†ZWR_11 ‘stone which appears to a person digging a well, and which, being unable to break it, he leaves apparent; a mass of rock’ : †zawr (Lane)
†ZWR_12 ‘(straight and slender) palm-branch from which the leaves have been stripped off : YemAr †zawr (Lane)
†ZWR_13 ‘one time’ : †zawraẗ
†ZWR_14 ‘slave’ : †zawraẗ
†ZWR_15 (= ZYR_5) ‘angry, enraged’ : †zīr
†ZWR_16 ‘deep (well)’ : †zawrāʔᵘ
†ZWR_17 ‘silver vessel’ : †zawrāʔᵘ
†ZWR_18 ‘Bagdad (town)’ : †zawrāʔᵘ
†ZWR_19 ‘Tigris (river)’ : †zawrāʔᵘ
†ZWR_20 (= ZYR_4) ‘rope binding the fore to the hind-girth’ : †ziwār, see MorAr ↗zayyar ‘to close (a button)’
♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘1 whole, centre or upper part of the chest, cleavage; 2 twist; 3 leaning towards; 4 paying a visit, visitor; 5 perjuring o.s.’
▪ The extremely large variety of meanings attached to √ZWR (and √ZYR) in ClassAr is reduced on MSA to ca. 8 major themes. Some few of these may be etymologically related to each other. DRS identifies 3 basic etyma, the first of which shows in itself a rather broad spectrum of meanings the interrelatedness of which is not always clear and well-established. variety is divided into treated as being based. ▪ In spite of still unclear semantics, we can assume values ZWR_9 through ZWR_19 to be secondary, based on one of the others. ▪ The distribution of the remaining values among the three major groups in DRS is as follows:
DRS #ZW/YR-1 covers: ZWR_1 (≙ DRS #1f) ‘to visit’; ZWR_4 (≙ DRS #1b) ‘lie, untruth, falsehood; to forge, counterfeit, fake, simulate’; ZWR_6 (≙ DRS #1a) ‘to incline, turn aside; inclination, obliqueness; squint’; ZWR_9 (≙ DRS #1g) ‘phantom appearing while one is asleep’: probably based on ZWR_1 ‘to visit’; ZWR_13 (≙ DRS #1c) ‘one time’: probably akin to ZWR_1 ‘to visit’ and/or ZWR_6 ‘to turn aside’; ZYR_6 (≙ DRS #1e) ‘angry, enraged’. – While ClassAr lexicography usually derives ZWR_1 ‘to visit’ from ZWR_6 ‘to turn aside’, others think it is rather from the value DRS #1d ‘to hate, dislike, abandon; stranger; enemy’ (not represented as such in Ar). – Relations within this complex are not really clear, a fact that is reflected in the question marks figuring in the DRS entry.
DRS #ZW/YR-2 covers: ZWR_20 (= ZYR_4) †‘rope binding the fore to the hind-girth’, MorAr ↗zayyar ‘to close (a button)’, EgAr ‘to attach’ – The item seems to go back to a WSem root *ZW/YR ‘to join, press together’.
DRS #ZW/YR-3 comprises only 1 item: ZWR_7 (= ZYR_1) ‘large jar’ – The etymology of this item is underresearched, though commonly believed to be Sem.
▪ ZWR_2 ‘upper part of the chest’ : does not seem to be Sem—but what then? ▪ ZWR_3 ‘ladies’ man, philanderer’ : commonly assumed to be dependent on ZWR_1 ‘to visit’. ▪ ZWR_4 ‘lie, untruth, falsehood; to forge, counterfeit, fake, simulate’ : regarded as Sem in DRS but elsewhere treated as a loanword. ▪ ZWR_5 ‘force’: regarded as a loanword in DRS, and therefore not attributed to theWSem theme *‘to compress’ (cf. ZWR_20 ≙ DRS #2a). ▪ ZWR_6 ‘to incline, turn aside; inclination, obliqueness; squint’: see above. ▪ ZWR_7 (= ZYR_1) ‘large jar’ : ≙ DRS ZW/YR#3. ▪ ZWR_8 (= ZāR) : ‘zār ceremony’ : commonly believed to to back (via EthSem) to a Cush etymon.
–
▪ DRS 8 (1999)#ZW/YR-1(a) Akk zāru ‘tordre, être tordu’, Hbr JP zār ‘s’écarter de’, zawwēr ‘rouler’, Ar zawira ‘être penché, courbé; aller en biais’, (b)zāra ‘mentir, accuser faussement’, zawwara ‘altérer, falsifier, défigurer, embellir, orner’, zūr ‘mensonge vanité’, (c)zuraẗ ‘fois’, S Ar zāra ‘quelquefois’, Syr zawar ‘regarder de travers’, Gz Te Arg zora, Tña Amh Gur zorä, Gaf zärä ‘tourner, aller autour’, Gz zawwara ‘durer, subsister’; Amh zäwärwärra ‘vagabond; tortueux (chemin)’, zəwərwər ‘en vrille’, žort ‘hérisson’. – (d)? Akk zēru ‘ne pas aimer, haïr, éviter; abandonner’, zayyār ‘ennemi’, Hbr zār, Phoen oYa zr ‘étranger, d’autrui’, TargAram zār ‘loger chez qn’. – (e) Ar zīr ‘qui est en colère’; (f)zāra ‘visiter (un lieu saint)’, MġrAr zār ‘rendre visite’; zyāra ‘visite’; Qat štzr ‘tenter de visiter’, Mhr Jib Ḥrs zōr ‘visiter’, Te Amh Gur zäyyärä ‘visiter, aller en pèlerinage’, Te təzäyyärä ‘être fatigué, épuisé’. – (g) Ar zawr : ombre que l’on voit dans le sommeil. ▪ DRS 8 (1999)#ZW/YR-2(a) Hbr zār ‘presser, écraser’, nHbr məzōrā ‘pressoir’, māzōr ‘pansement’, TargAram zār ‘retenir’, zəyārā ‘pressoir’, Syr zār, zəwar ‘prendre, tenir; frapper du poing’, zəwārā ‘poing, poignée; main, pouvoir; massue’; Ar zayyara ‘serrer, presser, serrer les lèvres à un cheval avec des tenailles; attacher’, tazayyara ‘être mis à l’étroit, être embarrassé’, ziyār ‘tenailles, étau’, EgAr zayyar ‘attacher’, MġrAr ‘serrer, comprimer’, HispAr ziyār ‘bâillon’, EAr zawr ‘jointée, poignée’; IrqAr zōr ‘sous-bois, buisson dans un lieu marécageux’, Gz zawwara ‘garder, cacher’. – (b)? Hbr zēr ‘bordure’, JP zīrā ‘couronne, guirlande’. ▪ DRS 8 (1999)#ZW/YR-3 Ar zīr, Mhr zayr, Jib zir ‘grande jarre à eau’, Sab zwyr (pl.) ‘distributeur d’eau’ ?
▪ ZWR_1 (≙ DRS #ZW/YR-1f) zāra ‘to (pay) visit, call on; (fig.) to afflict’ : probably to be seen together with ZWR_4 ‘lie, untruth, falsehood’ and ZWR_6 ‘to turn aside’; the latter may be the etymon proper, representing the basic value from which ZWR_1 ‘to visit’ (> ZWR_3) and ZWR_4 ‘to lie’ are derived. Others would derive it from ZWR_2 ‘upper part of the chest’. – Kogan2015: 552 (#23) takes it for given that Ar zāra ‘to visit’ and close values in SSem langs1
, if belonging together with Akk zêru ‘to dislike, to hate, to avoid’ and SamAram zr ‘strange, other’, all go back to the basic meaning of ‘to be an outsider; to be strange, foreign’. – Dolgopolsky2012 thinks (but also has some doubts) that we could be dealing with two—originally distinct—values that have flown together and overlapped in Ar zāra ‘to visit’: a WSem *-zūr- ‘to visit’2
that gave the vb. zāra in the sense of ‘to visit a holy place (e.g., the tomb of a saint) or a person whom one wants to pay respect to’,3
and a Sem *zar- ‘foreign(er), enemy’,4
whence the Sem vb. root *√ZʔR or *√ZWR ‘to be foreign, hostile’ (»with insertion of an additional cons. in the root-medial position due to requirements of the Sem verbal morphology and on the analogy of triconsonantic verbs«)5
that gave Ar zāʔir ‘visitor, pilgrim’, which was interpreted as a PA of zāra ‘to visit’ although deriving from Sem *√ZʔR or *√ZWR and originally meaning ‘foreign, hostile’. – DRS mentions that, in the WAr Jewish dialects a distinction is made between zwāraẗ ‘visit to a person’ and zyāraẗ ‘visit to the tomb of a revered person’. The latter value may be the more original one. – Cf. also ZWR_9 and ZWR_13, below. ▪ ZWR_2 zawr ‘upper part of the chest; throat’: This value is neither mentioned in DRS nor in Militarev&Kogan2000, obviously because it does not have a Sem dimension. Nevertheless, Dolgopolsky2012 tentatively (and with doubts) reconstructs Sem *zawr- and suggests to link the latter to words for ‘heart’ in Turk langs (e.g., Tu yürek, Turk *jür-äk); on this basis, he reconstructs a common origin in Nostr *ʒ̍ûr˅ ‘inside of body’. – Some ClassAr lexicographers regard it as the etymon of the vb. ‘to visit’ (ZWR_1), interpreting the latter as *‘to meet s.o. with one’s zawr (chest, bosom), or: to repair to s.o.’s zawr (i.e., direction)’; hence, zawr is also, in a fig. sense, the ‘direction of a person to whom one repairs’ (Lane). – To zawr in the sense of ‘upper part of the chest; throat’ belong probably also the obsol. nouns †zāraẗ, zāwiraẗ, and zāwūraẗ, all meaning ‘bird’s crop’. – An interesting link between ZWR_2 ‘upper part of the chest’ and ZWR_6 ‘to turn aside, be crooked, be distorted’ is the obsol. intr. vb. I, †zawira ‘to have a distorted zawr ’; cf. also †zawr ‘camel having the hump inclining’ (Lane). ▪ ZWR_3 : According to Lane iii (1867), a ‘ladies’ man, philanderer’ is called zīr because of his frequent visits to women, so the word seems to be dependent on ↗zāra ‘to visit’ (ZWR_1). ▪ ZWR_4 zūr ‘lie, untruth, falsehood; to forge, counterfeit, fake, simulate’: According to one research tradition, the word is from mPers. According to another tradition (≙ DRS #ZW/YR-1b), zūr has probably to be seen together with ZWR_1 and ZWR_6; the latter (‘to turn aside’ etc.) may be the etymon proper, representing the basic value from which both ZWR_1 ‘to visit’ (> ZWR_3) and ZWR_4 ‘to lie’ are derived. – In MSA, the corresponding D-stem (vb. II), zawwara, shows an exclusively negative meaning (‘to forge, falsify, counterfeit; to fake, simulate’), while in earlier times it was also often used with a positive connotation (†‘to set right; to improve; to embellish’). ▪ ZWR_5 zūr ‘force’ : probably (via Tu zor ?) from mPers zūr, zōr ‘strength, power, vigour, violence, strong effort, force’. – DRS, where the word is seen as a specifically IrqAr (and Ṭur nSyr) phenomenon, says that the item does not seem to be related (»ne relève apparemment pas…«) to the complex ‘to compress’ treated in DRS as #ZW/YR-2 (incl. Hbr zār ‘to press down and out’, Syr zār, zəwar ‘to compress’, Ar †zayyara ‘to twist the lip of a beast’, †ziwār ‘rope binding the fore to the hind-girth’, etc., MorAr ↗zayyar ‘to close [a button]’ = ZWR_20/ZYR_4). – Wahrmund1887 thinks it is vulgar for zawr which, according to the same author, is distorted from ↗ǧawr ‘injustice, oppression, outrage, wanton deviation’. – Should one also compare ZWR_10 ‘(strength of) determination’ (? > ‘lord, leader, master, chief’)? ▪ ZWR_6 (≙ DRS #ZW/YR-1a) zawar ‘inclination, obliqueness; squint’ and (ĭzwarra, vb. IX., ‘to turn aside’; ʔazwarᵘ, adj., ‘inclined, slanting, oblique; crooked, curved; squint-eyed, cross-eyed’6
: probably to be seen together with ZWR_1 ‘to visit’ (> ZWR_3) and perh. also ZWR_4 ‘lie, falsehood’ as their etymon proper; Zammit2002, at least, reports the ClassAr view that ‘to visit’ actually is from *‘to turn aside’. – An interesting link between ZWR_6 ‘to turn aside, be crooked, be distorted’ and ZWR_2 ‘upper part of the chest’ is the obsol. intr. vb. I, †zawira ‘to have a distorted zawr ’; cf. also †zawr ‘camel having the hump inclining’ (Lane). ▪ ZWR_7 (≙ DRS #ZW/YR-3) zīr ‘large jar’ : = ZYR_1; of unknown origin, probably Sem (< AfrAs?). – For details see ↗s.v. ▪ ZWR_8 zār ‘zar ceremony’: perh. via EthSem from a Cush lang. – For details see ↗s.v. ▪ ZWR_9 (≙ DRS #ZW/YR-1g) †zawr ‘phantom in sleep’ : ?, perhaps lit. *‘s.th. that visits you while you are asleep, dreaming’, from ZWR_1 ‘to visit’? ▪ ZWR_10 †zawr ‘intellect; [? hence:] resoluteness, (strength of) determination’, hence (?) also †zawr, zūr, ziwar ‘master, lord, chief, leader’, †ziwwar, †ziwarr ‘id.’, †ziwarr ‘hard, solid’ (Wahrmund): unclear whether we are dealing with the same item as ZWR_9 or with a derivation from ZWR_2 ‘upper part of the chest’ (as the seat of resoluteness?), or none of these. – Lane wants the reader to compare also zūr ‘force’ (ZWR_5). ▪ ZWR_11 †zawr ‘stone which appears to a person digging a well, and which, being unable to break it, he leaves apparent; a mass of rock’ (Lane) : obscure. ▪ ZWR_12 †zawr ‘(straight and slender) palm-branch from which the leaves have been stripped off’ : according to the lexicographers a value specific to YemAr use (Lane); semantics unclear, etymology obscure. ▪ ZWR_13 (≙ DRS #ZW/YR-1c) †zawraẗ ‘one time’ : according to DRS (following Nöldeke in Landberg, Glos. 1875) to be seen together with ZWR_1a ‘to turn aside’. As already observed by Nöldeke, the derivation of ‘one time’ from a vb. of motion has parallels in ↗marraẗ (from ↗marra ‘to pass by’), ↗ṭawr (from †ṭāra ‘to go round, hover round, approach’, ↗ṬWR), ↗tāraẗ (from †tāra ‘to run, flow’, ↗TWR). ▪ ZWR_14 †zawraẗ ‘slave’ : semantics obscure. ▪ ZWR_15 (≙ DRS #ZW/YR-1e) †zīr ‘angry, enraged’ : = ZYR_6. – Originally from √ZʔR? ▪ ZWR_16 †zawrāʔᵘ ‘deep (well)’ : so called because of its crookedness? The word is obviously the f. of adj. ʔazwarᵘ , see ZWR_6, above. ▪ ZWR_17 †zawrāʔᵘ ‘silver vessel’ : as ZWR_16. ▪ ZWR_18 †zawrāʔᵘ ‘Bagdad (town)’ : as ZWR_16. ▪ ZWR_19 †zawrāʔᵘ ‘Tigris (river)’ : as ZWR_16. ▪ ZWR_20 (≙ DRS #ZW/YR-2a) †ziwār ‘rope binding the fore to the hind-girth’ : cf. also †zāra (zawār) ‘to bind the fore to the hind-girth of a camel, (Lane:) to bind upon it the rope called ziwār ’; †ziyār ‘horse-twitchers’ barnacles, instrument with which a farrier twists the lip of a beast’ : see MorAr ↗zayyar ‘to close (a button)’, ClassAr †zayyara ‘to twist the lips (of a horse, of an animal) with a ziyār ’. Given the cognates mentioned in DRS, should we reconstruct a WSem root *ZW/YR ‘to join, press together’? – DRS does not think that the complex ‘to compress’ is etymologically related to ZWR_5 zūr ‘force’, which is treated as a specifically IrqAr (and Ṭur nSyr) phenomenon and believed to be (via Tu zor ?) from mPers zūr, zōr ‘strength, power, etc.’ (see above, ZWR_5). – Frequent overlapping with √ZR: (ZRR), cf. ↗zarra ‘to button up’, ↗zirr ‘button’.
1 to visit (s.o.), call (on s.o.), pay visit (to); 2 to afflict (s.o.) – WehrCowan1979.
▪ Several etymologies have been suggested for zāra ‘to visit’: (a) from an original *‘to turn aside’ (a visitor being regarded as s.o. who leaves his regular path and ‘turns aside’ in order to see s.o.), (b) from ↗zawr ‘upper part of the chest’ (‘to visit’ < *‘to meet s.o. with one’s chest, repair to the direction of s.o.’s chest’), (c) from *‘to be an outsider; to be strange, foreign’, (d) the result of an overlapping of reflexes of WSem *‑zūr‑ ‘to visit’ (< ‘to look at, examine’, or ‘to watch, spy’) and Sem *zar‑ ‘foreign(er), enemy’ (> Ar zāʔir ‘visitor, pilgrim’, interpreted as a PA of zāra ‘to visit’ although deriving from Sem *√ZʔR / *√ZWR and originally meaning ‘foreign, hostile’, (e) the result of a blurring of two originally distinct notions, namely ‘to visit a person’ and ‘to visit the tomb of a revered person’. – For details see DISC below.
▪ eC7zāra (to visit, come to) Q 102:1-2 ʔalhā-kum-u ’l-takāṯuru ḥattà zurtum-u ’l-maqābira ‘striving for more distracts you until you die [lit., visit the graves]’
▪ DRS 8 (1999)#ZW/YR-1(a) Akk zāru ‘tordre, être tordu’, Hbr JP zār ‘s’écarter de’, zawwēr ‘rouler’, Ar zawira ‘être penché, courbé; aller en biais’, (b)zāra ‘mentir, accuser faussement’, zawwara ‘altérer, falsifier, défigurer, embellir, orner’, zūr ‘mensonge vanité’, (c)zuraẗ ‘fois’, S Ar zāra ‘quelquefois’, Syr zawar ‘regarder de travers’, Gz Te Arg zora, Tña Amh Gur zorä, Gaf zärä ‘tourner, aller autour’, Gz zawwara ‘durer, subsister’; Amh zäwärwärra ‘vagabond; tortueux (chemin)’, zəwərwər ‘en vrille’, žort ‘hérisson’. – (d)? Akk zēru ‘ne pas aimer, haïr, éviter; abandonner’, zayyār ‘ennemi’, Hbr zār, Phoen oYa zr ‘étranger, d’autrui’, TargAram zār ‘loger chez qn’. – (e) Ar zīr ‘qui est en colère’; (f)zāra ‘visiter (un lieu saint)’, MġrAr zār ‘rendre visite’; zyāra ‘visite’; Qat štzr ‘tenter de visiter’, Mhr Jib Ḥrs zōr ‘visiter’, Te Amh Gur zäyyärä ‘visiter, aller en pèlerinage’, Te təzäyyärä ‘être fatigué, épuisé’. – (g) Ar zawr : ombre que l’on voit dans le sommeil. ▪ Zammit2002: Hbr zūr ‘to be a stranger’, Phoen zr ‘strange, other’, oAram zr ‘stranger, foreigner, outsider’, Aram zūr ‘to enter as a guest, lodge’, Ar zāra ‘to visit’ (< *al-mayl wa’l-ʕudūl), SAr z(w)r ‘to visit’, Gz zōra ‘vertigine laborare’, zawr ‘gyrus, orbis, circulus’.
▪ According to ClassAr lexicographers, zāra ‘to (pay) visit, call on’ as well as ↗zūr_1 ‘lie, untruth, falsehood’ (DRS #ZW/YR-1b) are based on an original meaning of the root of ‘to turn aside’ (DRS #ZW/YR-1a), represented in MSA in the items treated s.v. ↗zawar ‘inclination, obliqueness; squint’ (ĭzwarra, vb. IX., ‘to turn aside’; ʔazwarᵘ, adj., ‘inclined, slanting, oblique; crooked, curved; squint-eyed, cross-eyed’). ▪ Others would derive it from ↗zawr ‘upper part of the chest’, interpreting ‘to visit’ as *‘to meet s.o. with one’s zawr (chest, bosom)’ or as *‘to repair to s.o.’s zawr ’ (i.e., in a fig. sense, the ‘direction of a person to whom one repairs’ – Lane). ▪ Kogan2015: 552 (#23) thinks that Ar zāra ‘to visit’ and closely related values in SSem langs7
perhaps belong together with Akk zêru ‘to dislike, hate, avoid’ etc. (DRS #ZW/YR-1d), a semantic complex the basic meaning of which is ‘to be an outsider; to be strange, foreign’ (cf. also SamAram zr ‘strange, other’). ▪ Dolgopolsky2012#2673/74 thinks (but also has some doubts) that the semantics of Ar zāra ‘to visit’ may be the result of a flowing together and overlapping of two originally distinct values, namely (a) a WSem *-zūr- ‘to visit’ (< AfrAs < Nostr *z̍UR˹i˺/ ?*z̍Uŕ˹i˺ ‘to look at, examine’, or *žUR˹i˺ ‘to watch, to spy’), which gave Ar zāra in the sense of ‘to visit a holy place (e.g., the tomb of a saint) or a person whom one wants to pay respect to’ (as well as the SSem cognates8
), and (b) a Sem *zar- ‘foreign(er), enemy’ (< AfrAs < Nostr *z̍oR˅ ‘foreign, hostile’), whence the Sem vb. root *√ZʔR or *√ZWR ‘to be foreign, hostile’9
that not only gave Akk zêru ~ zeʔāru ‘to dislike, hate, avoid’, zāʔiru ~ zēʔiru ~ zêru ‘hostile’ (√ZʔR) etc.,10
but also Ar zāʔir ‘visitor, pilgrim’, interpreted as a PA of zāra ‘to visit’ although deriving from Sem *√ZʔR / *√ZWR and originally meaning ‘foreign, hostile’. – Cf. Kogan’s idea, see preceding paragraph. ▪ DRS mentions that in the MġrAr Jewish dialects a distinction is made between zwāraẗ ‘visit to a person’ and zyāraẗ ‘visit to the tomb of a revered person’. The arrangement within the entry and the values given to the Ar forms suggest that the latter value may be the more original one. – If this reflects an earlier, more widespread distinction, it could serve as an argument supporting Dolgopolsky’s idea of the confluence and overlapping, in MSA zāra, of two originally distinct themes. ▪ Apparently from zāra ‘to (pay) visit, call on’ is also ↗zīr_3 ‘ladies’ man, philanderer’, according to Lane iii (1867) so called because of his frequent visits to women. ▪ Perh. also the obsol. †zawr ‘phantom in sleep’ (DRS #ZW/YR-1g) should be related to zāra, as *‘s.th. that visits you while you are asleep, in a dream’. ▪ Etymologies deriving ↗zār ‘zar ceremony’ from zāra ‘to visit’ »seem fantastic, although current in Arab milieux« – art. »zār« (A. Rouaud, T. Battain), in EI². The word seems to have come into Ar, together with the ritual, from EAfrica, via EthSem, ultimately from a Cush milieu.
▪ Tu ziyāret (1069, Kutadgu Bilig), from Ar ziyāraẗ – Nişanyan_03Apr2015. – Tu mezar (1557 Seydi Ali Reis, Mirʔātü’l-Memālīk), from Ar mazār – Nişanyan_09Apr2014.
►ʔazāra, vb. IV, to induce s.o. to visit (a place): Š-stem, caus. ►tazāwara, vb. VI, to exchange visits: tL-stem, reciproque. ►ĭstazāra, vb. X, to desire s.o.’s (DO) visit: Št-stem, requestative. ►zīr, pl. ʔazyār, n., ladies’ man, philanderer: according to Lane iii (1867): 1269, »so called because of his frequent visits to them [sc., women]«. ►zawraẗ, pl. ‑āt, n.f., visit, call: n.vic. ►BP#490ziyāraẗ, pl. ‑āt, n.f., 1 visit; 2 call (social, of a doctor); 3 (ir.) visit to holy places, pilgrimage: vn. I | ~ ḫāṭifaẗ, n.f., lightning visit, quick visit. ►mazār, pl. ‑āt, n., 1 place which one visits; 2 shrine, sanctuary: n.loc. ►mazūr, adj., visited: PP I. ►BP#2123zāʔir, pl. ‑ūn, zuwwār, n.; zāʔiraẗ, pl. ‑āt, zuwwar, n.f., visitor, caller, guest: traditionally seen as PA I from zāra ‘to visit’; cf. however Dolgopolsky2012#2673-74 where Ar zāʔir ‘visitor’ and zāra ‘to visit’ are thought to perh. go back to different origins: zāʔir < Sem *zar‑ ‘foreign(er), enemy’ < Nostr *z̍oRV ‘foreign, hostile’; zāra < WSem *-zūr‑ ‘to visit’ < Nostr *z̍UR˹i˺ ‘to look at, examine’. ►muzawwir, pl. ‑ūn, n., 1 ↗zūr_1. – 2 pilgrim guide: PA II, D-stem, quasi-caus. (*‘making visit’). For other values of the root, cf. ↗zawr, ↗zīr, ↗zūr, ↗zawar, and (for the general picture) ↗ZWR. – Cf. also ↗ZYR.
†zawr ‘stone which appears to a person digging a well, and which, being unable to break it, he leaves apparent; a mass of rock’ (Lane) : ?
†zawr ‘(straight and slender) palm-branch from which the leaves have been stripped off’ : ?
▪ zawr ‘upper part of the chest; throat’ does not seem to be a Sem word. ▪ Dolgopolsky2012 tentatively, though not without doubts, links it to words for ‘heart’ in Turk langs (cf., e.g., modTu yürek). ▪ ClassAr lexicography regards zawr ‘upper part of the chest’ as the basis from which zāra ‘to visit’ is derived (as *‘to turn one’s chest to s.o.’ or *‘to turn o.s. to s.o.’s chest’). ▪ [v2] ‘throat’ is well secondary.
▪ …
▪ No cognates in Sem found so far – DRS 8 (1999)#ZW/YR: Ø; Militarev&Kogan2000: Ø.
▪ This value of √ZWR is neither mentioned in DRS nor in Militarev&Kogan2000, obviously because it does not have a Sem dimension. ▪ Nevertheless, Dolgopolsky2012#2753 tentatively, though not without marking the operation as doubtful, suggests to link Ar zawr ‘chest’ to words for ‘heart’ in Turk langs (e.g., Tu yürek < oTu jüräk). He reconstructs Sem *zawr- and Turk *jür-äk (< Alt *ǯür˅k‘˅ ‘heart’, × Nostr *dür˅ ¬ *dUrE ‘entrails, heart’), and, on this basis, proposes a shared origin in Nostr *ʒ̍ûr˅ ‘inside of body’. ▪ Some ClassAr lexicographers regard zawr as the etymon of the vb. ↗zāra ‘to visit’, interpreting the latter as *‘to meet s.o. with one’s zawr (chest, bosom)’ or ‘to repair to s.o.’s zawr (i.e., direction)’; hence, in ClassAr, zawr is also used in a fig. sense, as the ‘direction of a person to whom one repairs’ (Lane). ▪ To zawr in the sense of ‘upper part of the chest; throat’ belong probably also the obsol. nouns †zāraẗ, zāwiraẗ, and zāwūraẗ, all meaning ‘bird’s crop’. ▪ An item that is interesting because it may link zawr ‘upper part of the chest’ to ↗zawar ‘to turn aside, be crooked, be distorted’, is the obsol. intr. vb. I, †zawira ‘to have a distorted zawr ’; cf. also †zawr ‘camel having the hump inclining’ (Lane). ▪ In ClassAr, zawr can take a number of other meanings, such as †‘intellect; [? hence:] resoluteness, (strength of) determination’, hence (?) also †‘master, lord, chief, leader’ (var. zūr, ziwar); †‘stone which appears to a person digging a well, and which, being unable to break it, he leaves apparent; a mass of rock’ (Lane); †‘(straight and slender) palm-branch from which the leaves have been stripped off’; †‘phantom in sleep’ (DRS #ZW/YR-1g). A relation between these items and zawr ‘upper part of the chest’ does not seem to be likely, although the etymologies of most of them are obscure. Only zawr in the sense of †‘phantom in sleep’ is probably literally *‘s.th. that visits you while you are asleep, dreaming’, which would make it dependent on ↗zāra ‘to visit’, not zawr ‘chest’. ▪ Any connections with ↗zūr_1 ‘lie, untruth, falsehood’ ?
–
ʔālām al-zawr, n.pl., sore throat For other values of the root, cf. ↗zāra, ↗zīr, ↗zūr, ↗zawar, and (for the general picture) ↗ZWR. – Cf. also ↗ZYR.
▪ According to Lane iii (1867): 1269, a ‘ladies’ man, philanderer’ is called zīr »because of his frequent visits to them [sc., women]«, so the word is seen to be from ↗zāra ‘to visit’ (ZWR_1). ▪ ? Cf. iz-zīr Sālim, n.prop., a hero of popular epic – BadawiHinds1986.
▪ …
↗zāra.
↗zāra.
–
For other values of the root, cf. ↗zāra, ↗zawr, ↗zūr, ↗zawar, and (for the general picture) ↗ZWR. – Cf. also ↗ZYR.
▪ zūr_1 ‘lie, untruth, falsehood’ : usually either derived from ‘to turn aside’ (↗zawar) or seen as a borrowing from mPers zūr ‘lie, falsehood, fiction’. ▪ zūr_2 ‘force’ : generally regarded as a borrowing (via Tu?) from Pers. A relation with ‘to compress’ (cf. ↗zayyara ‘to button up’) is usually denied by previous research. One source thinks it is a distortion of ↗ǧawr (> vulg. zawr) ‘injustice, oppression, outrage, wanton deviation’. – Should one also compare zūr_3 ‘lord, leader, master, chief’? ▪ †zūr_3 ‘master, lord, chief, leader’ : has been connected to ↗zūr_2 ‘force’, but also interpreted as a var. of ↗zawr ‘upper part of the chest’, used in a fig. sense.
▪ While Jeffery1938, and after him also Rolland2014a, assume an origin in mPers zūr ‘lie, falsehood, fiction’, the items given in DRS as cognates suggest a Sem etymology that connects ‘lie, untruth, falsehood’ to an original value *‘to turn aside, turn away, be averse, inclined, slanting, oblique, crooked, curved’, cf. ↗zawar. ▪ Cheung2017rev: prob. a direct borrowing from mPers zūr ‘id., deceit’. For details, see below, section DISC. ▪ On the Qurʔānic šahādaẗ al-zūr ‘perjury, false testimony’ (Q 22:30), cf. Raimund Köbert, »Die šahādat az-zūr «, Der Islam, 34 (1959): 94 ff. ▪ …
▪ eC7zūr (falsehood, perjury, false testimony) Q 58:2 wa-ʔinna-hum la-yaqūlūna munkaran min-a ’l-qawli wa-zūran ‘indeed they utter abominable (or, blameworthy) words and falsehood’
▪ (?) DRS 8 (1999)#ZW/YR-1(a) Akk zāru ‘tordre, être tordu’, Hbr JP zār ‘s’écarter de’, zawwēr ‘rouler’, Ar zawira ‘être penché, courbé; aller en biais’, (b)zāra ‘mentir, accuser faussement’, zawwara ‘altérer, falsifier, défigurer, embellir, orner’, zūr ‘mensonge vanité’, (c)zuraẗ ‘fois’, S Ar zāra ‘quelquefois’, Syr zawar ‘regarder de travers’, Gz Te Arg zora, Tña Amh Gur zorä, Gaf zärä ‘tourner, aller autour’, Gz zawwara ‘durer, subsister’; Amh zäwärwärra ‘vagabond; tortueux (chemin)’, zəwərwər ‘en vrille’, žort ‘hérisson’. – (d)? Akk zēru ‘ne pas aimer, haïr, éviter; abandonner’, zayyār ‘ennemi’, Hbr zār, Phoen oYa zr ‘étranger, d’autrui’, TargAram zār ‘loger chez qn’. – (e) Ar zīr ‘qui est en colère’; (f)zāra ‘visiter (un lieu saint)’, MġrAr zār ‘rendre visite’; zyāra ‘visite’; Qat štzr ‘tenter de visiter’, Mhr Jib Ḥrs zōr ‘visiter’, Te Amh Gur zäyyärä ‘visiter, aller en pèlerinage’, Te təzäyyärä ‘être fatigué, épuisé’. – (g) Ar zawr : ombre que l’on voit dans le sommeil.
▪ Jeffery1938: Ar zūr »is linked with idolatry in Q 22:30, but in the other passages is quite colourless. – The usual theory of the philologers is that it is derived from zawwara though this is clearly a denominative, and that the authorities felt some difficulty with the word is clear from LA, v: 426. – Fraenkel, Fremdw, 273, suggested that it was from [Hbr] zr.11
There is a Hbr word zārâ ‘loathsome thing’ from √ZWR ‘to be loathsome’, but it seems hardly possible to derive the Ar from this. It would seem rather to be of Iranian origin. Pers zūr is ‘lie, falsehood’, which Vullers, Lex, ii: 158, gives, it is true, as a loan-word from Ar. He is certainly wrong, however, for not only does the word occur in mPers both simply as zūr, a ‘lie, falsehood, fiction’,12
and in compounds as zūr-gukāsīh ‘false evidence, perjury’13
and in the Pazend zur ‘a lie’,14
but also in the oPers of the Behistun inscription (where we read (iv: 63-4) naiy draužana āham, naiy zārakara āham ‘I was no liar, nor was I an evil-doer’, and further (iv: 65) naiy… zūra akunavam ‘I did no wrong’),15
and in the Av zūrōžata.16
From mPers the word was borrowed into Arm, where we find zowr ‘false, wrong’,17
which enters into several compounds, e.g. zraban ‘caluminator’, zrkankʽ ‘injustice’, etc., so that it was probably directly from mPers that it came into Arabic.« ▪ Rolland2014a: from mPers zūr ‘lie, falsehood, fiction’, akin to Av zūrah ‘to deceive, cheat, lie, betray’. ▪ While Jeffery1938 and Rolland2014a regard zūr ‘lie, untruth, falsehood’ as a borrowing from mPers (see preceding paragraphs), another tradition (cf. DRS) sees it (as also the vb. ↗zāra ‘to visit’) as development from an original ‘to incline, turn aside, etc.’, represented in MSA ↗zawar ‘inclination, obliqueness; squint’, ĭzwarra ‘to turn aside’, ʔazwarᵘ ‘inclined, slanting, oblique; crooked, curved; squint-eyed, cross-eyed’ (≙ DRS #ZW/YR-1b). ▪ In MSA, zūr and derivatives show an exclusively negative meaning (e.g., zawwara, vb. II, ‘to forge, falsify, counterfeit; to fake, simulate’), while in earlier times it was often used with a positive connotation; zawwara could then also mean †‘to set right; to improve; to embellish’.
►šahādat al-zūr, n.f., false testimony ►zawwara, vb. II, to forge, falsify, counterfeit (s.th.); to fake, simulate: denom. D-stem, declar./caus. ►BP#3672tazwīr, n., forgery, falsification: vn. II | ~ fī ’l-sanadāt, n., falsification of documents. ►muzawwir, pl. ‑ūn, n., 1 forger: PA II. 2 ↗zāra. ►muzawwar, adj., 1 forged, false, counterfeit; 2 obtained by swindle, faked: PP II. For other values of the root, cf. ↗zawr, ↗zīr, ↗zūr_2, ↗zawar, and (for the general picture) ↗ZWR. – Cf. also ↗ZYR.
▪ The common theory is that it probably is from mPers zūr, zōr ‘strength, power, vigour, violence, strong effort, force’. – No connection has been seen so far between zūr and the complex treated in DRS as #ZW/YR-2 (incl. Hbr zār ‘to press down and out’, Syr zār, zwar ‘to compress’, Ar †zayyara ‘to twist the lip of a beast’, †ziwār ‘rope binding the fore to the hind-girth’, etc., see ↗zayyar and ZWR_9 in ↗ZWR). – In contrast, Wahrmund1887 thinks zūr, zōr is vulgar for zawr which, according to the same author, is distorted from ↗ǧawr ‘injustice, oppression, outrage, wanton deviation’.
▪ …
▪ Cf. ↗zayyar ?
▪ Rolland2014a, Nişanyan_05Aug2015: zūr ‘force’, esp. in the expr. bi’l-zūr : (via Tu zor ?) from mPers zūr, zōr ‘strength, power, vigour, violence, strong effort, force’, akin to Av zāvar ‘id.’ and Skr śūra ‘powerful, mighty, strong, valiant, heroic, brave’. ▪ DRS, where the word is seen as a specifically IrqAr (and Ṭur nSyr) phenomenon, says that the item does not seem to be related (»ne relève apparemment pas…«) to the complex ‘to compress’ treated in DRS as #ZW/YR-2 (incl. Hbr zār ‘to press down and out’, Syr zār, zəwar ‘to compress’, Ar †zayyara ‘to twist the lip of a beast’, †ziwār ‘rope binding the fore to the hind-girth’, etc., MorAr ↗zayyar ‘to close [a button]’ = ZWR_20/ZYR_4). ▪ Wahrmund1887 thinks zūr ‘force’ is vulgar for ↗zawr which, according to the same author, is distorted from ↗ǧawr ‘injustice, oppression, outrage, wanton deviation’. ▪ Should one also compare †zawr ‘(strength of) determination’ (? > ‘lord, leader, master, chief’)? Cf. ↗zawr.
▪ Not from Ar zūr, but from the same source is Tu zor ‘difficult’ (1330 ʕĀşıḳ Paşa, Ġarīb-nāme) – Nişanyan_05Aug2015.
bi’l-zūr, adv., by force, forcibly For other values of the root, cf. ↗zāra, ↗zawr, ↗zīr, ↗zūr_1, ↗zawar, and (for the general picture) ↗ZWR. – Cf. also ↗ZYR.
▪ A number of sources regard the notion of ‘to incline, turn aside’ (≙ DRS #ZW/YR-1a) as the etymon on which other main semantic complexes of the root ZWR, particularly ‘to visit’ (↗zāra, ≙ DRS #1f) and ‘lie, falsehood’ (↗zūr_1, ≙ DRS #ZW/YR-1b), are dependent. The latter is still also a value of zawar itself [v2]. ▪ In [v3], the original ‘inclination’ is applied to the eyes.
▪ eC7tazāwaraʕan (to swerve away from, bypass, steer clear of, veer away from) Q 18:17 wa-tarà ’l-šamsa ʔiḏā ṭalaʕat ta[ta]zāwaru ʕan kahfi-him ḏāta ’l-yamīni ‘you could see the sun, as it rose, veering away from their cave towards the right’
▪ DRS 8 (1999)#ZW/YR-1(a) Akk zāru ‘tordre, être tordu’, Hbr JP zār ‘s’écarter de’, zawwēr ‘rouler’, Ar zawira ‘être penché, courbé; aller en biais’, (b)zāra ‘mentir, accuser faussement’, zawwara ‘altérer, falsifier, défigurer, embellir, orner’, zūr ‘mensonge vanité’, (c)zuraẗ ‘fois’, S Ar zāra ‘quelquefois’, Syr zawar ‘regarder de travers’, Gz Te Arg zora, Tña Amh Gur zorä, Gaf zärä ‘tourner, aller autour’, Gz zawwara ‘durer, subsister’; Amh zäwärwärra ‘vagabond; tortueux (chemin)’, zəwərwər ‘en vrille’, žort ‘hérisson’. – (d)? Akk zēru ‘ne pas aimer, haïr, éviter; abandonner’, zayyār ‘ennemi’, Hbr zār, Phoen oYa zr ‘étranger, d’autrui’, TargAram zār ‘loger chez qn’. – (e) Ar zīr ‘qui est en colère’; (f)zāra ‘visiter (un lieu saint)’, MġrAr zār ‘rendre visite’; zyāra ‘visite’; Qat štzr ‘tenter de visiter’, Mhr Jib Ḥrs zōr ‘visiter’, Te Amh Gur zäyyärä ‘visiter, aller en pèlerinage’, Te təzäyyärä ‘être fatigué, épuisé’. – (g) Ar zawr : ombre que l’on voit dans le sommeil.
▪ According to some, the notion of ‘to incline, turn aside, be crooked’ (DRS #ZW/YR-1a) is the basic value from which also the complexes of ‘to visit’ (DRS #ZW/YR-1f, ↗zāra) and perh. also of ‘lie, falsehood’ (DRS #ZW/YR-1b, ↗zūr) are derived. ▪ Is there any relation to ↗zawr ‘upper part of the chest’? The obsol. intr. vb. I, †zawira ‘to have a distorted zawr ’ could be an interesting link in which both values overlap. ▪ The obsol. †zawraẗ ‘one time’ (≙ DRS #ZW/YR-1c) is probably also from ‘to turn aside’. According to DRS, Nöldeke (in Landberg, Glos. 1875) had already observed that there are parallel pairs ‘one time/ vb. of motion’, cf. e.g., ↗marraẗ and vb. ↗marra ‘to pass by’, ↗ṭawr and vb. †ṭāra ‘to go round, hover round, approach’ (↗ṬWR), ↗tāraẗ and vb. †tāra ‘to run, flow’ (↗TWR). ▪ The word †zawrāʔᵘ which in ClassAr can mean ‘deep (well)’, ‘silver vessel’, ‘Bagdad (town)’, or ‘Tigris (river)’, is apparently the f. of the adj. ʔazwarᵘ, but semantics are not really evident. Are all these items called zawrāʔᵘ because of their crookedness?
–
►ĭzwarra, vb. IX, 1 to turn aside, turn away, dissociate o.s. (ʕan from); 2 to be averse (ʕan to s.th.); ~ bi-hī, expr., to turn s.o. away, alienate s.o. (ʕan from): R3 gem. stem for colours and handicaps, denom., intr. ►ʔazwarᵘ, f. zawrāʔᵘ, pl. zūr, adj., 1 inclined, slanting, oblique; 2 crooked, curved; 3 squint-eyed, cross-eyed: ʔafʕal for colours and handicaps. ►ĭzwirār, n., 1 turning away; 2 (fig.) averseness, aversion, dislike, distaste: vn. IX. For other values of the root, cf. ↗zāra, ↗zawr, ↗zīr, ↗zūr, and (for the general picture) ↗ZWR. – Cf. also ↗ZYR.
Complete text
ʔ