Bibliotheca Polyglotta

▪ SLQ_1 ‘to lacerate the skin ( h of s.o.; with a whip)’ ↗¹salaqa
▪ SLQ_2 ‘to remove (hair, etc.) with boiling water’ ↗²salaqa
▪ SLQ_3 ‘to boil, cook in boiling water’ ↗³salaqa
▪ SLQ_4 ‘to scald (plants; said of excessive heat)’ ↗⁴salaqa
▪ SLQ_5 ‘to hurt (with one’s tongue)’ ↗⁵salaqa, ‘vicious tongue, violent language, violence of language’ ↗salāqaẗ; cf. also ^†sallāq, ^†mislaq, ^†mislāq ‘eloquent (speaker); sharp’
▪ SLQ_6 ‘to ascend, mount, climb, scale’ ↗¹tasallaqa; ‘Ascension (of Christ)’ ↗sullāq
▪ SLQ_7 ‘a variety of chard’ ↗(EgAr) salq͗
▪ SLQ_8 ‘dish made of grain cooked with sugar, cinnamon and fennel (SyrAr)’ ↗¹salīqaẗ; cf. also (Wahrmund1887) ^†¹salīq ‘geschälte Gerste u. Speise daraus’
▪ SLQ_9 ‘inborn disposition, instinct’ ↗²salīqaẗ
▪ SLQ_10 ‘red lead, minium’ ↗salaqūn
▪ SLQ_11 ‘saluki, greyhound, hunting dog’ ↗¹salūqī

Other values, now obsolete, include (Kazimirski1860, Lane1872, Wahrmund1887, Hava1899):

▪ ^†SLQ_12 ‘to prostrate s.o. on the back of his neck, throw s.o. down; to push, repell’: ^†⁶salaqa, u (salq), and ^†salqà (silqāʔ)
▪ ^†SLQ_13 ‘to pierce (with a spear)’: ^†⁷salaqa, u (salq)
▪ ^†SLQ_14 ‘to leave prints (on the soil: foot)’: ^†⁸salaqa, u (salq); cf. also ^†salāʔiqᵘ (pl., from sg. ^†³salīqaẗ) ‘marks made by the feet of men and by the hoofs of horses or the like on the road (and to these the marks made by the [plaited thongs called] ʔansāʕ upon the belly of the camel are likened)’; also prob. belonging here: DaṯAr slq, u, ‘to cultivate, plough, till’, sāliq pl. sawāliq, ‘sillon (où se trouve déjà la semence du ṭaʕām)’, silāqaẗ ‘cultivation, tillage’ (LandbergZetterstein1942).
▪ ^†SLQ_15 ‘to oil, grease (a leathern water-skin, etc.), to smear (a camel all over with tar)’: ^†⁹salaqa, u (salq)
▪ ^†SLQ_16 ‘(al-ǧuwāliqᵃ) to insert one of the two loops of the sack called ǧ. into the other’; ‘(al-ʕūd fī ’l-ʕurwaẗ) to insert the stick into the loop [of the ǧ.]’: ^†¹⁰salaqa, u (salq)
▪ ^†SLQ_17 ‘to call out, cry out, shout vehemently (esp. after the death of a person or at a calamity); to slap and scratch one’s face (mourning woman)’ : ^†¹¹salaqa, u (salq) ; cf. also ^†¹silqaẗ (pl. sulqān, silqān, silq) and sāliqaẗ (pl. sawāliqᵘ) ‘weeping loudly (woman), slapping her face; long-tongued and vehemently clamorous, foul, evil, lewd’
▪ ^†SLQ_18 ‘to run’: ^†¹²salaqa, u (salq); cf. also ^†saylaq ‘quick, swift (she-camel)’
▪ ^†SLQ_19 ‘to collect herbs’: sallaqa
▪ ^†SLQ_20 ‘to be(come) restless, agitated, in a state of commotion, fret (from grief, anxiety, pain)’: ^†²tasallaqa
▪ ^†SLQ_21 ‘red garden-beet’: ^†¹silq (pl. sulqān)
▪ ^†SLQ_22 ‘wolf’: ^†²silq (pl. sulqān, silqān); f. ^†²silqaẗ ‘she-wolf’
▪ ^†SLQ_23 ‘female lizard; female locust, when she has laid her eggs’: ^†³silqaẗ
▪ ^†SLQ_24 ‘water-course, channel in which water flows, between two tracts of elevated, or elevated and rugged, ground’: ^†⁴silqaẗ
▪ ^†SLQ_25 ‘even plain, smooth, even, tract, of good soil, depressed, even plain in which are no trees; low tract, or portion, of land, that produces herbage, meadow’: ^†salaq (pl. ʔaslāq, sulqān)
▪ ^†SLQ_26 ‘pimples, pustules that come forth upon the root \ on the tip of the tongue (Lane); Lösung d Zahnfleischs (Wahrmund1887); lippitude of the eyelids (Hava) | 1 Tumeur qui se forme sur les bords des paupières et fait tomber les cils; 2 déchaussement des dents, maladie des gencives, qui fait que les dents n’étant plus retenues par les gencives tombent; 3 tubercule à la racine de la langue; 4 enflure’: ^†sulāq. – Cf. also ^†al-ʔasāliq ‘what is next to the lahawāt [pl. used as sg., meaning the ‘uvula’] of the mouth, internally, or the upper parts of the interior of the mouth, those to which the tongue rises’ (BK); also vb. I, pass., ^†suliqat il-ʔafwāh… ‘the mouths broke out with pimples, or small pustules’; and ^†ĭnsalaqa, vb. VII, ‘[…]; to be(come) affected with what is termed sulāq’.
▪ ^†SLQ_27 ‘what falls off from trees (leaves, etc.)’: ^†²salīq
▪ ^†SLQ_28 ‘honey which the bees build up along the length of their hive, or habitation’: ^†³salīq
▪ ^†SLQ_29 ‘pot herbs | Kücherkräuter’: ^†⁴salīq
▪ ^†SLQ_30 ‘side of a road’: ^†⁵salīq
▪ ^†SLQ_31 ‘(a sort of) coat of mail’: ^†²salūqī
▪ ^†SLQ_32 ‘sitting-place of the rubbān [or captain] of a ship, sitting-place of a pilot’: ^†salūqiyyaẗ
▪ ^†?SLQ_33 ‘natte de folioles de palmier’: DaṯAr salqaẗ (pl. salaq), ʕAdanAr ḤaḍramawtAr silqaẗ (pl. silaq) (LandbergZetterstein1942)
▪ ^†?SLQ_34 ‘ruines’: DaṯAr mislāq (LandbergZetterstein1942)
▪ ^†SLQ_35 ‘natural, untaught, incorrect (speech)’: ( kalām) ^†salīqī ‘natural, or untaught (speech); (speech whereof) the desinential syntax is not much attended to, but which is chaste and eloquent respect of what has been heard, though often tripping, or stumbling, in respect of grammar; speech which the dweller in the desert utters according to his nature and his proper dialect, though his other speech be nobler and better’, ^†salīqiyyaẗ ‘dialect in which the speaker thereof proceeds loosely, or freely, according to his nature, without paying much attention to desinential syntax, and without avoiding incorrectness’ (Lane1872)
▪ ^†SLQ_36 ‘…’ …

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (accord. to BAH2008): ‘to throw on the back; to flay with a whip; to insult; to scald; to lacerate the skin; boiling, cooking lightly by boiling; intrinsic nature’

▪ The stunning semantic diversity within the root seems to be the result of a merger of at least two Sem roots (*√ŠLḲ ‘to cook, broil, boil’, and *√SLḲ ‘to ascend, climb’, possibly from *ŚḲ ‘to be\grow high’), perh. a third (with metathesis *QLS > SLQ), in addition perh. to contamination from Ar ↗√SLḪ ‘to skin, flay’ (Sem *šlḫ ‘skin, hide’) and ^†√ṢLQ ‘to shout, shriek; to writhe about’, combined, on the one hand, with semantic extensions and, on the other, borrowings from other languages (SLQ_10 salaqūn, SLQ_7, SLQ_21 silq) as well as derivations from proper names (SLQ_11, SLQ_31 and SLQ_32 salūqī, salūqiyyaẗ) and other – still unclear – developments.
▪ SLQ_1 : accord. to Ehret1989 #21, ¹salaqa may be analyzed as an extension in * ḳ (»intensive (effect)«) from pre-protSem *√SL¹ ‘to draw out or off’; so also ↗salaḫa (< *sl + »extendative fortative« * ḫ) ‘to skin, flay, throw off the slough’; perh. contamination of overlapping senses. – Leslau2006 thinks that Ar ¹salaqa ‘to peel off (flesh) from (the bone)’ has cognates in Akk šalāqu ‘to cut open, split’ to cut’ (CAD) and EthSem (e.g., Gz śalaqa~salaqa ‘to grind fine, crush, peel, husk’); if this is valid, one may reconstruct protSem *ŠLḲ ‘to cut, crush, peel off’, which, however, would be homonymous with protSem *ŠLḲ ‘to boil, cook’ (see SLQ_3), rather reliably reconstructed on the basis of wide attestation (Kogan2011). – Or is ‘to lacerate the skin’ a development from SLQ_2 ‘to remove (hair, etc.) with boiling water’, in its turn perh. result of semantic extension from ‘to boil, cook in boiling water’ (SLQ_3), perh. under the influence of ↗salaḫa ‘to skin, flay, etc.’?
▪ SLQ_2 ‘to remove (hair, etc.) with boiling water’: specialization from SLQ_3 ‘to boil, cook in boiling water’, overlapping with SLQ_1 ‘to peel of the skin, loosen flesh from the bones’?
▪ SLQ_3 ‘to boil, cook in boiling water’: from protSem *ŠLḲ ‘to boil, cook’ (widely attested in Sem; Dolgopolsky2012: »CSem«). – Accord. to Dolgopolsky2012#2053, CSem *ŠLḲ ‘to cook, broil, boil’ is akin to (and extension from?) WSem *C̣LY (*-c̣lay-) ‘to roast’ (> Ar ↗ṣalà ‘to roast, broil, fry’, ṣaliya ‘to burn, be exposed to the blaze of s.th.’), with cognates also in Berb and Cush, ultimately from a hypothetical Nostr *s̄i˻ʔ˼L˅ ‘to roast, fry, cook’.
▪ SLQ_4 ‘to scald (plants; said of excessive heat)’: most likely special use of SLQ_3, perh. in its earlier meaning of ‘to burn’; see SLQ_3, above.
▪ SLQ_5 ‘to hurt (s.o., with one’s tongue), insult’ (esp. Q 33:19): Accord. to ClassAr lexicography, this is fig. use of ^†SLQ_13 ‘to pierce (with a spear)’; but why not of SLQ_1 ‘to lacerate the skin (with a whip)’ (> ‘to hurt’)? – Parallels with initial ṣ instead of s may also point to a contamination with, or influence from, ^†ṣalaqa ‘to attack (a tribe); to smite s.o. (sun); to strike’. – Cf., however, Zammit2002 and Leslau2006 who tend to regard Ar ⁵salaqa (and Gz tasālaqa ‘to joke, scoff at, deride, mock, ridicule, etc.) as cognate (via metathesis) to NWSem *QLS (Hbr qilles ‘to jeer at’, with Ug and Aram parallels).
▪ SLQ_6 ‘to ascend, mount, climb, scale’: The common opinion is that Ar ¹tasallaqa is denom. from sullāq ‘Ascension (of Christ)’, itself with all likelihood a borrowing from Aram sūlqā ‘do.’, slaq ‘to ascend’ (so already Fraenkel1886: 277). Based on these data, some authors would reconstruct an old (C)Sem root *√SLḲ ‘to ascend, climb’. – Kogan2015: 386 #15 tends to explain protAram *SLḲ as the result of a splitting of an original lateral *ś- into the combination sl- at an early stage, so that the Aram forms (together with the Hbr and Ar ones that are borrowed from Aram) should be seen together with with Akk šaḳu ‘to grow high, rise, ascend’ and Ar ↗ŠQY ‘to grow’, šāqiⁿ ‘high, inaccessible’ etc. – For another speculation (BDB1906), see below, section DISC.
▪ SLQ_7 ‘a variety of chard’ (and ^†SLQ_21 ‘red garden-beet’): perh. (via Aram?) from Grk Σικελία ‘Sicily’ (with metathesis ḳ-l > l-q), thus *‘the Sicilian (vegetable)’, but this is rather uncertain and not unproblematic (see DISC).
▪ SLQ_8 ‘dish made of grain cooked with sugar, cinnamon and fennel’: from SLQ_3 ‘to boil, cook in boiling water’, or SLQ_2 ‘to remove (hair, etc.) with boiling water’.
▪ SLQ_9 ‘inborn disposition, instinct’: prob. from SLQ_1 ‘to lacerate, skin’ or SLQ_2 ‘to remove (hair, etc.) with boiling water / through boiling in water’, thus properly *‘what remains, or comes out, after “skinning” or “peeling off” the outer layers of s.th.’.
▪ SLQ_10 ‘red lead, minium’: prob. akin to ↗zarqūn ‘bright red’. Or *‘the Syrian (mineral), the (red) substance from Syria’, from Grk συρικόν syrikón (suggested by Nişanyan_1Jul2017)?
▪ SLQ_11 ‘greyhound, hunting dog, saluki’: nominalized nsb-formation, from the place name Salūq, of uncertain identity and location (Yemen, Armenia, Iran, …?; ultimately, perh. based on “Seleucia”).
▪ ^†SLQ_12 ‘to prostrate s.o. on the back of his neck, throw s.o. down’: prob. reflex of an archaic *Š-stem, caus. of ↗√LQY, cf. the var. ^†salqà (prob. < *ša-lqà) (meaning the same as ʔalqà, vb. IV).
▪ ^†SLQ_13 ‘to pierce (with a spear)’: may be a special use of SLQ_1 ‘to lacerate the skin (with a whip)’ (> ‘to hurt’). But contamination from, or influence of, ^†ṣalaqa (ṣ !) ‘to attack (a tribe); to smite s.o. (sun); to strike s.o. (bi with a stick)’ is not unconceivable. - Borg2021#327 compares Eg śrq ‘(Gk) die Feinde schlachten, sie töten’ (Calice 1936: 80; Wb IV 204).
▪ ^†SLQ_14 ‘to leave prints (on the soil: foot)’: The quasi-PP pattern of related ^†salāʔiqᵘ (sg. ^†³salīqaẗ) ‘marks made by the feet/hoofs on the road’ suggests interpretation of the latter as *‘scratchings, carvings’, based on special use of SLQ_1 ‘to lacerate, skin, peel off’, foot/hoof prints being likened to scars on the skin due to laceration, esp. after lashing. DaṯAr slq ‘semer; to cultivate, plough, till’ (with sāliq ‘sillon’, silāqaẗ ‘cultivation, tillage’) (LandbergZetterstein1942) is prob. from *‘to make furrows in the soil, “scratch, lacerate” the earth’. – Cf. also homonymous ²salīqaẗ ‘inborn disposition, instinct’ (SLQ_9), prob. likewise based on SLQ_1 though with different semantics, due to fig. use in another domain. – See also below, SLQ_22 ‘wolf’ and SLQ_25 ‘even plain’.
▪ ^†SLQ_15 ‘to oil, grease (a leathern water-skin, etc.), to smear (a camel all over with tar)’: etymology obscure; a misreading of ^†salafa ‘to grease (a skin)’? – For more options, see below, section DISC.
▪ ^†SLQ_16 ‘to insert one of the two loops of the sack called ǧuwāliq into the other’: etymology obscure.
▪ ^†SLQ_17 ‘to call out, cry out, shout vehemently (esp. after the death of a person or at a calamity); to slap and scratch one’s face (mourning woman)’: akin to SLQ_5 ‘to hurt (with one’s tongue)’? Perhaps also influence from ^†ṣalaq (wie ṣ ) ‘shriek of distress’?
▪ ^†SLQ_18 ‘to run; quick, swift (she-camel)’: etymology obscure.
▪ ^†SLQ_19 ‘to collect herbs’ (^†sallaqa, vb. II): prob. denom. from ^†SLQ_27 ‘what falls off from trees (leaves, etc.)’ (^†²salīq) or ^†SLQ_29 ‘pot herbs’ (^†⁴salīq), both of of obscure etymology (perh. *‘peeled, scratched off’, from SLQ_1?). – In contrast, OrelStolbova1994 find what they believe to be cognates in Eg sꜣḳ and CCh *caḳal ‘to gather, collect’ and reconstruct Sem *s˅l˅ḳ < AfrAs *calaḳ ‘to gather’ – highly speculative.
▪ ^†SLQ_20 ‘to be(come) restless, agitated, in a state of commotion, fret (from grief, anxiety, pain)’ (^†²tasallaqa, vb. V): perh. due to confusion with ^†taṣallaqa (with ṣ) ‘do.’, unless the reverse is the case. The latter item is prob. denom. from ^†ṣalaq ‘shriek of distress’, without reliable etymology either.
▪ ^†SLQ_21 ‘red garden-beet’ (^†¹silq): accord. to Fraenkel1886 a borrowing from Aram Syr silqā ‘do.’, itself of unknown origin. ^†¹silq ‘red garden-beet’ is prob. identical with SLQ_7 silq, EgAr salq ‘a variety of chard’, as both are varieties of the same plant, beta vulgaris. – Accord. to some (Fraenkel, Dozy, et al.), Aram Syr silqā is prob. from Grk sikelós, thus *‘the Sicilian (plant)’. But shouldn’t one also consider the Pers šalġam ‘turnip, rape’ as a possible source? See below, section DISC.
▪ ^†SLQ_22 ‘wolf’ (^†²silq, ^†²silqaẗ ‘she-wolf’): prob. fig. use, either *‘the mangy one’ (from SLQ_1 ‘to lacerate the skin’) or, more likely, *‘the howling one’ (akin to ^†SLQ_17 ‘to call out, cry out, shout vehemently’). – Or of foreign origin? If so, perh. (with metathesis) from Grk λύκος lúkos ‘wolf’?

▪ ^†SLQ_23 ‘female lizard; female locust, when she has laid her eggs’ (^†³silqaẗ): of obscure origin. – Any relation to Eg snḥm (> Copt sanneḥ) ‘locust’, itself borrowed from Sem (cf. Hbr sālʕām ‘kind of locust’, hapax in the Bible; slʕm ‘to swallow, consume, devour’, Aram salʕem ‘to swallow, destroy’ – ErmanGrapow1921: 147, Klein1987)?
▪ ^†SLQ_24 ‘water-course, channel in which water flows, between two tracts of elevated, or elevated and rugged, ground’ (^†⁴silqaẗ): etymology obscure; perh. from *‘furrow carved in the earth\soil (by the running water)’ < SLQ_1 ‘to lacerate, scratch’; or akin to ^†SLQ_18 ‘to run; quick, swift (she-camel)’ or ^†SLQ_25 ‘even plain, low tract that produces herbage, meadow’; see DISC below.
▪ ^†SLQ_25 ‘even, plain, smooth, even tract of good soil, depressed land, meadow’ (^†salaq): either contamination from ^†ṣalaq (with initial ṣ ) ‘do.’ (itself of obscure etymology) or akin to SLQ_1 ‘to lacerate the skin’ and ^†SLQ_14 ‘to leave (foot\hoof) prints (on the soil)’, i.e., orig. *‘tract of land from which most vegetation on the surface has been “scraped off”, “lacerated” region’.
▪ ^†SLQ_26 ‘tumor/swelling/pustule on the edges of the eyelids or on the gum, causing eyelashes or teeth to fall out’ (^†sulāq): the basic notion of ‘falling out’ (eyelashes, teeth) due to a disease/swelling/pustule may be related to ^†SLQ_27 ‘falling off (of leaves, etc.) from trees’, itself prob. akin to SLQ_1 ‘to lacerate the skin, peel off, etc.’.
▪ ^†SLQ_27 ‘what falls off from trees (leaves, etc.)’ (^†²salīq): prob. *‘what has been scratched off (from a tree) (and left it bare, like lacerated skin)’, (like SLQ_26 ‘falling off eyelids, teeth, etc.’?) from (or at least akin to) SLQ_1 ‘to lacerate the skin, (Ehret1989: to loosen the flesh from the bones)’. – Does also DaṯAr salqaẗ ‘natte de folioles de palmier’ (SLQ_33) belong here?
▪ ^†SLQ_28 ‘honey which the bees build up along the length of their hive, or habitation’ (^†³salīq): etymology obscure.
▪ ^†SLQ_29 ‘pot herbs’ (^†⁴salīq): etymology obscure; identical with SLQ_27 ‘what falls off from trees (leaves, etc.)’, or akin to SLQ_7 ‘a variety of chard’, or prop. *‘what is (going to be) cooked in hot water’ (from SLQ_3 ‘to boil, cook in boiling water’)?
▪ ^†SLQ_30 ‘side of a road’ (^†⁵salīq): etymology obscure; perh. properly *‘the bare (slopes) along a road’? Or should one see it together with ^†salaq ‘even plain, low tract, depressed land, meadow’ (^†SLQ_25)?
▪ ^†SLQ_31 ‘(a sort of) coat of mail’ (^†²salūqī): like ¹salūqī ‘greyhound, hunting dog, saluki’ (SLQ_11) orig. *‘the one from ^†Salūq’, i.e., from a town of uncertain location (Yemen, Armenia, …?), perh. related to ancient Seleukia for the Seleucids. – Cf., however, below, section DISC.
▪ ^†SLQ_32 ‘sitting-place of the captain\pilot’ (^†salūqiyyaẗ): like SLQ_11 and SLQ_31 a nisba from salūq, though details remain obscure.
▪ ^†SLQ_33 (DaṯAr ʕAdan Ḥaḍramawt) ‘natte de folioles de palmier’: Cf. perh. ^†SLQ_27 ‘what falls off from trees (leaves, etc.)’.
▪ ^†SLQ_34 (DaṯAr ʕAdan Ḥaḍramawt) ‘ruines’: etymology obscure.
▪ ^†SLQ_35 ‘natural, untaught, incorrect (speech)’: according to Olivieri2020 borrowed from Grk σολοικισμός soloikismós ‘incorrectness in the use of language, solecism’.
▪ ^†SLQ_ ‘…’: …

1. In the light of oscillation of cognates between š and s probably better *√ŠL/SL.

▪ SLQ_5 : for Qurʔānic use, see ↗⁵salaqa

▪ 1 From pre-protSem *SL¹ ‘to draw out or off’ (> Ar ↗salla ‘to draw out slowly’) + *-Ḳ (Ehret1989 #21)? If valid, cognate extensions could be ↗salaʔa ‘to purify butter, press sesame oil’, ↗salaba ‘to take from with violence, rob, plunder, steal’, ↗salata ‘to draw one thing from another’, ↗salaḥa ‘to drop excrement’, ↗salaḫa ‘to skin, flay, throw off the slough; undress’, ↗saliʕa ‘to split, cleave’, ↗salafa ‘to harrow, level, plane, make even, prepare for sowing (land)’; perh. partial overlapping/merger with salaḫa. – Or akin to #2 (<#3?), perh. influenced by salaḫa ‘to skin, flay, etc.’. – Cf. also Leslau2006: Akk šalāqu ‘to cut’ (CAD: ‘to cut open, split’), Ar ¹salaqa ‘to peel off (flesh) from (the bone)’, Gz śalaqa (var. salaqa) ‘to grind fine, crush, peel, husk’, Tña säläqä, Amh sälläqä, Gur säläqä ‘to grind fine’, Amh šäläqqäqä ‘husk, shell, hull’, etc. – 2 based on #3? – 3 Akk salāḳu, JudAram (> postBiblHbr) Syr šlḳ, Ar ³salaqa ‘to boil, cook in boiling water’, DaṯAr slq ‘griller de façon que la viande ne soit ni crue ni à point, mais entre les deux; donner au pain une caisson légère’; prob. also Tña šäläḳä ‘to be burned; to simmer’ (Kogan2011). – ?Cf. also (Dolgopolsky2012#2053), (without extension in ḳ?) BiblHbr c̣ālā (√C̣LY), JudPalAram, JEA c̣əlā (√C̣LW|Y) ‘to roast (meat)’, SamAram √ṢLY ‘to roast’, Ar ṣalà ‘to roast, broil, fry’, ṣaliya ‘to burn (intr.), be exposed to the blaze (bi of’), Gz √ṢLW ‘to broil, roast’; outside Sem: [Berb] Kab əsli ‘cuire rapidement’; [ECush] Brj sal- ‘to cook by boiling, bake’, Kmb šol-, Hd sar ‘id.; to fry, roast’; Sa sōl- ‘braten, rösten auf dem brennenden Feuer’, sōˈlā ‘Fleisch auf heißen Steinen gebraten; Feuerbrand’, Af sola ‘campfire for roasting meat’, Som sol- ‘to grill, toast, roast’; Som šīl- ‘to fry’, Or sil-awu ‘affumigarsi, arruginirsi, ossidarsi’. – 4 prob. special use of #3 (in the earlier sense of ‘to burn’). – 5 perh. fig. use of #13 ‘to pierce (with a spear)’ (ClassAr lexicographers), but perh. special use of #1 (with ‘to lacerate the skin’ > ‘to hurt’ > ‘to insult’). – ?Cf. also ^†ṣalaqa (initial ṣ!) ‘to attack (a tribe); to smite s.o. (sun); to strike s.o. (bi with a stick)’; cf. similar ambivalence also in the adj./n.s ^†mislaq, ^†mislāq ‘eloquent (speaker); sharp (tongue)’ (prob. < *‘hurting (tongue)’ vs. ^†miṣlaq, miṣlāq) ‘eloquent (speaker)’ (Lane1872, Hava1899). – In contrast, Zammit2002, Leslau2006: Ug qlṣ ‘verhöhnen’, Aram qallāsā ‘shouting, derision’, Hbr qilles ‘to jeer at’, (with metathesis) Gz tasālaqa ‘to joke, scoff at, deride, mock, ridicule, make fun of, make fun of one another’ (> QurAr ⁵salaqa ‘to abuse, insult’). – 6 Aram slaq, Palm slq, Syr sleq ‘to ascend’, sūlqā ‘Ascension (of Christ)’ > Ar sullāq ‘id.’ (> ¹tasallaqa ‘to ascend, climb’) (Fraenkel1886: 277 and others after him). – ?Cf. (BDB1906) Hbr (< Aram) *śālaq ‘to kindle, burn’, (*Š-stem) hissîq ~ hiśśîq ‘to make a fire, burn’, Aram slq (*Š-stem:) ‘to cause to go up (in flame), offer sacrifice’. – In another theory: (Kogan2015: 386 #15) Ar < Aram < protAram *slḳ ‘to go up’ < (dissociation sl- < ś- ) *ŚḲ, cognate to Akk šaḳu ‘to grow high, rise, ascend’, Ar ŠQY ‘to grow’, šāqiⁿ ‘high, inaccessible’. – 7 = #21 ‘red garden-beet’? If so, borrowed from Aram Syr silqā ‘id.’ (? with metathesis < Grk sikelós ‘Sicilian’, < Grk Σικελία ‘Sicily’). – ?Akin to #27 ^†²salīq ‘what falls off from trees (leaves, etc.)’, #29 ^†⁴salīq ‘pot herbs’, or #19 ^†sallaqa ‘to collect herbs’? – 8 prob. orig. *‘boiled food; what is cooked with hot water (herbs, leguminous plants, and the like’ < #3. – 9 Ar ²salīqaẗ ‘inborn disposition, instinct’: prob. < #1 or #2 (< #3), i.e., *‘what remains, or comes out, after “skinning” or “peeling off” the outer layers concealing/covering the inner nature of s.th.’; cf. also #14 ‘marks made by feet\hoofs on the road, or by thongs upon the belly of a camel etc.’, from ^†⁸salaqa ‘to leave prints (on the soil; foot, hoof)’, akin to/from #1. – Is modHbr salqāh ‘natural (music)’ a cognate? – 10 Ar salaqūn ‘red lead, minium’, also saliqūn , sariqūn , EgAr salaq͗ōn, zalaq͗ōn: prob. akin to Ar zarqūn ‘bright red’ (? < Pers zargūn ‘gold-coloured’ or Grk συρικόν syrikón, i.e., *‘Syrian’ mineral, red substance *‘from Syria’). – 11 < town name ^†Salūq (< Grk?)? Cf. #31 and #32. – 12 and var. ^†salqà ‘to prostrate, throw down’: perh. archaic *Š-stem, from √LQY ‘to find’, i.e., orig. caus. *‘to make to be found (lying on earth). – 13 prob. dependent on #1 ‘to lacerate the skin (with a whip)’ (> ‘to hurt’), or contamination from, or influence of, ^†ṣalaqa (with ṣ ) ‘to attack (a tribe); to smite s.o. (sun); to strike s.o. (bi with a stick)’. – 14 ^†⁸salaqa ‘to leave prints (on the soil: foot)’, ^†salāʔiqᵘ (pl.) ‘marks made by feet\hoofs on the road’, ^†salq ‘mark\scar (of a gall, a thong), sore, on the skin of a camel’: perh. orig. *‘the scratched ones’, from #1 ‘to lacerate, skin, peel off’; so prob. also DaṯAr slq ‘semer; to cultivate, plough, till’, sāliq ‘sillon’, silāqaẗ ‘cultivation, tillage’. – ?Cf. also #22 ‘wolf’ and #25 ‘even plain’? – 15 ? Misreading of ^†salafa ‘to grease (a skin)’? Or cf. #25 ‘even plain, smooth, even tract, of good soil, etc.’? Or akin to Hbr ²šālaq ‘to make smooth, trim’, perh. šiphʕel formation from ḥālaq ‘to be smooth’ (Klein1987)? – 16 ? – 17 ‘to call out, cry out, shout vehemently (esp. after the death of a person or at a calamity)’ is prob. secondary meaning, from ‘to slap and scratch one’s face (mourning woman)’, thus similar to #5 ‘to hurt (with one’s tongue)’ < #1. – ?Cf. also (with initial ṣ ): ^†ṣalaqa ‘to call out, cry out, shout vehemently; to raise one’s his voice on the occasion of a calamity\death’, ^†ṣalaq ‘shriek of distress’, ^†taṣallaqa ‘to scream in child-birth’ (Lane1872)̀; see also #20. – 18 ? – Barth1902 thinks ‘to run’ is special use of #6, reading saylaq ‘swift, quick (she-camel)’ as *‘the climbing one’. – 19 vb. II (‘to collect herbs’) is prob. denom., from #29 ^†⁴salīq ‘pot herbs’ or #27 ^†²salīq ‘what falls off from trees (leaves, etc.)’, both perh. *‘peeled, scratched off’, i.e., < #1. – Cf., however, OrelStolbova1994’s view that Ar slq ‘to gather’ has no cognates in Sem, but outside: Eg sꜣḳ (*-l > -ꜣ ) ‘to gather’, CCh caḳal (metathesis) ‘to gather, collect’. – 20 prob. result of confusion with ^†taṣallaqa (with ṣ) ‘to be(come) restless, agitated, in a state of commotion, fret (from grief, anxiety, pain)’ , itself prob. denom. from ^†ṣalaq ‘shriek of distress’, cf. #17. – 21 According to Fraenkel1886 a loan from Aram Syr silqā ‘red garden-beet’ (prob. identical with #7 ‘a variety of chard’; botanically, both are varieties of Beta vulgaris), itself perh. (with metathesis) from Grk sikelós ‘Sicilian’ (Fraenkel, Dozy, et al.). – ?Cf. also Ar salǧam ‘turnip’, EgAr ‘rape’ (via Tu? from Pers šalġam ‘turnip, rape’? – 22 ? – Is ‘wolf’ *‘the mangy one’ (< #1 ‘to lacerate the skin’, #14 ‘mark\scar, sore, on the back of a camel’), or *‘the howling one’ (< #17 ‘to call out, cry out, shout vehemently’). Or a borrowing? From Grk? – 23 ?Cf. Eg snḥm (> Copt sanneḥ) ‘locust’ (ErmanGrapow1921: < Sem, cf. Hbr sālʕām; cf. also Hbr slʕm ‘to swallow, consume, devour’, Aram salʕem ‘to swallow, destroy’ – Klein1987)? – 24 ? Is ‘water-course’ orig. perh. *‘the carved\carving one, leaving a furrow in the soil’ (#14), or *‘the running one, the quick, swift one’ (#18), or akin to ‘even plain, low tract, meadow’ (#25)? – 25 Contamination of ^†ṣalaq (of obscure etymology)? Or is ‘even plain, low land, depression, meadow’ from #1 ‘to lacerate the skin, loosen the flesh from the bones’, i.e., ‘even plain’ < *‘tract of land from which most vegetation on the surface has been “scraped off”, “lacerated” region’? – 26 prob. akin to #1 (‘falling out, loosening’ of eyelashes, teeth, etc., due to a disease ≈ #27 ‘falling off’ of leaves from trees’, akin to #1 ‘to lacerate the skin, peel off, etc.’). – 27 prob. orig. *‘what has been scratched off (from a tree) (and left it bare, like lacerated skin)’, i.e., based on #1 ‘to lacerate the skin, (Ehret1989: to loosen the flesh from the bones)’. – 28 ? – 29 ? – Perh. ‘pot herbs’ < #27 ‘what falls off from trees (leaves, etc.)’ (< #1)? Or < #7 ‘a variety of chard’? Or *‘what is going to be cooked in hot water’ (< #3 ‘to boil, cook in boiling water’)? – 30 ? – Perh. properly *‘the bare (slopes) along a road’ (< #1)? Or akin to #25 ‘even plain, low tract, depressed land, meadow’? – 31 < town name ^†Salūq ? Cf. #11 and #32. – Any relation to modHbr sᵊlîq ‘arms cache’, (*Š-stem) hislîq ‘to hide (arms) in a cache’ (Klein1987)? 32 < town name ^†Salūq ? Cf. #11 and #31. – … 33 Cf. perh. #27 (< #1). – … 34 ? – 35 lw., from Grk σολοικισμός soloikismós ‘incorrectness in the use of language, solecism’. – … ▪ …

1. In the light of oscillation of Hbr and Aram cognates between š- and s- perh. better *√ŠL/SL.

▪ SLQ_1 : Ehret1989 #21 suggests to analyse ¹salaqa (u, salq) ‘to loosen the flesh from the bones’ as an extension in »intensive (effect)« *-ḳ from a pre-protSem 2-rad. basis *SL¹ ‘to draw out or off’. Semantic proximity to other such assumed extensions, like ↗salaḫa (a u, salḫ, from *sl + »extendative fortative« * ḫ) ‘to skin, flay, throw off the slough; undress’, is indeed striking. – Alternatively, one may interpret the meaning ‘to lacerate the skin’ as a development from SLQ_2 ‘to remove (hair, etc.) with boiling water’, which in its turn may be a semantic extension based on SLQ_3 ‘to boil, cook in boiling water’. Such a development may have happened under the influence of ↗salaḫa ‘to skin, flay, etc.’. – Cf., however, Leslau2006 who thinks that one may have to compare Ar ¹salaqa ‘to peel off (flesh) from (the bone)’ to Akk šalāqu ‘to cut’ (CAD: ‘to cut open, split’), Gz śalaqa (var. salaqa) ‘to grind fine, crush, peel, husk’, Tña säläqä, Amh sälläqä, Gur säläqä ‘to grind fine’, Amh šäläqqäqä ‘husk, shell, hull’, etc. It is tempting to reconstruct from these forms a protSem root *ŠLḲ ‘to cut, crush, peel off’, which, however, would be homonymous with protSem *ŠLḲ ‘to boil, cook’ (see SLQ_3), rather reliably reconstructed on the basis of fairly wide attestation (Kogan2011).
▪ SLQ_2 : The value ‘to remove (hair, etc.) with boiling water’ is perh. a specialization, developed from one of the primary meanings of salaqa, namely SLQ_3 ‘to boil, cook in boiling water’.
▪ SLQ_3 ‘to boil, cook in boiling water’: value attested in major branches of Sem (Akk, Aram, Ar, ?EthSem), which allows reconstruction of protSem *ŠLḲ ‘to boil, cook’ (Kogan2011). — According to Dolgopolsky2012#2053, ³salaqa ‘to boil, cook in boiling water’ is based on CSem *šlḳ ‘to cook, broil, boil’, akin to (and extension from?) WSem *c̣ly (*-c̣lay-) ‘to roast’ [> Ar ↗ṣalà (yaṣlī, ṣaly) ‘to roast, broil, fry’, ṣaliya (yaṣlà, ṣalan/ à, ṣulīy, ṣalāʔ) ‘to burn (intr.), be exposed to the blaze (bi of’)], with cognates also in Berb and Cush, ultimately from a hypothetical Nostr *s̄i˻ʔ˼L˅ ‘to roast, fry, cook’.
▪ SLQ_4 ‘to scald (plants; said of excessive heat)’, in ClassAr also said of harsh cold ‘burning’ plants: with all likelihood special use of SLQ_3, perh. in an earlier meaning of ‘to burn’, cf. SLQ_3, above.
▪ SLQ_5 ‘to hurt (s.o., bi-lisānih with one’s tongue)’: ClassAr lexicographers interpret this meaning as fig. use of ^†SLQ_13 ‘to pierce (with a spear)’, but it is not inconceivable that both depend on SLQ_1 ‘to lacerate the skin (with a whip)’ (> ‘to hurt’). – Or perh. contamination with, or influenced by, ^†ṣalaqa (with ṣ) ‘to attack (a tribe); to smite s.o. (sun); to strike s.o. (bi with a stick)’? The adj.s ^†mislaq and ^†mislāq ‘eloquent (speaker); sharp (tongue)’ which seem to belong to ‘hurting (tongue)’, both exist in a variant with initial ṣ : ^†miṣlaq, miṣlāq (pl. maṣālīqᵘ) ‘eloquent (speaker)’ (Lane1872, Hava1899)… – In contrast, Leslau2006 puts the value together with Gz tasālaqa ‘to joke, scoff at, deride, mock, ridicule, make fun of, make fun of one another’, remarking that Margoliouth (JRAS 1939: 61) derived Ar salaqa in Surah 33:19 from this Gz (ta)sālaqa and that »the root represents a metathesis in relation to Hbr qilles ‘to jeer at’. Zammit2002 shares this view, adding Ug and Aram parallels to the Hbr and Gz forms as alleged ‘cognates’ of Qur’anic Ar salaqa (interpreted as ‘to abuse’).
▪ SLQ_6 : As Kogan2015 remarks, the isolated position of Ar ¹tasallaqa ‘to ascend, mount, climb, scale’ (as also of ClassAr ^†salaqa ‘do.’, now obsol.) within Ar »makes one wonder about a possible Aram origin« of these items. If so, ¹tasallaqa may be denom. from sullāq ‘Ascension (of Christ)’, almost certainly borrowed from Aram sūlqā ‘do.’ (so already Fraenkel1886: 277). – Given the Hbr and Aram ‘cognates’, Dolgopolsky2012#300 reconstructs a CSem *√SLḲ ‘to ascend, climb’ (in his view ancestor not only of Ar ¹tasallaqa ‘do.’, but also of ^†SLQ_18 ^†salaqa ‘to run’, but perh. – deglottalization? – even ↗salaka ‘to travel, go along’), to which he juxtaposes IndEur (NaIE) *slenk (~ *sleng ) ‘to creep, crawl, trudge, amble’ (> , e.g., AngSax slincan ‘to creep’ > nEngl ‘to slink’, oHGe slango, nHGe Schlange ‘snake’; oHGe zuo-slingan ‘to slide away’, mHGe slingen ‘to crawl along’, etc.), all ultimately from a hypothetical Nostr *c'oLḲ˅ (~ *c'oLk˅) ‘to advance with effort (to creep, to crawl, to climb etc.)’. – Another view is put forward in BDB1906 where the authors interpret values SLQ_6 ‘to ascend’ and SLQ_4 ‘to scald, burn’ as interdependent, associating Hbr *śālaq ‘to kindle, burn’, (*Š-stem) hissîq ~ hiśśîq ‘to make a fire, burn’ with Aram slaq ‘to ascend’, (*Š-stem) ‘to cause to go up (in flame), offer sacrifice’, Syr sleq, Palm slq , Ar salaqa ‘to ascend’. – In contrast, Kogan2015: 386 #15 points to the scarcity of the Hbr vb. (a hapax in the Bible) and the isolated position of ‘ascending’ within Ar and concludes that both with all likelihood are Aramaisms, i.e., neither the Hbr nor the Ar item can count as genuine cognates, and Aram SLḲ is itself isolated within Sem. Speculating about the obscure origin of protAram *slḳ ‘to go up’ Kogan then »wonders whether a clue to the etymology of this root can be found in its highly peculiar morphological behavior, viz. the unexpected assimilation * sl- > ss- [Ps 139:8 shows a 1sg.impf Hbr ʔässaq instead of *ʔäslaq], probably betraying the secondary origin of l . It is, therefore, tempting to follow P. Haupt (1910: 712‒713) who compared protAram *slḳ with Akk šaḳu ‘to grow high, rise, ascend’ and Ar ↗šqy ‘to grow’, šāqiⁿ ‘high, inaccessible’. If valid, this comparison would imply that the lateral *ś was split into the combination s-l at some early stage of the linguistic history of Aramaic.² – ProtAram *slḳ has replaced protSem *ʕly/*ʕlw ‘to go up’ [> Ar ↗ʕalā], which is only marginally preserved in Aram.«
▪ SLQ_7 ‘a variety of chard’: EgAr salq, also salqāyaẗ (BadawiHinds1986), ClassAr silq looks as if it could be identical with ^†SLQ_21 ^†¹silq ‘red garden-beet’ (now obsolete) (see below). – The remark, made in ar.wiki, that the plant, popular all over the Mediterranean, originally came from Sicily, makes it tempting to assume a relation to this island, although the Ar name of Sicily most often shows initial ṣ (Ṣiqilliyaẗ, Ṣiqilliyyaẗ) rather than s (Siqilliyyaẗ) (both from Grk Σικελία) and q ll instead of l q (result of metathesis?); moreover, one would have to explain the faʕl/fiʕl pattern that would be rather unusual if ‘chard’ originally was *‘the Sicilian (vegetable)’. – Any relation to ^†²salīq ‘what falls off from trees (leaves, etc.)’ (SLQ_27), ^†⁴salīq ‘pot herbs’ (SLQ_29), or to ^†sallaqa ‘to collect herbs’ (SLQ_19, prob. denom.)? – The specifications silq al-barr ‘Rumex, sour-dock’ and silq al-māʔ ‘Potamogeton, pond-weed’ certainly belong here.
▪ SLQ_8 : In today’s SyrAr, ¹salīqaẗ is known as the name for a ‘dish made of grain cooked with sugar, cinnamon and fennel’. Originally, the word is a pseudo-PP from SLQ_3 ‘to boil, cook in boiling water’ and thus simply meant ‘boiled food; what is cooked with hot water (herbs, leguminous plants, and the like’. However, also more specific usage is attested already in ClassAr; e.g., in addition to the general meaning, Lane1872 also mentions ‘millet bruised and dressed by being cooked with milk; a preparation of dried curd with which are mixed certain plants’, and Wahrmund1887 has ^†¹salīq ‘geschälte Gerste u. Speise daraus’.
▪ SLQ_9 : There is no self-evident semantic connection betw. ²salīqaẗ ‘inborn disposition, instinct’ and any of the other values represented in the root. However, given that, morphologically, salīqaẗ is (the f. form of) a quasi-PP, one may think of ‘inborn disposition, instinct, natural trait’ as fig. use of either SLQ_1 ‘to lacerate, skin’ or SLQ_2 ‘to remove (hair, etc.) with boiling water / through boiling in water’ (< SLQ_3 ‘to boil, cook in boiling water’), implying that it is what remains, or comes out, after ‘skinning’ or ‘peeling off’ the outer layers concealing/covering the inner nature of s.th.; cf. also ^†SLQ_14, below, with the pl. ^†salāʔiqᵘ ‘marks made by the feet of men and by the hoofs of horses or the like on the road (or marks made by thongs upon the belly of a camel etc.)’, from ^†⁸salaqa ‘to leave prints (on the soil; foot, hoof)’ , which is akin to SLQ_1 ‘to lacerate, flay, skin’ (and thereby leave marks on the body).
▪ SLQ_10 ‘red lead, minium’: Ar salaqūn is found also as saliqūn or sariqūn and in EgAr also as salaq͗ōn and zalaq͗ōn. Given the variability of R₁ (s/z) and R₂ (l/r), a relation to Ar ↗zarqūn ‘bright red’ does not seem unlikely. BadawiHinds1986 thinks the EgAr words may be from Tu sülüğen/süleğen ‘do.’, but the reverse is prob. the case, i.e., the Tu words are from Ar (or both from Pers zargūn ‘gold-coloured’). In contrast, Nişanyan_1Jul2017 (s.v. Tu süleğen) would not exclude an origin in Grk συρικόν syrikón, which would suggest an interpretation of minium as ‘the Syrian (mineral), the (red) substance from Syria’, an idea that could be corroborated by the Ru Ukr name for minium, súrik. But Nişanyan adds himself that such an etymology is rather uncertain. (The mineral is first mentioned in Tu sources in the anon. Câmiʕü'l-Fürs, 1501, as sülegen.)
▪ SLQ_11 : The term ¹salūqī for a specific kind of greyhound or hunting dog, as ‘saluki’, derives from the place name Salūq, a town located by ClassAr lexicographers either in Yemen or Armenia. But there are also other places that may be identified with this Salūq; ultimately, there may be a connection to the Seleucia and the Seleucid Empire. For details see s.v.
▪ ^†SLQ_12 : ^†⁶salaqa, u (salq) ‘to prostrate s.o. on the back of his neck, throw s.o. down; to push, repell’ is the first value mentioned in BadawiAbdelHaleem2008 as well as in Lane1872, as though it was a/the primary one. It can, however, not be related to any of the other values, nor does it seem to have cognates in Sem or outside. A clue to its etymology may be the fact that the verb appears with this meaning not only in the form ^†salaqa, but also with the variant ^†salqà (vn. silqāʔ). This latter may be the reflex of an archaic *Š-stem, a causative from ↗√LQY, giving more or less the same meaning as the common vb. IV, ʔalqà (vn. ʔilqāʔ), see ↗laqiya. Cf. also the corresponding intr. vb.s, as rare and unusual as ^†salqà itself: ClassAr ĭslanqà (pattern ĭFʕanLà) ‘to lie, or sleep prostrate on one’s back’, with the var. ĭstalqà, which latter can be analysed as a t-stem of both ^†salqà and ʔalqà (<*šalqà).
▪ ^†SLQ_13 : The value ‘to pierce (with a spear)’ of ^†⁷salaqa (u, salq) may be a specialized development from dependent on SLQ_1 ‘to lacerate the skin (with a whip)’ (> ‘to hurt’). Or should we assume contamination from, or influence of, ^†ṣalaqa (with ṣ ) ‘to attack (a tribe); to smite s.o. (sun); to strike s.o. (bi with a stick)’? – In its turn, ‘to pierce (with a spear)’ seems to have given rise to value SLQ_5 ‘to hurt (with one’s tongue)’, still in use in MSA, prob. due to its Qur’anic origin (see above).
▪ ^†SLQ_14 : ‘to leave prints (on the soil: foot)’: ^†⁸salaqa, u (salq); cf. also ^†salāʔiqᵘ (pl., from sg. ^†³salīqaẗ) ‘marks made by the feet of men and by the hoofs of horses or the like on the road’. The pseudo-PP FaʕīLaẗ pattern of ³salīqaẗ suggests an interpretation of those ‘marks’ as *‘the scratched ones’ so that the value can be related to SLQ_1 ‘to lacerate, skin, peel off’. One detailed explanation of the meaning of SLQ_1 also connects the latter with ‘traces’: ‘to peel off (flesh from the bone), remove its hair or fur (with hot water, leaving the traces thereof remaining [!])’ (Lane iv 1872). The old n. ^†salq ‘mark\scar (of a gall), sore, on the back of a camel, when it has healed, and the place thereof has become white; mark made by the [plaited thong called] nisʕ upon the side of the camel, or upon its belly, from which the fur becomes worn off’ (Lane1872) matches very well here, too. ClassAr lexicographers would explain the latter as secondary, an extension from ‘marks left on the road’, but the reverse is more likely to be the case. – DaṯAr slq ‘semer; to cultivate, plough, till’ is prob. based on *‘to make furrows in the soil’ (< * ‘to “scratch” the earch’); note, however, that ‘furrow’ in DaṯAr is sāliq (PA, i.e., ‘the carving\scratching one’), not *salīq (quasi-PP). – See also below, SLQ_22 ‘wolf’ and SLQ_25 ‘even plain’.
▪ ^†SLQ_15 ‘to oil, grease (a leathern water-skin, etc.), to smear (a camel all over with tar)’: etymology obscure. A misreading for ^†salafa (u, salaf) ‘to grease (a skin)’? Or akin to, or dependent on, ^†SLQ_25 ^†salaq ‘even plain, smooth, even tract, of good soil, etc.’? The latter also exists in a variant with initial ṣ : ^†ṣalaq, pl. ʔaṣlāq, ʔaṣālīqᵘ, ‘even plain’; cf. also ^†ṣalīq, ‘even, smooth’. – Or should one consider Hbr ²šālaq ‘to make smooth, trim’ (Klein1987) as a cognate? According to Klein1987, the item is of uncertain origin, perh. a šiphʕel formation from ḥālaq ‘to be smooth’.
▪ ^†SLQ_16 ‘(al-ǧuwāliqᵃ) to insert one of the two loops of the sack called ǧ. into the other’; ‘(al-ʕūd fī ’l-ʕurwaẗ) to insert the stick into the loop [of the ǧ.]’: etymology obscure.
▪ ^†SLQ_17 : As in SLQ_15, the value that ClassAr lexicography often gives as the secondary one – ‘to slap and scratch one’s face (mourning woman)’ – may in fact be the primary one from which the other meaning – ‘to call out, cry out, shout vehemently (esp. after the death of a person or at a calamity)’, which tends to be given first – is derived. – Cf. also ^†¹silqaẗ (pl. sulqān, silqān, silq) and sāliqaẗ (pl. sawāliqᵘ) ‘weeping loudly (woman), slapping her face; long-tongued and vehemently clamorous, foul, evil, lewd’ (whence [^†SLQ_22 ] ^†²silqaẗ ‘she-wolf’, m. ^†²silq ‘wolf’?). With the latter notion, SLQ_17 comes close to SLQ_5 ‘to hurt (with one’s tongue)’. – Influenced by ^†ṣalaq, pl. ʔaṣlāq, ‘shriek of distress’ (> denom. ^†taṣallaqa ‘to scream in child-birth’) and ^†ṣalaqa (i, ṣalq), vb. I, ‘to call out, cry out, shout vehemently; to raise one’s his voice on the occasion of a calamity, and of a death’ (Lane1872)̀?
▪ ^†SLQ_18 ‘to run’ (^†¹²salaqa), ‘quick, swift (she-camel)’ (^†saylaq): etymology obscure. – Barth1902 is convinced that the value »certainly« has to be seen together with tasallaqa ‘to climb’ (i.e., SLQ_6), interpreting saylaq as, properly, *‘the climbing one’ (»‘stark laufende (eigentl. ‘steigende Kamelin’«), but this is little convincing.
▪ ^†SLQ_19 : ^†sallaqa, vb. II, in the sense of ‘to collect herbs’ is prob. denominative from ^†²salīq ‘what falls off from trees (leaves, etc.)’ (^†SLQ_27) or ^†⁴salīq ‘pot herbs’ (^†SLQ_29), both of which are of obscure etymology (perh. *‘peeled, scratched off’, from SLQ_1?). – OrelStolbova1994#380, finding ‘cognates’ of Ar slq ‘to gather’ in Eg sꜣḳ (*-l > -ꜣ ) ‘do.’, and CCh caḳal (metathesis) ‘to gather, collect’, dare to assume Sem *s˅l˅ḳ ‘to gather’ and even reconstruct AfrAs *calaḳ ‘to gather’. But the basis for such reconstruction seems too weak.
▪ ^†SLQ_20 : The value ‘to be(come) restless, agitated, in a state of commotion, fret (from grief, anxiety, pain)’ of the form V vb. ^†²tasallaqa is perh. due to confusion with ^†taṣallaqa (with ṣ) ‘do.’, unless the reverse is the case (^†taṣallaqa seems to be denom. from ^†ṣalaq, pl. ʔaṣlāq, ‘shriek of distress’; but this item, too, is without proper etymology).
▪ ^†SLQ_21 : According to Fraenkel (1886: 143), the Ar term ^†¹silq (pl. sulqān) for ‘red garden-beet’ is from Aram Syr silqā ‘do.’, in itself of unknown origin. The word looks as if it could be identical with the term, still in use, EgAr salq or salqāyaẗ and ClassAr MSA silq for ‘a variety of chard’ (see SLQ_7, above). For Aram Syr silqā, some have argued that it might be a borrowing (with metathesis) from Grk sikelós ‘Sicilian’ – see, e.g., Fraenkel, as also Dozy, s.v., where the author remarks that already »Théopraste dit que la variété blanche de la Beta vulgaris s’appelle sicilienne«. – On another note, there are also Ar salǧam ‘turnip’, EgAr ‘rape’, Tu şalgam, Arm šoġkam ‘do.’, which, accord. to Nişanyan_13Apr2015, all go back to Pers šalġam ‘turnip, rape’ – could also Ar salq~silq be akin to, or even derive, from this Pers word?
▪ ^†SLQ_22 : The term ^†²silq (pl. sulqān, silqān) for ‘wolf’ and ^†²silqaẗ for ‘she-wolf’ looks as if it was a very basic word. However, the common Sem term for ‘wolf’ is protSem *ḏiʔb (> Ar ↗ḏiʔb), so that ^†²silq, f. ^†²silqaẗ prob. is fig. use pointing to a characteristic feature of the animal. From among the value spectrum covered by √SLQ , two values could be promising candidates: a ‘wolf’ may either be *‘the mangy one’, from SLQ_1 ‘to lacerate the skin’ (see also ^†salq ‘mark\scar, sore, on the back of a camel, when it has healed; mark left on the skin by a thong making the fur looking worn off’, cf. SLQ_14), or *‘the howling one’, akin to ^†SLQ_17 ‘to call out, cry out, shout vehemently’. The latter seems to be more likely, as ClassAr has the proverbial expr. ʔaslaṭᵘ min silqaẗ ‘more clamorous than a she-wolf’ where ‘shouting, howling’ is regarded as a characteristic, ‘proverbial’ feature; moreover, some ClassAr lexicographers would even regard silqaẗ in the sense of ‘clamorous (woman), shouting vehemently, long-tongued, foul, evil, lewd’ as dependent on ‘she-wolf’ (Lane1872: »she-wolf… hence[!], a woman…«). – However, if none of these options should be valid and ^†²silq be of foreign origin nevertheless, the only non-Sem candidate for the place of the etymon seems to be Grk λύκος lúkos ‘wolf’. Unprovable, but also unfalsifiable. If valid, one would have to assume a metathesis *(lks >) lḳs > slq.
▪ ^†SLQ_23 ‘female lizard; female locust, when she has laid her eggs’: ^†³silqaẗ. – Of obscure etymology. Should one consider Eg snḥm (> Copt sanneḥ) ‘locust’, itself borrowed from Sem (cf. Hbr sālʕām ‘kind of locust’, hapax in the Bible; slʕm ‘to swallow, consume, devour’, Aram salʕem ‘to swallow, destroy’ – ErmanGrapow1921: 147, Klein1987)?
▪ ^†SLQ_24 ‘water-course, channel in which water flows, between two tracts of elevated, or elevated and rugged, ground’: ^†⁴silqaẗ. – Etymology obscure. Perhaps *‘furrow carved in the earth\soil by flowing water’, thus perh. related to ^†SLQ_14 ‘to leave prints (on the soil\road: foot, hoof)’ (< SLQ_1 ‘to lacerate, scratch’). Any relation to ^†SLQ_18 ‘to run (^†¹²salaqa); quick, swift (she-camel)’ (^†saylaq) or ^†SLQ_25 ‘even plain, low tract that produces herbage, meadow’ (^†salaq)?
▪ ^†SLQ_25 : The value ‘even plain, smooth, even tract of good soil, in which are no trees; low tract, depressed land that produces herbage, meadow’ (Lane1872) is represented in ClassAr by both ^†salaq (pl. ʔaslāq, sulqān) and a form with initial ṣ : ^†ṣalaq (pl. ʔaṣlāq, pl.pl. ʔaṣālīqᵘ) (Hava1899); for the latter, cf. also ^†ṣalīq ‘even, smooth’ and the n.f. (nominalized adj.?) ^†ṣalīqaẗ (pl. ṣalāʔiqᵘ) ‘thin bread; slice of roasted meat’ (Hava1899). Thus, we can think of ^†salaq either as a contamination of ^†ṣalaq (which in itself is of obscure etymology) or as akin to SLQ_1 ‘to lacerate the skin’ and ^†SLQ_14 ‘to leave (foot\hoof) prints (on the soil)’, as well as the old n. ^†salq ‘mark\scar, sore, on the back of a camel, mark made by a thong upon the skin where the fur becomes worn off’. If such a ‘kinship’ is valid, the ‘even plain’ would originally be *‘tract of land from which most vegetation on the surface has been “scraped off”, “lacerated” region’.
▪ ^†SLQ_26 : For ClassAr ^†sulāq we find several descriptions, the most comprehensive perh. in BK1860: ‘1 tumeur qui se forme sur les bords des paupières et fait tomber les cils (tumor that forms on the edges of the eyelids and causes the eyelashes to fall out; Hava1899: lippitude of the eyelids); 2 déchaussement des dents, maladie des gencives, qui fait que les dents n’étant plus retenues par les gencives tombent (loosening of teeth, gum disease, which causes teeth no longer held by the gums to fall out: Wahrmund1887: Lösung d Zahnfleischs); 3 tubercule à la racine de la langue (tubercle at the root of the tongue; Lane1872, Hava1899: pimples, pustules that come forth upon the root \ on the tip of the tongue); 4 enflure (swelling)’; cf. also ^†al-ʔasāliq ‘what is next to the lahawāt [pl. used as sg., meaning the ‘uvula’] of the mouth, internally, or the upper parts of the interior of the mouth, those to which the tongue rises’ (Lane1872). – The basic notion here is prob. the ‘falling out’ or ‘loosening’ of s.th. (eyelashes, teeth) due to a disease, an idea that is similar to the ‘falling off (of leaves, etc.) from trees’ (^†SLQ_27) and which seems to be akin to SLQ_1 ‘to lacerate the skin, peel off, etc.’.
▪ ^†SLQ_27 : Morphologically a quasi-PP, ^†²salīq ‘what falls off from trees (leaves, etc.)’ may well be *‘what has been scratched off (from a tree) (and left it bare, like lacerated skin)’. If this is true, the value, like also the preceding, SLQ_26, developed from SLQ_1 ‘to lacerate the skin, (Ehret1989: to loosen the flesh from the bones)’.
▪ ^†SLQ_28 ^†³salīq ‘honey which the bees build up along the length of their hive, or habitation’: etymology obscure.
▪ ^†SLQ_29 ^†⁴salīq ‘pot herbs | Kücherkräuter’: etymology obscure. Identical with SLQ_27 ‘what falls off from trees (leaves, etc.)’? Or akin to SLQ_7 ‘a variety of chard’? Or, properly meaning *‘what is going to be cooked in hot water’ (from SLQ_3 ‘to boil, cook in boiling water’)?
▪ ^†SLQ_30 ^†⁵salīq ‘side of a road’: etymology obscure. – Perh. properly *‘the bare (slopes) along a road’? Or should one see it together with ^†salaq ‘even plain, low tract, depressed land, meadow’ ( ^†SLQ_25)?
▪ ^†SLQ_31 : Like ¹salūqī ‘greyhound, hunting dog, saluki’ (SLQ_11), also ^†²salūqī, a term for ‘(a sort of) coat of mail’, seems to be related to ^†Salūq, the name of a town of uncertain location (Yemen, Armenia, …?). For Fraenkel1886: 242 it is clear that this is ancient Seleukia (as already assumed by Yāqūt). – Cf., however, Hbr (*Š-stem) hislîq ‘to hide (arms) in a cache’ and modHbr sᵊlîq ‘arms cache’, which Klein1987 would regard as belonging to Hbr √SLQ ‘to go up, ascend’ (< Aram slaq ‘to come up’), Ar ¹tasallaqa ‘to ascend, mount, climb’ (SLQ_6).
▪ ^†SLQ_32 : One could be tempted to connect ‘sitting-place of the rubbān [or captain] of a ship, sitting-place of a pilot’ to SLQ_1, as *‘place left free (< “scraped off”) for the captain\pilot)’, but the form of ^†salūqiyyaẗ – obviously a f. nisba formation from salūq – does not seem to allow such an interpretation. Thus it looks as if ^†salūqiyyaẗ is based on the same town name ^†salūq from which ¹salūqī ‘greyhound, hunting dog, saluki’ (SLQ_11) and ^†²salūqī ‘(a sort of) coat of mail’ (^†SLQ_31) prob. are derived. Further details obscure.
▪ ^†SLQ_33 (DaṯAr) ‘natte de folioles de palmier’: perh. < *‘leaves falling off (or taken from) the trees’ (SLQ_27), thus based on SLQ_1.
▪ ^†SLQ_34 ‘ruines’ (DaṯAr mislāq): obscure.
▪ ^†SLQ_35 (kalām) ^†salīqī ‘natural, untaught, uninflected (speech)’: borrowed from Grk σολοικισμός soloikismós ‘incorrectness in the use of language, solecism’, in analogy to ↗ʔiʕrāb (prob. calqued on Grk hellēnismós) ‘use of desinential inflection, thereby producing correct, clear, sound Arabic’; (nominalisation:) ^†salīqiyyaẗ ‘dialect in which the speaker thereof proceeds loosely, or freely, according to his nature, without paying much attention to desinential syntax, and without avoiding incorrectness’ (Lane1872)
▪ ^†SLQ_ ‘…’: …
▪ …

1. In the light of Akk and JudAram cognates of Ar ↗salla showing unexpected s- instead of regular š-, a reconstruction as *√SL/ŠL would probably reflect this uncertainty. 2. A fine illustration of such a split is provided by JBA ʕarsəlā ‘hammock’ < protSem *ʕarś , extensively discussed in Steiner 1977:130‒136.

▪ (ad #35): From the same source as ^†salīqī is Engl solecism ‘gross grammatical error’; loosely ‘a small blunder in speech; any absurdity or incongruity, a violation of the conventional rules of society’, 1570s, from Fr solécisme (C16), from Lat soloecismus ‘mistake in speaking or writing’, from Grk soloikismós ‘a speaking (Greek) incorrectly’, from soloikos ‘speaking incorrectly, using provincialisms’, also ‘awkward or rude in manners’, said to have meant originally ‘speaking like the people of Soloi’, a Grk colony in Cilicia (modern Mezitli in Turkey), whose dialect the Athenians considered barbarous -- EtymOnline (as of 26Sept2022).

–

¹salaq‑ سَلَق , u (salq)

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 17Jan2022, last update 27Sep2022

√SLQ

vb., I

1 to lacerate the skin (‑h of s.o.; with a whip); 2 ↗²salaqa; 3 ↗³salaqa; 4 ↗⁴salaqa; 5 ↗⁵salaqa – WehrCowan1976

▪ The meaning ‘to lacerate the skin (with a whip)’ seems to go back to an original sense of ‘to loosen\peel off the flesh from the bones’, well attested in ClassAr.
▪ Accord. to Ehret1989 #21, ¹salaqa ‘to loosen the flesh from the bones’ may be analyzed as an extension in * Ḳ (»intensive (effect)«) from pre-protSem *√SL² ‘to draw out or off’; so also ↗salaḫa (< *SL + »extendative fortative« * Ḫ) ‘to skin, flay, throw off the slough’.
▪ Leslau2006 thinks that Ar ¹salaqa ‘to peel off (flesh) from (the bone)’ has cognates in Akk (šalāqu ‘to cut open, split’) and EthSem (e.g., Gz śalaqa~salaqa ‘to grind fine, crush, peel, husk’); if this is valid, one may reconstruct protSem *ŠLḲ ‘to cut, crush, peel off’, which, however, would be homonymous with protSem *ŠLḲ ‘to boil, cook’, rather reliably reconstructed on the basis of wider attestation (Kogan2011) (cf. ↗³salaqa) – rather unlikely, esp. so in light of the semantic distance between ‘cutting, splitting’ and ‘scraping, peeling’. Therefore, it would probably make more sense to see the Akk and EthSem items together with Ar ↗šalaqa (u, šalq) ‘to split lengthwise’ (< protSem *ŚLḲ?) rather than with ¹salaqa ‘to lacerate, flay, etc.’.
▪ Or is ‘to lacerate the skin’ a development from ‘to remove (hair, etc.) with boiling water’ (↗²salaqa), in its turn perh. the result of semantic extension from ‘to boil, cook in boiling water’ (↗³salaqa), perh. under the influence of ↗salaḫa ‘to skin, flay, etc.’?
▪ The basic meanings attached to ¹salaqa, i.e., ‘to loosen\peel off (the flesh from the bones)’, ‘to lacerate, skin, scrape off’ etc., seem to have given rise to a number of semantic extensions building on them either literally or figuratively – see below, section DISC.
▪ …

2. In the light of the oscillation of Akk and JudAram cognates between initinal s and š (see Ar ↗ salla) Ehret’s reconstruction of an underlying biconsonantal nuclear root “*√SL” should perhaps be modified into “*√SL/ŠL”. Cf. in this context also OrelStolbova1994’s reconstruction (#2274) of protSem *šul (< AfrAs *sol ) ‘to pull’.

▪ ^†ʔaslaqa, vb. IV, ‘1 (said of a man) his camel’s back became white after the healing of galls; 2 to hunt, snare, trap, a she-wolf (silqaẗ), to hunt wolves’ – Lane iv 1872, Hava1899 (and Wahrmund1887).

▪ Ar SLQ: 1 From pre-protSem *SL ‘to draw out or off’ (> Ar ↗salla ‘to draw out slowly’) + * Ḳ (Ehret1989 #21)? If valid, cognate extensions could be ↗salaʔa ‘to purify butter, press sesame oil’, ↗salaba ‘to take from with violence, rob, plunder, steal’, ↗salata ‘to draw one thing from another’, ↗salaḥa ‘to drop excrement’, ↗salaḫa ‘to skin, flay, throw off the slough; undress’, ↗saliʕa ‘to split, cleave’, ↗salafa ‘to harrow, level, plane, make even, prepare for sowing (land)’; perh. partial overlapping/merger with salaḫa. – Or akin to #2 (<#3?), perh. influenced by salaḫa ‘to skin, flay, etc.’. – ?Cf. also Leslau2006: Akk šalāqu ‘to cut’ (CAD: ‘to cut open, split’), Ar ¹salaqa ‘to peel off (flesh) from (the bone)’, Gz śalaqa (var. salaqa) ‘to grind fine, crush, peel, husk’, Tña säläqä, Amh sälläqä, Gur säläqä ‘to grind fine’, Amh šäläqqäqä ‘husk, shell, hull’, etc. – ?2 ‘to remove (hair, etc.) with boiling water’ ↗²salaqa. – ?3 ‘to boil, cook in boiling water’ ↗³salaqa. – 4–33 […].
▪ …

▪ Ehret1989 #21 suggests to analyse ¹salaqa ‘to loosen the flesh from the bones’ as an extension in »intensive (effect)« *-Ḳ from a pre-protSem 2-rad. basis *SL³ ‘to draw out or off’ (preserved in Ar ↗salla ‘to draw out slowly’). Semantic proximity to other such assumed extensions, like ↗salaḫa (from *SL + »extendative fortative« * Ḫ) ‘to skin, flay, throw off the slough; to undress’, is indeed striking.
▪ Cf., however, Leslau2006 who thinks that one may have to compare Ar ¹salaqa ‘to peel off (flesh) from (the bone)’ to Akk šalāqu ‘to cut’ (CAD: ‘to cut open, split’), Gz śalaqa (var. salaqa) ‘to grind fine, crush, peel, husk’, Tña säläqä, Amh sälläqä, Gur säläqä ‘to grind fine’, Amh šäläqqäqä ‘husk, shell, hull’, etc. It is tempting to reconstruct from these forms a protSem root *ŠLḲ ‘to cut, crush, peel off’, which, however, would be homonymous with protSem *ŠLḲ ‘to boil, cook’ (see SLQ_3), rather reliably reconstructed on the basis of fairly wide attestation in Sem (cf. ↗³salaqa). Leslau’s etymology would not contradict Ehret (see above) if we assume pre-protSem *√ŠL instead of Ehret’s *√SL as the 2-rad. basis from which protSem *ŠLḲ would be an extension in * Ḳ. But Leslau’s hypothesis is perh. not valid, as Akk šalāqu ‘to cut open, split’ rather belongs to Ar ↗šalaqa ‘to split lengthwise’ than to ¹salaqa ‘to loosen the flesh from the bones’; taking together Akk šalāquand Ar šalaqa with Gz śalaqa ‘to grind fine, crush, […]’, one may reconstruct protSem *ŚLQ ‘to cut, crush, split’ and keep this notion apart from that of ‘loosening\peeling off the flesh, etc.’ (? ▪ Apart from the ‘relatives’ that may be due to a shared 2-rad. nucleus from which they all may be extensions (Ehret1989), Ar ¹salaqa does not seem to have genuine cognates in Sem. Its isolated position can possibly be taken as an indicator of the notion of ‘loosening\peeling off the skin’ being a secondary value. But should one go as far as to assume a development from ↗³salaqa ‘to boil, cook by boiling’, via ↗²salaqa ‘to remove (hair, etc.) with boiling water’? At least, the value ‘to boil, cooking by boiling’ is rather widely attested in Sem. A counter-argument against a development from ‘to boil, cook by boiling’ is the large number of SLQ-values that with all probability are based on ‘to loosen\peel, strip off, etc.’ rather than on ‘to boil’. Together with the fact that, in many cases, the semantic distance between these items and ‘to loosen\peel, strip off, etc.’ is quite great, we can assume a deep temporal horizon and, thus, a very old age of the notion of ‘to loosen\peel, strip off, etc.’.
▪ Among the values that may be explained as stemming from an original ‘to loosen\peel, strip off, etc.’ we find not only the idea of ‘lacerating (the skin, esp. by whipping), skinning’, but also several others that are similar to it, either with regard to the action itself or to its results. Thus, the meaning, now obsol., of ‘to pierce (with a spear)’ (^†⁷salaqa) may be a specialisation, as also DaṯAr salaq ‘to cultivate, plough, till’ (<*‘to lacerate the soil, make furrows in it’; cf. also DaṯAr sāliq ‘furrow’, silāqaẗ ‘cultivation, tillage’ – LandbergZetterstein1942); similarly, ^†⁸salaqa ‘to leave prints (on the soil/road; foot, or hoofs)’ is prob. the result of likening the soil, or road, to a skin on which a whip left its traces. The meaning ‘to call out, cry out, shout vehemently (esp. after the death of a person or at a calamity)’ (^†¹¹salaqa) is with all likelihood secondary to its parallel value, ‘to slap and scratch one’s face (mourning woman)’, which seems to be from *‘to leave traces/furrows on one’s face by slapping and scratching it (out of grief etc.)’. From the secondary ‘to weep, cry out’, a vehemently mourning woman was called a ^†¹silqaẗ or sāliqaẗ, a value that could also be used in a generalized sense of ‘long-tongued and vehemently clamorous, foul, evil, lewd’. From here, or directly from ¹salaqa, has prob. sprung the idea of ↗⁵salaqa ‘to hurt (with one’s tongue)’ (see also ↗salāqaẗ ‘vicious tongue, violent language, violence of language’ and the ClassAr ints-formations ^†sallāq, ^†mislaq and ^†mislāq, all meaning ‘eloquent (speaker); sharp’). (Cf., however, Leslau2006, who has a different view on that matter; see s.v. ↗⁵salaqa.)
▪ Moreover, several items belonging to the root √SLQ can be explained rather plausibly as quasi-PP-s formed on the pattern FaʕīL, f. FaʕīLaẗ (pl. FaʕāʔiLᵘ), thus orig. meaning *‘peeled off, scraped off’, e.g., ^†¹salīq ‘skinned barley and dish prepared from it’, ^†²salīq ‘what falls off from trees (leaves, etc.)’, ^†⁵salīq ‘side of a road’, (SyrAr) ↗¹salīqaẗ ‘dish made of grain cooked with sugar, cinnamon and fennel’ (≈ ^†¹salīq), ↗²salīqaẗ ‘inborn disposition, instinct’ (perh. < *‘what is left after peeling off skin and flesh, kernel’; ^†salāʔiqᵘ (pl., from *sg. ^†³salīqaẗ) ‘marks made by feet\hoofs on the road; marks made by the plaited thongs upon the belly of the camel’. (NB: ^†salīqī ‘natural, or untaught (speech)’ and ^†salīqiyyaẗ ‘dialect’ can look as if belonging here too; most likely, however, they are borrowed from Grk σολοικισμός soloikismós ‘incorrectness in the use of language, solecism’).
▪ Developed from, or at least akin to, ¹salaqa ‘to loosen\peel off (flesh from the bones), lacerate, whip’ are prob. also ^†salaq ‘even plain, smooth, even, tract, of good soil, depressed, even plain in which are no trees; low tract, or portion, of land, that produces herbage, meadow’ as well as ^†sulāq, a ClassAr term for a disease that causes teeth or eyelids to fall out and, hence, leave behind a “lacerated” mouth, or eye. – DaṯAr salqaẗ ‘natte de folioles de palmier’ (LandbergZetterstein1942) is possibly *‘mat made of palm-leaves that have fallen out’.
▪ Perh. even ^†²silq ‘wolf’ (f. ^†²silqaẗ ‘she-wolf’) and ^†⁴silqaẗ ‘water-course, channel in which water flows, between two tracts of elevated, or elevated and rugged, ground’ are akin to ¹salaqa ‘to loosen\peel off (flesh from the bones), lacerate, whip’, the former perh. being *‘the mangy (<*lacerated) one’, the latter the *‘furrows’ left behind in a landscape by a creek etc.
▪ …

3. Perh. better *SL/ŠL – see note to section CONC, above.

–

For other values of the root, cf. ↗²salaqa, ↗³salaqa, ↗⁴salaqa, ↗⁵salaqa, ↗tasallaqa, ↗sullāq, ↗salq, ↗¹salīqaẗ, ↗²salīqaẗ, ↗salaqūn and ↗salūqī as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√SLQ.

²salaq‑ سَلَق , u (salq)

ID... • Sw – • BP ... • APD … • © SG | 17Jan2022, last update 25Feb2022

√SLQ

vb., I

1 ↗¹salaqa; 2 to remove with boiling water (s.th.); 3 ³salaqa; 4 ↗⁴salaqa; 5 ↗⁵salaqa – WehrCowan1976

▪ ²salaqa combines in its semantics two major ideas connected to the root √SLQ, namely (a) ‘removing, peeling, scraping off’ and (b) ‘boiling, cooking in boiling water’, which may have different etymologies, see ↗¹salaqa and ↗³salaqa, respectively. Historically, the meaning of ²salaqa seems to be the result of a merger of the two primary values.
▪ …

…

▪ See ↗¹salaqa and ↗³salaqa.
▪ …

▪ For the etymologies of the two values that have merged into ²salaqa, see ↗¹salaqa (extension in * ḳ from pre-protSem *√SL ‘to draw out or off’ – Ehret1989) and ↗³salaqa [< protSem (Dolgopolsky2012: »CSem«) *ŠLḲ ‘to boil, cook’, accord. to Dolgopolsky akin to (and extension from?) WSem *C̣LY (*-c̣lay-) ‘to roast’ (> Ar ↗ṣalà ‘to roast, broil, fry’, ṣaliya ‘to burn, be exposed to the blaze of s.th.’)].
▪ A similar overlapping of the two primary values can be found in ↗¹salīqaẗ ‘dish made of grain cooked with sugar, cinnamon and fennel (SyrAr)’, historically attested also as n.m., ^†¹salīq ‘geschälte Gerste u. Speise daraus’ (Wahrmund1887). Both can be interpreted as quasi-PPs formed from ²salaqa, so that the dish orig. was *‘the cooked and peeled one (grain, barley)’.
▪ …

–

►salīqaẗ, pl. salāʔiqᵘ, n.f., 1 dish made of grain cooked with sugar, cinnamon and fennel (SyrAr); — 2 ↗²salīqaẗ

For other values of the root, cf. ↗¹salaqa, ↗³salaqa, ↗⁴salaqa, ↗⁵salaqa, ↗tasallaqa, ↗sullāq, ↗salq, ↗²salīqaẗ, ↗salaqūn and ↗salūqī as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√SLQ.

³salaq‑ سَلَق , u (salq)

ID... • Sw – • BP ... • APD … • © SG | 17Jan2022, last update 25Feb2022

√SLQ

vb., I

1 ↗¹salaqa; 2 ↗²salaqa; 3 to boil, cook in boiling water; 4 ↗⁴salaqa; 5 ↗⁵salaqa – WehrCowan1976

▪ From protSem *ŠLḲ ‘to boil, cook’ (widely attested in Sem; Dolgopolsky2012: »CSem«).
▪ Accord. to Dolgopolsky2012#2053, CSem *ŠLḲ ‘to cook, broil, boil’ is akin to (and an extension from?) WSem *C̣LY (*-c̣lay-) ‘to roast’ (> Ar ↗ṣalà ‘to roast, broil, fry’, ṣaliya ‘to burn, be exposed to the blaze of s.th.’), with cognates also in Berb and Cush, ultimately from a hypothetical Nostr *s̄i˻ʔ˼L˅ ‘to roast, fry, cook’. But this hypothesis seems doubtful for phonological reasons, as the difference betw. initial ṣ and s (<*š) remains without convincing explanation; Dolgopolsky’s assumption of a primary *c̣ from which both may have developed is not supported in any other sources.
▪ Among the derivatives of ³salaqa, we find ↗¹salīqaẗ (hist. also ^†¹salīq) ‘dish made of grain cooked with sugar, cinnamon and fennel’ (perh. more properly a quasi-PP from ↗²salaqa ‘to remove [hair, etc.] with boiling water’) and prob. also ^†⁴salīq ‘pot herbs’ (perh. < *‘what is cooked, or going to be cooked, in hot water’. ²salaqa ‘to remove (hair, etc.) with boiling water’ seems to be the result of a merger of ↗¹salaqa ‘to lacerate (skin), flay, remove the skin from the bones’ and ³salaqa, ‘to boil, cook in boiling water’.
▪ …
▪ …

…

3 Akk salāḳu, JudAram (> postBiblHbr) Syr šlḳ, Ar ³salaqa ‘to boil, cook in boiling water’, DaṯAr slq ‘griller de façon que la viande ne soit ni crue ni à point, mais entre les deux; donner au pain une caisson légère’; prob. also Tña šäläḳä ‘to be burned; to simmer’ (Kogan2011).
▪ ?Cf. also (Dolgopolsky2012#2053), (without extension in ḳ?) BiblHbr c̣ālā (√C̣LY), JudPalAram, JEA c̣əlā (√C̣LW|Y) ‘to roast (meat)’, SamAram √ṢLY ‘to roast’, Ar ṣalà ‘to roast, broil, fry’, ṣaliya ‘to burn (intr.), be exposed to the blaze (bi of’), Gz √ṢLW ‘to broil, roast’; outside Sem: [Berb] Kab əsli ‘cuire rapidement’; [ECush] Brj sal- ‘to cook by boiling, bake’, Kmb šol-, Hd sar ‘id.; to fry, roast’; Sa sōl- ‘braten, rösten auf dem brennenden Feuer’, sōˈlā ‘Fleisch auf heißen Steinen gebraten; Feuerbrand’, Af sola ‘campfire for roasting meat’, Som sol- ‘to grill, toast, roast’; Som šīl- ‘to fry’, Or sil-awu ‘affumigarsi, arruginirsi, ossidarsi’.
▪ …

▪ The value ‘to boil, cook in boiling water’ is attested in major branches of Sem (Akk, Aram, Ar, ?EthSem), which makes the reconstruction of protSem *ŠLḲ ‘to boil, cook’ (Kogan2011) rather reliable.
▪ For Dolgopolsky’s view, see above, section CONC.
▪ …

–

►salīqaẗ, pl. salāʔiqᵘ, n.f., 1 dish made of grain cooked with sugar, cinnamon and fennel (SyrAr); — 2 ↗²salīqaẗ
►maslūq, adj., cooked, boiled (meat, egg, vegetable): PP I

►maslūqaẗ, pl. masālīqᵘ, n.f., bouillon, broth: PP I f., *‘the cooked one’

For other values of the root, cf. ↗¹salaqa, ↗²salaqa, ↗⁴salaqa, ↗⁵salaqa, ↗tasallaqa, ↗sullāq, ↗salq, ↗¹salīqaẗ, ↗²salīqaẗ, ↗salaqūn and ↗salūqī as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√SLQ.

⁴salaq‑ سَلَق , u (salq)

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√SLQ

vb., I

1 ↗¹salaqa; 2 ↗²salaqa; 3 ³salaqa; 4 to scald (plants; said of excessive heat); 5 ↗⁵salaqa – WehrCowan1976

▪ ⁴salaqa ‘to scald (plants)’ is not only said of excessive heat (as WehrCowan1976 has it), but (historically, at least) also of strong cold, as in salaqa ’l-bardᵘ ’l-nabātᵃ ‘the cold nipped, shrunk, shrivelled, or blasted, the herbage’ (Lane iv 1872). The meaning seems to be fig. use of ↗³salaqa ‘to boil, cook in boiling water’.
▪ But does it perh. also reflect a relation to ‘frying, roasting’, as Dolgopolsky’s hypothesis for the etymology of ³salaqa proposes? See below, section DISC.
▪ …

…

▪ ↗³salaqa.
▪ …

▪ Accord. to Dolgopolsky2012#2053, CSem *ŠLḲ ‘to cook, broil, boil’ is akin to (and extension from?) WSem *C̣LY (*-c̣lay-) ‘to roast’ (> Ar ↗ṣalà ‘to roast, broil, fry’, ṣaliya ‘to burn, be exposed to the blaze of s.th.’), with cognates also in Berb and Cush, ultimately from a hypothetical Nostr *s̄i˻ʔ˼L˅ ‘to roast, fry, cook’. But this suggestion is doubtful, due to phonological reasons, as initial *ṣ rarely transforms into *š (*s) and Dolgopolsky stands alone with his assumption of a WSem *C̣ as the basis for later sound shifts.
▪ …

–

For other values of the root, cf. ↗¹salaqa, ↗²salaqa, ↗³salaqa, ↗⁵salaqa, ↗tasallaqa, ↗sullāq, ↗salq, ↗¹salīqaẗ, ↗²salīqaẗ, ↗salaqūn and ↗salūqī as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√SLQ.

⁵salaq‑ سَلَق , u (salq)

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√SLQ

vb., I

1 ↗¹salaqa; 2 ↗²salaqa; 3 ³salaqa; 4 ↗⁴salaqa; 5 to hurt (s.o., bi-lisānihī, with one’s tongue, i.e., give s.o. a tongue-lashing) – WehrCowan1976

▪ Several etymologies have been suggested for ↗⁵salaqa ‘to hurt (with one’s tongue)’ (and related items such as ↗salāqaẗ ‘vicious tongue, violent language, violence of language’ and ^†sallāq, ^†mislaq, ^†mislāq ‘eloquent (speaker); sharp’):
▪ ClassAr lexicographers maintain that it is fig. use of ^†⁷salaqa ‘to pierce (with a spear)’ (^†SLQ_13 in root entry ↗√SLQ) (> *‘to hurt’), which is based either on ↗¹salaqa ‘to lacerate the skin (with a whip)’ or on ^†⁶salaqa ‘to prostrate s.o. on the back of his neck, throw s.o. down; to push, repell’ (= ^†SLQ_12). But why not directly from ¹salaqa ‘to lacerate’ (> *‘to hurt’)?
▪ However, parallels with initial ṣ instead of s may point to a contamination with, or influence from, ^†ṣalaqa ‘to attack (a tribe); to smite s.o. (sun); to strike’. The adj.s ^†mislaq and ^†mislāq ‘eloquent (speaker); sharp (tongue)’ which seem to belong to ‘hurting (tongue)’, both exist in a variant with initial ṣ : ^†miṣlaq, miṣlāq (pl. maṣālīqᵘ) ‘eloquent (speaker)’ (Lane1872, Hava1899)…
▪ In contrast, Leslau2006 remarks that Margoliouth (JRAS 1939: 61) derived Ar salaqa in Surah 33:19 from Gz (ta)sālaqa ‘to joke, scoff at, deride, mock, ridicule, etc.’ and that »the root represents a metathesis in relation to Hbr qilles ‘to jeer at’«. Zammit2002 shares this view, adding Ug and Aram parallels to the Hbr and Gz forms as alleged ‘cognates’ of Qur’anic Ar salaqa (interpreted as ‘to abuse’).
▪ …

▪ eC7 (Q 33:19) fa-ʔiḏā ḏahaba ’l-ḫawfu salaqūkum bi-ʔalsinaẗin ḥidādin ʔašiḥḥaẗan ʕalà ’l-ḫayri ‘Then, when the fear departeth, they scald you with sharp tongues in their greed for wealth (from the spoil) | But when fear has passed, they lash at you with sharp tongues.’
▪ …

▪ Cf. prob. ^†⁷salaqa ‘to pierce (with a spear)’ (= SLQ_13 in root entry ↗√SLQ), which is either from ↗¹salaqa ‘to lacerate the skin (with a whip)’ or from ^†⁶salaqa ‘to prostrate s.o. on the back of his neck, throw s.o. down; to push, repell’ (= ^†SLQ_12).
▪ ?Contamination with, or influence of, ^†ṣalaqa (with ṣ) ‘to attack (a tribe); to smite s.o. (sun); to strike s.o. (bi with a stick)’.
▪ Cf. also Zammit2002, Leslau2006: Ug qlṣ ‘verhöhnen’, Aram qallāsā ‘shouting, derision’, Hbr qilles ‘to jeer at’, (with metathesis) Gz tasālaqa ‘to joke, scoff at, deride, mock, ridicule, make fun of, make fun of one another’ (> QurAr ⁵salaqa ‘to abuse, insult’). – For Gz, Leslau2006 also gives səllāq ‘derision, cause of derision, ridicule, laughingstock, mockery, mocking (n), raillery, play’; səllāqe (Gr) ‘derision’, adding that these may have a cognate in Akk tašliqtu ‘eine Kampfrede’ (von Soden 1339). – Leslau2006 further quotes Denizeau’s entries SyrAr (Damascus) t-maqlaṣ, t-maqlaz, t-maqlas ‘to mock’ (denom. from a noun with m-; 501). Moreover, accord. to Leslau, also Tña (tä)saläqä ‘to mock’, Amh (tä)salläqä and Gur q'anäsä (for q'alläqä) have »the structure of Hbr Syr qls.«
▪ …

▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ …

–

►salāqaẗ n.f., vicious tongue, violent language

For other values of the root, cf. ↗¹salaqa, ↗²salaqa, ↗³salaqa, ↗⁴salaqa, ↗tasallaqa, ↗sullāq, ↗salq, ↗¹salīqaẗ, ↗²salīqaẗ, ↗salaqūn and ↗salūqī as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√SLQ.

¹tasallaq‑ تَسَلَّقـ (tasalluq)

ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 13Feb2022

√SLQ

vb., V

1a to ascend, mount, climb, scale (s.th.); b to climb up (plant) – WehrCowan1976.

▪ Either denom. from ↗sullāq ‘Ascension of Christ (Chr.)’ (a loan from Aram), or directly from Aram SLQ ‘to ascend’. For the latter, several etymologies have been proposed. The most plausible (in our view), put forward by Kogan2015, assumes -sl- in some forms to be the result of a dissociation from earlier *-ś-, so that the Aram forms (and the Hbr and Ar ones borrowed from them) ultimately should be seen together with Ar ↗ŠQY ‘to grow’, šāqiⁿ ‘high, inaccessible’, etc. – For details see ↗sullāq.
▪ …

▪ First attestation (as vn. tasalluq ) pre-791 in Ḫalīl b. ʔAḥmad’s Kitāb al-ʕAyn.
▪ …

▪ ↗sullāq.
▪ …

–

►tasalluq, n., climbing; ascent: vn V.
►mutasalliq, adj.: al-nabātāt al-matasalliqaẗ, climbing plants, creepers: PA V.

For other values of the root, cf. ↗¹salaqa, ↗²salaqa, ↗³salaqa, ↗⁴salaqa, ↗⁵salaqa, ↗sullāq, ↗salq, ↗¹salīqaẗ, ↗²salīqaẗ, ↗salaqūn and ↗salūqī as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√SLQ.

sullāq سُلَّاق

√SLQ

Ascension of Christ (Chr.) – WehrCowan1976

▪ Given the isolation of sullāq ‘Ascension (of Christ)’ (and the prob. denom. ↗¹tasallaqa ‘to ascend, mount, climb, scale’) within the root √SLQ, it is very likely that these items are borrowed from Aram sūlqā ‘do.’, slaq ‘to ascend’ (so already Fraenkel1886: 277). For the latter, several etymologies have been proposed (see below, section DISC). Of these, the one with the highest probability seems to be Kogan’s (2015: 386 #15) explanation of protAram *SLḲ as the result of a splitting of an original lateral *Ś- into the combination S-L at an early stage, so that the Aram forms (on which the Hbr and Ar ones are based) should be seen together with Akk šaḳu ‘to grow high, rise, ascend’ and Ar ↗ŠQY ‘to grow’, šāqiⁿ ‘high, inaccessible’ etc.
▪ …

▪ Accord. to DHDA first attested pre-813 CE in a verse by ʔAbū Nuwās.
▪ …

▪ Aram slaq, Palm slq, Syr sleq ‘to ascend’, sūlqā ‘Ascension (of Christ)’ > Ar sullāq ‘id.’ (> ¹tasallaqa ‘to ascend, climb’) (Fraenkel1886: 277 and others after him). – Cf. also Hbr *sālaq, attested as a hapax legomenon in Ps 139:8 (1sg.impf ʔässaq ‘I ascend’) which, however, »is an obvious Aramaism« (Kogan2015: 386 #15, following Wagner 1966:87).
▪ (For the theory put forward in BDB1906): ↗³salaqa ‘to boil, cook in boiling water’
▪ (For the hypothesis developed in Kogan2015: 386 #15): Ar < Aram < protAram *slḳ ‘to go up’ < (dissociation sl- < ś- ) *ŚḲ, cognate to Akk šaḳu ‘to grow high, rise, ascend’, Ar ↗ŠQY ‘to grow’, šāqiⁿ ‘high, inaccessible’.
▪ …

▪ As Kogan2015 remarks, the isolated position of Ar ¹tasallaqa ‘to ascend, mount, climb, scale’ (as also of ClassAr ^†salaqa ‘do.’, now obsol.) within Ar »makes one wonder about a possible Aram origin« of these items. If so, ¹tasallaqa and ^†salaqa (as well as sullāq from which the vb. V may be denom.) almost certainly are borrowed from Aram sūlqā ‘Ascension’ (so already Fraenkel1886: 277).
▪ Given the Hbr and Aram ‘cognates’, Dolgopolsky2012#300 would reconstruct a CSem *√SLḲ ‘to ascend, climb’ (in his view ancestor not only of Ar ¹tasallaqa ‘do.’, but also of ^†SLQ_18 ^†salaqa ‘to run’⁴ and perh. – deglottalization? – even ↗salaka ‘to travel, go along’), to which he juxtaposes IndEur (NaIE) *slenk (~ *sleng ) ‘to creep, crawl, trudge, amble’ (> , e.g., AngSax slincan ‘to creep’ > nEngl ‘to slink’, oHGe slango, nHGe Schlange ‘snake’; oHGe zuo slingan ‘to slide away’, mHGe slingen ‘to crawl along|sich schlängelnd winden, kriechen, schleichen’, etc.⁵ ), all ultimately from a hypothetical Nostr *c'oLḲ˅ (~ *c'oLk˅) ‘to advance with effort (to creep, crawl, climb, etc.)’.
▪ Another view is put forward in BDB1906 where the authors interpret values ‘to ascend’ and ‘to scald, burn’ (↗⁴salaqa) as interdependent, associating Hbr *śālaq ‘to kindle, burn’, (*Š-stem) hissîq ~ hiśśîq ‘to make a fire, burn’ with Aram slaq ‘to ascend’, (*Š-stem) ‘to cause to go up (in flame), offer sacrifice’, Syr sleq, Palm slq , Ar salaqa ‘to ascend’.
▪ In contrast, Kogan2015: 386 #15 points to the scarcity of the Hbr vb. (1sg.impf ʔässaq ‘I ascend’ is a hapax in the Bible) and the isolated position of ‘ascending’ within Ar and concludes (convincingly, as we think) that both with all likelihood are Aramaisms, i.e., neither the Hbr nor the Ar items can count as genuine cognates, so that Aram SLḲ is in itself isolated within Sem. Speculating about the obscure origin of protAram *SLḲ ‘to go up’ Kogan then »wonders whether a clue to the etymology of this root can be found in its highly peculiar morphological behavior, viz. the unexpected assimilation * sl- > ss- [the Hbr 1sg.impf in Ps 139:8 shows ʔässaq instead of *ʔäslaq ‘I ascend’], probably betraying the secondary origin of l . It is, therefore, tempting to follow P. Haupt (1910: 712-3) who compared protAram *slḳ with Akk šaḳu ‘to grow high, rise, ascend’ and Ar ↗ŠQY ‘to grow’, šāqiⁿ ‘high, inaccessible’. If valid, this comparison would imply that the lateral *Ś was split into the combination S L at some early stage of the linguistic history of Aramaic.⁶ – ProtAram *SLḲ has replaced protSem *ʕLY/W ‘to go up’ [> Ar ↗ʕalā], which is only marginally preserved in Aram.«
▪ …

–

►tasallaqa, vb. V, 1a to ascend, mount, climb, scale (s.th.); b to climb up (plant): perh. denom.; cf. ↗s.v.
►tasalluq n., climbing; ascent: vn. V, perh. denom.
►mutasalliq adj.: al-nabātāt al-matasalliqaẗ, climbing plants, creepers: PA V.

For other values of the root, cf. ↗¹salaqa, ↗²salaqa, ↗³salaqa, ↗⁴salaqa, ↗⁵salaqa, ↗tasallaqa, ↗salq, ↗¹salīqaẗ, ↗²salīqaẗ, ↗salaqūn and ↗salūqī as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√SLQ.

EgAr salq سَلْق /salq͗/, (MSA) silq

√SLQ

a variety of chard, the leaves of which are prepared as a salad or vegetable dish – WehrCowan1976

▪ Ultimately perh. identical with ^†¹silq ‘red garden-beet’ (^†SLQ_21 in root entry ↗√SLQ), as, botanically spoken, chard, the red garden-beet and other forms of beets all are varieties of the same plant, Beta vulgaris. Their name may go back (via Aram?) to Grk Σικελία ‘Sicily’ (with metathesis q-l > l-q), thus *‘the Sicilian (vegetable)’. But this is rather uncertain and not unproblematic (see DISC).
▪ Or should one assume a relation to Ar salǧam ‘turnip’, EgAr ‘rape’ (via Tu? from Pers šalġam ‘turnip, rape’)?
▪ A connection to one of the main values of √SLQ, ‘to lacerate, skin, peel off’, would be difficult to establish (*‘vegetable with wrinkles, like skin after whipping’?) and seems rather unlikely.
▪ …
▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

▪ (If truely identical with ^†¹silq ‘red garden-beet’:) prob. borrowed from Aram Syr silqā ‘red garden-beet’, ultimately perh. (with metathesis) from Grk sikelós ‘Sicilian’, < Grk Σικελία ‘Sicily’ (Fraenkel1886, Dozy, et al.).
▪ …
▪ …

▪ The remark, made in ar.wiki, that the plant, popular all over the Mediterranean, originally came from Sicily, makes it tempting to assume a relation to this island, although the Ar name of Sicily most often shows initial ṣ (Ṣiqilliyaẗ, Ṣiqilliyyaẗ) rather than s (Siqilliyyaẗ) (both from Grk Σικελία) and q-ll instead of l-q (result of metathesis?); moreover, one would have to explain the faʕl/fiʕl pattern that would be rather unusual if ‘chard’ originally was *‘the Sicilian (vegetable)’.
▪ For ^†¹silq ‘red garden-beet’ which, botanically, is almost identical with chard, Fraenkel (1886: 143) assumes an Aram provenience (cf. Syr silqā ‘garden-beet’) and a possible background (with metathesis) in Grk sikelós ‘Sicilian’ – see, e.g., Fraenkel1886, as also Dozy, s.v., where the author remarks that already »Théopraste dit que la variété blanche de la Beta vulgaris s’appelle sicilienne«.
▪ There are, however, also Ar salǧam ‘turnip’, EgAr ‘rape’, Tu şalgam, Arm šoġkam ‘do.’, which, accord. to Nişanyan_13Apr2015, all go back to Pers šalġam ‘turnip, rape’. Could also Ar salq~silq be akin to, or even derive, from this Pers word? Pers /ġ/ is often interpreted as /q/, and Ar /q/ frequently becomes /g/ in many dialects. WehrCowan1976, for instance, registers EgAr salǧ /salg/ as a variant of salq.
▪ Prob. unrelated to any of the otherwise main\basic values expressed by √SLQ, esp. ‘to lacerate the skin (with a whip), to loosen the flesh from the bones, (hence also: *lay bare)’ (↗¹salaqa) and ‘to boil, cook in boiling water’ (↗³salaqa).
▪ sallaqa ‘to collect herbs’ (^†SLQ_19 in root entry ↗√SLQ) is prob. unrelated; it rather belongs to (?is denom. from) ^†²salīq ‘what falls off from trees (leaves, etc.)’ (^†SLQ_27, quasi-PP of ↗¹salaqa ‘to lacerate, skin, loosen the flesh from the bones, *lay bare’).
▪ The specifications silq al-barr ‘Rumex, sour-dock’ and silq al-māʔ ‘Potamogeton, pond-weed’ certainly belong here.
▪ …
▪ …

–

For other values of the root, cf. ↗¹salaqa, ↗²salaqa, ↗³salaqa, ↗⁴salaqa, ↗⁵salaqa, ↗tasallaqa, ↗sullāq, ↗¹salīqaẗ, ↗²salīqaẗ, ↗salaqūn and ↗salūqī as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√SLQ.

¹salīqaẗ سَليقة , pl. salāʔiqᵘ

√SLQ

n.f.

1 dish made of grain cooked with sugar, cinnamon and fennel (SyrAr); — 2 ↗²salīqaẗ – WehrCowan1976

▪ The term ¹salīqaẗ, accord. to WehrCowan1976 mainly used in SyrAr, for a sweet dish made of cooked grain flavoured with cinnamon and fennel, is found in the m. form ^†¹salīq already in Wahrmund1886 (‘geschälte Gerste u. Speise daraus’, i.e., peeled barley and dish made from it). The word is a quasi-PP from the vb. I, salaqa, combining in its semantics the ‘peeling’ (< ‘lacerating, skinning’) of ↗¹salaqa as well as the ‘boiling, cooking in boiling water’ of ↗³salaqa (which may have distinct etymologies, see s.v.); thus, it is originally *‘the cooked and peeled (grain, barley)’.
▪ Cf. a similar combination in ↗²salaqa ‘to remove (hair, etc.) with boiling water’.
▪ …

▪ Cf. ^†¹salīq ‘geschälte Gerste u. Speise daraus’ – Wahrmund1886.
▪ …

▪ See ↗¹salaqa ‘to lacerate, skin’ and ↗³salaqa ‘to boil, cook in boiling water’.
▪ …

▪ With its relation to ↗¹salaqa ‘to lacerate the skin (with a whip)’, ¹salīqaẗ is akin to other items from √SLQ that build on this notion, like ↗⁵salaqa ‘to hurt (with one’s tongue)’, ↗salāqaẗ ‘vicious tongue, violent language, violence of language’, or on the result of ‘lacerating, peeling, skinning’, namely *‘leaving traces, leaving bare’, like ^†⁸salaqa ‘to leave prints (on the soil: feet, hoofs)’, ^†salāʔiqᵘ ‘marks made by feet\hoofs on the road, or by thongs upon the skin of a camel’, prob. also DaṯAr sāliq ‘furrow (in the soil, containing seeds)’ and ClassAs also ^†⁴silqaẗ ‘water-course, channel in which water flows between two tracts of elevated ground’, ^†salaq ‘even plain, smooth, even tract of good soil, bare of trees’, ^†sulāq ‘a disease that causes eyelids or teeth to fall out’, ^†²salīq ‘what falls off from trees (leaves, etc.)’, perh. also ^†⁵salīq ‘side of a road’, and others. Cf. prob. also the homonymous ↗²salīqaẗ ‘inborn disposition, instinct’ (< * ‘carved in, trace, mark’?).
▪ With its relation to ↗³salaqa ‘to boil, cook in boiling water’, ¹salīqaẗ is prob. also akin to ^†⁴salīq ‘pot herbs’ (perh. *‘what is going to be cooked in hot water’).
▪ …

–

For other values of the root, cf. ↗¹salaqa, ↗²salaqa, ↗³salaqa, ↗⁴salaqa, ↗⁵salaqa, ↗tasallaqa, ↗sullāq, ↗salq, ↗²salīqaẗ, ↗salaqūn and ↗salūqī as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√SLQ.

²salīqaẗ سَليقة , pl. salāʔiqᵘ

√SLQ

n.f.

1 ↗¹salīqaẗ; — 2 inborn disposition, instinct – WehrCowan1976

▪ Being a quasi-PP I (pattern Faʕīl-aẗ-), the original meaning of ²salīqaẗ ‘inborn disposition, instinct’ may have been *‘what is left after taking off the outer layers, the “skin” of s.o., the bare nature’, or *‘what is carved into s.o. like the traces left behind by feet\hoofs on a road, or the marks made on the skin by a thong, or by whipping, etc.’; cf. also DaṯAr sāliq ‘furrow (made in the soil to receive the seed)’ and salaq, vb. I, ‘to cultivate, plough, till’ (LandbergZetterstein1942). If this interpretation is valid, ²salīqaẗ is derived from ↗¹salaqa ‘to lacerate the skin (with a whip), skin, peel off’.
▪ …

▪ …

▪ ↗¹salaqa.
▪ Cf. also nHbr salqāʰ ‘natural (music)’?
▪ …

▪ If ²salīqaẗ is based on ↗¹salaqa ‘to lacerate the skin (with a whip), skin, peel off, strip’ it is akin to other items of √SLQ that build on the same notion, like ↗⁵salaqa ‘to hurt (with one’s tongue)’, ↗salāqaẗ ‘vicious tongue, violent language, violence of language’, or on the result of ‘lacerating, peeling, skinning’, namely *‘leaving traces, leaving bare’, like ^†⁸salaqa ‘to leave prints (on the soil: feet, hoofs)’, ^†salāʔiqᵘ ‘marks made by feet\hoofs on the road, or by thongs upon the skin of a camel’, prob. also ClassAs ^†⁴silqaẗ ‘water-course, channel in which water flows between two tracts of elevated ground’, ^†salaq ‘even plain, smooth, even tract of good soil, bare of trees’, ^†sulāq ‘a disease that causes eyelids or teeth to fall out’, ^†²salīq ‘what falls off from trees (leaves, etc.)’, perh. also ^†⁵salīq ‘side of a road’, or even ^†²silq ‘wolf’ (< * ‘the mangy one, with lacerated skin’?). Cf. prob. also the homonymous (SyrAr) ¹salīqaẗ ‘dish made of grain cooked with sugar, cinnamon and fennel’ which prob. orig. is *‘cooked and peeled (grain, barley)’, where ↗¹salaqa ‘to lacerate, skin, peel off’ overlaps with ↗³salaqa ‘to boil, cook in boiling water’.
▪ …
▪ …

–

For other values of the root, cf. ↗¹salaqa, ↗²salaqa, ↗³salaqa, ↗⁴salaqa, ↗⁵salaqa, ↗tasallaqa, ↗sullāq, ↗salq, ↗¹salīqaẗ, ↗salaqūn and ↗salūqī as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√SLQ.

salaqūn سَلَقون , var. salāqūn

√SLQ

red lead, minium – WehrCowan1976

▪ The term salaqūn ~ salāqūn for ‘red lead, minium’ is prob. akin to ↗zarqūn ‘bright red’.
▪ Cf., however, Nişanyan (1Jul2017) who suggests an interpretation as *‘the Syrian (mineral), the (red) substance from Syria’, from Grk συρικόν syrikón ‘Syrian’.
▪ Etymological kinship with other items from the same root, whose broad semantic value spectrum, accord. to BAH2008, spans from the main values ‘to throw on the back’ over ‘to flay with a whip’, ‘to insult’, ‘to scald’, ‘to lacerate the skin’ and ‘boiling, cooking lightly by boiling’ to ‘intrinsic nature’, can prob. be excluded.
▪ …
▪ …

▪ …
▪ …

▪ Ar salaqūn ‘red lead, minium’, also saliqūn , sariqūn , EgAr salaq͗ōn, zalaq͗ōn: prob. akin to Ar zarqūn ‘bright red’ (? < Pers zargūn ‘gold-coloured’ or Grk συρικόν syrikón, i.e., *‘Syrian’ mineral, red substance *‘from Syria’).
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▪ Ar salaqūn is found also as saliqūn or sariqūn and in EgAr also as salaq͗ōn and zalaq͗ōn. Given the variability of R₁ (s/z) and R₂ (l/r), a relation to Ar ↗zarqūn ‘bright red’ does not seem unlikely. BadawiHinds1986 thinks the EgAr words may be from Tu sülüğen/süleğen ‘do.’, but the reverse is prob. the case, i.e., the Tu words are from Ar (or both from Pers zargūn ‘gold-coloured’). In contrast, Nişanyan_1Jul2017 (s.v. Tu süleğen) would not exclude an origin in Grk συρικόν syrikón, which would suggest an interpretation of minium as ‘the Syrian (mineral), the (red) substance from Syria’, an idea that could be corroborated by the Ru Ukr name for minium, súrik. But Nişanyan adds himself that such an etymology is rather uncertain. (The mineral is first mentioned in Tu sources in the anon. Câmiʕü'l-Fürs, 1501, as sülegen.)
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▪ Prob. not from Ar salaqūn (or ↗zarqūn ), but perh. from the same (Grk? Pers?) source may be Ru Ukr súrik ‘red lead, minium’.
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For other values of the root, cf. ↗¹salaqa, ↗²salaqa, ↗³salaqa, ↗⁴salaqa, ↗⁵salaqa, ↗tasallaqa, ↗sullāq, ↗salq, ↗¹salīqaẗ, ↗²salīqaẗ, and ↗salūqī as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√SLQ.

¹salūqī سَلوقيّ , var. salaqī

√SLQ

n. (nominalized adj.)

saluki, greyhound, hunting dog – WehrCowan1976

▪ The term ¹salūqī ~ salaqī for a breed of dogs that seems to originate from the Middle East is a nominalized nsb-formation, prob. relating to the place name Salūq, which is of uncertain identity and location (Yemen, Armenia, Iran, …?); ultimately, it may go back to “Seleucia” or the Seleucids (for details, see below, section DISC).
▪ Etymological kinship with other items from the same root, whose broad semantic value spectrum, accord. to BAH2008, spans from the main values ‘to throw on the back’ over ‘to flay with a whip’, ‘to insult’, ‘to scald’, ‘to lacerate the skin’ and ‘boiling, cooking lightly by boiling’ to ‘intrinsic nature’, can prob. be excluded.
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▪ The description given in the English Wikipedia (as of 6Feb2022) seems to be rather reliable: »The Saluki is a standardised breed developed from sighthounds – dogs that hunt primarily by sight rather than scent – that was once used by nomadic tribes to run down game animals. The dog was originally bred in the Fertile Crescent. / The origins of the name of the breed is not clear. The Saluki has also been called the gazelle hound, Arabian hound, and the Persian greyhound. [… Report about one hypothesis suggesting Sumerian origin; but highly speculative and little convincing. …] The name used for the modern breed could be derived from Salūqiyyaẗ (Arabic for ‘Seleucia’, a city now in Iraq), appearing in pre-Islamic Arabic poetry. However, this is disputed. […] the Arabic word salūqī indicates ‘person or thing from a place named Salūq’. Arab tradition states that Salūq was an ancient town in Yemen not far from modern Taʕizz, and the Arabs associate this town with the origin of the breed. However, the word salūqī might have been derived from reference to several other places: Salūq in Armenia, and three towns called Salūqiyyaẗ. One has become modern Silifke, Turkey; another is near Antioch (modern Antakya), Turkey; and third is located near Baghdad, Iraq. Baghdad eclipsed Ctesiphon, the capital of the Persian Empire, which was located some 30 km (20 mi) to the southeast. Ctesiphon itself had replaced and absorbed Seleucia, the first capital of the Seleucid Empire (312 BC – 65 AD).«
▪ Like ¹salūqī ~ salaqī ‘greyhound, hunting dog, saluki’, also ^†²salūqī ‘(a sort of) coat of mail’ appears to be *‘the Salūqian, the one from Salūq’, but it is unclear whether the ‘hometown’ of the saluki is identical with that of the coat of mail or whether we are dealing with two separate locations. Accord. to Lane iv 1872, ClassAr lexicography held that “Salūq” was »a town in El-Yemen, or a town or district in the border of Armenia called (al-)Lān; or both (dog and coat of mail) are so called in relation to Salaqiyyaẗ, a town in the Greek Empire, said by al-Masʕūdī to have been on the shore of [the province of] Antioch, remains of which still exist; and if so, it is a rel.n. altered from its proper form«. Cf. also BK1860: »Salouk, Salouka, nom d’une ville dans Ie Yémen ou d’une ville d’Arménie d’où les lévriers et une sorte particulière de cuirasses ont tiré leur nom.«
▪ The rare and obsol. ^†salūqiyyaẗ ‘sitting-place of the captain\pilot’ is obviously a nisba from salūq, too. But details remain obscure.
▪ A relation betw. ¹salūqī ~ salaqī ‘saluki’ and the old term ^†²silq (f. ^†²silqaẗ) for ‘wolf’ is unlikely. For ^†²silq and possible etymologies, cf. ^†SLQ_22 in root entry ↗√SLQ. ▪ …

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For other values of the root, cf. ↗¹salaqa, ↗²salaqa, ↗³salaqa, ↗⁴salaqa, ↗⁵salaqa, ↗tasallaqa, ↗sullāq, ↗salq, ↗¹salīqaẗ, ↗²salīqaẗ and ↗salaqūn as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗√SLQ.

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