, MġrAr zʕəm ‘prétendre, alléguer’, zaʕma adv. ‘prétendument, comme si, feignant de; par exemple, c’est-à-dire, dans l’espoir de’, zʕama ‘audace, intrépidité’; Sab zʕm ‘déclaration’, Mhr zəʕīm, Jib zʕim ‘chef de famille’, əzteʕim ‘être, décider en chef de famille’, Gur žamä ‘convoiter, désirer ardemment’. -2 Ar zaʕāʔimᵘ (pl.) : sorte de vaisseau, S Ar zaʕīma, Jib zʕĩt, Te zəʕimät ‘bateau, barque’. -3 EAr zaʕam ‘se fâcher, mépriser’. -4 Soq əzʕam ‘être assis, rester’. -5 Gz zəʕəme ‘frange, touffe de cheveux (?)’.

▪ Little is known about this root. ZʕM_1 and ZʕM_2 seem to be separate values, the former probably an exclusively Ar root, the latter perh. shared between Ar, modSAr and EthSem (but probably Te < Ar).
▪ The obsolete values ZʕM_3 through ZʕM_6 all depend on ZʕM_1.

–

zaʕam‑ زَعَمَ , u (zaʕm)

ID 358 • Sw – • BP 3261 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ZʕM

vb., I

1 to maintain, allege, claim, pretend (ʔanna that), declare (ʔanna to someone that); 2 to believe; 3 to take (s.o. for or to be…), regard (s.o. as) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Original meaning probably ‘to be outspoken on s.th., express one’s opinion on s.th. clearly/vehemently, make a clear choice between two alternatives (true/false, right/wrong, good/bad, etc.)’.

▪ …

▪ DRS 8 (1999)#ZʕM-1: Ar zaʕama ‘parler, dire, énoncer une opinion’, zaʕima ‘désirer ardemment’, zaʕīm ‘garant, chef, prince’, zaʕamat ‘gloire, dignité, pouvoir’; HispAr zaʕam ‘prétendre, se vanter, faire le brave’, MġrAr zʕəm ‘prétendre, alléguer’, zaʕma adv. ‘prétendument, comme si, feignant de; par exemple, c’est-à-dire, dans l’espoir de’, zʕama ‘audace, intrépidité’; Sab zʕm ‘déclaration’, Mhr zəʕīm, Jib zʕim ‘chef de famille’, əzteʕim ‘être, décider en chef de famille’, Gur žamä ‘convoiter, désirer ardemment’.

▪ From the basic value of making a clear choice between two alternatives and being outspoken about one’s opinion derives the word for ‘leader’, zaʕīm (i.e., the one who has the authority to decide between true and false, good and bad, right and wrong), and a large number of other values, now obsolete, like ^†‘to desire eagerly’ (zaʕima), ^†‘glory, dignity, power’ (zaʕamaẗ, the attributes of a zaʕīm), ^†‘truthful; mendacious’ (zuʕmī, quality that still has to be tested and asserted, s.th. that can be either good or bad, right or wrong), ^†‘having little fat; having much fat (she-camel, sheep, goat)’ (zaʕūm, animal »of which one doubts whether there be in her fat or not, and which is therefore felt with the hand, in order that one may know if she be fat or lean« – Lane), cf. ↗ZʕM.

▪ zeamet ‘large fief, share of a zaʕīm ’, i.e., (under Ottoman rule) of the yearly value of 20,000 aspers and upwards; for each three thousand of which, the possessor ws held to take a man-at-arms to the wars, when called out (Redhouse1890) (<1481 Fātiḥ Sulṭān Meḥmed, Ḳānūnnāme-i ʔĀl-i ʕOs̱mān) – Nişanyan_25Mar2013.

► zaʕama li-nafsi-hī, vb. I, expr., to claim for o.s. (s.th.)

► tazaʕʕama, vb. V, 1 to set o.s. up as leader; 2 to be the leader (of), lead, command (a body of soldiers, or the like); 3 to pretend to be the leader, pose as leader, be bossy: tD-stem, intr./refl.
► zaʕm, n., allegation, claim: lexicalized vn. I | fī zaʕmi-him, expr., as they claim, as they say.
► ^BP#1173zaʕīm, pl. zuʕamāʔᵘ, n., 1 leader; 2 ringleader; 3 colonel (Ir. 1922); 4 brigadier general (mil.; formerly Syr.); 5 guarantor (bi‑ of): ints. formation, adj. > n.
► ^BP#4777zaʕāmaẗ, n.f., 1 leadership; 2 leading position in politics: quasi-vn. I.
► mazāʕimᵘ, n.pl., 1 allegations; 2 claims, pretensions; 3 assumptions, conjectures: pl. from an obsol. sg. *mazʕam(aẗ), n.loc.
► ^BP#3847mazʕūm, adj., 1 pretended, claimed; 2 alleged, so-called: PP I.

zaʕīm زَعِيم , pl. zuʕamāʔᵘ

ID … • Sw – • BP 1173 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ZʕM

n.

1 leader; 2 ringleader; 3 colonel (Ir. 1922); 4 brigadier general (mil. ; formerly Syr.); 5 guarantor (bi‑ of) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ ints. formation, adj. > n.
▪ From ↗zaʕama, a vb. I with the basic value ‘to make a clear choice between two alternatives and be outspoken about one’s opinion’. A zaʕīm therefore is s.o. who is able, and has the authority, to decide between true and false, good and bad, right and wrong.

▪ …

↗zaʕama, ↗ZʕM.

–

► tazaʕʕama, vb. V, 1 to set o.s. up as leader; 2 to be the leader (of), lead, command (a body of soldiers, or the like); 3 to pretend to be the leader, pose as leader, be bossy: tD-stem, intr./refl.
► ^BP#4777zaʕāmaẗ, n.f., 1 leadership; 2 leading position in politics: quasi-vn. I.

ZFː (ZFF) زفّ / زفف

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 24Mar2023

√ ZFː (ZFF)

“root”

▪ ZFː (ZFF)_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ZFː (ZFF)_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ZFː (ZFF)_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘walking fast; wailing of the wind; teeth chattering; a bride’s procession’

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ZFT

“root”

▪ ZFT_1 ‘pitch; asphalt’ ↗zift

Other values, now obsolete, include:

ZFT_2 ‘to fill (a vessel)’ : ^†zafata
ZFT_3 ‘to rouse, incite, drive, prompt’ : ^†zafata
ZFT_4 ‘to expel, hinder’ : ^†zafata
ZFT_5 ‘to anger’ : ^†zafata
ZFT_6 ‘to weary s.o.’ : ^†zafata
ZFT_7 ‘to spill (esp. news in s.o.’s ears), whisper’ : ^†zafata

▪ From among the three main values listed in DRS for the Sem root ZPT (> Ar ZFT), only two are represented in Ar; out of these two, only one has survived into MSA (ZFT_1 ‘pitch’). The latter is believed to be a loan from Aram, which in turn is assumed to go back to a (W?)Sem *zipt‑ ‘pitch, pine-resin’.
▪ The obsolete values in Ar (ZFT_2-7), although displaying a considerable spectrum, are all grouped as one etymological item in DRS (#2), without further explanation. Are all these values really only one unit?
▪ Does perh. also ZFT_1 belong together with ZFT_2?

–

▪ DRS 8 (1999)#ZPT-1 Akk zibt-, Hbr zépet, JP ziptā, zē(y)pā, Syr zeptā, zebtā, Ar zift ‘résine, poix’, zaffata ‘poisser’, Gz Te Amh zəft ‘goudron’, Amh zäffätä ‘enduire de goudron’; Gz zafata ‘diluer le moût de la bière’, Tña zäfta ‘sédiment, dépôt’. -2 Ar zafata ‘remplir (un vase); se mettre en colère; repousser, écarter; fatiguer, causer de la peine’, ẒofAr zfet ‘arracher’, SudAr zaffāt : chameau excité qui pousse des cris. -3 Mhr zaftét ‘aller spontanément avec qn’, Jib zotfet ‘flâner, papoter’.

ZFT_1
▪ According to DRS, Nişanyan_18Dec2014, and earlier studies, the Akk (lBab) and Ar words both are from Aram zep̄ṯā, and EthSem is dependent on Ar.
▪ With the values ‘diluer le moût de la bière’ (Gz zafata) and ‘sédiment, dépôt’ (Tña zäfta), EthSem shows interesting deviation from the standard value ‘pitch, pine-resin’. Does this point, against DRS, to an independence from Ar and then perh. also a more general meaning in protSem times?
▪ On account of the Hbr and Aram evidence, DRS dares to reconstruct (W?)Sem *zipt- ‘poix, résine de pin ou de sapin’.
▪ For a speculation about a Grk connection cf. ↗zift.
ZFT_2-7
▪ The values are seen together as one etymological unit in DRS, which seems to suggest itself, given the fact that all values are attached to the same verb, ClassAr ^†zafata. The variety of values, however, is neither explained nor discussed. However, some of these, though not all, may be variants of ZFD, as pointed out by DRS .
▪ The EthSem value ‘sediment, depot’ (Tña zäfta) in ZFT_1 brings lets us think of the production process of ‘pitch, pine-resin’, so that at least the early meaning ‘pine-resin’ could be understood as the *‘liquid/resin that sediments, forms depots (when the trees are tapped)’. From here, at least the meaning ZFT_2 of the obsol. vb. I ^†zafata, ‘to fill (a vessel)’, could have developed.
▪ ZFT_3&4 share a notion of pushing, expelling, etc., but are difficult to link to both ZFT_1 and ZFT_2.
▪ ZFT_5&6: resultative from ZFT_3 or _4?
▪ ZFT_7: The value ‘to whisper’ is explained by Freytag1830 as a development from an original ‘evacuare’ (to evacuate), whispering s.th. into s.o.’s ears being a kind of ‘evacuating’ o.s. into s.o. else. If the basic meaning really is ‘to evacuate’, then it could be a semantically connected to the tapping of conifers to get the resin (ZFT_1) as well as the filling of a vessel (ZFT_2).

–

zift زِفْت

ID 359 • Sw – • BP 6401 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ZFT

n.

1 pitch; 2 asphalt – WehrCowan1979.

▪ The item is believed to be a loan from Aram zep̄ṯā, which in turn (according to DRS) is from a (W?)Sem *zipt‑ ‘pitch, pine-resin’.
▪ »Resin was extracted by tapping conifers. The liquid collected was solidified or heated in order to obtain a tar-like product. However, it could also be used in its fresh and unprocessed state. Wood tar was manufactured through dry distillation of wood. Theophrastus describes the method used in Macedonia. Similar to the production of charcoal, a round wood pile was stacked up that was covered almost completely with earth to control the inflow of air. Only a small opening remained through which the smouldering fire was lit; the fire could be kept burning for up to two days. The tar (pítta) flowed slowly from a trough under the kiln through a channel and into a catch pit (Theophr. Hist. pl. 9,3,1-4). Pliny mentions kilns out of which, after an aqueous preliminary discharge, a more viscous wood tar flowed that was further processed through boiling into actual pitch or refined through the addition of asphalt (bitumen) or vinegar (Plin. HN 16,52-5). By re-boiling it, palimpissa (Plin. HN 24,40) was obtained. Zṓpissa (Grk ζώπισσα; zṓpissa) was pitch drenched in salt water that was scraped off old ship timber (Plin. HN 16,56).« – art. »Pitch« (R.-B. Wartke, A. Burford-Cooper), in Brill’s New Pauly.²
▪ Are Aram zep̄ṯā, or WSem *zipt‑, in any way related to this Grk zṓpissa (Attic zṓpitta) ‘pitch drenched in salt water that was scraped off old ship timber’? Phonologically not very likely (how should one explain the loss of long stressed ṓ in the first syllable?), but the meaning ‘diluer le moût de la bière’ of Gz zafata, which is akin to the Sem words for ‘pine-resin, pitch’, could be conspicuously reminding of the drenching of pitch in salt water to produce zṓpissa.
▪ Does zift possibly belong to ↗ZFT_2 ^†zafata ‘to fill (a vessel)’, pitch and resin dripping into a vessel when the conifers (or the kiln) are tapped?

2. Brill Online, 2016. Reference.

▪ In addition to the value ‘pitch, pine-resin’, ClassAr attaches some more values to the root (cf. ZFT_2-7 in entry ↗ZFT), cf., e.g., (Lat) Freytag1830 / (Ge) Wahrmund1887 / (Engl) Hava1899: ^†zafata, u (zaft), 1 implevit / anfüllen / to fill (a vessel); 2 impulit (iumentum) / (das Thier) antreiben / to rouse s.o.; 3 repulit, removit, impedivit / zurücktreiben, abweisen, hindern / to expel, to hinder; 4 ira exarsit / in Zorn gegen jn. entbrennen / to anger; 5 molestia affecit / belästigen, fatigavit / ermüden / to weary s.o.; 6 evacuavit (totam traditionem in aures ei dixit) / jdm. etwas ins Ohr flüstern / Ø.

▪ DRS 8 (1999)#ZPT-1 Akk zibt-, Hbr zépet, JP ziptā, zē(y)pā, Syr zeptā, zebtā, Ar zift ‘résine, poix’, zaffata ‘poisser’, Gz Te Amh zəft ‘goudron’, Amh zäffätä ‘enduire de goudron’; Gz zafata ‘diluer le moût de la bière’, Tña zäfta ‘sédiment, dépôt’. -2 Ar zafata ‘remplir (un vase); se mettre en colère; repousser, écarter; fatiguer, causer de la peine’, ẒofAr zfet ‘arracher’, SudAr zaffāt : chameau excité qui pousse des cris. -3 Mhr zaftét ‘aller spontanément avec qn’, Jib zotfet ‘flâner, papoter’.

▪ According to DRS, Nişanyan_18Dec2014, and earlier studies, the Akk (lBab) and Ar words are both from Aram zep̄ṯā, and the EthSem forms are dependent on Ar.
▪ On account of the Hbr and Aram evidence, DRS dares to reconstruct (W?)Sem *zipt- ‘poix, résine de pin ou de sapin’.
▪ With the values ‘diluer le moût de la bière’ (Gz zafata) and ‘sédiment, dépôt’ (Tña zäfta), EthSem shows interesting deviation from the standard value ‘pitch, pine-resin’. Does this point, against DRS, to an independence of EthSem from Ar and, hence, also to a more general meaning of √ZPT in protSem times?
▪ The value ‘sediment, depot’ in the cognate Tña zäfta evokes the process of producing ‘pine-resin, pitch’, so that at least the early meaning ‘pine-resin’ could be understood as the liquid/resin that *‘sediments, forms depots’ when trees are tapped (perh. also ‘… when pitch kilns are tapped’). From here, at least the meaning of the obsol. vb. I ^†zafata ‘to fill (a vessel)’ (ZFT_2 in ↗ZFT), could have developed.
▪ For a speculation about a Grk connection cf. above, section CONC.

▪ Tu zift (1387 İrşādü’l-Mülūk ve’s-Selāṭīn), from Ar/Pers zift ‘tar, asphalt’; ziftlenmek ‘to have a drink, drink alcohol’ (*to smear) (1926 H.R. Gürpınar, Tutuşmuş Gönüller) – Nişanyan_18Dec2014.
▪ If Ar zift should, in one way or another, be akin to Grk zṓpissa, var. zṓpitta (cf. above, section CONC), then also many Eur words for ‘pitch’ are also related, cf., e.g., Engl pitch »‘resinous substance, wood tar’, lC12, pich, from oEngl pic ‘pitch’, from a Germ borrowing (oSax and oFris pik, mDu pik, Du pek, oHGe pek, German Pech, oNor bik) of Latin pix (genitive picis) ‘pitch’, which according to Watkins is from a protIE root *pik- ‘pitch’ (cognates: Grk pissa, Lith pikis, oChSlav piklu ‘pitch’), but according to Pokorny this is from the same protIE root as pine « – EtymOnline .

► zift wa-qaṭrān, (lit. pitch and tar), expr., 1 unpleasant, annoying, awkward; 2 damned (bad luck): expr.

► zaffata, vb. II, 1 to smear with pitch, to pitch; 2 to asphalt (a road): applicative, denom.
► mizfataẗ, pl. mazāfitᵘ, n.f., asphalting machine (tech.): n.instr.
► tazfīt, n., asphalting: vn. II

ZFR زفر

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 24Mar2023

√ZFR

“root”

▪ ZFR_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ZFR_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ZFR_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to carry a heavy load; onset of a donkey’s bray, to groan, exhale, pant’

▪ …

–

.

–

ZQM زقم

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 24Mar2023

√ZQM

“root”

▪ ZQM_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ZQM_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ZQM_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to swallow fast, drink too much milk; fresh butter with dates; plague; a certain foul-tasting, stinking tree said grow in the Arabian region of Tihlimah’

▪ …

–

.

–

ZKRYā زكريا

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 24Mar2023

√ZKRYā

“root”

▪ ZKRYā_1 ‘Zacharias’ ↗zakariyyā
▪ ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): The philologists classify this word under the root ↗ZKR ‘to fill up a vessel’, while at the same time recognising it as of foreign origin.

▪ …

–

.

–

ZKW/Y زكو / زكي

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ZKW/Y

“root”

▪ ZKW/Y_1 ‘to thrive; to grow, increase’ ↗zakā / zakiya
▪ ZKW/Y_2 ‘to be pure in heart, be just, righteous, good; to be fit, suitable’ ↗zakā
▪ ZKW/Y_3 ‘alms tax, zakat (Isl.)’ ↗zakāẗ

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to grow, to flourish; to reach, to attain; to purify, to be purified’

The semantics within this root reflect a rather complex overlapping of original meanings and later borrowings. It seems that, etymologically, two main values/items should be distinguished:

▪ ‘to grow, increase’, most probably attached to a Sem root *ZKW/Y, and
▪ ‘to be(come) clean, pure’, attached to Sem *ḎKW/Y.

Both roots and their values are preserved in MSA. Sem *ḎKW/Y, however, has also gone into Hbr and Aram and taken on a specialized religious-ethical meaning there (initial Sem *Ḏ‑ became Z‑ in both—a regular sound change in Hbr, but probably under Akk influence in Aram; there are however also Aram forms with initial ḏ‑). From there, and with the technical religious sense of ‘moral purity’, the word(s) passed into Ar, coming on top of the values ‘growth’ (√ZKW/Y) and ‘brightness, sharpness, clarity’ (√ḎKW/Y) that already existed there from Sem times. This made √ZKW/Y a homonymous root although, from an etymological point of view, it should have been √ḎKW/Y rather than √ZKW/Y.

–

▪ DRS 8 (1999)#ZKW/Y–1 Ar zakā, zakiya ‘croître, grandir, prospérer, être pur, probe’; Mġr zkā ‘gonfler en cuisant (couscous)’. –2 zakiya ‘avoir soif’. — See also ZKY. –1 See Ḏ/ZKW/Y/K.
▪ DRS 4 (1993)# Ḏ/ZKW/Y/K–1 Akk zakū ‘(être) propre, pur, clair, libre d’obligations’, Hbr zākāh ‘être pur’, zak ‘être clair, pur’, Phn zkʔ ‘pur’, EmpAram dky, zky ‘innocent, pur’, Palm *dk ‘rituellement pur’, Mand dakia ‘propre, pur’, BiblAram zākū ‘innocence’, JP Syr zəkā ‘être innocent’, zākūtā ‘innocence, victoire, règne’, Mand zakaia ‘innocent, victorieux’; Ar ḏakā ‘être égorgé selon les règles (animal)’, ḏakwaẗ ‘oblation (pour le péché)’; zakā ‘être pur, sans tache’, Sab ḏkw ‘égorger, achever’, Ar zakāẗ, Sab zkt ‘grâce divine’, Jib zeke, ziki ‘être pur’, Jib Mhr Ḥrs zekōt ‘aumône’, Gz zakik ‘pur, purifié’, Te zäkat ‘aumône légale, impôt’. Les formes en z semblent des emprunts à l’Akk; au contraire: Bauer OLZ 29:803 pense à un emprunt can. Ces formes Aram seraient passées à l’Ar. Sab zkt = empr. Aram. Pour les formes nommant l’aumône légale islamique, SAr et Eth dépendet évidemment de l’Ar. –2 Ar ḏakiya ‘paraître, pousser, percer’, ḏakā ‘être vif, perçant (esprit), être prompt à comprendre; brûler avec intensité, avec violence (feu), dégager une forte odeur’, Liḥ ḏakaw ‘flamme’, Ar ʔaḏkā ‘allumer, bouter le feu’; ? ‘envoyer’; Sab ḏkw ‘détacher (une troupe)’, ḏky, hḏky ‘envoyer’.

▪ Jeffery1938 thinks that ‘to grow, increase’ (ZKW/Y_1) is the primary value of the root and the only one that Ar has directly from Sem, while ‘purity’ (ZKW/Y_2) and ‘alms tax’ (ZKW/Y_3) for him are Aramaisms. The corresponding root in Ar is not ZKW/Y but ↗ḎKW/Y.
▪ For Huehnergard 2011, [v3] is from Aram zākutā ‘innocence, justification, merit, meritorious deed’, from zəkā ‘to be innocent, be worth, give alms’. The latter (which is also akin to [v2]), H. thinks, is either from Can *zakā ‘to be worth, be worthy’, or Akk *zakû ‘to be(come) pure, innocent’, for which Sem *ḏkw ‘to be(come) clean, pure’ can be reconstructed.
▪ For unknown reasons, DRS in its entry #ZKW/Y-1 neither distinguishes between ‘croître, grandir, prospérer’ and ‘être pur, probe’ nor explains how these values could be seen as one. In fact, they probably can’t: ‘purity’ seems to be a secondary addition based on a borrowing from Aram which, etymologically, is akin to Ar ḎKW/Y rather than to ZKW/Y.

▪ Engl zakat ↗zakāẗ.

–

zakā / zakaw‑ زَكا / زَكَوْـ , ū (zakāʔ)

ID 360 • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ZKW

vb., I

1 to be pure in heart, be just, righteous, good; to be fit, suitable (bi‑ for s.o.). – 2 for other meanings ↗zakā / zakiya – WehrCowan1979.

▪ With the meaning ‘purity’ (and also ‘alms tax’, ↗zakāẗ), the root ZKW/Y is most probably an Aramaism that came in addition to the earlier value ‘to grow, increase’ (↗zakā / zakiya), making the root a homonymous one.
▪ According to Huehnergard 2011, the source from which the Ar items are borrowed, Aram zəkā ‘to be innocent, be worth, give alms’, is from Can *zakā ‘to be worth, be worthy’, or Akk *zakû ‘to be(come) pure, innocent’, from Sem *ḏkw ‘to be(come) clean, pure’.
▪ Thus, etymologically speaking, the Ar items with this meaning are not akin to ZKW/Y but to ↗ḎKW/Y.

▪ eC7 Of frequent occurrence in many forms in the Q : ʻto be pure’, e.g.,
▪ (zakā, u, vb. intrans., to reach a level of acceptability [by God], to attain enough purity; to increase in purity) Q 24:21 wa-law-lā faḍlu ’ḷḷāhi ʕalay-kum wa-raḥmatu-hū mā zakā min-kum min ʔaḥadin ʔabadan ‘were it not for God’s grace and mercy towards you, not a single one of you would ever have attained [enough] purity [to be acceptable to God]’
▪ (zakkà, vb II. trans., to purify, to cause to grow in purity) Q 9:103 ḫuḏ min ʔamwāli-him ṣadaqatan tuṭahhiru-hum wa-tuzakkī-him bi-hā ‘take from their possessions alms with which you cleanse them and purify them/cause them to grow in purity’, (to vouch for, to praise, to justify, to vindicate) 53:32 fa-lā tuzakkū ʔanfusa-kum huwa ʔaʕlamu bi-man ittaqà ‘so do not praise yourselves—He knows best who is mindful [of Him]’
▪ (tazakkà, v. V intrans., to seek purity, to strive for God’s grace) Q 35:18 wa-man tazakkà fa-ʔinna-mā yatazakkà li-nafsi-hī ‘whosoever purifies himself, does so only for [the good of] his own soul’
▪ (ʔazkà, elat., purer/purest, more/most godly or virtuous) Q 2:232 ḏālikum ʔazkà la-kum wa-ʔaṭharu ‘that is more virtuous/righteous and purer for you’, (better/best in quality) 18:19 fal-yanẓur ʔayyu-hā ʔazkà ṭaʕāman fal-yaʔti-kum bi-rizqin min-hu ‘let him look which is the best quality food, and bring you some of it’
▪ (zakiyy, quasi-AP, pure, pious) Q 19:19 qāla ʔinna-mā ʔanā rasūlu rabbi-ki li-ʔahiba la-ki ġulāman zakiyyan ‘He said, “I am only a messenger from your Lord, [come] to grant you a pure boy”’, (innocent) 18:74 ʔa-qatalta nafsan zakiyyatan bi-ġayri nafsin ‘how could you kill an innocent person without [it being in exchange for his killing of] another?’
▪ (zakāẗ, n., prescribed alms) Q 73:20 wa-ʔaqīmū ’l-ṣalāta wa-ʔātū ’l-zakāta wa-ʔaqriḍū ’ḷḷāha qarḍan ḥasanan ‘keep up the prayer, pay the alms, and make God a goodly loan’

▪ DRS 4 (1993)# Ḏ/ZKW/Y/K–1 Akk zakū ‘(être) propre, pur, clair, libre d’obligations’, Hbr zākāh ‘être pur’, zak ‘être clair, pur’, Phn zkʔ ‘pur’, EmpAram dky, zky ‘innocent, pur’, Palm *dk ‘rituellement pur’, Mand dakia ‘propre, pur’, BiblAram zākū ‘innocence’, JP Syr zəkā ‘être innocent’, zākūtā ‘innocence, victoire, règne’, Mand zakaia ‘innocent, victorieux’; Ar ḏakā ‘être égorgé selon les règles (animal)’, ḏakwaẗ ‘oblation (pour le péché)’; zakā ‘être pur, sans tache’, Sab ḏkw ‘égorger, achever’, Ar zakāẗ, Sab zkt ‘grâce divine’, Jib zeke, ziki ‘être pur’, Jib Mhr Ḥrs zekōt ‘aumône’, Gz zakik ‘pur, purifié’, Te zäkat ‘aumône légale, impôt’. Les formes en z semblent des emprunts à l’Akk; au contraire: Bauer OLZ 29:803 pense à un emprunt can. Ces formes Aram seraient passées à l’Ar. Sab zkt = empr. Aram. Pour les formes nommant l’aumône légale islamique, SAr et Eth dépendet évidemment de l’Ar. — 2 Ar ḏakiya ‘paraître, pousser, percer’, ḏakā ‘être vif, perçant (esprit), être prompt à comprendre; brûler avec intensité, avec violence (feu), dégager une forte odeur’, Liḥ ḏakaw ‘flamme’, Ar ʔaḏkā ‘allumer, bouter le feu’; ? ‘envoyer’; Sab ḏkw ‘détacher (une troupe)’, ḏky, hḏky ‘envoyer’.

▪ Jeffery1938, 152-53: »The three forms [in the Qurʔān] which particularly concern us are zakā (cf. xxiv, 21), zakkà (ii, 146; iv, 52; xci, 9), and tazakkà (xx, 78; lxxxviL 14). – The primitive meaning of the Ar zky is ʻto grow, to flourish, thrive’, as is recognized by the Lexicons (cf. LA, xix, 77; and Rāghib, Mufradāt, 212).⁶ This is the meaning we find in the earliest texts, e.g. Ḥamāsa, 722, 11; Labīd (ed. Chalidi), etc., and with this we must connect the ʔazkà of ii, 232; xviii, 18, etc., as Nöldeke notes.⁷ In this sense it is cognate with Akk zakū ʻto be free, immune’⁸ ; Aram זכא ‘to be victorious’, Syr zəḵā, etc. – In the sense of ʻclean, pure’, however, i.e. zakā, i, zakkà, and tazakkà, it is obviously a borrowing from the older religions.⁹ Hbr זכא (like Phoen זכא) is ʻto be clean or pure’ in the moral sense, and its forms parallel all the uses in the Qurʔān. So the related Aram דכא, זכא, and זכי, Syr ḏəḵā, ḏəḵī, and zəḵā mean ʻto be clean’ both in the physical and in the moral sense. The Ar equivalent of these forms, of course, is ḏakā ʻto be bright’ [↗ √ḎKW/Y], and so there can be little doubt that zakā used in its technical religious sense was borrowed from an Aramaic form. It is, of course, difficult to decide whether the origin is Jewish or Christian. Nöldeke, Neue Beiträge, 25, n.; Schulthess, ZA, xxvi, 152; and Torrey, Foundation, 141, favour a Jewish origin, but Andrae, Ursprung, 200, points to the close parallels between Muḥammad’s use of the word and that which we find in contemporary Syriac literature,¹⁰ so that there is ground for thinking that it came to him from Christian sources.«

6. And see Hurgronje, Verspreide Geschriften, ii, p. 11. 7. Neue Beiträge, 25 n. 8. Zimmern, Akkad. Fremdw, 25. 9. Grimme, Mohammed, 1892, p. 15, tried to prove that tazakkà for Muḥammad meant ʻto pay legal alms’ (zakāt), but this is far fetched, as Hurgronje, RHR, xxx, 157 ff., pointed out. It is true, however, that in his later years Muḥammad did associate justification before God with almsgiving (Bell, Origin, 80; see also Ahrens, Christliches, 21; Horovitz, JPN, 206 ff.). 10. Vide also Bell, Origin, 51. It is possible that the Phlv dakia of PPGl, 104, may be from the same origin. Frahang, Glossary, p. 87.

–

► zakkà, vb. II, 1 to purify, chasten; to justify, vindicate, vouch for, or bear witness to s.o.’s integrity, declare s.o. honest, upright or just, attest the honorable record of s.o.; to attest to the truth, validity or credibility of s.th.: caus.; 2 for another meaning ↗zakā / zakiya.
► tazakkà, vb. V, to be purified, be chastened: refl./pass. of II.

► zakiyy, pl. ʔazkiyāʔᵘ, adj., pure; chaste; guiltless, blameless, sinless; (also = ḏakiyy, e.g. rāʔiḥaẗ zakiyyaẗ, n., delightful odor).
► zakāʔ, n., 1 (moral) purity, integrity, honesty, righteousness; 2 ↗zakā / zakiya : vn. I.
► ^BP#4006zakāẗ ↗s.v..
► ʔazkà, purer; more befitting, more appropriate; better; (also = ʔaḏkà, e.g., ʔazkà rāʔiḥaẗ, the most delightful odor): elat.
► tazkiyaẗ, n.f., purification, chastening; pronouncement of s.o.’s integrity or credibility; attestation of (a witness’) honorable record (Isl. Law): vn. II.

zakā زكا / zakaw‑ / zakiy زكِيَ , à (zakāʔ)

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ZKW/Y

vb., I

1 to thrive; to grow, increase. – 2 for other meanings ↗zakā ū – WehrCowan1979.

Jeffery 1938 thinks that this value of the root ZKW/Y is the primary one, i.e., the one that Ar has preserved from Sem, while other meanings (treated under ↗zakā here) are from Aram.

▪ …

▪ DRS 8 (1999)#ZKW/Y–1 Ar zakā, zakiya ‘croître, grandir, prospérer, être pur, probe’; Mġr zkā ‘gonfler en cuisant (couscous)’

▪ DRS sees ‘croître, grandir, prospérer, être pur, probe’ as one semantic unit but does not explain why/how ‘croître, grandir, prospérer’ should be seen together with ‘être pur, probe’.
▪ The value ‘to grow, increase’ seems to be attested in Ar only. For ‘purity’ (and ‘alms’) which, as an Aramaism, ultimately goes back to Sem *ḎKW/Y rather than to *ZKW/Y, see ↗zakā ↗zakāẗ.
▪ For a discussion of the complex entanglements within the root, see disambiguation entry ↗ZKW/Y.

–

► zakkà, vb. II, 1 to increase, augment, make grow: ints.?; 2 for another meaning ↗zakā.
► ʔazkà, vb. IV, to cause to grow; to grow (s.th.): caus.

► zakāʔ, n., 1 growth: vn.; 2 for another meaning ↗zakā.

zakāʔ زَكاء

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ZKW/Y

n.

1 growth. – 2 (moral) purity, integrity, honesty, righteousness – WehrCowan1979.

zakāʔ is the vn. of both ↗zakā ū ‘to be pure in heart, be just, righteous, good’ and ↗zakiya à ‘to grow, increase’.

▪ …

…

▪ …
▪ …

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zakāẗ زَكاة var. زكَوة , pl. زكاً zakan , zakawāt

ID 361 • Sw – • BP 4006 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ZKW

n.

purity; justness, integrity, honesty; justification, vindication; alms-giving, alms, charity; alms tax, zakat (Isl. Law) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ It seems that the word was borrowed in early Islamic times from JudAram zəḵūṯā ‘voluntary deed of merit in accordance with God’s commandments’ to provide a counter-concept ‘collective charity’ against, and to compete with, old Arabian charity as practised by clan/tribe chiefs through individual acts of generosity. The latter was integrated into Islam in a modified, ‘milder’ form as ↗ṣadaqaẗ while zakāẗ was made obligatory (and more reliable) and thus given priority over the latter. However, pre-Islamic ideals were not completely replaced by zakāẗ and ṣadaqaẗ; rather, they continued into Islamic times (↗ǧūd, ↗karam, ↗saḫāʔ). The meaning ‘alms (tax)’ does not seem to have been attached to the Aram source yet and was therefore probably added by Islam.
▪ Together with the vb. ↗zakā ‘to be pure in heart, be just, righteous’ (which is from Aram zəkā ‘to be innocent, be worth, give alms’), the item goes back to Can *zakā ‘to be worth, be worthy’, or Akk *zakû ‘to be(come) pure, innocent’, both from Sem *ḏkw ‘to be(come) clean, pure’.³

3. …with Aram *dəkā > zəkā under Akk influence?

▪ eC7 Q 2:43,83,110,177,277; 4:77, etc. ʻlegal Alms’. Occurs only in Medinan passages, such as Q 2:43,83,110,177,277; 4:77, etc. Another example is Q 73:20 wa-ʔaqīmū ’l-ṣalāta wa-ʔātū ’l-zakāta wa-ʔaqriḍū ’ḷḷāha qarḍan ḥasanan ‘keep up the prayer, pay the alms, and make God a goodly loan’.

Aram zkwt, Syr zᵊḵūṯā are not cognates proper since zakāẗ is loaned from there. This notwithstanding, it does of course belong to the same Sem root, cf. ↗ZKW/Y. The word appears already in some Sab inscriptions as zkt (dated 542 and 619 Himyarite era, i.e., c. 430 CE and 508 CE, respectively), meaning ‘Heilstat, Gnade (Gottes)’¹ SAr zkt ? – Aram zkwt, Syr zᵊḵūṯā are not cognates proper since zakāẗ is loaned from there. This notwithstanding, the item does of course belong to the same Sem root, cf. ↗ZKW/Y.

1. Müller2010

▪ Jeffery1938, 153: »Naturally the Muslim authorities explain this word from ↗zakā, and tell us that an Alms is so called because it purifies the soul from meanness, or even because it purifies wealth itself (cf. Bayḍ, on ii, 40, etc.),¹¹ though some sought to derive it from the primitive meaning of ʻto increase’ (see Rāghib, Mufradāt, 212, and the Lexicons). – zakāẗ, however, is another of the technical religious terms taken over from the older faiths. Fraenkel, Vocab, 23, suggested that it was from the Aram זכות. The primary sense of זכות, זכותא is ʻpuritas, innocentia’, from which developed the secondary meaning of ʻmeritum’ as in the Targum on Ruth iv, 21, but it does not seem that זכותא, or its Syr equivalent zəḵūṯā, ever meant ʻalms’, though this meaning could easily be derived from it. Fraenkel is inclined to believe that the Jews of Arabia had already given it this meaning before Islam "sed fortasse Iudaei Arabici זכות sensu eleemosynarum adhibuerunt" (so Torrey, Foundation, 48, 141). Nöldeke, however (Neue Beiträge, 25), is inclined to believe that the specializing of the word for alms was due to Muḥammad himself.¹² «
▪ Pennacchio2014, 19: The old writing with و as mater lectionis (زكوة) is a strong indication of the word’s Aram origin.
▪ Pennacchio2014, 138: »Dans la littérature rabbinique, zkwtʔ ‘bénéfice’, ‘mérite’ fonctionne comme l’équivalent hébraïque des ṣədāqā ‘aumône’. […] Le fait qu’on ait deux mots en ar., zakāẗ et ṣadaqaẗ, et en héb. zəkūtâ et ṣədāqā, suffit à prouver l’emprunt au judaïsme.«
▪ Huehnergard2011: from Aram zākutā ‘innocence, justification, merit, meritorious deed’, from zəkā ‘to be innocent, be worth, give alms’, from Can *zakā ‘to be worth, be worthy’, or Akk *zakû ‘to be(come) pure, innocent’, from < Sem ḏkw ‘to be(come) clean, pure’.
▪ Kerr 2014: »The nearest cognate meaning of this root is found in JP / Galilean Aram zky ‘to give to charity’. The precursors of this semantic development can probably still be seen in Syr zāḵūṯā ‘acquittal, innocence’ (also ‘grave of a martyr’) or possibly in Jewish-Babylonian Aram, Pal Targ-Aram and Galilean Aram zəḵūṯā ‘reward‚commendable deed’. The latter seems more likely to me.«

11. The origin of this idea, of course, is in the Qurʔān itself, cf. ix, 104. 12. See also Bell, Origin, 80; Schulthess, in ZA, xxvi, 1.50, 151; Ahrens, Muhammad, 180; Von Kremer, Streifzüge, p. xi; Horovitz, JPN, 206. Wensinck, Joden, 114, says: »Men zal misschien vragen of tot se Mekkaansche instellingen niet de zakat behoort. En men zou zich voor deze meening op talrijke Mekkaansche openbaringen kunnen beroepen waar van zakāẗ gesproken wordt. Men vergete echter niet, dat het woord zakāẗ het Joodsche זכות, verdienste beteekent. Deze naam is door de Arabische Joden of door Mohammed uitsluitend op het geven van aalmoezen en daarna op de aalmoes zelf toegepast.«

▪ zakat: in Engl attested since 1802. Via Pers zakāt, from Ar zakāẗ – EtymOnline.
▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl zakat, from Ar zakāẗ ‘purity, justness, alms, charity’, from Aram zākutā ‘innocence, justification, merit, meritorious deed’, from zᵊkā ‘to be innocent, be worth, give alms’, from Can zᵊkā or Akk zakû ‘to be(come) pure, innocent’.

►

ZLː (ZLL) زلّ / زلل

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 24Mar2023

√ ZLː (ZLL)

“root”

▪ ZLː (ZLL)_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ZLː (ZLL)_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ZLː (ZLL)_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to trip over, slip, cause to slip; to remove’

▪ …

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.

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ZLZL زلزل

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ZLZL

“root”

▪ ZLZL_1 ‘to shake, rock, convulse, (cause to) tremble; earthquake’ ↗zalzala

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to shake violently, to rock, to tremble, earthquake, to agitate’

▪ Out of the 7 values listed by DRS for the root ZLZL in Sem, only 1 is represented in Ar.
▪ The root is obviously a reduplication of (= ints. formation from) the bi-consonantal element *‑zl‑ which also appears in combination with third (and forth) consonants, cf. e.g. ↗zāla ‘to go away, depart, pass away, shift’, ↗zalla ‘to slip, slide off, move away’, ↗zalaǧa ‘to slip, slide, glide along’, ↗zalaqa ‘to glide, slide, slip’. Like zalzala, these roots have in common the notion of »‘rapidité, agilité’, souvaint liée à celle de ‘glisser’ (et conjointement de ‘lisse, poli, brillant’« – DRS 8 (1999)#-ZL-, cf. also ↗*-ZL-.

–

▪ DRS 8 (1999)#ZLZL-1 Syr ʔzdanzal ‘être secoué, trembler’, zunzālā ‘tremblement, turpitude, honte’, Ar zalzala ‘faire trembler, secouer, agiter’, zalzāl ‘tremblement (des membres)’, zalzalaẗ, EAr zanzale, HispAr zérzel, MġrAr zəlzla, zənzla, Ḥrs zəlzāl, EJib zelzelt ‘tremblement de terre’. ? Tña zälzäl bälä ‘ballotter (chose accrochée)’. -2 Hbr zalzallīm (pl.) ‘pousses de vigne’. -3 TalmAram zīlzūlā ‘mépris, dédain’, zalzīlā ‘débauché, prodigue’, zalzəlānā ‘glouton, vorace’. -4 Te zärzärä, Tña zälzälä, Amh Arg zäläzzälä, Gur zəläzälä ‘découper la viande en lanières’. -5 Te zəlzale ‘abeille’. -6 zälzal ‘gonflé, bouffant, trop ample’, ? Amh ʔažäläžžälä ‘être immense, innombrable’. -7 Gur zəläzälä ‘faire du petit commerce’.

▪ DRS 8 (1999)#ZLZL-1: »Quelques formes présentent une dissimilation l > n (occasionnellement r) […]. – La base est ZLZL (et avec dissimilation ZNZL), formation à redoublement sur ZL, avec divers phénomènes de dissimilation; v. aussi s. ZLL.«
▪ For the 2-cons. basis of which ZLZL is a reduplication, cf. above, section CONC.
▪ »The semantic field of zlzl seems to be vibration. If the meaning ‘twig’ or ‘thin branch’ [of nEg ḏ3nḏ3nrt, ḏ3n3ḏ3n3, ḏ3nḏ3r(t), etc.] derives from this root, then possibly the semantic development is from the notion of ‘shaking a (pliant) stick’« – Hoch1994.

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zalzal‑ زَلْزَلَ (zalzalaẗ , zilzāl , zalzāl)

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ZLZL

vb., I

1 to shake, rock, convulse, cause to tremble (s.th., s.o.); 2 pass. zulzila also: to waver, stumble – WehrCowan1979.

▪ The root is obviously a reduplication of (= ints. formation from) the bi-consonantal element *‑zl‑ which also appears in combination with third (and forth) consonants, cf. e.g. ↗zāla ‘to go away, depart, pass away, shift’, ↗zalla ‘to slip, slide off, move away’, ↗zalaǧa ‘to slip, slide, glide along’, ↗zalaqa ‘to glide, slide, slip’. Like zalzala, many of these roots share the notion of »‘rapidité, agilité’, souvaint liée à celle de ‘glisser’ (et conjointement de ‘lisse, poli, brillant’« – DRS 8 (1999)#-ZL-, cf. also ↗*-ZL-.

▪ eC7 zulzila (pass.) 1 (to be shaken by an earthquake) Q 99:1-2 ʔiḏā zulzilat-i ’I-ʔarḍu zilzāla-hā ‘when the Earth is shaken with its quaking’; 2 (to be disturbed, agitated) Q 33:11 hunālika ’btuliya ’l-muʔminūna wa-zulzilū zilzālan šadīdan ‘there the believers were sorely tested and deeply shaken’. – zilzāl 1 (earthquake, earth tremor) Q 99:1-2 ʔiḏā zulzilat-i ’I-ʔarḍu zilzāla-hā ‘when the Earth is shaken with its quaking’; 2 (agitation, disturbance) Q 33:11 hunālika ’btuliya ’l-muʔminūna wa-zulzilū zilzālan šadīdan ‘there the believers were sorely tested and deeply shaken’. – zalzalaẗ (shaking, shockwave, trauma) Q 99:1-2 ʔinna zalzalaẗa ’I-sāʕaẗi šayʔun ʕaẓīmun ‘the trauma of the [coming of the] Hour wil be a mighty thing’

▪ DRS 8 (1999)#ZLZL-1: Syr ʔzdanzal ‘être secoué, trembler’, zunzālā ‘tremblement, turpitude, honte’, Ar zalzala ‘faire trembler, secouer, agiter’, zalzāl ‘tremblement (des membres)’, zalzalaẗ, EAr zanzale, HispAr zérzel, MġrAr zəlzla, zənzla, Ḥrs zəlzāl, EJib zelzelt ‘tremblement de terre’. ? Tña zälzäl bälä ‘ballotter (chose accrochée)’.

▪ Cf. above, section CONC.
▪ »The semantic field of zlzl seems to be vibration. If the meaning ‘twig’ or ‘thin branch’ [of nEg ḏ3nḏ3nrt, ḏ3n3ḏ3n3, ḏ3nḏ3r(t), etc., Copt ǧal ] derives from this root, then possibly the semantic development is from the notion of ‘shaking a (pliant) stick’« – Hoch1994.

▪ Tu zelzele (<1300, Orta Asya’da Bulunmuş… Kuran Tefsiri, ed. Borovkov), from Ar zalzalaẗ – Nişanyan_19Nov2014.

► tazalzala, vb. II, to quake (earth): T-stem, intr.

► zalzalaẗ, pl. zalāzilᵘ, n.f., earthquake: vn.
► zalzāl, var. ^BP#2702zilzāl, n., 1 concussion, shock, convulsion; 2 earthquake: vn.

zilzāl زِلْزال , var. zalzāl

ID 362 • Sw – • BP 2702 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ZLZL

n.

1 concussion, shock, convulsion; 2 earthquake – WehrCowan1979.

vn. of ↗zalzala.

▪ eC7 1 (earthquake, earth tremor) Q 99:1-2 ʔiḏā zulzilat-i ’l-ʔarḍu zilzāla-hā ‘when the Earth is shaken with its quaking’; 2 (agitation, disturbance) Q 33:11 hunālika ’btuliya ’l-muʔminūna wa-zulzilū zilzālan šadīdan ‘there the believers were sorely tested and deeply shaken’. –
▪ Cf. also ↗zalzala.

↗zalzala

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ZLF زلف

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 25Mar2023

√ZLF

“root”

▪ ZLF_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ZLF_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ZLF_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to approach, draw near, advance; to crawl; to ingratiate o.s., seek God’s pleasure; time span’

▪ …

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ZLQ زلق

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 25Mar2023

√ZLQ

“root”

▪ ZLQ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ZLQ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ZLQ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to slip, slide, be slippery, be smooth’

▪ …

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ZLM زلم

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 25Mar2023

√ZLM

“root”

▪ ZLM_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ZLM_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ZLM_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to cut the loop of the ear; to emaciate through hunger; arrows, arrows used in divination in pre-Islamic Arabia’

▪ …

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.

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ZMR زمر

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 25Mar2023

√ZMR

“root”

▪ ZMR_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ZMR_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ZMR_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘windpipe, playing a flute; base people; group of people’

▪ From protSem *√ZMR ‘to make music’ – Huehnergard2011.
▪ …

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.

▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl klezmer, from MishnaHbr zemer ‘music, song’, from zāmar ‘to make music’, cf. Ar ↗zamara, vb. I, ‘to blow, play (a wind instrument)’.

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ZMRD زمرد

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ZMRD

“root”

▪ ZMRD_1 ‘emerald’ ↗zumurrud
▪ ZMRD_2 ‘…’ ↗…

▪ …

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▪ …
▪ …

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zumurrud زُمُرُّد

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ZMRD

n.

emerald – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Perh from Grk smáragdos ‘emerald (or other green gem)’, via Pers. Some theories trace the word back also to the Sem root *BRQ ‘lightning; to shine, glitter, flash’, in which case it would be akin to Ar ↗barq ‘lightning’.

▪ …

…

▪ DRS 8 (1999)#ZMRGD-b: For Brockelmann (ZDMG 65 (1911): 146), zumurrud derives from ↗zabarǧad. CDG 639 thinks it is of Pers origin, but for Steingass 621, zumurrud is genuinely Ar.
▪ Rolland2014a: »Peut-être du Grk smáragdos ‘émeraude ou autre pierre verte’, via le Pers. Pour Chantraine, le mot grec résulte d’un ‘emprunt oriental certain’. Pour Nişanyan, le Pers zumurrud ou zumrūd vient de l’Aram zmaragdā et est apparanté au Pers zabarǧad ‘chrysolite, topaze’ [loaned into Ar, ↗zabarǧad ]. On a aussi évoqué une lointaine parenté de ces deux mots avec la racine Sem *BRQ ‘briller’, Akk barraqtu, ainsi que le Skr marakata, qui tous deux désignent l’émeraude. On voit qu’il s’agit d’un mot voyageur dont il est difficile de déterminer le cheminement historique.«

▪ Perhaps from the same Sem source as Engl emerald.

► zumurrudī, adj., emerald(-coloured)

ZML زمل

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 25Mar2023

√ZML

“root”

▪ ZML_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ZML_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ZML_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to run fast while veering to one side, to limp; to ride behind another person, a companion; to hide, wrap o.s.’

▪ …

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ZMN زمن

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ZMN

“root”

▪ ZMN_1 ‘time, period of time, duration’ ↗zaman, ↗zamān
▪ ZMN_2 ‘(to be) chronically ill’ ↗zamin

Other values, now obsolete, include:

^†ZMN_3 ‘to enrage’ : zamana
^†ZMN_4 ‘campement; richesses, équipement, mobilier’ : (Ḥass) zmān

▪ All the three values given by DRS for the root ZMN in Sem are represented in Ar, but only one (DRS #ZMN-1) is represented in MSA (with the two sub-values ZMN_1 and ZMN_2).
▪ ZMN_1: DRS reconstructs Sem *zaman‑ ‘temps déterminé’ as the shared origin of the cognates given under #ZMN-1. At the same time, DRS states that the Ar (as well as the Hbr and EthSem) forms probably are taken from Aram zᵊmān, which in itself goes back either to Akk simanu ‘season, proper time, time’ or oPers ǧamāna ‘time’. – The parallel existence of forms with short a and long ā has still to be explained.
▪ ZMN_2 : probably dependent on (i.e., special use of) ZMN_1.
▪ ZMN_3&4 : Etymology obscure.

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▪ ZMN_1: DRS 8 (1999)#ZMN-1 Hbr BiblAram zᵊmān, Palm zbn, Nab zmn, zbn, ChrPal zᵊbān, Syr zabnā, Mand zban, Ṭur zabno, nAram (pl.) zibnō, nSyr zōnā, Ar zaman, zamān, Mhr zebōn, Jib ziũn, Soq zem, Gz zaman, Tña Amh zämän, Har zäman, Gur zämän, zämär, zān, Te Tña Amh Arg zäbän, ‘temps, époque, période’, Te təzäbbänä ‘être opportun, coutumier’; Hbr *mᵊzumman ‘déterminé (temps)’, BiblAram *hizdᵊman, hizdammēn ‘convenir de, fixer’, Syr zammen ‘inviter, préparer’, zᵊmīnā ‘invité, convive’, Mand *zamin ‘convoquer’, Ar zamina ‘être atteint d’une maladie chronique’, zamān ‘vicissitudes du temps, destin, malheur’, Jib ezmin ‘être au début de la mousson’. ? -2 Ḥass zmān ‘campement; richesses, équipement, mobilier’. -3 Ar zamana ‘enflammer la colère’

▪ DRS 8 (1999)#ZMN-1 reconstructs Sem *zaman- ‘temps déterminé’, but at the same time says that the Hbr, Ar and EthSem forms seem to be borrowed from Aram. For the latter, two possible origins have been suggested by earlier research: either it is from Akk simān- ‘right moment’ [CAD: simanu (var. simunu, šimanu) ‘season, proper time, time’, from (w)asāmu ‘to be fitting, proper, suitable’, cf. Ar ↗wasīm ] or from oPers ǧamāna, mPers zamān, cf. Sogd zmn. – The forms showing -b- instead of -m- (ZBN) prevail in non-BiblAram; in Mand, zaman is to be found in Ar expressions, but there also exist forms with an Aram structure that are derived from ZMN, like zamanta, zamanuta, etc. ‘convocation, invitation. – In Ar, some semantic derivations are due to the influence of ↗dahr.
▪ Nişanyan_04May2015: Ar/Pers zamān ‘time, age, period’, akin to Akk simānu [sic!] ‘specific day or time, moment’, Hbr/Aram zəmān ‘id.’. mPers zəmānak ‘id.’ is probably a loan from Aram. – Arm žamanak ‘id.’ is from mPers.
▪ Is zaman simply a var. of zamān ? Or is zaman from Akk simanu ‘season, proper time, time’ while zamān is from mPers zamān ‘time’?
▪ ZMN_2-4 : see above, section CONC.

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zaman زَمَن , pl. ʔazmān

ID 365 • Sw – • NahḍCon • BP 551 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ZMN

n.

1 time; 2 period, stretch of time; 3 duration – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Simply a var. of ↗zamān or originally going back to a different etymon? While zaman could be from Akk simanu ‘season, proper time, time’, zamān may have Pers ancestors: mPers zamān < oPers ǧamāna ‘time’.
▪ DRS reconstructs Sem *zaman‑ ‘temps déterminé’ as the shared origin of the cognates given under #ZMN-1. At the same time, it is stated that the Ar (as well as the Hbr and EthSem) forms probably are taken from Aram zᵊmān, which in itself goes back either to Akk simanu ‘season, proper time, time’ or oPers ǧamāna ‘time’.

▪ …

▪ ZMN_1: DRS 8 (1999)#ZMN-1 Hbr BiblAram zᵊmān, Palm zbn, Nab zmn, zbn, ChrPal zᵊbān, Syr zabnā, Mand zban, Ṭur zabno, nAram (pl.) zibnō, nSyr zōnā, Ar zaman, zamān, Mhr zebōn, Jib ziũn, Soq zem, Gz zaman, Tña Amh zämän, Har zäman, Gur zämän, zämär, zān, Te Tña Amh Arg zäbän, ‘temps, époque, période’, Te təzäbbänä ‘être opportun, coutumier’; Hbr *mᵊzumman ‘déterminé (temps)’, BiblAram *hizdᵊman, hizdammēn ‘convenir de, fixer’, Syr zammen ‘inviter, préparer’, zᵊmīnā ‘invité, convive’, Mand *zamin ‘convoquer’, Ar zamina ‘être atteint d’une maladie chronique’, zamān ‘vicissitudes du temps, destin, malheur’, Jib ezmin ‘être au début de la mousson’.

▪ DRS 8 (1999)#ZMN-1 reconstructs Sem *zaman- ‘temps déterminé’, but at the same time says that the Hbr, Ar and EthSem forms seem to be borrowed from Aram. For the latter, two possible origins have been suggested by earlier research: either it is from Akk simān- ‘right moment’ [CAD: simanu (var. simunu, šimanu) ‘season, proper time, time’, from (w)asāmu ‘to be fitting, proper, suitable’, cf. Ar ↗wasīm ] or from oPers ǧamāna, mPers zamān, cf. Sogd zmn. – The forms showing -b- instead of -m- (ZBN) prevail in non-BiblAram; in Mand, zaman is to be found in Ar expressions, but there also exist forms with an Aram structure that are derived from ZMN, like zamanta, zamanuta, etc. ‘convocation, invitation. – In Ar, some semantic derivations are due to the influence of ↗dahr.
▪ Is zaman simply a var. of ↗zamān ? Or is zaman from Akk simanu ‘season, proper time, time’ while zamān is from mPers zamān ‘time’?

–

► zamanan, adv., for some time

► zamina, a (zamānaẗ), vb. I, to be chronically ill: denom. (?); see also ↗zamin.
► ʔazmana, vb. IV, 1 to stay, remain (bi‑ at a place); 2 to last long: denom. – 3 ↗zamin.
► zamanaẗ, n.f., period of time: quasi-n.un., from zaman (interpreted as n.coll.).
► zamin, var. zamīn, pl. zamnà, adj., chronically ill: specialisation; cf. also s.v.
► ^BP#737zamān, pl. ʔazminaẗ, n., 1 time; 2 duration; 3 fortune, fate, destiny: var. of zaman (?) | min ~, adv., for some time (past), for quite a while; ʕalà ’l-~, adv., always, ever; ʔahl zamāni-hī, n., his contemporaries; ḥikāyāt ~, n.f.pl., tale of yore, stories of the past; ʔayyāmᵃ zamān, adv., in days of yore, in bygone days.
► ^BP#2275zamanī, adj., 1 temporal, time (adj.); 2 worldly, earthly; 3 passing, transient, transitory; 4 secular: nsb-adj. | ʔalġām zamaniyyaẗ, n.f.pl., mines with time fuse; qunbulaẗ zamaniyyaẗ, n.f., time bomb.
► zamānī, adj., 1 temporal, time; 2 worldly, earthly; 3 passing, transient, transitory; 4 secular: nsb-adj., from zamān.
► zamaniyyaẗ, var. zamāniyyaẗ, n.f., period of time, given time: quasi-abstr. in ‑iyyaẗ.
► zamānaẗ, n.f., chronic illness: specialisation, cf. ↗zamin.
► mizmān, n., chronoscope (for measuring reaction time; psych.): n.instr., neolog.
► tazāmun, n., simultaneous existence (of several things), simultaneity, contemporaneousness; coincidence: vn. VI.
► ^BP#3768muzmin, adj., 1 lasting, enduring, longlived; 2 old, deep-seated, inveterate: PA IV; 3 ↗zamin.
► mutazāmin, adj., simultaneous, contemporaneous; conincident: PA VI.

zamin زَمِن , var. zamīn , pl. zamnà

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ZMN

adj.

chronically ill – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Probably dependent on ↗zaman ‘time, period of time, duration’, orig. *‘specified moment, specific time’.

▪ …

↗zaman, ↗ZMN.

–

► zamina, a (zamānaẗ), vb. I, to be chronically ill: denom.

► ʔazmana, vb. IV, 1-2 ↗zaman; 3 to be chronic (disease), be inveterate: denom.
► zamānaẗ, n.f., chronic illness:…
► ^BP#3768muzmin, adj., 1-2 ↗zaman; 3 chronic (desease): PA IV.

For other values of the root cf. ↗zaman, ↗zamān, ↗ZMN.

zamān زَمان , pl. ʔazminaẗ

ID 364 • Sw – • NahḍCon • BP 737 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ZMN

n.

1 time; 2 duration; 3 fortune, fate, destiny – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Simply a var. of ↗zaman or originally going back to a different etymon? While zaman could be from Akk simanu ‘season, proper time, time’, zamān may have Pers ancestors: mPers zamān < oPers ǧamāna ‘time’.
▪ DRS reconstructs Sem *zaman‑ ‘temps déterminé’. At the same time, it is stated that the Ar (as well as the Hbr and EthSem) forms probably are taken from Aram zᵊmān, which in itself goes back either to Akk simanu ‘season, proper time, time’ or oPers ǧamāna ‘time’.

▪ …

▪ DRS 8 (1999)#ZMN-1 Hbr BiblAram zᵊmān, Palm zbn, Nab zmn, zbn, ChrPal zᵊbān, Syr zabnā, Mand zban, Ṭur zabno, nAram (pl.) zibnō, nSyr zōnā, Ar zaman, zamān, Mhr zebōn, Jib ziũn, Soq zem, Gz zaman, Tña Amh zämän, Har zäman, Gur zämän, zämär, zān, Te Tña Amh Arg zäbän, ‘temps, époque, période’, Te təzäbbänä ‘être opportun, coutumier’; Hbr *mᵊzumman ‘déterminé (temps)’, BiblAram *hizdᵊman, hizdammēn ‘convenir de, fixer’, Syr zammen ‘inviter, préparer’, zᵊmīnā ‘invité, convive’, Mand *zamin ‘convoquer’, Ar zamina ‘être atteint d’une maladie chronique’, zamān ‘vicissitudes du temps, destin, malheur’, Jib ezmin ‘être au début de la mousson’.
▪ Nişanyan_04May2015: Akk simānu [sic!] ‘specific day or time, moment’, Hbr/Aram zəmān ‘id.’, Ar/Pers zamān ‘time, age, period’.

▪ DRS 8 (1999)#ZMN-1 reconstructs Sem *zaman- ‘temps déterminé’, but at the same time says that the Hbr, Ar and EthSem forms seem to be borrowed from Aram. For the latter, two possible origins have been suggested by earlier research: either it is from Akk simān- ‘right moment’ [CAD: simanu (var. simunu, šimanu) ‘season, proper time, time’, from (w)asāmu ‘to be fitting, proper, suitable’, cf. Ar ↗wasīm ] or from oPers ǧamāna, mPers zamān, cf. Sogd zmn. – The forms showing -b- instead of -m- (ZBN) prevail in non-BiblAram; in Mand, zaman is to be found in Ar expressions, but there also exist forms with an Aram structure that are derived from ZMN, like zamanta, zamanuta, etc. ‘convocation, invitation. – In Ar, some semantic derivations are due to the influence of ↗dahr.
▪ Is zamān simply a var. of zaman (or vice versa)? Or is zaman from Akk simanu ‘season, proper time, time’ while zamān is from mPers zamān ‘time’?
▪ Nişanyan_04May2015: Ar/Pers zamān ‘time, age, period’, akin to Akk simānu [sic!] ‘specific day or time, moment’, Hbr/Aram zəmān ‘id.’. mPers zəmānak ‘id.’ is probably a loan from Aram. – Arm žamanak ‘id.’ is from mPers.

▪ Tu zaman (1330 ʕĀşıḳ Paşa, Ġarīb-nāme), from Ar/Pers zamān ‘time, age, period’ – Nişanyan_04May2015.

► min zamān, adv., for some time (past), for quite a while
► ʕalà ’l- zamān, adv., always, ever
► ʔahl zamāni-hī, n., his contemporaries
► ḥikāyāt zamān, n.f.pl., tale of yore, stories of the past
► ʔayyāmᵃ zamān, adv., in days of yore, in bygone days

► zamānī, adj., 1 temporal, time; 2 worldly, earthly; 3 passing, transient, transitory; 4 secular: nsb-adj.
► zamāniyyaẗ, var. zamaniyyaẗ, n.f., period of time, given time: quasi-abstr. in ‑iyyaẗ.
► zamānaẗ, n.f., chronic illness:…

For other values of the root cf. ↗zaman, ↗zamin, ↗ZMN.

tazāmun تزامُن

ID 363 • Sw – • BP 5264 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ZMN

n.

simultaneous existence (of several things), simultaneity, contemporaneousness; coincidence – WehrCowan1979.

▪ A vn. VI with associative-partitive meaning, lit. *‘to share (the same) ↗zaman (period), or ↗zamān (time, destiny) with s.o./s.th., be contemporaneous’.
▪ For etymology, cf. ↗zaman, ↗zamān.

▪ …

See ↗zaman, ↗zamin, ↗zamān, ↗ZMN.

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► mutazāmin, adj., simultaneous, contemporaneous; conincident: PA VI.

For other values of the root cf. ↗zaman, ↗zamin, ↗zamān, ↗ZMN.

ZMHR زمهر

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 25Mar2023

√ZMHR

“root”

▪ ZMHR_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ZMHR_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ZMHR_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): (possibly an extension of root ↗ZMH) ‘to be angry, be red in the face and eyes with rage; to glitter; to be gleeful; to be freezing cold’

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ZNǦBL زنجبل

ID 366 • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ZNǦBL

“root”

▪ ZNǦBL_1 ‘ginger’ ↗zanǧabīl

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▪ …
▪ …

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zanǧabīl زَنْجَبِيل

ID 367 • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ZNǦBL

n.

ginger – WehrCowan1979.

A loan-word, ultimately from Skr śṛṅgavēr ‘horn-shaped’. Jeffery1938 suggests a borrowing via Pali singivēra > mPers singaβēr > Aram/Syr zang^əbīlā > Ar.
The Skr word is also the origin of the European words for ginger. Opinion however differs as to whether or not Ar has been involved in the transfer of the (word for the) spice to Europe.

lC6 / ▪ eC7 al-ʔAʕšā ka-ʔanna ǧaniyyan min al-zanǧabīli ḫālaṭa fā-hā ‘wie wenn frischgepflückter Ingwer sich ihrem Munde beigemischt hätte’ (Geyer, Zwei Gedichte, I, 57: E 64^a).
▪ eC7 Q 76:17 wa-yusqawna fī-hā kaʔsan kāna mizāǧu-hā zanǧabīlan ‘There are they watered with a cup whereof the mixture is of Zanjabil’, Paret: ‘Sie bekommen darin (d.h. im Paradies) einen Becher (Wein) zu trinken, dessen Mischwasser (mit) Ingwer (gewürzt) ist’.

▪ DRS 8 (1999)#ZNGBL: Syr zangᵊbīl, Amh zənǧi/əbəl, Te ǧänǧäbil, Tña ǧənǧəbäl ‘ginger’.

▪ Jeffery1938: In the Qurʔān, the word »occurs ‎only in a passage descriptive of the delights of Paradise, where the exegetes differ as to whether ‎Zanǧabīl is the name of the well from which the drink of the Redeemed comes, or means the spice ‎by which the drink is flavoured (vide Ṭab., Zam., and Baiḍ. on the passage and LA, xiii, 332). – ‎There was fairly general agreement among the early authorities that it was a Pers word. al-Ṯaʕālibī, ‎‎Fiqh, 318, and al-Ǧawālīqī, Muʕarrab, 78, give it in their lists of Persian loan-words, and their ‎authority is accepted by as-Suyūṭī, Itq, 321; Mutaw, 47; and al-Khafāǧī, 99. – The modPers ‎word for ginger is šankalīl (Vullers, Lex, ii, 472; cf. also ii, 148) from Phlv singaβēr,¹³ which is the source of ‎the Arm sngrowēγ,¹⁴ and the Syr zangᵊbīlā; ‎Aram ‎זנגבילא‎.¹⁵ ‎The ultimate source seems to have been the Skr śṛṅgaber,¹⁶ / ¹⁷ Pali singivēra, from which comes the Grk ζιγγίβερις.¹⁸ There can be little doubt that the word passed into Ar from Syr ‎and was thence borrowed back into Persian in Islamic times.¹⁹ It occurs in the early ‎poetry²⁰ and so was ‎evidently an early borrowing«.

13. So ‎Vullers, Lex, ii, 148, and cf. Pahlavi Texts, ed. Jamasp Asana, p. 31. 14. Hübschmann, Arm. Gramm, i, 238. 15. From which was then derived the form gînḇərâ ‎, Levy, Wörterbuch, i, 345. 16. [Corrected from Jeffery’s śūṅ…‑. The transliteration is to be read /ɕɻŋ…/ or /ʃɻŋ…/. – guthst]. 17. Yule (vide Yule and Burnell, Hobson Jobson, ed. Cooke, 1903, p. 374) thought that the Skt śṛṅgaver was a made-up word, ‎and that as the home of the plant is in the Malabar district, we should look for the origin of the ‎word in the Malayalam iñchi, meaning ‘root’ (cf. Tamil iñci / iñǧi; Sinhalese inguru), but there is the ‎equal probability that these are all derived from the Skt śṛṅga ‘a horn’. See, however, Laufer, Sino-Iranica, 545, 583. 18. This then ‎became γιγγίβερις gingíberis and through the Lat gingiber became the Middle English gingevir ‎and our ginger. From γιγγίβερις came the Syr zangūfar and other forms (Low, Aramäische ‎Pfanzennamen, p. 138). 19. Fraenkel, Vocab, 11; Pautz, ‎‎Offenbarung, 213; Horovitz, Paradies, 11; Addai Sher, 80. 20. See Geyer, Zwei Gedichte, i, 57; ii, 83; Jacob, Beduinenleben, 258.

▪ While Osman2002 favours an ‘Arab connection’ (Skr śṛngavêra > Pers/Ar zanǧabīl‑ > Grk-Lat zingiberi > brought to Italy via Arabs and Venetians > C9 in Germany > mHGe gingebër, gingebëre, c1200 gingebëro > late mHGe inhwēr, C14 ingebër), others do not see Arabs involved in the Eur words’ history. For modEngl ginger, e.g., Jeffery1938 gives Skr śṛṅgaber‑ > Pali singivēra‑ > Grk zingíberis, later gingíberis > Lat gingiber‑ > mEngl gingevir‑ > modEngl ginger, and for modGe Kluge2002 describes the development thus: oInd śṛṅga-vera > mInd (Pāli) siṅgiveran > Grk ziggíberis‑ > Lat zingiber, gingiber > oFr gimgibre‑ > oHGe gingibero‑ > mHGe ingeber, ingwer.
▪ Forms in other Eur langs (accord. to Lokotsch1927#1930): Lat zingiber > It zenzevero, zenzero, gengiovo, oProv gingebre, Fr gingembre, Cat gingebre, Span gengibre, agengibre, Port gengibre, gengivre, Rum ghimber, zingifil, zinzifil; Du gember, Engl ginger, Ge Ingwer; Ru imbir’, inbir, Ukr imbir’, Pol imbier, jembier, Cz zázvor, Serb džendžefil, dumbir (via Hung győmbér).

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ZNǦR زنجر

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ZNǦR

“root”

▪ ZNǦR_1 ‘verdigris’ ↗zinǧār . – Cf. also ↗zunǧufr ‘cinnabar’
▪ ZNǦR_2 ‘to flip, snap (with the fingers)’ ↗zanǧara
▪ ZNǦR_3 ‘chain’ ↗zinǧīr

▪ …

–

▪ DRS #ZNGR-1 Syr Mand zangārā ‘rouille’, Ar zinǧār ‘rouille, vert-de-gris’. -2 Ar zanǧara ‘claquer des doigts’, zinǧīr ‘chiquenaude’. -3 Te zəngərgər ‘bariolé’, Amh zänäggʷärä ‘être bariolé’, Gur zəngdärdär: vêtement multicolore. -4 Te zəngər ‘famille’. -5 Tña zängar ‘maigre, aux longues jambes’. -6 Amh zəngäro, ǧənǧäro, Arg ǧinǧäro, Gaf ǧənǧərä, Har zagäru, Gur zangärä ‘babouin’. -7 Gaf azänäggärä ‘descendre’. -8 nSyr zanǧil, Ar zinǧīr ‘chaîne’, Te ǧängär ‘entrave pour les pieds’, Tña ǧanǧär ‘chaîne de fer’, Amh zanǧär ‘cangue, carcan’. -9 nSyr zangūrē ‘sonner’. -10 Amh zängərir ‘vase en terre’, Tña zəngərir ‘bonbonne, cruche’.

▪ ZNǦR_1 (≙ DRS #ZNGR-1): from Pers or the same source as the corresponding Pers word, cf. ↗zinǧār.
▪ ZNǦR_2 (≙ DRS #ZNGR-2): DRS reports the opinion of ClassAr lexicographers (as in Lane) that the word is a loan, but does not give further details.
▪ ZNǦR_3 (≙ DRS #ZNGR-8): from Pers, GNDR GNZR
▪ Metathetical variant: ↗ǦNZR.

▪ –. But cf. ↗zunǧufr.

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zanǧara زَنْجَرَ

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ZNǦR

vb., I

to flip, snap (with the fingers) ‒ WehrCowan1979.

▪ DRS reports the opinion of ClassAr lexicographers (as in Lane) that the word is a loan, but does not give further details.

▪ …

▪ DRS #ZNGR-2 Ar zanǧara ‘claquer des doigts’, zinǧīr ‘chiquenaude’.

See section CONC, above.

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zinǧār زِنْجار

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ZNǦR

n.

verdigris ‒ WehrCowan1979.

▪ Rolland2014a: zinǧār ~ ǧinzār ‘verdigris’, and zinǧafr ~ zunǧufr ‘cinnabar’, from oPers sinkadruš ‘cinnabar, mercuric sulphide’.

▪ …

▪ DRS #ZNGR-1 Syr Mand zangārā ‘rouille’, Ar zinǧār ‘rouille, vert-de-gris’.

See section CONC, above.

▪ –. But cf. ↗zunǧufr.

–

zinǧīr زِنْجير , pl. zanāǧīr

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ZNǦR

n.

chain ‒ WehrCowan1979.

▪ Rolland2014a: zinǧīr ~ ǧinzīr ‘chaine’, from mPers zenčīr ‘id.’

▪ …

▪ DRS #ZNGR-8 nSyr zanǧil, Ar zinǧīr ‘chaîne’, Te ǧängär ‘entrave pour les pieds’, Tña ǧanǧär ‘chaîne de fer’, Amh zanǧär ‘cangue, carcan’.

See section CONC, above.

…

► ḥisāb al-zinǧīr, n., double-entry bookkeeping

ZNǦFR زنجفر

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ZNǦFR

“root”

▪ ZNǦFR_1 ‘cinnabar’ ↗zunǧufr

↗zunǧufr

–

↗zunǧufr

▪ ↗zunǧufr

–

zunǧufr زُنْجُفْر , var. zinǧafr

ID … • Sw … • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ZNǦFR, ZNǦR, cf. also ǦNZR

n.

cinnabar ‒ WehrCowan1979.

▪ From oPers sinkadruš ‘cinabre, sulfure de mercure’ (Rolland2014a) or Pers šangarf ‘minium, cinnabar’ (Lokotsch1927, DRS).

▪ …

▪ DRS 8 (1999)#ZNGPR: Syr zngwpr, Ar zunǧufr.

▪ Rolland2014a: zinǧār ~ ǧinzār ‘verdigris’, and zinǧafr ~ zunǧufr ‘minium, cinnabar’: from oPers sinkadruš ‘cinnabar, mercuric sulphide, vermillion’ (Nourai)
▪ Lokotsch1927#1827, DRS 8 (1999)#ZNGPR: From Pers šangarf ‘verdigris, minium, cinnabar’.
▪ NişanyanSözlük_01Dec2014: Ar zanǧafr, Pers zenǧefre, from zngūprā ~ sūngprā , from a Phoen source.

▪ Tu zincifre: 1303 Codex Cumanicus: cenapio = Pers singft = Tr zingft; <1421? Yādigâr-ı İbn-i Şerīf: zincifre – NişanyanSözlük_01Dec2014.
▪ Engl cinnabar: mC15, »‘red or crystalline form of mercuric sulphide’, also applied to other ores of mercury, originally with reference to its use as a pigment; from oFr cinabre (C13), from lLat cinnābaris, from Grk kinnábari, of oriental origin (compare Pers zinǧafr, zenǧefreh in the same sense). Also used C14-C17 of red resinous juice of a certain Eastern tree, which was believed to be a mixture of dragon’s and elephant’s blood« – EtymOnline.
▪ Lokotsch1927#1827: Pers šangarf > Ar zinǧafr ~ zunǧufr , Tu zincifre > Grk tiggábari, kinnábari, Lat cinnābaris > It cinabro, Fr cinabre, Span Port cinabrio, Rum chinovar; Engl cinnabar, Ge Zinnober, Swed cinnober; Ru kinowar, Pol cynober, Cz cinobr, Serb cinober, Bulg kinowar.

–

ZNM زنم

ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 25Mar2023

√ZNM

“root”

▪ ZNM_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ZNM_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ZNM_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): Derivatives of this root are taken from the n. zanamaẗ, the ‘lowest edge of the earlobe’. It was customary in pre-Islamic Arabia to slit the lower earlobe of certain pedigree animals at one end and leave it hanging as a mark of their value. Metaphorically, zanamaẗ came to convey the concept of ‘attachment’. zanīm said of animals means ‘pedigree’, but of humans it is associated with ‘servant, person of uncertain parentage and scoundrel’.

▪ …

–

.

–

ZNY زني

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ZNY

“root”

▪ ZNY_1 ‘to fornicate, (to commit) adultery’ ↗zanà

Other values, now obsolete:

^†ZNY_2 ‘to be(come) strait, tight, narrow; (D-stem:) to oppress’: Lane

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘1 to fornicate, (to commit) adultery. – 2 to be in a tight place, (of s.th.) be narrow’

▪ ZNY_1 : from WSem *ZNY ‘to fornicate, (to commit) adultery’.
▪ ZNY_2 : etymology obscure; properly ZNW, not ZNY!

–

▪ DRS 8 (1999)#ZNW/Y-1 [only Akk]. –2 Ar zanā (ZNW) ‘être resserré, étroit’. –3 Hbr zānāh, JP zənā, Mand zna, Ar zanà (ZNY), Mhr zənū, Jib zini, Ḥrs zenō, Gz zanaya, Te Amh zänna ‘commettre l’adulterie, forniquer’, Syr zanī ‘être débauché, déshonorer’, Gz zanawa ‘être sale, impur’; Hbr zonāh, Palm znytʔ, nSyr zanītā ‘prostituée’. – Outside Sem: Af sannaw , Sa zanaw ‘forniquer’. [-4 -5 -6 no represented in Ar.]

See section CONCISE, above.

–

zanà, zanay‑ زَنَى / زَنَيْـ , i (zinan , det. zinà or zinā ; zināʔ)

√ZNY

vb., I

to commit adultery, fornicate, whore – WehrCowan1979.

▪ From WSem *ZNY ‘to fornicate, (to commit) adultery’.

▪ eC7 Q zanà (to commit adultery, fornicate) 60:12 yā-ʔayyu-hā ’l-nabiyyu ʔiḏā ǧāʔa-ka ’l-muʔminātu yubāyiʕna-ka ʕalà ʔan lā yušrikna bi-’llāhi šayʔan wa-lā yasriqna wa-lā yaznīna▪ … ‘Prophet, when believing women com to pledge to you that they will not ascribe God any partner, nor steal, nor commit adultery▪ …’. – zinā (adultery, fornication) 17:32 wa-lā taqrabū ’l-zinā ʔinna-hū kāna fāḥišatan wa-sāʔa sabīlan ‘and do not go near fornication—it is an abomination, and an evil path [to take]’. – zānī (fornicator, adulterer) 24:3 al-zānī lā yankiḥu ʔillā zāniyatan ʔaw mušrikatan ‘the fornicating male/adulterer is only [fit to] marry [also: only fornicates with] a fornicating female/adulteress or an idolatress’.

▪ DRS 8 (1999)#ZNW/Y-3: Hbr zānāh, JP zənā, Mand zna, Ar zanà (ZNY), Mhr zənū, Jib zini, Ḥrs zenō, Gz zanaya, Te Amh zänna ‘commettre l’adulterie, forniquer’, Syr zanī ‘être débauché, déshonorer’, Gz zanawa ‘être sale, impur’; Hbr zonāh, Palm znytʔ, nSyr zanītā ‘prostituée’. – Outside Sem: Af sannaw , Sa zanaw ‘forniquer’.
▪ Dolgopolsky2012: (as DRS above, adding:) perhaps also Ug dnt ‘adultery, fornication’, with WSem *ḏ‑ > Ug d‑ under the influence of WSem *ḎMː ‘to blame, reprove; dispise, disgrace’ (cf. Ar ↗ḏamma)?

▪ DRS 8 (1999)#ZNW/Y-3: The Af Sa forms are borrowed from Ar.
▪ Tropper2008#dnt, Dolgopolsky2012#2739: WSem *ZNY ‘to fornicate, (to commit) adultery’.
▪ Dolgopolsky2012#2739: from Nostr *ʒûw˅n˅‑ ‘to copulate’, (?) ‘membrum virile’.

–

► zinan, det. zinà, n., adultery; fornication: vn. I.
► zināʔ, n., adultery; fornication: vn. I.
► zānin, det. zānī, pl. zunāẗ, n., fornicator, adulterer: PA I.
► zāniyaẗ, pl. zawānin, det. zawānī, n., whore, harlot; adulteress: PA I, f.

zinaⁿ زِنًى , det. zinà

√ZNY

n.

adultery; fornication – WehrCowan1979.

vn. of ↗zanà ‘to fornicate, (to commit) adultery’, from WSem *ZNY ‘id.’.

▪ eC7 (adultery, fornication) Q 17:32 wa-lā taqrabū ’l-zinā ʔinna-hū kāna fāḥišatan wa-sāʔa sabīlan ‘and do not go near fornication—it is an abomination, and an evil path [to take]’. – Cf. also ↗zanà.

Cf. ↗zanà.

–

Cf. ↗zanà.

ZHD زهد

√ZHD

“root”

▪ ZHD_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ZHD_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ZHD_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to abstain, renounce, abandon, forsake (pleasures and wealth), withdraw’

▪ …

–

.

–

ZHR زهر

√ZHR

“root”

▪ ZHR_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ZHR_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ZHR_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to flower, blossom; to be bright, shine, be radiant’

▪ From CSem *√ZHR ‘to shine, be splendid’ – Huehnergard2011.
▪ …

–

.

▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl hazard, perh. from Ar ↗zahr ‘gaming die’, perh. from ↗zahr ‘flowers’ (the sides of some medieval dice perh. being painted with images of flowers), from ↗zahara, vb. I, ‘to shine, be radiant’.

–

ZHQ زهق

√ZHQ

“root”

▪ ZHQ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ZHQ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ZHQ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to expire, run out, pass away; to be fat; to be emaciated’

▪ …

–

.

–

ZWǦ زوج

√ZWǦ

“root”

▪ ZWǦ_1 ‘(one of a) pair; husband, wife; to marry, marry (off)’ ↗zawǧ
▪ ZWǦ_2 ‘vitriol’ ↗zāǧ

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘even number, pair, double, two things which are connected in some way; spouse, one of a pair; a species, type; to cause trouble’

▪ ZWǦ_1: borrowed, via Aram, from Grk, ↗zawǧ
▪ ZWǦ_2: borrowed from Pers, ↗zāǧ

–

▪ …
▪ …

–

zawǧ زَوْج , pl. ʔazwāǧ

√ZWǦ

n.

1 one of a pair. – 2 husband; wife; mate, partner. – 3 couple, pair (also, e.g., of shoes); dual zawjān couple, married couple – WehrCowan1979.

▪ The common theory is that the word is one of only 17 words in the Q which, ultimately, are of Grk origin (via Aram zawgā from Grk zeŷgos).
▪ Cf., however, Orel&Stolbova’s reconstruction of Sem *zūg‑ ‘to marry, join’, from AfrAs *ʒ˅g‑ ‘id.’.

▪ Early borrowing, appears already in pre-Isl poetry (muʕallaqaẗ of Labīd).
▪ eC7 Occurs also frequently in the Qurʔān: 1 (wife, husband, spouse) Q 2:102 fa-yataʕallamūna min-humā mā yufarriqūna bi-hī bayna ’l-marʔi wa-zawǧi-hī ‘from them (lit., these two), they learned that by which they cound cause discord between man and wife’; 2 (companion, mate) 39:6 ḫalaqa-kum min nafsin wāḥidatin ṯumma ǧaʕala min-hā zawǧa-hā ‘He created you from a single soul, then from it He made its mate’, 3 (two, one of a pair, a pairable individual) 6:143 ṯamāniyata ʔazwāǧin mina ’l-ḍaʔni ’ṯnayni wa-min-a ’l-maʕzi ’ṯnayni ‘eight members of pairs [pariable animals]: two of the sheep and two of the goats’, 4 (type, variety, kind) 22:5 wa-tarà ’l-ʔarḍa hāmidatan fa-ʔiḏā ʔanzalnā ʕalay-hā ’l-māʔa ’htazzat wa-rabat wa-ʔanbatat min kulli zawǧin bahīǧin ‘you perceive the earth lifeless, yet when We send down upon it water, it stirs and swells and puts forth [vegetation] of every joyous kind’.
▪ Cf. also Fück1950: 120.
▪▪ …

▪ DRS 8 (1999)#ZWG-1: nHbr zūg, TargAram zōgā, Syr zawgā, Ar zawǧ, Gz zawg, Tña zäwg ‘couple paire’, Amh zog ‘côté, parti allié’, TalmAram ziwwēg, Syr zawwēg ‘joindre, accoupler’, Ar zāǧa ‘exciter l’un contre l’autre, mettre aux prises’, zawwaǧa ‘unir, joindre, accoupler, marier’, tazawwaǧa ‘se marier’, S-Ar EAr ǧōz ‘pair’, ǧawwaz ‘se marier’, Gz zoga, zawaga ‘être égal’, Tña zäwägä, Amh zäwwägä ‘former un groupe’, Te ǧoz ‘quelques-uns’.

▪ Jeffery1938, 154-55: »It is a very early loan-word in Ar from Grk zeûgos through the Aram. The verbal forms zawwaǧa, etc., with this meaning are clearly denominative, the primitive root ^†zāǧa meaning ʻto sow discord between’. In the Qurʔān we have many forms— zawwaǧa ʻto marry, to couple with’, zawǧ pl. ʔazwāǧ ʻa wife’ or ʻhusband’ (human); zawǧ ʻkind, species’; zawǧān ʻpair’; zawǧ ʻsex’. – No Muslim authority, as Fraenkel notes (Fremdw, 107), has any suspicion that the word is other than genuine Ar, but no derivation of the word is possible from Sem material, and there can be no reasonable doubt that its origin is to be found in [Grk] zeûgos.²¹ zeûgos is originally a ʻyoke’ from zeúgnimi ʻto join, fasten’,²² and then comes to mean ʻa couple’, so that katà zeûgos or katà zeúgē meant ʻin pairs’, and thus zeûgos = coniugium was used for a married pair. From Grk it passed eastwards and in the Rabbinic writings we have זוג meaning both ʻpair’ and ʻwife’,²³ and זוגא ‘pair’, ʻhusband’, ʻcompanion’, besides the denominative זִיוֵּג ‘to bind, pair’, and זִווג = [Grk] zýgōsis, זוגדס = zeûgos + dís. So Syr zūgā is ʻyoke’, and the very common bar zūgā = ʻyokefellow’, commonly used for ʻhusband’ or ʻwife’, with verbal forms built therefrom. It was from this Syr that we get the Eth [Gz] zawg (Nöldeke, Neue Beiträge, 44) and the Arm zožgk',²⁴ and it was probably from the same source that it passed into Ar. One might expect that it would be an early borrowing, and as a matter of fact it occurs in the early poetry.²⁵ «
▪ Schall1982, EALL (Gutas, »Greek Loanwords«), DRS 8 (1999): : via Aram zōgā from Grk zeûgos ‘yoke’ (cf. also Syr zūgā ‘yoke’, bar zūgā ‘husband, wife’).
▪ Cf. however Orel&Stolbova1994#2639: AfrAs *ʒ˅g‑ ‘marry, join’ > Sem *zūg‑ ‘marry, join’: Hbr zwg, Arab zwǧ. Generally believed to be a Grk loanword. Cognate in Berb *ʒ˅g‑ (zeġ) ‘copulate’.
▪ Note that Dolgopolsky2012 does not mention Ar zawǧ (nor corresponding Sem words) among the borrowings from IE *yug-o-m ‘yoke’ (> Grk zyg-ón, Lat iug-um, Germ *yuka‑ > Engl yoke, etc.). The only ‘Oriental’ connection he gives is nPers ǧoft ‘pair’ (< cl-nPers ǧuft ‘yoke, pair’ < MPrs ā-yōḫ-tan ‘to harness’, Av yaog‑ / yuʒ‑ ‘to harness, yoke, join’, oInd yunákti, yugá‑ < narrIE *yeu̯g‑ / *yung‑ ‘to bind, harness, yoke’).

21. Fraenkel, op. cit, 100; Vollers, ZDMG, I:622; li: 298; PSm, 1094. 22. Cf. Lat iungere and the Av ???? ( Bartholomae, AIW, 1228; Reichelt, Elementarbuch, 477). 23. See Meinhold’s Yoma (1913), p. 29; Krauss, Griechische Lehnwörter, ii, 240-242. 24. Hübschmann, Arm. Gramm, i, 302; ZDMG, xlvi, 235. 25. Cf. ʕAntara, xxi, 31, in Ahlwardt’s Divans, p. 46.

–

► zawwaǧa, vb. II, to pair, couple, join in pairs or couples; to double, geminate; to employ parallelism (rhet.); to marry off, give in marriage: denom.
► zāwaǧa, vb. III, to form a pair or couple; to use in parallel construction, join in a pair; to marry, join in wedlock, unite in matrimony: denom., assoc.
► ^BP#>1700tazawwaǧa, vb. V, to marry s.o.; to get married: t-stem of II, refl.
► tazāwaǧa, vb. VI, to intermarry; to pair, come together forming a pair, be in pairs, be double: t-stem of III, recipr.
► ĭzdāǧa, vb. VIII, to pair, be in pairs, be double, appear twice: t-stem of vb. I.

► ^BP#496zawǧaẗ, n.f., wife: f. of zawǧ.
► zīǧaẗ, n.f., marriage, wedding:.
► ^BP#3031zawǧī, adj., in pairs, paired; double; marital, matrimonial, conjugal; doubles (tennis); pair-oar, paired oars (rowing sport).: nsb.adj.
► zīǧī, adj., marital, matrimonial, conjugal, connubial: nsb.adj. of zīǧaẗ.
► zawǧiyyaẗ, pl. ‑āt, n., matrimony, marriage: abstr. formation in -iyyaẗ.
► ^BP#764zawāǧ, n., marriage; wedding; matrimony, wedlock | waḥdaẗ al-zawāǧ, n., monogamy.
► mizwāǧ, adj., frequently marrying: ints.
► tazwīǧ, n., marrying off (of a woman, min to): vn. II.
► ziwāǧ, n., doubling, duplication; parallelism (rhet.): vn. III.
► muzāwaǧaẗ, n., pairing, coupling, cloee union (of two things): vn. III.
► tazawwuǧ, n., marriage: vn. V.
► tazāwuǧ, n., intermarriage: vn. VI.
► ĭzdiwāǧ, n., pairedness, doubleness; coupling (el.): vn. VIII | ĭzdiwāǧ ḍarībī, n., double taxation
► ĭzdiwāǧiyyaẗ, n.f., twofoldness, doubleness: abstr. formation in -iyyaẗ from vn. VIII. | ĭzdiwāǧiyyaẗ al-luġaẗ, n., diglossia; bilingualism
► ^BP#3226mutazawwiǧ, adj., married (min to): PA V.
► muzdawiǧ, adj., double, twofold, two- (e.g., of a railroad: two-track): PA VIII. | ṣalīb muzdawiǧ (Tun.), n., swastika; ḥukm muzdawiǧ, n., double rule.

ZWD زود

√ZWD

“root”

▪ ZWD_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ZWD_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ZWD_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘provisions, to take provisions for a journey, food’

▪ …

–

.

–

ZWR زور

√ZWR

“root”

▪ ZWR_1 ‘to (pay) visit, call on; (fig.) to afflict’ ↗zāra
▪ ZWR_2 ‘upper part of the chest; throat’ ↗zawr
▪ ZWR_3 (= ZYR_3) ‘ladies’ man, philanderer’ ↗zīr_3
▪ ZWR_4 ‘lie, untruth, falsehood; to forge, counterfeit, fake, simulate’ ↗zūr_1
▪ ZWR_5 ‘force’ ↗zūr_2
▪ ZWR_6 ‘to incline, turn aside; inclination, obliqueness; squint’ ↗zawar
▪ ZWR_7 (= ZYR_1) ‘large jar’ ↗zīr_1, arranged under √ZYR.
▪ ZWR_8 (= ZāR) : ‘zār ceremony’ ↗zār, arranged under √ZāR.

Other values, now obsolete or dialectal only, include:

^†ZWR_9 ‘phantom in sleep’ : ^†zawr
^†ZWR_10 ‘intellect; [? hence:] resoluteness, (strength of) determination’ : ^†zawr
^†ZWR_11 ‘stone which appears to a person digging a well, and which, being unable to break it, he leaves apparent; a mass of rock’ : ^†zawr (Lane)
^†ZWR_12 ‘(straight and slender) palm-branch from which the leaves have been stripped off : YemAr ^†zawr (Lane)
^†ZWR_13 ‘one time’ : ^†zawraẗ
^†ZWR_14 ‘slave’ : ^†zawraẗ
^†ZWR_15 (= ZYR_5) ‘angry, enraged’ : ^†zīr
^†ZWR_16 ‘deep (well)’ : ^†zawrāʔᵘ
^†ZWR_17 ‘silver vessel’ : ^†zawrāʔᵘ
^†ZWR_18 ‘Bagdad (town)’ : ^†zawrāʔᵘ
^†ZWR_19 ‘Tigris (river)’ : ^†zawrāʔᵘ
^†ZWR_20 (= ZYR_4) ‘rope binding the fore to the hind-girth’ : ^†ziwār, see MorAr ↗zayyar ‘to close (a button)’

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘1 whole, centre or upper part of the chest, cleavage; 2 twist; 3 leaning towards; 4 paying a visit, visitor; 5 perjuring o.s.’

▪ The extremely large variety of meanings attached to √ZWR (and √ZYR) in ClassAr is reduced on MSA to ca. 8 major themes. Some few of these may be etymologically related to each other. DRS identifies 3 basic etyma, the first of which shows in itself a rather broad spectrum of meanings the interrelatedness of which is not always clear and well-established. variety is divided into treated as being based.
▪ In spite of still unclear semantics, we can assume values ZWR_9 through ZWR_19 to be secondary, based on one of the others.
▪ The distribution of the remaining values among the three major groups in DRS is as follows:

DRS #ZW/YR-1 covers: ZWR_1 (≙ DRS #1f) ‘to visit’; ZWR_4 (≙ DRS #1b) ‘lie, untruth, falsehood; to forge, counterfeit, fake, simulate’; ZWR_6 (≙ DRS #1a) ‘to incline, turn aside; inclination, obliqueness; squint’; ZWR_9 (≙ DRS #1g) ‘phantom appearing while one is asleep’: probably based on ZWR_1 ‘to visit’; ZWR_13 (≙ DRS #1c) ‘one time’: probably akin to ZWR_1 ‘to visit’ and/or ZWR_6 ‘to turn aside’; ZYR_6 (≙ DRS #1e) ‘angry, enraged’. – While ClassAr lexicography usually derives ZWR_1 ‘to visit’ from ZWR_6 ‘to turn aside’, others think it is rather from the value DRS #1d ‘to hate, dislike, abandon; stranger; enemy’ (not represented as such in Ar). – Relations within this complex are not really clear, a fact that is reflected in the question marks figuring in the DRS entry.
DRS #ZW/YR-2 covers: ZWR_20 (= ZYR_4) ^†‘rope binding the fore to the hind-girth’, MorAr ↗zayyar ‘to close (a button)’, EgAr ‘to attach’ – The item seems to go back to a WSem root *ZW/YR ‘to join, press together’.
DRS #ZW/YR-3 comprises only 1 item: ZWR_7 (= ZYR_1) ‘large jar’ – The etymology of this item is underresearched, though commonly believed to be Sem.

▪ ZWR_2 ‘upper part of the chest’ : does not seem to be Sem—but what then?
▪ ZWR_3 ‘ladies’ man, philanderer’ : commonly assumed to be dependent on ZWR_1 ‘to visit’.
▪ ZWR_4 ‘lie, untruth, falsehood; to forge, counterfeit, fake, simulate’ : regarded as Sem in DRS but elsewhere treated as a loanword.
▪ ZWR_5 ‘force’: regarded as a loanword in DRS, and therefore not attributed to theWSem theme *‘to compress’ (cf. ZWR_20 ≙ DRS #2a).
▪ ZWR_6 ‘to incline, turn aside; inclination, obliqueness; squint’: see above.
▪ ZWR_7 (= ZYR_1) ‘large jar’ : ≙ DRS ZW/YR#3.
▪ ZWR_8 (= ZāR) : ‘zār ceremony’ : commonly believed to to back (via EthSem) to a Cush etymon.

–

▪ DRS 8 (1999)#ZW/YR-1 (a) Akk zāru ‘tordre, être tordu’, Hbr JP zār ‘s’écarter de’, zawwēr ‘rouler’, Ar zawira ‘être penché, courbé; aller en biais’, (b) zāra ‘mentir, accuser faussement’, zawwara ‘altérer, falsifier, défigurer, embellir, orner’, zūr ‘mensonge vanité’, (c) zuraẗ ‘fois’, S Ar zāra ‘quelquefois’, Syr zawar ‘regarder de travers’, Gz Te Arg zora, Tña Amh Gur zorä, Gaf zärä ‘tourner, aller autour’, Gz zawwara ‘durer, subsister’; Amh zäwärwärra ‘vagabond; tortueux (chemin)’, zəwərwər ‘en vrille’, žort ‘hérisson’. – (d)? Akk zēru ‘ne pas aimer, haïr, éviter; abandonner’, zayyār ‘ennemi’, Hbr zār, Phoen oYa zr ‘étranger, d’autrui’, TargAram zār ‘loger chez qn’. – (e) Ar zīr ‘qui est en colère’; (f) zāra ‘visiter (un lieu saint)’, MġrAr zār ‘rendre visite’; zyāra ‘visite’; Qat štzr ‘tenter de visiter’, Mhr Jib Ḥrs zōr ‘visiter’, Te Amh Gur zäyyärä ‘visiter, aller en pèlerinage’, Te təzäyyärä ‘être fatigué, épuisé’. – (g) Ar zawr : ombre que l’on voit dans le sommeil.
▪ DRS 8 (1999)#ZW/YR-2 (a) Hbr zār ‘presser, écraser’, nHbr məzōrā ‘pressoir’, māzōr ‘pansement’, TargAram zār ‘retenir’, zəyārā ‘pressoir’, Syr zār, zəwar ‘prendre, tenir; frapper du poing’, zəwārā ‘poing, poignée; main, pouvoir; massue’; Ar zayyara ‘serrer, presser, serrer les lèvres à un cheval avec des tenailles; attacher’, tazayyara ‘être mis à l’étroit, être embarrassé’, ziyār ‘tenailles, étau’, EgAr zayyar ‘attacher’, MġrAr ‘serrer, comprimer’, HispAr ziyār ‘bâillon’, EAr zawr ‘jointée, poignée’; IrqAr zōr ‘sous-bois, buisson dans un lieu marécageux’, Gz zawwara ‘garder, cacher’. – (b)? Hbr zēr ‘bordure’, JP zīrā ‘couronne, guirlande’.
▪ DRS 8 (1999)#ZW/YR-3 Ar zīr, Mhr zayr, Jib zir ‘grande jarre à eau’, Sab zwyr (pl.) ‘distributeur d’eau’ ?

▪ ZWR_1 (≙ DRS #ZW/YR-1f) zāra ‘to (pay) visit, call on; (fig.) to afflict’ : probably to be seen together with ZWR_4 ‘lie, untruth, falsehood’ and ZWR_6 ‘to turn aside’; the latter may be the etymon proper, representing the basic value from which ZWR_1 ‘to visit’ (> ZWR_3) and ZWR_4 ‘to lie’ are derived. Others would derive it from ZWR_2 ‘upper part of the chest’. – Kogan2015: 552 (#23) takes it for given that Ar zāra ‘to visit’ and close values in SSem langs²⁶ , if belonging together with Akk zêru ‘to dislike, to hate, to avoid’ and SamAram zr ‘strange, other’, all go back to the basic meaning of ‘to be an outsider; to be strange, foreign’. – Dolgopolsky2012 thinks (but also has some doubts) that we could be dealing with two—originally distinct—values that have flown together and overlapped in Ar zāra ‘to visit’: a WSem *-zūr- ‘to visit’²⁷ that gave the vb. zāra in the sense of ‘to visit a holy place (e.g., the tomb of a saint) or a person whom one wants to pay respect to’,²⁸ and a Sem *zar- ‘foreign(er), enemy’,²⁹ whence the Sem vb. root *√ZʔR or *√ZWR ‘to be foreign, hostile’ (»with insertion of an additional cons. in the root-medial position due to requirements of the Sem verbal morphology and on the analogy of triconsonantic verbs«)³⁰ that gave Ar zāʔir ‘visitor, pilgrim’, which was interpreted as a PA of zāra ‘to visit’ although deriving from Sem *√ZʔR or *√ZWR and originally meaning ‘foreign, hostile’. – DRS mentions that, in the WAr Jewish dialects a distinction is made between zwāraẗ ‘visit to a person’ and zyāraẗ ‘visit to the tomb of a revered person’. The latter value may be the more original one. – Cf. also ZWR_9 and ZWR_13, below.
▪ ZWR_2 zawr ‘upper part of the chest; throat’: This value is neither mentioned in DRS nor in Militarev&Kogan2000, obviously because it does not have a Sem dimension. Nevertheless, Dolgopolsky2012 tentatively (and with doubts) reconstructs Sem *zawr- and suggests to link the latter to words for ‘heart’ in Turk langs (e.g., Tu yürek, Turk *jür-äk); on this basis, he reconstructs a common origin in Nostr *ʒ̍ûr˅ ‘inside of body’. – Some ClassAr lexicographers regard it as the etymon of the vb. ‘to visit’ (ZWR_1), interpreting the latter as *‘to meet s.o. with one’s zawr (chest, bosom), or: to repair to s.o.’s zawr (i.e., direction)’; hence, zawr is also, in a fig. sense, the ‘direction of a person to whom one repairs’ (Lane). – To zawr in the sense of ‘upper part of the chest; throat’ belong probably also the obsol. nouns ^†zāraẗ, zāwiraẗ, and zāwūraẗ, all meaning ‘bird’s crop’. – An interesting link between ZWR_2 ‘upper part of the chest’ and ZWR_6 ‘to turn aside, be crooked, be distorted’ is the obsol. intr. vb. I, ^†zawira ‘to have a distorted zawr ’; cf. also ^†zawr ‘camel having the hump inclining’ (Lane).
▪ ZWR_3 : According to Lane iii (1867), a ‘ladies’ man, philanderer’ is called zīr because of his frequent visits to women, so the word seems to be dependent on ↗zāra ‘to visit’ (ZWR_1).
▪ ZWR_4 zūr ‘lie, untruth, falsehood; to forge, counterfeit, fake, simulate’: According to one research tradition, the word is from mPers. According to another tradition (≙ DRS #ZW/YR-1b), zūr has probably to be seen together with ZWR_1 and ZWR_6; the latter (‘to turn aside’ etc.) may be the etymon proper, representing the basic value from which both ZWR_1 ‘to visit’ (> ZWR_3) and ZWR_4 ‘to lie’ are derived. – In MSA, the corresponding D-stem (vb. II), zawwara, shows an exclusively negative meaning (‘to forge, falsify, counterfeit; to fake, simulate’), while in earlier times it was also often used with a positive connotation (^†‘to set right; to improve; to embellish’).
▪ ZWR_5 zūr ‘force’ : probably (via Tu zor ?) from mPers zūr, zōr ‘strength, power, vigour, violence, strong effort, force’. – DRS, where the word is seen as a specifically IrqAr (and Ṭur nSyr) phenomenon, says that the item does not seem to be related (»ne relève apparemment pas…«) to the complex ‘to compress’ treated in DRS as #ZW/YR-2 (incl. Hbr zār ‘to press down and out’, Syr zār, zəwar ‘to compress’, Ar ^†zayyara ‘to twist the lip of a beast’, ^†ziwār ‘rope binding the fore to the hind-girth’, etc., MorAr ↗zayyar ‘to close [a button]’ = ZWR_20/ZYR_4). – Wahrmund1887 thinks it is vulgar for zawr which, according to the same author, is distorted from ↗ǧawr ‘injustice, oppression, outrage, wanton deviation’. – Should one also compare ZWR_10 ‘(strength of) determination’ (? > ‘lord, leader, master, chief’)?
▪ ZWR_6 (≙ DRS #ZW/YR-1a) zawar ‘inclination, obliqueness; squint’ and (ĭzwarra, vb. IX., ‘to turn aside’; ʔazwarᵘ, adj., ‘inclined, slanting, oblique; crooked, curved; squint-eyed, cross-eyed’³¹ : probably to be seen together with ZWR_1 ‘to visit’ (> ZWR_3) and perh. also ZWR_4 ‘lie, falsehood’ as their etymon proper; Zammit2002, at least, reports the ClassAr view that ‘to visit’ actually is from *‘to turn aside’. – An interesting link between ZWR_6 ‘to turn aside, be crooked, be distorted’ and ZWR_2 ‘upper part of the chest’ is the obsol. intr. vb. I, ^†zawira ‘to have a distorted zawr ’; cf. also ^†zawr ‘camel having the hump inclining’ (Lane).
▪ ZWR_7 (≙ DRS #ZW/YR-3) zīr ‘large jar’ : = ZYR_1; of unknown origin, probably Sem (< AfrAs?). – For details see ↗s.v.
▪ ZWR_8 zār ‘zar ceremony’: perh. via EthSem from a Cush lang. – For details see ↗s.v.
▪ ZWR_9 (≙ DRS #ZW/YR-1g) ^†zawr ‘phantom in sleep’ : ?, perhaps lit. *‘s.th. that visits you while you are asleep, dreaming’, from ZWR_1 ‘to visit’?
▪ ZWR_10 ^†zawr ‘intellect; [? hence:] resoluteness, (strength of) determination’, hence (?) also ^†zawr, zūr, ziwar ‘master, lord, chief, leader’, ^†ziwwar, ^†ziwarr ‘id.’, ^†ziwarr ‘hard, solid’ (Wahrmund): unclear whether we are dealing with the same item as ZWR_9 or with a derivation from ZWR_2 ‘upper part of the chest’ (as the seat of resoluteness?), or none of these. – Lane wants the reader to compare also zūr ‘force’ (ZWR_5).
▪ ZWR_11 ^†zawr ‘stone which appears to a person digging a well, and which, being unable to break it, he leaves apparent; a mass of rock’ (Lane) : obscure.
▪ ZWR_12 ^†zawr ‘(straight and slender) palm-branch from which the leaves have been stripped off’ : according to the lexicographers a value specific to YemAr use (Lane); semantics unclear, etymology obscure.
▪ ZWR_13 (≙ DRS #ZW/YR-1c) ^†zawraẗ ‘one time’ : according to DRS (following Nöldeke in Landberg, Glos. 1875) to be seen together with ZWR_1a ‘to turn aside’. As already observed by Nöldeke, the derivation of ‘one time’ from a vb. of motion has parallels in ↗marraẗ (from ↗marra ‘to pass by’), ↗ṭawr (from ^†ṭāra ‘to go round, hover round, approach’, ↗ṬWR), ↗tāraẗ (from ^†tāra ‘to run, flow’, ↗TWR).
▪ ZWR_14 ^†zawraẗ ‘slave’ : semantics obscure.
▪ ZWR_15 (≙ DRS #ZW/YR-1e) ^†zīr ‘angry, enraged’ : = ZYR_6. – Originally from √ZʔR?
▪ ZWR_16 ^†zawrāʔᵘ ‘deep (well)’ : so called because of its crookedness? The word is obviously the f. of adj. ʔazwarᵘ , see ZWR_6, above.
▪ ZWR_17 ^†zawrāʔᵘ ‘silver vessel’ : as ZWR_16.
▪ ZWR_18 ^†zawrāʔᵘ ‘Bagdad (town)’ : as ZWR_16.
▪ ZWR_19 ^†zawrāʔᵘ ‘Tigris (river)’ : as ZWR_16.
▪ ZWR_20 (≙ DRS #ZW/YR-2a) ^†ziwār ‘rope binding the fore to the hind-girth’ : cf. also ^†zāra (zawār) ‘to bind the fore to the hind-girth of a camel, (Lane:) to bind upon it the rope called ziwār ’; ^†ziyār ‘horse-twitchers’ barnacles, instrument with which a farrier twists the lip of a beast’ : see MorAr ↗zayyar ‘to close (a button)’, ClassAr ^†zayyara ‘to twist the lips (of a horse, of an animal) with a ziyār ’. Given the cognates mentioned in DRS, should we reconstruct a WSem root *ZW/YR ‘to join, press together’? – DRS does not think that the complex ‘to compress’ is etymologically related to ZWR_5 zūr ‘force’, which is treated as a specifically IrqAr (and Ṭur nSyr) phenomenon and believed to be (via Tu zor ?) from mPers zūr, zōr ‘strength, power, etc.’ (see above, ZWR_5). – Frequent overlapping with √ZR: (ZRR), cf. ↗zarra ‘to button up’, ↗zirr ‘button’.

26. Qat s¹t -zr ‘to ask to visit’ (LIQ 59), Gz zora ‘to go around’ (CDG 646), Te zäwärä ‘to go around, to circulate’ (WTS 502), Tña zorä ‘to go about, to wander around’ (TED 2009), Amh zorä ‘to go around, to roam, not to be able to remain in the same place’ (AED 1664), Gog zorä ‘to go around’ (EDG 714, with cognates in other Gur). 27. According to Dolgopolsky2012#2674 from AfrAs < Nostr *z̍UR˹i˺ (= *z̍Uŕ˹i˺ ?) ‘to look at, examine’ (or *žUR˹i˺ ‘to watch, to spy’). 28. Dolgopolsky2012#2674: Cf. also Qtb štzr ‘tenter de visiter’, Te Amh zäyyärä ‘visiter, aller en pélérinage’, Mhr zōr ‘to visit a saint’s tomb’, ‘to visit (s.o.)’, E/CJib zɔr ‘to visit’, ? SamAram zrw ‘idolatry’. 29. Sem < AfrAs < Nostr *z̍oR˅ ‘foreign, hostile’ – Dolgopolsky2012#2673. 30. > Akk zêru ~ zeʔāru ‘to dislike, hate, avoid’, zāʔiru ~ zēʔiru ~ zêru ‘hostile’ (√ZʔR), BiblHbr zār ‘strange, foreign(er), non-Israelite’ (deriv. PP Š-stem mûzār ‘estranged’ > nHbr mûzār ‘strange, queer’), Phoen zr ‘strange, other’, oAram zr ‘foreigner’, Yd zr ‘stranger’. 31. Hence also ^†zawraẗ, n.f., ‘she-camel that looks from the outer angle of her eye, by reason of her vehemence and sharpness of temper’ (Lane); zāwara, vb. III, ‘mit e-m scheelen Blicke ansehen’ (Wahrmund1887); ^†zawrāʔᵘ, n.f., ‘bow’ (Hava1899).

–

zār‑ / zur‑ زارَ/زُرْـ , u (zawr , var. ziyāraẗ)

√ZWR

vb., I

1 to visit (s.o.), call (on s.o.), pay visit (to); 2 to afflict (s.o.) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Several etymologies have been suggested for zāra ‘to visit’: (a) from an original *‘to turn aside’ (a visitor being regarded as s.o. who leaves his regular path and ‘turns aside’ in order to see s.o.), (b) from ↗zawr ‘upper part of the chest’ (‘to visit’ < *‘to meet s.o. with one’s chest, repair to the direction of s.o.’s chest’), (c) from *‘to be an outsider; to be strange, foreign’, (d) the result of an overlapping of reflexes of WSem *‑zūr‑ ‘to visit’ (< ‘to look at, examine’, or ‘to watch, spy’) and Sem *zar‑ ‘foreign(er), enemy’ (> Ar zāʔir ‘visitor, pilgrim’, interpreted as a PA of zāra ‘to visit’ although deriving from Sem *√ZʔR / *√ZWR and originally meaning ‘foreign, hostile’, (e) the result of a blurring of two originally distinct notions, namely ‘to visit a person’ and ‘to visit the tomb of a revered person’. – For details see DISC below.

▪ eC7 zāra (to visit, come to) Q 102:1-2 ʔalhā-kum-u ’l-takāṯuru ḥattà zurtum-u ’l-maqābira ‘striving for more distracts you until you die [lit., visit the graves]’

▪ DRS 8 (1999)#ZW/YR-1 (a) Akk zāru ‘tordre, être tordu’, Hbr JP zār ‘s’écarter de’, zawwēr ‘rouler’, Ar zawira ‘être penché, courbé; aller en biais’, (b) zāra ‘mentir, accuser faussement’, zawwara ‘altérer, falsifier, défigurer, embellir, orner’, zūr ‘mensonge vanité’, (c) zuraẗ ‘fois’, S Ar zāra ‘quelquefois’, Syr zawar ‘regarder de travers’, Gz Te Arg zora, Tña Amh Gur zorä, Gaf zärä ‘tourner, aller autour’, Gz zawwara ‘durer, subsister’; Amh zäwärwärra ‘vagabond; tortueux (chemin)’, zəwərwər ‘en vrille’, žort ‘hérisson’. – (d)? Akk zēru ‘ne pas aimer, haïr, éviter; abandonner’, zayyār ‘ennemi’, Hbr zār, Phoen oYa zr ‘étranger, d’autrui’, TargAram zār ‘loger chez qn’. – (e) Ar zīr ‘qui est en colère’; (f) zāra ‘visiter (un lieu saint)’, MġrAr zār ‘rendre visite’; zyāra ‘visite’; Qat štzr ‘tenter de visiter’, Mhr Jib Ḥrs zōr ‘visiter’, Te Amh Gur zäyyärä ‘visiter, aller en pèlerinage’, Te təzäyyärä ‘être fatigué, épuisé’. – (g) Ar zawr : ombre que l’on voit dans le sommeil.
▪ Zammit2002: Hbr zūr ‘to be a stranger’, Phoen zr ‘strange, other’, oAram zr ‘stranger, foreigner, outsider’, Aram zūr ‘to enter as a guest, lodge’, Ar zāra ‘to visit’ (< *al-mayl wa’l-ʕudūl), SAr z(w)r ‘to visit’, Gz zōra ‘vertigine laborare’, zawr ‘gyrus, orbis, circulus’.

▪ According to ClassAr lexicographers, zāra ‘to (pay) visit, call on’ as well as ↗zūr_1 ‘lie, untruth, falsehood’ (DRS #ZW/YR-1b) are based on an original meaning of the root of ‘to turn aside’ (DRS #ZW/YR-1a), represented in MSA in the items treated s.v. ↗zawar ‘inclination, obliqueness; squint’ (ĭzwarra, vb. IX., ‘to turn aside’; ʔazwarᵘ, adj., ‘inclined, slanting, oblique; crooked, curved; squint-eyed, cross-eyed’).
▪ Others would derive it from ↗zawr ‘upper part of the chest’, interpreting ‘to visit’ as *‘to meet s.o. with one’s zawr (chest, bosom)’ or as *‘to repair to s.o.’s zawr ’ (i.e., in a fig. sense, the ‘direction of a person to whom one repairs’ – Lane).
▪ Kogan2015: 552 (#23) thinks that Ar zāra ‘to visit’ and closely related values in SSem langs³² perhaps belong together with Akk zêru ‘to dislike, hate, avoid’ etc. (DRS #ZW/YR-1d), a semantic complex the basic meaning of which is ‘to be an outsider; to be strange, foreign’ (cf. also SamAram zr ‘strange, other’).
▪ Dolgopolsky2012#2673/74 thinks (but also has some doubts) that the semantics of Ar zāra ‘to visit’ may be the result of a flowing together and overlapping of two originally distinct values, namely (a) a WSem *-zūr- ‘to visit’ (< AfrAs < Nostr *z̍UR˹i˺/ ?*z̍Uŕ˹i˺ ‘to look at, examine’, or *žUR˹i˺ ‘to watch, to spy’), which gave Ar zāra in the sense of ‘to visit a holy place (e.g., the tomb of a saint) or a person whom one wants to pay respect to’ (as well as the SSem cognates³³ ), and (b) a Sem *zar- ‘foreign(er), enemy’ (< AfrAs < Nostr *z̍oR˅ ‘foreign, hostile’), whence the Sem vb. root *√ZʔR or *√ZWR ‘to be foreign, hostile’³⁴ that not only gave Akk zêru ~ zeʔāru ‘to dislike, hate, avoid’, zāʔiru ~ zēʔiru ~ zêru ‘hostile’ (√ZʔR) etc.,³⁵ but also Ar zāʔir ‘visitor, pilgrim’, interpreted as a PA of zāra ‘to visit’ although deriving from Sem *√ZʔR / *√ZWR and originally meaning ‘foreign, hostile’. – Cf. Kogan’s idea, see preceding paragraph.
▪ DRS mentions that in the MġrAr Jewish dialects a distinction is made between zwāraẗ ‘visit to a person’ and zyāraẗ ‘visit to the tomb of a revered person’. The arrangement within the entry and the values given to the Ar forms suggest that the latter value may be the more original one. – If this reflects an earlier, more widespread distinction, it could serve as an argument supporting Dolgopolsky’s idea of the confluence and overlapping, in MSA zāra, of two originally distinct themes.
▪ Apparently from zāra ‘to (pay) visit, call on’ is also ↗zīr_3 ‘ladies’ man, philanderer’, according to Lane iii (1867) so called because of his frequent visits to women.
▪ Perh. also the obsol. ^†zawr ‘phantom in sleep’ (DRS #ZW/YR-1g) should be related to zāra, as *‘s.th. that visits you while you are asleep, in a dream’.
▪ Etymologies deriving ↗zār ‘zar ceremony’ from zāra ‘to visit’ »seem fantastic, although current in Arab milieux« – art. »zār« (A. Rouaud, T. Battain), in EI². The word seems to have come into Ar, together with the ritual, from EAfrica, via EthSem, ultimately from a Cush milieu.

32. Qat s¹t -zr ‘to ask to visit’ (LIQ 59), Gz zora ‘to go around’ (CDG 646), Te zäwärä ‘to go around, to circulate’ (WTS 502), Tña zorä ‘to go about, to wander around’ (TED 2009), Amh zorä ‘to go around, to roam, not to be able to remain in the same place’ (AED 1664), Gog zorä ‘to go around’ (EDG 714, with cognates in other Gur). 33. D. mentions Qtb št-zr ‘tenter de visiter’, Te Amh zäyyärä ‘visiter, aller en pélérinage’, Mhr zōr ‘to visit a saint’s tomb’, ‘to visit (s.o.)’, E/CJib zɔr ‘to visit’, ? SamAram zrw ‘idolatry’. 34. »with insertion of an additional cons. in the root-medial position due to requirements of the Sem verbal morphology and on the analogy of triconsonantic verbs«. 35. Dolgopolsky lists also BiblHbr zār ‘strange, foreign(er), non-Israelite’ (deriv. PP Š-stem mûzār ‘estranged’ > nHbr mûzār ‘strange, queer’), Phoen zr ‘strange, other’, oAram zr ‘foreigner’, Yd zr ‘stranger’.

▪ Tu ziyāret (1069, Kutadgu Bilig), from Ar ziyāraẗ – Nişanyan_03Apr2015. – Tu mezar (1557 Seydi Ali Reis, Mirʔātü’l-Memālīk), from Ar mazār – Nişanyan_09Apr2014.

► ʔazāra, vb. IV, to induce s.o. to visit (a place): Š-stem, caus.
► tazāwara, vb. VI, to exchange visits: tL-stem, reciproque.
► ĭstazāra, vb. X, to desire s.o.’s (DO) visit: Št-stem, requestative.

► zīr, pl. ʔazyār, n., ladies’ man, philanderer: according to Lane iii (1867): 1269, »so called because of his frequent visits to them [sc., women]«.
► zawraẗ, pl. ‑āt, n.f., visit, call: n.vic.
► ^BP#490 ziyāraẗ, pl. ‑āt, n.f., 1 visit; 2 call (social, of a doctor); 3 (ir.) visit to holy places, pilgrimage: vn. I | ~ ḫāṭifaẗ, n.f., lightning visit, quick visit.
► mazār, pl. ‑āt, n., 1 place which one visits; 2 shrine, sanctuary: n.loc.
► mazūr, adj., visited: PP I.
► ^BP#2123 zāʔir, pl. ‑ūn, zuwwār, n.; zāʔiraẗ, pl. ‑āt, zuwwar, n.f., visitor, caller, guest: traditionally seen as PA I from zāra ‘to visit’; cf. however Dolgopolsky2012#2673-74 where Ar zāʔir ‘visitor’ and zāra ‘to visit’ are thought to perh. go back to different origins: zāʔir < Sem *zar‑ ‘foreign(er), enemy’ < Nostr *z̍oRV ‘foreign, hostile’; zāra < WSem *-zūr‑ ‘to visit’ < Nostr *z̍UR˹i˺ ‘to look at, examine’.
► muzawwir, pl. ‑ūn, n., 1 ↗zūr_1. – 2 pilgrim guide: PA II, D-stem, quasi-caus. (*‘making visit’).

For other values of the root, cf. ↗zawr, ↗zīr, ↗zūr, ↗zawar, and (for the general picture) ↗ZWR. – Cf. also ↗ZYR.

zawr زَوْر

√ZWR

n.

1 upper part of the chest; 2 throat – WehrCowan1979.

Other values, now obsolete, include

^†zawr ‘direction of a person to whom one repairs’ : ↗zawr, ↗zawar
^†zawr ‘camel having the hump inclining’ : ↗zawar
^†zawr ‘phantom in sleep’ : ? ↗zāra .
^†zawr ‘intellect; [? hence:] resoluteness, (strength of) determination’ : ? ↗zawr, ↗zūr_2
^†zawr ‘master, lord, chief, leader’ : ? ↗zawr, ↗zūr_2
^†zawr ‘stone which appears to a person digging a well, and which, being unable to break it, he leaves apparent; a mass of rock’ (Lane) : ?
^†zawr ‘(straight and slender) palm-branch from which the leaves have been stripped off’ : ?

▪ zawr ‘upper part of the chest; throat’ does not seem to be a Sem word.
▪ Dolgopolsky2012 tentatively, though not without doubts, links it to words for ‘heart’ in Turk langs (cf., e.g., modTu yürek).
▪ ClassAr lexicography regards zawr ‘upper part of the chest’ as the basis from which zāra ‘to visit’ is derived (as *‘to turn one’s chest to s.o.’ or *‘to turn o.s. to s.o.’s chest’).
▪ [v2] ‘throat’ is well secondary.

▪ …

▪ No cognates in Sem found so far – DRS 8 (1999)#ZW/YR: Ø; Militarev&Kogan2000: Ø.

▪ This value of √ZWR is neither mentioned in DRS nor in Militarev&Kogan2000, obviously because it does not have a Sem dimension.
▪ Nevertheless, Dolgopolsky2012#2753 tentatively, though not without marking the operation as doubtful, suggests to link Ar zawr ‘chest’ to words for ‘heart’ in Turk langs (e.g., Tu yürek < oTu jüräk). He reconstructs Sem *zawr- and Turk *jür-äk (< Alt *ǯür˅k‘˅ ‘heart’, × Nostr *dür˅ ¬ *dUrE ‘entrails, heart’), and, on this basis, proposes a shared origin in Nostr *ʒ̍ûr˅ ‘inside of body’.
▪ Some ClassAr lexicographers regard zawr as the etymon of the vb. ↗zāra ‘to visit’, interpreting the latter as *‘to meet s.o. with one’s zawr (chest, bosom)’ or ‘to repair to s.o.’s zawr (i.e., direction)’; hence, in ClassAr, zawr is also used in a fig. sense, as the ‘direction of a person to whom one repairs’ (Lane).
▪ To zawr in the sense of ‘upper part of the chest; throat’ belong probably also the obsol. nouns ^†zāraẗ, zāwiraẗ, and zāwūraẗ, all meaning ‘bird’s crop’.
▪ An item that is interesting because it may link zawr ‘upper part of the chest’ to ↗zawar ‘to turn aside, be crooked, be distorted’, is the obsol. intr. vb. I, ^†zawira ‘to have a distorted zawr ’; cf. also ^†zawr ‘camel having the hump inclining’ (Lane).
▪ In ClassAr, zawr can take a number of other meanings, such as ^†‘intellect; [? hence:] resoluteness, (strength of) determination’, hence (?) also ^†‘master, lord, chief, leader’ (var. zūr, ziwar); ^†‘stone which appears to a person digging a well, and which, being unable to break it, he leaves apparent; a mass of rock’ (Lane); ^†‘(straight and slender) palm-branch from which the leaves have been stripped off’; ^†‘phantom in sleep’ (DRS #ZW/YR-1g). A relation between these items and zawr ‘upper part of the chest’ does not seem to be likely, although the etymologies of most of them are obscure. Only zawr in the sense of ^†‘phantom in sleep’ is probably literally *‘s.th. that visits you while you are asleep, dreaming’, which would make it dependent on ↗zāra ‘to visit’, not zawr ‘chest’.
▪ Any connections with ↗zūr_1 ‘lie, untruth, falsehood’ ?

–

ʔālām al-zawr, n.pl., sore throat

For other values of the root, cf. ↗zāra, ↗zīr, ↗zūr, ↗zawar, and (for the general picture) ↗ZWR. – Cf. also ↗ZYR.

zīr زِير (3) , pl. ʔazyār

√ZWR

n.

ladies’ man, philanderer – WehrCowan1979.

▪ According to Lane iii (1867): 1269, a ‘ladies’ man, philanderer’ is called zīr »because of his frequent visits to them [sc., women]«, so the word is seen to be from ↗zāra ‘to visit’ (ZWR_1).
▪ ? Cf. iz-zīr Sālim, n.prop., a hero of popular epic – BadawiHinds1986.

▪ …

↗zāra.

–

For other values of the root, cf. ↗zāra, ↗zawr, ↗zūr, ↗zawar, and (for the general picture) ↗ZWR. – Cf. also ↗ZYR.

zūr زُور (disambig.)

√ZWR

disambig.

▪ zūr_1 ‘lie, untruth, falsehood’ ↗zūr (1)
▪ zūr_2 ‘force’ ↗zūr (2)

Other values, now obsolete:

^†zūr_3 ‘master, lord, chief, leader’ : ? ↗zawr, ↗zūr_2

▪ zūr_1 ‘lie, untruth, falsehood’ : usually either derived from ‘to turn aside’ (↗zawar) or seen as a borrowing from mPers zūr ‘lie, falsehood, fiction’.
▪ zūr_2 ‘force’ : generally regarded as a borrowing (via Tu?) from Pers. A relation with ‘to compress’ (cf. ↗zayyara ‘to button up’) is usually denied by previous research. One source thinks it is a distortion of ↗ǧawr (> vulg. zawr) ‘injustice, oppression, outrage, wanton deviation’. – Should one also compare zūr_3 ‘lord, leader, master, chief’?
▪ ^†zūr_3 ‘master, lord, chief, leader’ : has been connected to ↗zūr_2 ‘force’, but also interpreted as a var. of ↗zawr ‘upper part of the chest’, used in a fig. sense.

▪ …

↗zūr_1, ↗zūr_2, ↗zawr, respectively.

–

¹zūr زُور

√ZWR

n.

lie, untruth; falsehood – WehrCowan1979.

▪ While Jeffery1938, and after him also Rolland2014a, assume an origin in mPers zūr ‘lie, falsehood, fiction’, the items given in DRS as cognates suggest a Sem etymology that connects ‘lie, untruth, falsehood’ to an original value *‘to turn aside, turn away, be averse, inclined, slanting, oblique, crooked, curved’, cf. ↗zawar.
▪ Cheung2017rev: prob. a direct borrowing from mPers zūr ‘id., deceit’. For details, see below, section DISC.
▪ On the Qurʔānic šahādaẗ al-zūr ‘perjury, false testimony’ (Q 22:30), cf. Raimund Köbert, »Die šahādat az-zūr «, Der Islam, 34 (1959): 94 ff.
▪ …

▪ eC7 zūr (falsehood, perjury, false testimony) Q 58:2 wa-ʔinna-hum la-yaqūlūna munkaran min-a ’l-qawli wa-zūran ‘indeed they utter abominable (or, blameworthy) words and falsehood’

▪ (?) DRS 8 (1999)#ZW/YR-1 (a) Akk zāru ‘tordre, être tordu’, Hbr JP zār ‘s’écarter de’, zawwēr ‘rouler’, Ar zawira ‘être penché, courbé; aller en biais’, (b) zāra ‘mentir, accuser faussement’, zawwara ‘altérer, falsifier, défigurer, embellir, orner’, zūr ‘mensonge vanité’, (c) zuraẗ ‘fois’, S Ar zāra ‘quelquefois’, Syr zawar ‘regarder de travers’, Gz Te Arg zora, Tña Amh Gur zorä, Gaf zärä ‘tourner, aller autour’, Gz zawwara ‘durer, subsister’; Amh zäwärwärra ‘vagabond; tortueux (chemin)’, zəwərwər ‘en vrille’, žort ‘hérisson’. – (d)? Akk zēru ‘ne pas aimer, haïr, éviter; abandonner’, zayyār ‘ennemi’, Hbr zār, Phoen oYa zr ‘étranger, d’autrui’, TargAram zār ‘loger chez qn’. – (e) Ar zīr ‘qui est en colère’; (f) zāra ‘visiter (un lieu saint)’, MġrAr zār ‘rendre visite’; zyāra ‘visite’; Qat štzr ‘tenter de visiter’, Mhr Jib Ḥrs zōr ‘visiter’, Te Amh Gur zäyyärä ‘visiter, aller en pèlerinage’, Te təzäyyärä ‘être fatigué, épuisé’. – (g) Ar zawr : ombre que l’on voit dans le sommeil.

▪ Jeffery1938: Ar zūr »is linked with idolatry in Q 22:30, but in the other passages is quite colourless. – The usual theory of the philologers is that it is derived from zawwara though this is clearly a denominative, and that the authorities felt some difficulty with the word is clear from LA, v: 426. – Fraenkel, Fremdw, 273, suggested that it was from [Hbr] zr.³⁶ There is a Hbr word zārâ ‘loathsome thing’ from √ZWR ‘to be loathsome’, but it seems hardly possible to derive the Ar from this. It would seem rather to be of Iranian origin. Pers zūr is ‘lie, falsehood’, which Vullers, Lex, ii: 158, gives, it is true, as a loan-word from Ar. He is certainly wrong, however, for not only does the word occur in mPers both simply as zūr, a ‘lie, falsehood, fiction’,³⁷ and in compounds as zūr-gukāsīh ‘false evidence, perjury’³⁸ and in the Pazend zur ‘a lie’,³⁹ but also in the oPers of the Behistun inscription (where we read (iv: 63-4) naiy draužana āham, naiy zārakara āham ‘I was no liar, nor was I an evil-doer’, and further (iv: 65) naiy… zūra akunavam ‘I did no wrong’),⁴⁰ and in the Av zūrōžata.⁴¹ From mPers the word was borrowed into Arm, where we find zowr ‘false, wrong’,⁴² which enters into several compounds, e.g. zraban ‘caluminator’, zrkankʽ ‘injustice’, etc., so that it was probably directly from mPers that it came into Arabic.«
▪ Rolland2014a: from mPers zūr ‘lie, falsehood, fiction’, akin to Av zūrah ‘to deceive, cheat, lie, betray’.
▪ While Jeffery1938 and Rolland2014a regard zūr ‘lie, untruth, falsehood’ as a borrowing from mPers (see preceding paragraphs), another tradition (cf. DRS) sees it (as also the vb. ↗zāra ‘to visit’) as development from an original ‘to incline, turn aside, etc.’, represented in MSA ↗zawar ‘inclination, obliqueness; squint’, ĭzwarra ‘to turn aside’, ʔazwarᵘ ‘inclined, slanting, oblique; crooked, curved; squint-eyed, cross-eyed’ (≙ DRS #ZW/YR-1b).
▪ In MSA, zūr and derivatives show an exclusively negative meaning (e.g., zawwara, vb. II, ‘to forge, falsify, counterfeit; to fake, simulate’), while in earlier times it was often used with a positive connotation; zawwara could then also mean ^†‘to set right; to improve; to embellish’.

36. Vide also Beit. Ass, iii: 67, where he says: »Das koranische zūr habe ich in dringendem Verdacht aus der Fremde entlehnt zu sein. Schon die verschiedenartigen Erklärungen der Araber sind auffallend.« 37. e.g. Gosht-i-Fryānō, iii: 29. 38. E.g. Ardā Vīrāf, lv: 6; xlv: 5. 39. Vide Shikand, Glossary, p. 275; Salemann, Manichaeische Studien, i: 80. 40. Spiegel, in the Glossary to his Altpersische Keilinschriften, p. 243, translates zūra by ‘Gewalt’, but Hübschmann, ZDMG, xlvi: 329, rightly corrects him. 41. Bartholomae, AIW, 1698; Horn, Grundriss, 149: § 674. 42. Hübschmann, Arm. Gramm, i: 151.

–

► šahādat al-zūr, n.f., false testimony

► zawwara, vb. II, to forge, falsify, counterfeit (s.th.); to fake, simulate: denom. D-stem, declar./caus.
► ^BP#3672tazwīr, n., forgery, falsification: vn. II | ~ fī ’l-sanadāt, n., falsification of documents.
► muzawwir, pl. ‑ūn, n., 1 forger: PA II. 2 ↗zāra.
► muzawwar, adj., 1 forged, false, counterfeit; 2 obtained by swindle, faked: PP II.

For other values of the root, cf. ↗zawr, ↗zīr, ↗zūr_2, ↗zawar, and (for the general picture) ↗ZWR. – Cf. also ↗ZYR.

²zūr زُور

√ZWR

n.

force – WehrCowan1979.

▪ The common theory is that it probably is from mPers zūr, zōr ‘strength, power, vigour, violence, strong effort, force’. – No connection has been seen so far between zūr and the complex treated in DRS as #ZW/YR-2 (incl. Hbr zār ‘to press down and out’, Syr zār, zwar ‘to compress’, Ar ^†zayyara ‘to twist the lip of a beast’, ^†ziwār ‘rope binding the fore to the hind-girth’, etc., see ↗zayyar and ZWR_9 in ↗ZWR). – In contrast, Wahrmund1887 thinks zūr, zōr is vulgar for zawr which, according to the same author, is distorted from ↗ǧawr ‘injustice, oppression, outrage, wanton deviation’.

▪ …

▪ Cf. ↗zayyar ?

▪ Rolland2014a, Nişanyan_05Aug2015: zūr ‘force’, esp. in the expr. bi’l-zūr : (via Tu zor ?) from mPers zūr, zōr ‘strength, power, vigour, violence, strong effort, force’, akin to Av zāvar ‘id.’ and Skr śūra ‘powerful, mighty, strong, valiant, heroic, brave’.
▪ DRS, where the word is seen as a specifically IrqAr (and Ṭur nSyr) phenomenon, says that the item does not seem to be related (»ne relève apparemment pas…«) to the complex ‘to compress’ treated in DRS as #ZW/YR-2 (incl. Hbr zār ‘to press down and out’, Syr zār, zəwar ‘to compress’, Ar ^†zayyara ‘to twist the lip of a beast’, ^†ziwār ‘rope binding the fore to the hind-girth’, etc., MorAr ↗zayyar ‘to close [a button]’ = ZWR_20/ZYR_4).
▪ Wahrmund1887 thinks zūr ‘force’ is vulgar for ↗zawr which, according to the same author, is distorted from ↗ǧawr ‘injustice, oppression, outrage, wanton deviation’.
▪ Should one also compare ^†zawr ‘(strength of) determination’ (? > ‘lord, leader, master, chief’)? Cf. ↗zawr.

▪ Not from Ar zūr, but from the same source is Tu zor ‘difficult’ (1330 ʕĀşıḳ Paşa, Ġarīb-nāme) – Nişanyan_05Aug2015.

bi’l-zūr, adv., by force, forcibly

For other values of the root, cf. ↗zāra, ↗zawr, ↗zīr, ↗zūr_1, ↗zawar, and (for the general picture) ↗ZWR. – Cf. also ↗ZYR.

zawar زَوَر

√ZWR

n.

1 inclination, obliqueness, slant; crookedness; 2 falseness; perfidy, insidiousness; 3 squint – WehrCowan1979.

▪ A number of sources regard the notion of ‘to incline, turn aside’ (≙ DRS #ZW/YR-1a) as the etymon on which other main semantic complexes of the root ZWR, particularly ‘to visit’ (↗zāra, ≙ DRS #1f) and ‘lie, falsehood’ (↗zūr_1, ≙ DRS #ZW/YR-1b), are dependent. The latter is still also a value of zawar itself [v2].
▪ In [v3], the original ‘inclination’ is applied to the eyes.

▪ eC7 tazāwara ʕan (to swerve away from, bypass, steer clear of, veer away from) Q 18:17 wa-tarà ’l-šamsa ʔiḏā ṭalaʕat ta[ta]zāwaru ʕan kahfi-him ḏāta ’l-yamīni ‘you could see the sun, as it rose, veering away from their cave towards the right’

▪ DRS 8 (1999)#ZW/YR-1 (a) Akk zāru ‘tordre, être tordu’, Hbr JP zār ‘s’écarter de’, zawwēr ‘rouler’, Ar zawira ‘être penché, courbé; aller en biais’, (b) zāra ‘mentir, accuser faussement’, zawwara ‘altérer, falsifier, défigurer, embellir, orner’, zūr ‘mensonge vanité’, (c) zuraẗ ‘fois’, S Ar zāra ‘quelquefois’, Syr zawar ‘regarder de travers’, Gz Te Arg zora, Tña Amh Gur zorä, Gaf zärä ‘tourner, aller autour’, Gz zawwara ‘durer, subsister’; Amh zäwärwärra ‘vagabond; tortueux (chemin)’, zəwərwər ‘en vrille’, žort ‘hérisson’. – (d)? Akk zēru ‘ne pas aimer, haïr, éviter; abandonner’, zayyār ‘ennemi’, Hbr zār, Phoen oYa zr ‘étranger, d’autrui’, TargAram zār ‘loger chez qn’. – (e) Ar zīr ‘qui est en colère’; (f) zāra ‘visiter (un lieu saint)’, MġrAr zār ‘rendre visite’; zyāra ‘visite’; Qat štzr ‘tenter de visiter’, Mhr Jib Ḥrs zōr ‘visiter’, Te Amh Gur zäyyärä ‘visiter, aller en pèlerinage’, Te təzäyyärä ‘être fatigué, épuisé’. – (g) Ar zawr : ombre que l’on voit dans le sommeil.

▪ According to some, the notion of ‘to incline, turn aside, be crooked’ (DRS #ZW/YR-1a) is the basic value from which also the complexes of ‘to visit’ (DRS #ZW/YR-1f, ↗zāra) and perh. also of ‘lie, falsehood’ (DRS #ZW/YR-1b, ↗zūr) are derived.
▪ Is there any relation to ↗zawr ‘upper part of the chest’? The obsol. intr. vb. I, ^†zawira ‘to have a distorted zawr ’ could be an interesting link in which both values overlap.
▪ The obsol. ^†zawraẗ ‘one time’ (≙ DRS #ZW/YR-1c) is probably also from ‘to turn aside’. According to DRS, Nöldeke (in Landberg, Glos. 1875) had already observed that there are parallel pairs ‘one time/ vb. of motion’, cf. e.g., ↗marraẗ and vb. ↗marra ‘to pass by’, ↗ṭawr and vb. ^†ṭāra ‘to go round, hover round, approach’ (↗ṬWR), ↗tāraẗ and vb. ^†tāra ‘to run, flow’ (↗TWR).
▪ The word ^†zawrāʔᵘ which in ClassAr can mean ‘deep (well)’, ‘silver vessel’, ‘Bagdad (town)’, or ‘Tigris (river)’, is apparently the f. of the adj. ʔazwarᵘ, but semantics are not really evident. Are all these items called zawrāʔᵘ because of their crookedness?

–

► ĭzwarra, vb. IX, 1 to turn aside, turn away, dissociate o.s. (ʕan from); 2 to be averse (ʕan to s.th.); ~ bi-hī, expr., to turn s.o. away, alienate s.o. (ʕan from): R₃ gem. stem for colours and handicaps, denom., intr.

► ʔazwarᵘ, f. zawrāʔᵘ, pl. zūr, adj., 1 inclined, slanting, oblique; 2 crooked, curved; 3 squint-eyed, cross-eyed: ʔafʕal for colours and handicaps.
► ĭzwirār, n., 1 turning away; 2 (fig.) averseness, aversion, dislike, distaste: vn. IX.

For other values of the root, cf. ↗zāra, ↗zawr, ↗zīr, ↗zūr, and (for the general picture) ↗ZWR. – Cf. also ↗ZYR.

ziyāraẗ زِيارَة , pl. ‑āt

√ZWR

n.f.

1 visit; 2 call (social, of a doctor); 3 (ir.) visit to holy places, pilgrimage – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

–

► ziyāraẗ ḫāṭifaẗ, n.f., lightning visit, quick visit

ZWRQ زورق

√ZWRQ

“root”

▪ ZWRQ_1 ‘boat, row-boat, skiff’ ↗zawraq

↗zawraq, ↗ZRQ.

–

zawraq زَوْرَق , pl. zawāriqᵘ

√ZWRQ, ZRQ

n.

boat, row-boat, skiff – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

…

▪ …
▪ …

–

► zawraq buḫārī, n., steam launch
► zawraq al-ṣayd, n., fishing boat
► zawraq kanadī, n., Canadian canoe
► zawraq kayāk (or kāyāk), n., kayak (rowing sport)
► zawraq al-naǧāẗ, n., lifeboat
► zawraq nāsif, n., torpedo boat

ZWL زول

√ZWL

“root”

▪ ZWL_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ZWL_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ZWL_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to disappear, go away, cease, vanish; to abate, calm down; to practise’

▪ …

–

.

–

ZYT زيت

√ZYT

“root”

▪ ZYT_1 ‘(olive) oil, olive (tree), to anoint’ ↗zayt, ↗zaytūn
▪ ZYT_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘oil, particularly olive oil, to anoint; olives, olive tree’

▪ From among the 3 values of ZYT listed in DRS, only the first is represented in Ar.
▪ While earlier research assumed that the meaning ‘(olive) oil’ was an Ar innovation—the primary value in Sem being ‘olives, olive tree’, more recent studies would not exclude that also ‘oil’ was an original value.
▪ However that may have been, Ar distinguishes between ‘oil’ (↗zayt) and ‘olive (tree)’ (↗zaytūn).

–

▪ DRS 8 (1999)#ZYT-1 Ug zt ‘olive’, Hbr zayit, EmpAram zyt, TargAram Syr Mand nAram zayatā ‘olive, olivier’, Ar zayt ‘huile’, zaytūn, Mhr zaytūn Jib zetun ‘olive, olivier’, Soq zeyt ‘huile d’olive’, Gz zayt, Te zet, Tña zäyti, Amh Gur Har zäyt ‘olive, olivier; huile d’olive’. -2 SAr ziyyit ‘craquer (chaussure)’. -3 Gur zīt, zit, zitänä ‘malade possédé par un esprit’.

▪See section CONC above.
▪ ZYT_1: It is probably not wrong to assume a (W)Sem *zayt- ‘olives, olive tree; (?) olive oil’

–

zayt زَيْت , pl. zuyūt

√ZYT

n.

oil (edible, fuel, motor oil, etc.) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Jeffery1938 thinks that Ar zayt is a loan from Syr zēṯā, following Fraenkel1886 who supported his assumption with the statement that the olive was not indigenous among the Arabs. But the term is so widespread in (W)Sem that such a claim can hardly be maintained.
▪ It is probably not wrong to assume a (W)Sem *zayt‑ ‘olives, olive tree; (?) olive oil’.

▪ eC7 zayt (oil, olive oil) Q 24:35 yakādu zaytu-hā yuḍīʔu wa-law lam tamsas-hu nārun ‘its oil almost glows even when no fire touches it’.
▪ Cf. also ↗zaytūn.

▪ DRS 8 (1999)#ZYT-1 Ug zt ‘olive’, Hbr zayit, EmpAram zyt, TargAram Syr Mand nAram zayatā ‘olive, olivier’, Ar zayt ‘huile’, zaytūn, Mhr zaytūn Jib zetun ‘olive, olivier’, Soq zeyt ‘huile d’olive’, Gz zayt, Te zet, Tña zäyti, Amh Gur Har zäyt ‘olive, olivier; huile d’olive’.

▪ Jeffery1938, 156-57: »The word has no verbal root in Arabic, [the verb] zāta ‘to give oil’ being obviously denominative, as was clear even to the native Lexicographers (LA, ii, 340, etc.). – Guidi, Della Sede, 600, had noted the word as a foreign borrowing, and Fraenkel, Fremdw, 147, points out that the olive was not indigenous among the Arabs.⁴³ We may suspect that the word belongs to the old pre-Semitic stratum of the population of the Syrian area. In Hbr, zayit means both ‘olive tree’ and ‘olive’,⁴⁴ but Lagarde, Mittheilungen, iii: 215, showed that primitively it meant ‘oil’. In Aram we have zayṯā and Syr zēṯā, which (along with the Hbr) Gesenius tried unsuccessfully to derive from ZHH ‘to be bright, fresh, luxuriant’. The word is also found in Copt čōit beside čeeit and čoeit, where it is clearly a loan-word, and in Phlv ???? ⁴⁵ and Arm cēt’ ‘oil’, cit’eni ‘olive tree’, which are usually taken as borrowings from Aram⁴⁶ but which the presence of the word in Ossetian zet’i, and Georgian zethi would at least suggest the possibility of being independent borrowings from the original population.⁴⁷ – The Ar word may have come directly from this primitive source, but more likely it is from the Syr zēṯā, which also is the source of the Eth [Gz] zayt (Nöldeke, Neue Beiträge, 42). ⁴⁸ It was an early borrowing in any case, for it occurs in the old poetry, e.g. Divan Hudh, lxxii: 6; Aġānī, viii: 49, etc.«
▪ Nişanyan_20Aug2015: mPers zayt and Arm tsét are from Aram.
▪ Outside Sem: nEg ḏytw */zētu/, Copt ǧoeit, ǧōit, ǧaeit ‘olive tree, olive’ is regarded to be a borrowing from Sem – Hoch1994.

43. He quotes Strabo, xvi: 781, whose evidence is rather for SArabia. Bekri, Muʕjam, 425, however, says that the olive is found in Syria only, and we may note that in Sura xxiii, 20, the tree on Mt. Sinai yields dahn not zayt. 44. So Phoen zt (cf. Harris, Glossary, 99), and zt in the Ras Shamra texts. 45. PPGl, 242. 46. Hübschmann, Arm. Gramm, i: 309; ZDMG, xlvi: 243. Lagarde, Mitth, iii: 219, seemed to think that [Arm] cēt’ was the origin of the Sem forms (but see his Arm Stud, No. 1347, and Übersicht, 219, n.). 47. Laufer, Sino-Iranica, 411, however, still holds to a Sem origin for all the forms. 48. Eth [Gz] zaytūn, however, is from Ar zaytūn, cf. Nöldeke, op. cit.

▪ Lokotsch1927#2187: Ar zayt ‘oil’ > (+art. al-) gave Sp Port aceite ‘olive oil’. – See also ↗ zaytūn.

► zayt ḥārr, n., linseed oil
► zayt ḥulw, n., sweet oil, oil free of hydrogen sulfide
► zayt al-ḥūt, n., cod-liver oil
► zayt al-ḫirwaʕ, n., castor oil
► zayt al-samak, n., cod-liver oil
► zayt al-tašḥīm, n., lubricating oil
► zayt al-ĭstiṣbāḥ, n., fuel oil
► zayt al-ġāz, n., kerosene

► zayyata, vb. II, 1 to oil, lubricate, grease (a machine, and the like); 2 to add oil (to some food): applicative, denom.

► zaytī, adj., oily, oil, oil-bearing: nsb-adj. | ṣūraẗ zaytiyyaẗ or lawḥaẗ zaytiyyaẗ, n.f., oil painting.
► zayyāt, n., oil dealer, oilman: n.prof.
► ^BP#2471zaytūn, n., 1 olive tree; 2 olive(s); ^†3 Zaytūn, or Zītūn, the Ar name of Quánzhōu (or another big commercial town in China): see ↗s.v.
► zaytūnaẗ, pl. ‑āt, n.f., 1 olive tree; 2 olive: see ↗s.v.
► zaytūnī, adj., olivaceous, olive-colored, olive-green: nsb-adj. of zaytūn; (pl. ‑ūn), n., student of the Great Mosque of Tunis: nominalized nsb-adj., from (ǧāmiʕ al-)zaytūnaẗ, Zaytouna Mosque.
► zaytūniyyaẗ, var. ʔaḥad al-zaytūniyyaẗ, n.f., Palm Sunday (Copt. Chr.): nsb-adj., f.
► mazyataẗ, n.f., oil can, oiler: n.loc.
► muzayyat, adj., oiled: PP II.

ZYTN زيتن

√ZYTN

“root”

▪ ZYTN_1 ‘olive(s), olive tree’ ↗zaytūn
▪ ZYTN_2 ‘Zaytūn’, Ar name of Quánzhōu (or another big commercial town in S China) ↗zaytūn [v3]

▪ ZYTN_1 : from (W)Sem ↗*zayt ‘olive(s), olive tree’.
▪ ZYTN_2 : Perh. the Arabized form a the name of big commercial centre in S China (Quánzhōu ?)

–

Cf. ↗zayt, ↗ZYT.

▪ ↗zayt, ↗zaytūn.

–

zaytūn زَيْتُون

√ZYTN

n.

1 olive tree; 2 olive(s) – WehrCowan1979. – ^†3 Zaytūn, or Zītūn, the medieval Ar name of Quánzhōu (or another big commercial town in China).

▪ The name for olives and the olive tree [v1-v2] is not to be confused with the Ar name of the Chinese town Quánzhōu, from which a certain kind of silk (satin) was imported [v3].
▪ [v1-v2] : »Olives and their oil […] have been used as a food and medicine since ancient times. In the Qurʔān, Sūrat al-Tīn, 95:1, we have an introductory oath “By the fig and the olive…”. / Olive oil has long featured in folk medicine, continuing up to the present time. It has the authority of the Prophet, for it is “from a blessed tree”, and is recommended in particular for erysipelas, itch, ulcers, and skin eruptions (Medicine of the Prophet, tr. Johnstone, 227). In Persia of the 1930s, it was “much used in magical rites”. […] Modern Western use is mainly culinary, but also as eardrops and in compound oils.« – Art. »Zaytūn, 1.« (P.C. Johnstone), in EI².
▪ [v3] : The name of the Chinese town is perh. the etymon, via its Ar name Zaytūn, or Zītūn, of Eur words for a certain textile,

[v1-v2]
▪ eC7 zaytūn 1 (olives) Q 95:1 wa’l-tīni wa’l-zaytūni ‘by the figs and the olives’; 2 (olive trees) Q 16:11 yunbitu la-kum bi-hī ’l-zarʕa wa’l-zaytūna wa’l-naḫīla wa’l-ʔaʕnāba ‘with it He grows for you plants, olives, palms, vines’. – ▪ eC7 zaytūnaẗ (olive tree) Q 24:35 yūqadu min šaǧaraẗin mubārakaẗin zaytūnaẗin ‘fuelled from a blessed olive tree’
▪ Cf. also ↗zayt.

[v3]
»Zaytūn, or more probably Zītūn, the name given in the later Arabic geographers (Ibn Saʕīd al-Maġribī, who flourished in the 7th/13th century, being apparently the first to mention it) and in Muslim travellers like Ibn Baṭṭūṭa (who landed there after his Chinese voyage of ca. 1346-7) to a great commercial port of China. It is usually identified as Ch’üan-chou or Quanzhou [Quánzhōu] in the modern Fukien or Fujian [Fújiàn] province, facing the Formosa strait [▪ …] or possibly as the nearby Chang-chou or Zhangzhou near Amoy in this same province [▪ …]. In Sung and Yüan times (12th-14th centuries) it had a flourishing colony of Arab and Persian Muslim merchants, who lived in a separate urban area of their own with all necessary buildings for the practice of their cult and for the meeting together of Ṣūfīs, whilst the Christian community had its own suffragan bishopric there under the Roman Catholic archdiocese of Khānbalīḳ or Peking (one incumbent of Zaytūn is mentioned as Andrew of Perugia) and Franciscan convents.« – Art. »Zaytūn« (C.E. Bosworth), in EI².

▪ DRS 8 (1999)#ZYT-1 Ug zt ‘olive’, Hbr zayit, EmpAram zyt, TargAram Syr Mand nAram zayatā ‘olive, olivier’, Ar zayt ‘huile’, zaytūn, Mhr zaytūn Jib zetun ‘olive, olivier’, Soq zeyt ‘huile d’olive’, Gz zayt, Te zet, Tña zäyti, Amh Gur Har zäyt ‘olive, olivier; huile d’olive’.

▪ [v1-v2] : see above, section CONC, as well as ↗zayt.
▪ [v3] ʔaṭlas al-Zaytūn : cf. R. Laffitte, SELEFA Séance du 19/06/2014.

▪ [v1-v2]
▪ Lokotsch1927#2187: Ar zaytūn ‘olives’, n.un. zaytūnaẗ ‘olive’, + Ar art. al- > Span aceituna, Port azeitona ‘Olive’. From Tu zeytin : Serb zejtin, Russ zitin ‘Baumöl’. – Cf. also ↗zayt.
▪ Tu zeytin ‘olive(s)’ (1303 Codex Cumanicus), from Ar zaytūn ‘id.’ < Ar zayt ‘(olive) oil’ < Aram zeytā ‘id.’, akin to Hbr zayt and Phoen zyt ‘id.’ – Nişanyan_20Aug2015.

[v3]
▪ Lokotsch1927#2188: Ar zaytūn : medieval name for the big Chinese trade port Tseutung oder Tswan-tschou-fu in Fokien [see above, section HIST]. The name was eponymous for a certain type of textile, namely Ar ʔaṭlas zaytūn ‘Zaytunic satin’. Preceded by the article al-, the Ar n.pr.loc. gave Sp aceituni, setuni, mFr zatony, Fr satin, mIt zetani, It zetanino, setino [under influence of seta ‘silk’]; Engl satin, Ge Satin. Hirth ChinFW 204/205 remarks that Cantonese silk factories still were producing a textile known to this day under the name of ssū-tuan, Cantonese szetün ‘silk atlas’. »It seems that Ar traders confused the name of this textile with that of their own trading colony, Zaytūn, which had become famous already before Canton.« – Cf. however the following.
▪ Engl satin (mC14), »from oFrench satin (C14), perh. from Arabic (ʔaṭlas) zaytūnī, lit. ‘(satin) from Zaytūn ’, a Chinese city, perh. modern Quanzhou in Fukien province, southern China, a major port in the Middle Ages, with a resident community of European traders. The form of the word perhaps influenced in Fr by Lat seta ‘silk’. – OED finds the Ar connection etymologically untenable and takes the Fr word straight from Lat« – EtymOnline.

► ʔaḥad al-zaytūn, n., Palm Sunday (Chr.); ǧabal al-~, n., Mount of Olives (Jerusalem)
► zaytūnaẗ, pl. ‑āt, n.f., 1 olive tree; 2 olive | ǧāmiʕ al-~, n., the Zaytouna Mosque (large mosque and university in Tunis)
► zaytūnī, adj., olivaceous, olive-colored, olive-green; (pl. ‑ūn), n., student of the Great Mosque of Tunis
► zaytūniyyaẗ, var. ʔaḥad al-zaytūniyyaẗ, n.f., Palm Sunday (Copt. Chr.)

ZYD زيد

√ZYD

“root”

▪ ZYD_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ZYD_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ZYD_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to increase, grow, multiply; increase, growth’

▪ …

–

.

–

ZYR زير

√ZYR

“root”

▪ ZYR_1 ‘large jar’ ↗zīr_1
▪ ZYR_2 ‘highest string (of stringed instruments)’ ↗zīr_2
▪ ZYR_3 (= ZWR_3) ‘ladies’ man, philanderer’ ↗zīr_3, arranged under √ZWR
▪ ZYR_4 ‘to close (a button)’ ↗zayyar (MorAr)

Other values, now obsolete, include:

ZYR_5 ‘horse-twitchers’ barnacles, (Lane:) instrument with which a farrier twists the lip of a beast’ : ^†ziyār, cf. ↗zayyar .
^†ZYR_6 ‘angry, and severing o.s. from one’s companion’ (DRS #ZW/YR-1e) : zīr, zayir, cf. ↗ZʔR ?
^†ZYR_7 ‘flax’ : zīr
^†ZYR_8 ‘use, custom’ : zīr

▪ ZYR_1 zīr ‘large jar’ : of unknown origin, probably Sem – Rolland2014a. Orel&Stolbova1994 see also an AfrAs dimension.
▪ ZYR_2 zīr ‘highest string (of stringed instruments)’ : from Pers zīr ‘smallest string of a lute, guitar, etc.’ (Steingass1892), from mPers azīr ‘under’ – Rolland2014a
▪ ZYR_3 (= ZWR_3) : According to Lane iii (1867), a ‘ladies’ man, philanderer’ is called zīr »because of his frequent visits to them [sc., women]«, so the word seems to be from ↗zāra ‘to visit’ (ZWR_1).
▪ ZYR_4 MorAr zayyar ‘to close (a button)’: from a WSem root with the basic meaning of *‘to join, press together’.
▪ ZYR_5 ^†ziyār, the name of an ‘instrument with which a farrier twists the lip of a beast’ (Lane) belongs to the same complex as also ↗zayyar (preceding item).
▪ ZYR_6 : ^†zīr, zayir ‘angry’: DRS (#ZW/YR-1e) includes this value in the big complex whose semantics stretch from ‘to incline, turn aside’ via ‘to lie, falsify’ and ‘one time, once’ until ‘to hate; enemy, stranger, foreigner’, ‘to visit’ and ‘phantom appearing in a dream’. In contrast, Lane thinks at least zayir is corrupted from zaʔir, see ↗√ZʔR.
▪ ZYR_7 ^†zīr ‘flax’ : semantics and etymology unclear.
▪ ZYR_8 ^†zīr ‘use, custom’ : semantics and etymology unclear.

–

▪ ZYR_1 : DRS 8 (1999)#ZW/YR-3 Ar zīr, Mhr zayr, Jib zir ‘grande jarre à eau’, Sab zwyr (pl.) ‘distributeur d’eau’ ?
▪ ZYR_2 : Ø – borrowed from Pers.
▪ ZYR_3 : ↗zāra.
▪ ZYR_4 : DRS 8 (1999)#ZW/YR-2 Hbr zār ‘presser, écraser’, nHbr məzōrā ‘pressoir’, māzōr ‘pansement’, TargAram zār ‘retenir’, zəyārā ‘pressoir’, Syr zār, zəwar ‘prendre, tenir; frapper du poing’, zəwārā ‘poing, poignée; main, pouvoir; massue’; Ar zayyara ‘serrer, presser, serrer les lèvres à un cheval avec des tenailles; attacher’, tazayyara ‘être mis à l’étroit, être embarrassé’, ziyār ‘tenailles, étau’, EgAr zayyar ‘attacher’, MġrAr ‘serrer, comprimer’, HispAr ziyār ‘bâillon’, EAr zawr ‘jointée, poignée’; IrqAr zōr ‘sous-bois, buisson dans un lieu marécageux’, Gz zawwara ‘garder, cacher’. – ? Hbr zēr ‘bordure’, JP zīrā ‘couronne, guirlande’.
▪ ZYR_5 : DRS 8 (1999)#ZW/YR-1 (a) Akk zāru ‘tordre, être tordu’, Hbr JP zār ‘s’écarter de’, zawwēr ‘rouler’, Ar zawira ‘être penché, courbé; aller en biais’, (b) zāra ‘mentir, accuser faussement’, zawwara ‘altérer, falsifier, défigurer, embellir, orner’, zūr ‘mensonge vanité’, (c) zuraẗ ‘fois’, S Ar zāra ‘quelquefois’, Syr zawar ‘regarder de travers’, Gz Te Arg zora, Tña Amh Gur zorä, Gaf zärä ‘tourner, aller autour’, Gz zawwara ‘durer, subsister’; Amh zäwärwärra ‘vagabond; tortueux (chemin)’, zəwərwər ‘en vrille’, žort ‘hérisson’. – (d)? Akk zēru ‘ne pas aimer, haïr, éviter; abandonner’, zayyār ‘ennemi’, Hbr zār, Phoen oYa zr ‘étranger, d’autrui’, TargAram zār ‘loger chez qn’. – (e) Ar zīr ‘qui est en colère’; (f) zāra ‘visiter (un lieu saint)’, MġrAr zār ‘rendre visite’; zyāra ‘visite’; Qat štzr ‘tenter de visiter’, Mhr Jib Ḥrs zōr ‘visiter’, Te Amh Gur zäyyärä ‘visiter, aller en pèlerinage’, Te təzäyyärä ‘être fatigué, épuisé’. – (g) Ar zawr : ombre que l’on voit dans le sommeil.

▪ ZYR_1 : ↗zīr_1
▪ ZYR_2 : ↗zīr_2
▪ ZYR_3 : ↗zīr_3 , ↗zāra, ↗ZWR
▪ ZYR_4 : ↗zayyar

▪ ZYR_1 : Cf. Ital ziro ‘large jar’ – Lokotsch1927#2222.
▪ ZYR_2 : Cf. IE *ndʰer- ‘under’ (Skr adhas ‘below’ [cf. adhaḥ-stha ‘placed low, below’, adhaḥ-sthita ‘standing below’, ádhara-tas ‘below’], Av aṯara- ‘lower’, Lat infernus ‘lower’, infra ‘below’), Engl under.

Cf. also ↗zār and ↗ZWR.

zayyar‑ زَيَّر

√ZYR

vb., II

(MorAr) to close (a button) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ From a WSem root with the basic meaning of *‘to join, press together’.

▪ …

▪ DRS 8 (1999)#ZW/YR-2 (a) Hbr zār ‘presser, écraser’, nHbr məzōrā ‘pressoir’, māzōr ‘pansement’, TargAram zār ‘retenir’, zəyārā ‘pressoir’, Syr zār, zəwar ‘prendre, tenir; frapper du poing’, zəwārā ‘poing, poignée; main, pouvoir; massue’; Ar zayyara ‘serrer, presser, serrer les lèvres à un cheval avec des tenailles; attacher’, tazayyara ‘être mis à l’étroit, être embarrassé’, ziyār ‘tenailles, étau’, EgAr zayyar ‘attacher’, MġrAr ‘serrer, comprimer’, HispAr ziyār ‘bâillon’, EAr zawr ‘jointée, poignée’; IrqAr zōr ‘sous-bois, buisson dans un lieu marécageux’, Gz zawwara ‘garder, cacher’. – (b)? Hbr zēr ‘bordure’, JP zīrā ‘couronne, guirlande’.
▪ BadawiHinds1986: EgAr zayyar ‘to fasten, attach’, zayyār ‘rope attaching the rear end of the tiller to the rudder (naut.)’.

▪ The MorAr vb. II zayyar ‘to close (a button)’ belongs to a larger semantic complex that has its origin in a WSem root with the basic meaning *‘to join, press together’, cf. ClassAr ^†zayyara ‘to twist the lips (of a horse, of an animal) with a ziyār ’, ^†ziyār ‘horse-twitchers’ barnacles, instrument with which a farrier twists the lip of a beast’, ^†ziwār ‘rope binding the fore to the hind-girth’, and the obsol. vb. I, ^†zāra (ū, zawār) ‘to bind the fore to the hind-girth of a camel, (Lane:) to bind upon it the rope called ziwār ’.
▪ DRS does not think that the complex ‘to compress’ is etymologically related to ↗zūr_2 ‘force’, which is treated as a specifically IrqAr (and Ṭur nSyr) phenomenon and believed to be (via Tu zor ?) from mPers zūr, zōr ‘strength, power, etc.’.
▪ There seems to be frequent overlapping with √ZR: (ZRR), cf. ↗zarra ‘to button up’ (ClassAr: ‘to draw forcibly together, button, button up’), ↗zirr ‘button’.
▪ From its morphology, EgAr ^†tazyīraẗ, pl. -āt, tazāyīr, n.f., a ‘black robe formerly worn by middle-class women’ (BadawiHinds1986), looks as if it belongs to zayyar as a vn. II. But semantics are not clear. Is this black robe called tazyīraẗ because it is buttoned up? Cf. however also EgAr mizayyaraẗ, n.prop., ‘evil spirit believed to appear in the form of a woman clad in white garb’ (BadawiHinds1986): so called after the ^†tazyīraẗ, or is there any connection to the ↗zār ritual?

▪ ^†ziyār ‘instrument with which a farrier twists the lip of a beast’ is the etymon of Span acial ‘id’ -- JC Rolland (personal communication, 28Mar2016).

–

zīr زِير (disambig.)

√ZYR

n.

▪ zīr_1 ‘large jar’ ↗¹zīr
▪ zīr_2 ‘highest string (of stringed instruments)’ ↗²zīr
▪ zīr_3 (= ZWR_3) ‘ladies’ man, philanderer’ ↗³zīr, arranged under √ZWR.

–

¹zīr زِير , pl. ʔazyār , ziyār (EgAr, MġrAr)

√ZYR

n.

large jar – WehrCowan1979. / large handle-less earthenware jar used for storing and filtering water (BadawiHinds1986), wide in the upper part and nearly pointed at the bottom (Lane).

Of unknown origin, probably Sem – Rolland2014a.

▪ …

▪ DRS 8 (1999)#ZW/YR-3: Ar zīr, Mhr zayr, Jib zir ‘grande jarre à eau’, Sab zwyr (pl.) ‘distributeur d’eau’?.
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#2629: (outside Sem) Eg i͗ḏr.t ‘kind of vessel’.

▪ On account of the Ar and Eg evidence, Orel&Stolbova1994#2629 reconstruct Sem *zīr- ‘big vessel’, Eg i͗ḏr.t (ḏ- <*ʒ- before a front vowel?) ‘kind of vessel’ (TLA: ‘ein Ölgefäß’), from AfrAs *ʒir- ‘vessel’. TLA, however, following Hoch1994, thinks the Eg word is a borrowing from Sem.
▪ In EgAr, the zīr figures in some proverbs/popular sayings, like ʔādi z-zīr wi-ʔādi ġaṭā-h (lit., here is the zīr and here is its cover – part of a children’s rhyme) ≈ ‘here is what clinches it!’ (in presenting proof); dawwar iz-zīr ʕala ġaṭā-h lamma ltaqā-h (lit., the zīr search for its cover, so/until it found it) ≈ ‘he met his match’; kasar zīr warā-h (lit., he broke a zīr behind him) ≈ ‘he said good riddance to him’ – BadawiHinds1986.

▪ Lokotsch1927#2222: Ar zīr ‘large jar’ [similar in form to the Lat dolium, Grk píthis; ZDMG 50: 631] > Ital ziro ‘id.’.

► EgAr mazyaraẗ, pl. mazāyir, n.f., cupboard-like stand on which a zīr is placed: n.loc. – BadawiHinds1986.

For other values connected to the root, cf. ↗zīr (disamb.), ↗zīr_2, ↗zīr_3, and ↗ZYR; cf. also ↗zār and ↗ZWR.

²zīr زِير

√ZYR

n.

highest string (of stringed instruments) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Lane specifies the meaning as ‘slender watar [or bow-string]: or the most slender (of such cords) and the most firmly twisted; hence the zīr [or smallest string] of muzhir [or lute]’. In this sense, he adds, zīr is apparantly of Pers origin. Rolland2014a gives the etymology as: from Pers zīr ‘smallest string of a lute, guitar, etc.’ (Steingass1892), from mPers azīr ‘under’, ultimately from IE *ndʰer‑ ‘under’.

▪ …

–

See above, section CONC.

▪ Cf. IE *ndʰer- ‘under’ (Skr adhas ‘below’ [cf. adhaḥ-stha ‘placed low, below’, adhaḥ-sthita ‘standing below’, ádhara-tas ‘below’], Av aṯara- ‘lower’, Lat infernus ‘lower’, infra ‘below’), Engl under.

For other values connected to the root, cf. ↗zīr (disamb.), ↗zīr_1, ↗zīr_3, and ↗ZYR; cf. also ↗zār and ↗ZWR.

ZYĠ زيغ

√ZYĠ

“root”

▪ ZYĠ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ZYĠ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ZYĠ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to deviate, turn aside, swerve, turn away’

▪ …

–

.

–

ZYL زيل

√ZYL

“root”

▪ ZYL_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ZYL_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ZYL_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘separation, sorting out, distinguishing between; disappearance’

▪ [gnrl] Two different verbs are classified under this root: zāla, impf. yazālu, which, with preceding negative particles, means ‘still’ or ‘continuing to be’, and zāla, impf. yazīlu ‘to sort out’ – BAH2008.
▪ …

–

.

–

ZYN زين

√ZYN

“root”

▪ ZYN_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ZYN_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ZYN_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to decorate, ornament, adorn’

▪ From protSem *√ZYN or *√ḎYN. Root of uncertain meaning – Huehnergard2011.
▪ …

–

.

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