Bibliotheca Polyglotta

▪ SLM_1 ‘(to be/come/remain) safe and sound, unharmed, unimpaired, intact, safe, secure; to escape (a danger); to preserve’ ↗salima, ↗salām, ↗salāmaẗ, ↗salīm
▪ SLM_2 ‘(to be/come) free (from failure), flawless’ ↗salima, ↗salāmaẗ, ↗salīm
▪ SLM_3 ‘to hand over, deliver (sallama, vb. II); to receive, have s.th. handed over or delivered (tasallama, vb. V)’ ↗salima
▪ SLM_4 ‘to approve, consent, accept’ (sallama, vb. II) ↗salima
▪ SLM_5 ‘peace; to keep/make peace; to reconcile (sālama, vb. III); to make peace, become reconciled with one another (tasālama, vb. VI) ↗salām, ↗silm, ↗salm
▪ SLM_6 ‘to greet, salute’ (sallama, vb. II) ↗salām
▪ SLM_7 ‘to leave, give up, abandon; to surrender, commit o.s., resign o.s. (esp. to the will of God, i.e., become a Muslim, embrace Islam) ↗ʔaslama
▪ SLM_8 ‘to surrender, capitulate; to give way, submit, yield, abandon o.s.’ ↗ĭstaslama (vb. X)
▪ SLM_9 ‘forward buying, payment in advance (Isl. Law)’ ↗salam_1
▪ SLM_10 ‘a variety of acacia’ ↗salam_2
▪ SLM_11 ‘reception room, sitting room, parlor’ ↗salāmlik, ↗salām
▪ SLM_12 ‘phalanx, digital bone (of the hand or foot)’ ↗sulāmà, ↗sulāmiyyaẗ
▪ SLM_13 ‘Solomon (n.prop.); salmon’ ↗Sulaymān
▪ SLM_14 ‘mercury chloride’ ↗sulaymānī
▪ SLM_15 ‘Istanbul’ ↗ʔislāmbūl
▪ SLM_16 ‘ladder; stairs, staircase; scale’ ↗sullam
▪ SLM_17 ‘salmon’ ↗salmūn

▪ ^†SLM_18 ‘prisoner; to make s.o. a captive; captivity’: ^†salam, ^†salama i [? also salima a (salam), used transitively]
▪ ^†SLM_19 ‘to bite (s.o.; said of a snake): ^†salama u (salm)
▪ ^†SLM_20 ‘mimosa flava, used as tan’: salam, ?= ^†salmà, a certain plant which becomes green in the [season called] ṣayf [app. here meaning ‘spring’], ?= ^†salamaẗ (or ^†salmaẗ ?) pl. ʔaslām, spiny/thorny plant (Wahrmund). – Does also ^†salama i (salm) ‘to tan (o.’s skin)’ belong here? – And perhaps also (ʔarḍ) ^†maslūmāʔᵘ ‘(land) abounding with the tree called salam ’?
▪ ^†SLM_21 ‘a bitter tree’ ^†silām and ^†salām . – From this also the ints.adj. (ʔarḍ) ^†maslūmāʔᵘ, (a land) abounding with the tree called salam (Lane)?
▪ ^†SLM_22 ‘a kind of tree (resembling the myrtle, grows in the sands and the deserts): ^†salāmān
▪ ^†SLM_23 ‘leathern bucket with a handle’: ^†salm (pl. silām, ʔaslum)
▪ ^†SLM_24 ‘to finish (making a leathern bucket, dalw, [Wahrmund:] from the bark of a tree called salam)’: ^†salama i (salm) [Lane, Wahrmund], ^†sallama (Hava1899)
▪ ^†SLM_25 ‘(hard) stone(s)’: ^†salim (n.u. -aẗ), also ^†silām ; ‘to wipe, or strike, the salimaẗ, i. e. the stone (the Black Stone of the Kaʕbah)’: ^†ĭstalama
▪ ^†SLM_26 ‘tender in the fingers (woman)’: ^†salimaẗ ; ‘(man) soft, or tender, in his feet’: ^†mustalam al-qadamayn
▪ ^†SLM_27 ‘south(ern) wind called ǧanūb ’: ^†sulāmà
▪ ^†SLM_28 ‘leaves of the Theban palm (dawm)’: ^†ʔaslam
▪ ^†SLM_29 ‘vena salvatella (a certain vein in the hand, between the little finger and the finger next to this)’: ^†al-ʔusaylim

▪ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘1 peace, safety, tranquillity (cf. SLM_1, 5, 6). – 2 completeness (cf. SLM_24). – 3 being free from obstacles (cf. SLM_2). – 4 to submit to, become resigned to (cf. SLM_7, 8). – 5 to hand over (cf. SLM_3). – 6 ladder, staircase (cf. SLM_16). – 7 to receive (cf. SLM_3), to stroke (cf. ^†SLM_25), finger bones (cf. SLM_12)’

▪ The striking semantic variety within the root SLM, not only in ClassAr but still today, is the result of a long history of differentiation of an old Sem root, overlapping with inner-Sem loans and, in certain cases, borrowing from non-Sem languages. The many values can be reduced, however, to one major complex plus a number of other items, whose etymological belonging often is obscure.
▪ The major complex can be traced back to Sem *ŠLM ‘to be whole, sound (Huehnergard2011), to be completed, be/remain whole, intact, sound and safe’ (Dolgopolksi2012), which is perhaps an extension in *‑m from a bi-consonantal theme AfrAs *ŠLW ‘to be untroubled/safe, be at ease; to stay quietly, be at rest’¹ (cf. Ar ↗salā ‘to forget, think no more’, salwaẗ ‘consolation, comfort, distraction’).² The idea of ‘being, or remaining, whole, intact’ is still preserved in MSA, together with the meaning of ‘safety’ (= to remain sound, intact) and ‘escape (sc. into safety, unharmed)’ (cf. SLM_1). From this are derived many other values, esp. ‘freedom (from failure, vice, defect), flawlessness’ (SLM_2) and ‘peace, reconciliation’ (SLM_5) (hence ‘to wish peace upon s.o.’ = SLM_6 ‘to greet, salute’ > SLM_11 ‘selamlik, reception room’). The fighter who ‘surrenders’ (SLM_8) and seeks, or is taken into, ‘captivity’ (^†SLM_18) belongs here, too, because capitulation implies escaping ‘unharmed, safe, intact’ from a battle and entering in a state of ‘safety’ (which is also the original meaning of Ar salām, now mainly used to denote ‘peace’). Long before the advent of Islam already, this kind of submission also had taken on a religious meaning (‘committing, or resigning, o.s. to the will of God ’, SLM_7), which under the prophet Muhammad soon developed the specific meaning of ‘becoming a Muslim, embracing Islam’. The value ‘to approve of s.th., consent to, accept’, expressed by the D-stem (sallama, vb. II) is probably properly a declarative *‘to find sound, intact, whole (salīm)’ (SLM_4), while another value of the same D-stem, ‘to hand over, deliver’ (SLM_3), either seems to have developed from the idea, just mentioned, of submitting, and thus ‘delivering’, o.s. to s.o. else, or it is denominative from salam_1 ‘forward buying, payment in advance’ (SLM_9), a value the like of which is to be found attached to derivations from the root Sem *ŠLM not only in Ar but in a number of other Sem langs too; the original meaning seems to have been a present, given to kings, officials, or gods, to obtain benevolence and a kind of ‘safety guarantee’ or ‘ensurance’; cf. however Kerr2014 who holds that »[i]n Ar, the IInd form has undergone the development ‘to make healthy, unharmed’ > ‘to protect from damage’ > ‘to deliver safely’ > ‘to deliver’ (compare to the Fr sur-rendre), in the sense of dedito «.
▪ A number of obsolete values may either belong to the same group that goes back to Sem *ŠLM ‘to be whole, sound’ or stem from a distinct, though homonymous root. Such a case is the meaning ‘to bite (s.o.; said of a snake)’ (^†SLM_19). Here, Nöldeke assumes that this value has grown from a kind of apotropaic use, or is a euphemism: a person who is bitten by a snake, or anyone deadly wounded, is called salīm ‘safe and sound, healthy’ hoping or wishing that s/he will survive. The word ^†salm ‘leathern bucket with a handle’ (SLM_23) at first sight looks at if it was an independent value in its own right; but the meaning ‘to finish (making a leathern bucket, dalw)’ (^†SLM_24) connects the leathern bucket to the notion of ‘completion, wholeness, etc.’ so that the bucket could be an individual specialization. Other sources, however, say that we are dealing with the completion of a bucket made from the bark of a tree called salam (SLM_10, ^†SLM_20, ^†SLM_21, ^†SLM_22).
▪ As for borrowings from non-Sem languages, the easiest to recognize is of course the MSA word for ‘salmon’, sal(a)mūn, which is from Lat (cf. SLM_17). A less obvious borrowing from Lat is however also sulaymānī ‘mercury chloride’; it goes back to Lat sublimatum ‘id.’ (SLM_14).
▪ An inner-Sem borrowing is the n.prop. Sulaymān ‘Solomon’ (SLM_13, from Syr < Hbr), in itself of course related to the complex Sem *ŠLM ‘to be whole, sound’ and thus, ultimately, still akin to Ar salima etc. Another inner-Sem borrowing (< Aram or Akk) is probably also sullam ‘ladder, stairs’ (SLM_16); but it may also be a comSem word and go back directly to a pSem ancestor.
▪ Of obscure etymology are still several plant names (cf. SLM_10, ^†SLM_20, ^†SLM_21, ^†SLM_22), the term for ‘phalanx, digital bone (of hand or foot)’ (SLM_12) and a number of words that have become obsolete in MSA (cf. ^†SLM_25, ^†SLM_26, ^†SLM_27, ^†SLM_28, ^†SLM_29). A number of these may be fig. use of others, though the tertium comparationis is less than obvious. The form ^†ʔusaylim, e.g., is clearly a diminutive; but is it from sulāmà ‘digital bone’ or from some other item?

1. The latter is further connected by Dolgopolsky2012#2046 to IE *sōlo‑, *solwo‑ ‘entire’ (> oInd sarva‑ ‘entire, whole, intact, all, every’, Av haᵘrva‑ id., ‘sound’, oPers haruva‑ ‘whole, entire’, nPers har ‘every, all, all kind of, any’, Grk hólos, hoûlos ‘whole, entire, complete’, hoúlō ‘to be whole, sound’, Lat salvus ‘safe, unhurt, well, sound’, salūs / salūt-is ‘health, soundness’, Arm ołǯ , from *soli̯o‑, ‘alive, living; sound, healthy; complete, entire’. Together with the AfrAs *ŠLW this is believed to originate in Nostr *s̄alû (or *s̄Eʔ alû) ‘intact’ (> ‘entire’), ‘in good condition, healthy’. 2. Cf. also Klein1987 who thinks that Hbr šālôm is related to Hbr ŠLH in the same way as Hbr ʕērôm ‘naked’ stands to Hbr ʕRH ‘to lay bare’ (cf. Ar ↗ʕRY).

–

See references given above.

To what is said in the CONCISE section above, it may be added:

▪ SLM_3 ‘to receive’: Interestingly enough, BAH2008 group this value together with ‘finger bones’ (SLM_12) and ‘to stroke’ (cf. ^†SLM_25).
▪ SLM_9: The meaning ‘forward buying, payment in advance’, esp. as a technical term in Islamic law, used synonymously with ↗salaf, seems to be a development that is specific of Ar salam_1. In other Sem languages, the original value of a present, given to kings, officials, or gods, to obtain benevolence and a kind of ‘safety guarantee’ or ‘ensurance’, is still better preserved, cf. esp. Hbr šäläm ‘sacrifice for alliance or friendship, “peace offering”’.
▪ SLM_11: salāmlik ‘reception room, sitting room, parlor’ is a reimport from Tu selamlık.
▪ SLM_12 ‘phalanx, digital bone (of the hand or foot)’: BAH2008 group this value together with ‘to receive’ (SLM_3) and ‘to stroke’ (cf. ^†SLM_25).
▪ SLM_13: The value ‘salmon’ is generated in the ʔiḍāfaẗ ḥūt Sulaymān, lit. the ‘fish of Solomon’. Perhaps a late folk etymology?
▪ SLM_15: ʔislāmbūl is obviously a pious name for ‘Istanbul’, in an attempt to make the Ottoman capital a distinctly Islamic city.
▪ SLM_16: The Sem root of Ar sullam ‘ladder, stairs’ is not ŠLM but Sem *SLM.
▪ SLM_17: Contrary to what one may expect, salmūn ‘salmon’ is not a modern borrowing from Engl or Fr, but already attested as early as C13.

▪ SLM_25 ^†salim (n.u. ‑aẗ) ‘(hard) stone(s)’: the meaning ‘to wipe, or strike’ of the Gt-stem ^†ĭstalama is usually derived from salimaẗ in the specific meaning of ‘the Black Stone (of the Kaʕbah)’; BAH2008 however group the value ‘to stroke’ together with ‘to receive’ (SLM_3) and ‘finger bone’ (SLM_12).
▪ SLM_26 ^†salimaẗ ‘tender in the fingers (woman)’ seems to be a specific use connected to stroking (SLM_25); the same holds for ^†mustalam al-qadamayn ‘soft, or tender, in his feet (man)’.
▪ SLM_27 ^†sulāmà ‘south(ern) wind called ǧanūb ’: the form of the word which is identical with the one signifying ‘phalanx, finger bones’ (SLM_12) would suggest that this value is figurative use, perhaps *‘a wind touching one (as tenderly as) a finger’ (?).

▪ For Engl shalom, shalom aleichem, n.prop. Absalom, Solomon, Salome, perh. also schlemiel cf. ↗salām.
▪ For Islam, Muslim, Mussulman ↗ʔaslama.

–

salim‑ سَلِمَ , a (salāmaẗ , salām)

ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SLM

vb., I

to be safe and sound, unharmed, unimpaired, intact, safe, secure; to be unobjectionable, blameless, faultless; to be certain, established, clearly proven (fact); to be free (from); to escape (min a danger) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ From Sem *ŠLM ‘to be whole, sound’. The vb. may be from the adj. Sem *šalim‑ (Ar ↗salīm).
▪ The whole complex of Sem *ŠLM (> Ar ↗SLM) is believed by some to be a development from a biconsonantal Sem *√ŠL(W) ‘to be untroubled, safe, be at ease; to stay quietly, be at rest’ (cf. Ar ↗SLW).

▪ (sālim: safe and sound, not threatened) ▪ eC7 Q 63:43 wa-qad kānū yudʕawna ʔilà ’l-suǧūdi wa-hum sālimūna ‘they were invited to prostrate themselves when they were safe [but refused]’

▪ Fronzaroli#4.10a: Akk šalmu ‘sound, intact’ (CAD: šalmu, f. šalimtu, ‘1 healthy, sound, in good condition, whole, intact, entire, correct, proper, safe, reliable, truthfull, favorable, propitious; 2 solvent, financially sound’), Ug šlm ‘to be intact’, Hbr šālēm, Syr šalmā, Ar salīm ‘sound, intact’, salima, SAr slm ‘to be sound, intact’.
▪ Zammit2002 / CAD: Akk šalāmu (vb.) ‘1 to stay well; 2 to be in a good condition, intact, arrive safely, become safe, go safely through the river ordeal; 3 to be favourable, propitious; 4 to be successful, prosper, succeed; 5 to be completed, be completely carried out, reach completion; 6 to obtain financial satisfaction, receive full payment’, Ug šlm ‘to be intact’, Phn šlm ‘well-being; completion’, Hbr šālēm ‘to be complete, sound’, Aram šᵉlēm ‘to be perfect, complete’, Syr šalem ‘to be complete’, šᵉlāmā ‘safety, health’, SAr stlm (t-stem) ‘to gain security (with a deity)’, Gz salām ‘incolumitas, salus’, Ar salām ‘safety’, sālim ‘one who is safe’.
▪ Tropper2008: Ug ŠLM G ‘vollständig, heil sein; in Frieden sein’, D ‘vollständig machen, Ersatz leisten, zurückzahlen, vergelten; Heil schenken; in heilem Zustand erhalten; mit jdm Frieden schließen’, Š ‘Ersatz (Fronarbeit) leisten’, N ‘(vollständig) erhalten bleiben’.
▪ Dolgopolsky2012#2046: Akk ŠLM ‘to be completed; to stay well; to be in good condition, intact’, BiblHbr šālēm ‘to remain whole, unscathed, be(come) completed, keep quiet’, Ug ŠLM ‘estar/ir bien, estar en paz’, EmpAram ŠLM ‘to be (re)paid’, BiblAram ŠLM ‘to be finished’, Ar SLM ‘to be(come) safe’ (> ‘to be free from vice/defect’), Min ŠLM ‘être indemne’; DERIV (Sem *šalim‑ >) Akk šalmu ‘whole, intact, entire, healthy, sound’, BiblHbr šālēm, JA šᵊlēm ‘complete, unmolested, peaceful’, Ar salima ‘to be safe’; (Sem *šalām‑ ‘unharmed state’ >) Akk šalāmu ‘health, (physical) well-being; welfare (of a country or city), safe course or completion of a journey’, Ug šlm ‘paz, salud, bienestar’, BiblHbr šālôm ‘unharmed state, well-being, peace’ (> a greeting), Phn šlm ‘peace, prosperity’, Palm šlm ‘peace’, BiblAram šᵊlām ‘peace, prosperity’ (as well as a greeting), EmpAram šlm ‘welfare, well-being, health’, JEA šᵊlām, šᵊlāmā ‘id.; soundness, health’, Ar salām‑ ‘safety, security’ (> ‘immunity, freedom from faults or vices’ > ‘obedience to God’, a greeting), Sab Min šlm ‘peace’ (> šlm ‘to sue for peace’), Gz salām ‘peace, safety’ (and a salutation), hence D-stem *√ŠLːM > Pun slːm ‘to accomplish’, BiblHbr Phn Palm Akk √ŠLːM ‘to (re)pay, give restitution for’, Ug šlːm ‘to pay, deliver’. – For possible cognates outside Sem, cf. SLM_1 s.v. ↗SLM.

▪ Huehnergard2011 reconstructs Sem *ŠLM ‘to be whole, sound’ and the ComSem n. *šalām‑ ‘well-being, welfare, peace’.
▪ The proper etymon is perhaps the adj. ↗salīm (or, rather, its Sem ancestor, *šalim‑ ‘sound, intact’) rather than the vb. salima, which in this case would be a secondary formation from salīm. This is what Fronzaroli#4.10a seems to believe when he groups the Ar vb. under Sem *šalim‑.
▪ Klein1987 suggests that the Hbr base ŠLM that is cognate to Ar SLM, probably developed from the base Hbr ŠLH/W ‘to be quiet, tranquil, at ease’¹ through the medium of šālôm, which he thinks stands to Hbr ŠLH in the same way as Hbr ʕērôm ‘naked’ stands to Hbr ʕRH ‘to lay bare’ (cf. Ar ↗ʕRY).
▪ In a similar vein Dolgopolsky2012#2046 derives Sem *ŠLM ‘to be completed, remain whole, be intact, sound and safe’ (with its derivatives Sem *šalim‑ ‘complete, whole, intact, entire, healthy, sound’ and Sem *šalām‑ ‘unharmed state’) as an extension in *‑m from Sem *ŠLW ‘to be untroubled, safe, be at ease; to stay quietly, be at rest’. In addition, he connects the latter to an IE *sōlo‑, *solwo‑ ‘entire’² If this is tenable, then Ar salima is a distant relative of Engl whole and health, Fr salut and Ge heil, Heil. Dolgopolsky assumes Nostr *s̄alû (or *s̄Eʔalû) ‘intact (> entire), in good condition, healthy’ to be the common ancestor of the Sem and IE words.

1. Cf. BAram šᵊlê ‘to be at ease’, Aram šᵊlâ, šᵊlê ‘to be at ease, tranquil, careless, thoughtless; to err, forget; to go astray’, Syr šᵊlâ ‘to be quiet, tranquil; to cease’, Ar ↗salā ‘to forget, be forgetful, neglectful, content, free’. 2. > oInd sarva‑ ‘entire, whole, intact, all, every’, Av haᵘrva‑ id., ‘sound’, oPers haruva‑ ‘whole, entire’, nPers har ‘every, all, all kind of, any’, Grk hólos, hoûlos ‘whole, entire, complete’, hoúlō ‘to be whole\sound’, Lat salvus ‘safe, unhurt, well, sound’, salūs / salūt-is ‘health, soundness’, Arm ołǯ (< *soli̯o‑) ‘alive, living; sound, healthy; complete, entire’.

▪ Cf. ↗salām, ↗ʔislām, ↗muslim, ↗Sulaymān.

► ^BP#294sallama, vb. II, to preserve, keep from injury, protect from harm, save; to hand over intact; to hand over, turn over, surrender; to deliver; to lay down (arms); to surrender, give o.s. up; to submit, resign o.s.; to greet, salute; to grant salvation (God to the Prophet); to admit, concede, grant (bi‑ s.th.); to consent (bi‑ to s.th.) approve of, accept, sanction, condone: caus. of I, or denom. from ↗salm, ↗silm, ↗salam_1, ↗salām or the adj. ↗salīm. Kerr2014 holds that »[i]n Ar, the IInd form has undergone the development ‘to make healthy, unharmed’ > ‘to protect from damage’ > ‘to deliver safely’ > ‘to deliver’ (compare to the Fr sur-rendre), in the sense of dedito «. – For another value, now obsolete, cf. ^†SLM_24 s.v. ↗SLM.
► sālama, vb. III to keep the peace, make one’s peace, make up (with s.o.): denom. from ↗salām.
► ^BP#4820ʔaslama, vb. IV, to forsake, leave, desert, give up, betray; to let sink, drop; to hand over, turn over; to leave, abandon; to deliver up, surrender, expose; to commit o.s., resign o.s. (li-llāh to the will of God): …; (ʔaslama alone:) to declare o.s. committed to the will of God, become a Muslim, embrace Islam: … See also s.v..
► ^BP#2887tasallama, vb. V, to get, obtain; to receive s.th.; to have s.th. handed over or delivered; to take over, assume (the management of s.th.). :
► tasālama, vb. VI, to become reconciled with one another, make peace with one another: denom. from silm, salm, or ↗salām.
► ĭstalama, vb. VIII, 1 to touch, graze; 2 to receive, get, obtain; 3 to take over, take possession of:…. 4 – For another value, now obsolete, cf. ^†SLM_25 s.v. ↗SLM.
► ĭstaslama, vb. X, to surrender, capitulate; to give way, submit, yield, abandon o.s.; to give o.s. over; to lend o.s., be a party; to succumb: Št-stem, originally probably requestative (*‘to ask for protection, safety, salām ’).

► salm, n., peace: … – For other values, now obsolete, cf. ^†SLM_23 s.v. ↗SLM.
► ^BP#2310silm, n.m./f., peace; the religion of Islam: … | ḥubb al-~, n., pacifism.
► ^BP#1983silmī, adj., peaceful; pacifist: nsb-adj., from silm.
► salam, n., forward buying (Isl. Law): originally probably a gift presented to a ruler etc. to ensure good relations and safe interaction or patronage, and/or a “peace offering” made to some deity in expectation of protection, cf. ↗salam_1; from here the notions of ‘delivering’ and ‘presenting’ s.th. (cf. sallama above) and of ‘prepayment’ are derived; the value ‘financial satisfaction, full payment’ is already attested in Akk. – For another value cf. ↗salam_2.
► C ^BP#188salām, n., 1 soundness, unimpairedness, intactness, well-being; 2 safety, security: vn. I; 3 peace, peacefulness: lit. *state of unharmedness, safety ↗salām; 4 — (pl. ‑āt) greeting, salutation; salute; military salute; national anthem: originally a wish of peace for s.o.; from ‘salutation’, the other specialized values are derived.
► salāmlik, n., selamlik, reception room, sitting room, parlor: from Tu selamlık, composed of Ar ↗salām and Tu n. suffix ‑lık.
► ^BP#855salāmaẗ, n.f., blamelessness, flawlessness; unimpaired state, soundness, integrity, intactness; well-being, welfare; safety, security; smooth progress; success: vn. I.
► ^BP#1533salīm, pl. sulamāʔᵘ, adj., correct, sound; flawless; safe: perhaps the etymon proper, rather than salima.
► ʔaslamᵘ, adj., safer; freer; sounder; healthier: elat.
► Sulaymānᵘ, n.prop., Solomon: related to salima via Syr < Hbr, cf. s.v.
► ^BP#1991taslīm, n., handing over; turning over; presentation; extradition; surrender (of s.th.); delivery (comm.; of mail); submission, surrender, capitulation; salutation; greeting; concession, admission; assent, consent (bi‑ to), acceptance, approval, condonation, unquestioning recognition (bi‑ of) : vn. II.
► musālamaẗ, n.f., conciliation, pacification: vn. III.
► C ^BP#365ʔislām, n., submission, resignation, reconciliation (to the will of God); – al-~, n., the religion of Islam; the era of Islam; the Muslims: originally a vn. from ↗ʔaslama, vb. IV. See also ↗ʔislām.
► ^BP#184ʔislāmī, pl. ‑ūn, adj., Islamic; n., Islamist: nsb-adj., from ↗ʔislām.
► ʔislāmiyyaẗ, n.f., the idea of Islam, Islamism; status or capacity of a Muslim: abstr. formation in ‑iyyaẗ from ↗ʔislām.
► ʔislāmbūlī, adj., of Istanbul: nsb-adj., from ʔislāmbūl, pious interpretation of the name of the capital of the Ottoman Empire, Istanbul (ʔistānbūl, ʔisṭānbūl, pron. ʔisṭāmbūl).
► tasallum, n., receipt; taking over, assumption; reception: vn. V.
► ^BP#4637ĭstilām, n., receipt; acceptance; taking over, assumption: vn. VIII | ʔifādaẗ al-~, n., acknowledgment of receipt.
► ^BP#4250ĭstislām, n., surrender, capitulation; submission, resignation, self-surrender: vn. X.
► ^BP#4736sālim, adj., safe, secure; free (min from); unimpaired, unblemished, faultless, flawless, undamaged, unhurt, intact, safe and sound, safe; sound, healthy; whole, perfect, complete, integral; regular (verb): PA I (but originally a genuine adj.?) | ǧamʕ ~, n., sound (= external) plural (gram.).
► musallam, adj., unimpaired, intact, unblemished, flawless; (also musallam bi-hī) accepted, uncontested, incontestable, indisputable, incontrovertible: PP II.
► musālim, adj., peaceable, peaceful, peaceloving; mild-tempered, lenient, gentle: PA III.
► C ^BP#229muslim, pl. ‑ūn, adj./n., Muslim: orig. a PA IV, ↗ʔislām.
► mustalim, n., recipient; consignee: PA VIII.

For other values, cf. ↗SLM in general, as well as individual entries ↗salam_2, ↗sulāmà, ↗sulāmiyyaẗ, ↗Sulaymān, ↗sulaymānī, ↗sullam.

sallam‑ سَلَّمَ

ID … • Sw – • BP 294 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SLM

vb., II

1 to preserve, keep from injury, protect from harm, save. – 2 to hand over intact; hence also to hand over, turn over, surrender; to deliver (in general) . – 3 to lay down (arms); to surrender, give o.s. up; to submit, resign o.s.. – 4 to greet, salute. – 5 to grant salvation (God to the Prophet). – 6 to admit, concede, grant (bi‑ s.th.); to consent (bi‑ to s.th.) approve of, accept, sanction, condone – WehrCowan1979. – ^†7 (only in Hava1899) to finish (making a leathern bucket, dalw).

The D-stem (vb. II) of the verbal root SLM has a large spectrum of meanings, all derived from more basic items.

▪ [v1] ‘to preserve, keep from injury, protect from harm, save: caus. of ↗salima or denom. from ↗salīm; in both cases the lit. meaning is *‘to make that s.th. stays intact, unharmed’.
▪ [v2] ‘to hand over intact; hence also to hand over, turn over, surrender; to deliver (in general) ’: either a development from the idea, just mentioned, of preserving and keeping intact, and thus first a specialisation (‘keeping intact’ also means ‘delivering safely, intact’), then a generalisation (‘to deliver safely’ > ‘to deliver, hand over’),³ or it is denominative from salam_1, now a technical term in Isl. Law (‘forward buying, payment in advance’), but originally probably a present, an offering, or a sacrifice made to a deity or a ruler in expectation of protection (safety, salām); from the use as a technical term (attested already in Akk, whence it seems to have passed into Hbr and Aram, and from Aram probably into Ar) of ‘peace offering; (>) prepayment’ may have sprung the general meaning of handing over s.th. – Whether from salima / salīm or from salam_1, in both cases the corresponding tD-stem (vb. V), tasallama, has autobenefactive meaning (‘to receive’ = *‘to have s.th. handed over or delivered for o.s. ’).
▪ [v3] ‘to lay down (arms); to surrender, give o.s. up; to submit, resign o.s.’: most likely a specialization of [v2].
▪ [v4] ‘to greet, salute’: denom., from ↗salām.
▪ [v5] ‘to grant salvation (God to the Prophet)’: a specialization that is the result of a transfer of the primary meaning of ‘keeping intact, unharmed’ to the religious sphere; can also be interpreted as denom. from ↗salām in the original sense of ‘unharmed state, safety’. In MSA, the vb. II is no longer used with this meaning, except in the Islamic formula (eulogy) that always should follow a mentioning of the prophet Muḥammad’s name: ṣallà ’ḷḷāhu ʕalay-hi wa-sallama ‘may God bless him and grant him salvation!’
▪ [v6] ‘to admit, concede, grant (bi‑ s.th.); to consent (bi‑ to s.th.) approve of, accept, sanction, condone’: probably declarative from ↗salīm, thus lit. *‘to find sound, intact, whole’.
▪ ^†[v7] ‘to finish (making a leathern bucket, dalw)’: acc. to Wahrmund, vb. I (which accord. to Lane and Wahrmund denotes the same as the vb. II given by Hava1899), the bucket is made from the bark of a tree called salam (↗salam_2); the vb. would thus be denominative.

3. Kerr2014 holds that form II in Ar »has undergone the development ‘to make healthy, unharmed’ > ‘to protect from damage’ > ‘to deliver safely’ > ‘to deliver’ (compare to the Fr sur-rendre), in the sense of dedito «.

▪ …

See ↗salima, ↗salīm, ↗salam_1, ↗salam_2.

See section CONCISE, above, and entries ↗salima, ↗ salīm, ↗salam_1, ↗salam_2.

–

► ^BP#2887tasallama, vb. V, to get, obtain; to receive s.th.; to have s.th. handed over or delivered; to take over, assume (the management of s.th.): t-stem, refl./autofct.
► ^BP#1991taslīm, n., handing over; turning over; presentation; extradition; surrender (of s.th.); delivery (comm.; of mail); submission, surrender, capitulation; salutation; greeting; concession, admission; assent, consent (bi‑ to), acceptance, approval, condonation, unquestioning recognition (bi‑ of) : vn. II.
► tasallum, n., receipt; taking over, assumption; reception: vn. V.
► musallam, adj., unimpaired, intact, unblemished, flawless; (also musallam bi-hī) accepted, uncontested, incontestable, indisputable, incontrovertible: PP II.

ʔaslam‑ أَسْلَمَ

ID 412 • Sw – • BP 4820 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SLM

vb., IV

1 to forsake, leave, desert, give up, betray. – 2 to let sink, drop. – 3 to hand over, turn over. – 4 to leave, abandon. – 5 to deliver up, surrender, expose. – 6 to commit o.s., resign o.s. (li‑llāh to the will of God). – 7 (alone:) to declare o.s. committed to the will of God, become a Muslim, embrace Islam – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Lidzbarski1922 would derive ʔaslama from salām, as meaning ‘to enter in the state of [Grk] sōtēría ’ (as ʔaḥrama means ‘to enter in the state of ↗ḥarām ’). But most scholars think the original meaning was ‘to submit o.s., devote o.s. [to a new religion]’. Jeffery suggested that the use as a religious technical term was borrowed from the Christian-Jewish environment and that the vb. itself was a loan from Syr ʔašlem (with exactly this meaning). The word was used in this sense also when the new religion propagated by the prophet Muhammad emerged, and it soon came to denote specifically the submission under the God of Islam, i.e., ‘to become a Muslim’.
▪ The view that ʔaslama is an »example of a genuine Ar root which took on a secondary Christian technical meaning« (Kerr) should, however, probably be modified, given that the religious connotation was a common good in pre-Islamic Arabia of Late Antiquity.
▪ However that may be, the Ar as well as the Syr roots to which the respective vb.s belong, both go back to Sem *ŠLM ‘to be whole, sound, remain unharmed’. For the wider context, cf. ↗SLM.

▪ ʔislām : ▪ eC7 1 (total surrender) Q 3:19 ʔinna ’l-dīna ʕinda ’ḷḷāhi ’l-ʔislāmu ‘True Religion, in God’s eyes, it total surrender [to Him]’. – 2 (the religion of Islam) Q 5:3 al-yawma ʔakmaltu la-kum dīna-kum wa-ʔatmamtu ʕalay-kum niʕmat-ī wa-raḍītu la-kumu ’l-ʔislāma dīnan ‘today I have perfected your religion for you, completed My blessing upon you, and santioned for you Islam [the total submission to God] as religion’. – 3 (act of surrendering, submitting) Q 9:74 wa-la-qad qālū kalimata ’l-kufri wa-kafarū baʕda ʔislāmi-him ‘but they certainly did speak the word of disbelief and became disbelievers after having submitted’.
▪ muslim : ▪ eC7 1 (one who submits [to God]) Q 2:133 naʕbudu ʔilāha-ka wa-ʔilāha ʔābāʔi-ka ʔibrāhīma wa-ʔismāʕīla wa-ʔisḥāqa ʔilāhan wāḥidan wa-naḥnu la-hū muslimūna ‘we will worship your God and the God of your fathers, Abraham, Ishmael and Isaac, one single God—we submit ourselves to Him’. – 2 (one who professes the faith of Islam) Q 22:78 huwa sammā-kumu ’l-muslimīna min qablu wa-fī hāḏā ‘He has called you Muslims—both in the past and in this [Book]’. – 3 (one showing obedience) Q 27:38 ʔayyu-kum yaʔtī-nī bi-ʕarši-hā qabla ʔan yaʔtū-nī muslimīna ‘which of you can bring me her throne before they come to me in obedience [to my bidding]?’

▪ See DISC below.

▪ The wider context is of course Ar ↗SLM, from Sem *ŠLM ‘to be whole, sound’.
▪ Jeffery1938: »The vb. ↗salima is genuine Ar, corresponding with Hbr šālēm, Phoen šlm ‘to be complete, sound’: Aram šlēm, Syr šlēm ‘to be complete, safe’, Akk šalāmu ‘to be complete, unharmed’. This primitive vb., however, does not occur in the Qurʔān. Form II, sallama, is fairly common, but this is a denominative from ↗salām, and salām we shall see is a borrowed word.³ – As used in the Qurʔān ʔaslama is a technical religious term,⁴ and there is even some development traceable in Muḥammad’s use of it.⁵ Such a phrase as man yuslim waǧhahū ʔilā ’llāhi in 31:22,⁶ seems to give the word in its simplest and original sense, and then ʔSLM li-rabbi ’l-ʕālamīn (40:66; 6:71; 2:131), and ʔSLM li-llāh or ʔSLM lahū (27:45; ii, 127; iii, 77; 39:54), are a development from this. Later, however, the word comes practically to mean ‘to profess Islam’, i.e. to accept the religion which Muḥammad is preaching, cf. xlviii, 16; xlix, 14, 17, etc. Now in pre-Islamic times ʔaslama is used in the primitive sense of ‘hand over’, noted above. For instance, in a verse of Abū ʕAzza in Ibn Hišām, 556, we read lā tuslimūnī lā yaḥillu ʔislām ‘hand me not over for such betrayal is not lawful’.⁷ The Qurʔānic use is an intelligible development from this sense, but the question remains whether this was a development within Ar itself or an importation from without. – Margoliouth in JRAS, 1903, p. 467 ff., would favour a development within Ar itself, perhaps started by Musailama; but as Lyall pointed out in the same Journal (p. 771 ff.), there are historical difficulties in the way of this. Lidzbarski, ZS, i, 86, would make it a denominative from salām which he takes as a translation of [Grk] sōtēría, but Horovitz, KU, 55, rightly objects. – The truth seems to be that it was borrowed as a technical religious term from the older religions. Already in the oAram inscriptions we find that šlm as used in proper names has acquired this technical religious significance,⁸ as e.g. šlmlt, etc. The same sense is found in the Rabbinic writings (Horovitz, KU, 55), but it is particularly in Syr that we find ʔslm used precisely as in the Qurʔān, e.g. ʔašlem nap̄š-eh lᵊ-ʔalāhā w-lᵊ-ʕZT-h ‘he devoted himself to God and His Church’, or ʔšlmw lh npš-hwn,⁹ and one feels confident in looking here for the origin of the Ar word. – muslim, of course, is a formation from this,¹⁰ and was in use in pre-Islamic Arabia. al-ʔislām, however, would seem to have been formed by Muḥammad himself after he began to use the word.«
▪ Retsö (“Aramaic/Syriac Loanwords”, in EALL), Kerr2014, and others follow Jeffrey. Given the fact, however, that the root Sem ŠLM is attested with religious connotations already in Akk, one should not so easily discard Lidzbarski’s view that ʔaslama originally means ‘to enter in the state of salām (= Grk sōtēría)’ and refers to a practice that was a common good in pre-Islamic Arabia, namely ‘deliver o.s. in the protection (= safety, salām) of a deity’. Ar ↗salam_1 ‘prepayment’ is originally (in other Sem langs, like Akk, Ug or Hbr) a present given to s.o., or an offering made to a deity, to ensure benevolence, protection, safety, and the same word is also attested with the meaning of ‘captive’ (= who submits himself, without resisting, peacefully) and ‘captivity’ in Ar. Before declaring ʔaslama to be an originally Christian idea, one will have to check whether it has not perhaps had a religious sense already in pre-Islamic times and therefore can count as part of a shared heritage in Late Antiquity Arabia.

3. On the development of meaning in SAr slm see Rossini, Glossarium, 196. 4. See Lyall, JRAA, 1903, p. 782. 5. See Lidzbarski’s article, “Salam und Islam,” in ZS, i, 85 ff. 6. Cf. also, 2:112; iii, 18; 4:125. On the probable genesis of this, see Margoliouth in JRAS, 1903, pp. 473, 474. 7. For other examples, see Margoliouth’s article, as above. 8. Robertson Smith, Religion of the Semites, 79 ff. 9. The example given by Horovitz, viz. ʔašlem nap̄š-eh lᵊ-qaddīšā bᵊrīk hū is curiously like ʔaslama li-rabbi ’l-ʕālamīn. 10. Sūra li, 36; xxii, 77; and note Bagh, vii, 192, and Yaʕqūbī, Hist, i, 259, and its use in Safaite (Ryckmans, Noms propres, i, 239).

▪ From the vn. IV Ar ʔislām ‘submission’ is of course Engl Islam (first attested in 1818), and Engl Muslim (1610s as a n., 1777 as adj.) is taken from the corresponding PA IV. The older form Engl Mussulman (1560s) has entered the lang. via Tu muslimān, vulg. musulmān (nTu müsliman, müsülman), which in turn is from the Pers form musulmān (with adj. suffix ‑ān). The old Ge form Muselman(n) (C17), with secondary likening to Mann ‘man’, came in via Ital musulmano, nFr musulman (< Tu < Pers, like the Engl term).

► ĭstaslama, vb. X, to surrender, capitulate; to give way, submit, yield, abandon o.s.; to give o.s. over; to lend o.s., be a party; to succumb: originally probably requestative (*‘to ask for protection, safety, salām’).

► C ^BP#365ʔislām, n., submission, resignation, reconciliation (to the will of God); – al-~, n., the religion of Islam; the era of Islam; the Muslims: originally a vn. from ↗ʔaslama, vb. IV. See also ↗ʔislām.
► ^BP#184ʔislāmī, pl. ‑ūn, adj., Islamic; n., Islamist: nsb-adj., from ↗ʔislām.
► ʔislāmiyyaẗ, n.f., the idea of Islam, Islamism; status or capacity of a Muslim: abstr. formation in ‑iyyaẗ from ↗ʔislām.
► ʔislāmbūlī, adj.: nsb-adj., from ʔislāmbūl, pious interpretation of the name of the capital of the Ottoman Empire, Istanbul (ʔisṭānbūl, pron. ʔisṭāmbūl).
► ^BP#4250ĭstislām, n., surrender, capitulation; submission, resignation, self-surrender: vn. X.
► C ^BP#229muslim, pl. ‑ūn, adj./n., Muslim: orig. a PA IV; see also ↗ʔislām.

ĭstaslam‑ اِسْتَسْلَمَ

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SLM

vb., X

to surrender, capitulate; to give way, submit, yield, abandon o.s.; to give o.s. over; to lend o.s., be a party; to succumb – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Like also the corresponding Š-stem ↗ʔaslama (without T-infix), the vb. is formed from the root ↗SLM, which goes back to Sem *ŠLM ‘to be whole, sound’. The original meaning is probably requestative (*‘to ask for ↗salām or ↗silm, i.e., protection, safety’).

▪ …

See ↗SLM, ↗salām, ↗silm.

–

► ^BP#4250ĭstislām, n., surrender, capitulation; submission, resignation, self-surrender: vn.

salm سَلْم

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SLM

1 peace – WehrCowan1979. – 2 For other values, now obsolete, cf. ↗SLM_22.

▪ It is clear that the word ultimately belongs to the same Sem root *ŠLM ‘to be whole, sound, remain unharmed’ (Ar ↗SLM) as also Ar↗salima ‘to be/remain unharmed’. Most probably, it is, originally, a vn. of this vb., but then developed a sense similar to that of ↗salām.

▪ eC7 Q 8:61 (peace) wa-ʔin ǧanaḥū li-l-salmi fa-’ǧnaḥ la-hā ‘but if they lean towards peace, then lean towards it [as well]’

▪ See ↗SLM, ↗salima.

–

…

silm سِلْم

ID … • Sw – • BP 2310 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SLM

n.m./f.

1 peace. – 2 the religion of Islam – WehrCowan1979.

▪ eC7 Q 2:208 (peace; self-surrender—a large number of commentators, however, interpret this word as meaning ‘the religion of Islam’ in spite of contextual incompatibility) yā-ʔayyu-hā ’llaḏīna ʔāmanū ’dḫulū fī ’l-silmi kāffatan ‘you who believe, enter wholeheartedly into complete submission to God’

…

▪ See ↗SLM, ↗salima.

► ḥubb al-silm, n., pacifism.

…

salam (disamb.) سَلَم

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SLM

▪ salam_1 ‘forward buying (Isl. Law)’ ↗salam_1
▪ salam_2 ‘a variety of acacia’ ↗salam_2

Other values, now obsolete, include:

^†salam_3 ‘peace, end of hostility’
^†salam_4 ‘wholly devoted to, wholly belonging’
^†salam_5 ‘surrender, submission; captivity, prisoner’

▪ [v1] is based on the idea of ‘being/remaining on the safe side, gaining security’, i.e. a guarantee, by paying in advance. In other Sem langs, words that seem to be akin to salam_1 often mean a kind of present, offering, or sacrifice made with the aim to obtain (in advance) a ruler’s or a deity’s alliance, friendship, benevolence. With the notion of ‘safety, security, guarantee’ dominant in them, all these *‘peace offerings’ go back to Sem *ŠLM ‘to be whole, sound, remain unharmed’, cf. ↗SLM, ↗salima, ↗salām, ↗salāmaẗ.
▪ The values [v3]-[v5] are clearly akin to the same complex as [v1]. The idea of ‘sacrificing, devoting o.s.’ (in order to please a ruler, a deity, [v4]), of ‘surrendering’ (in order to emerge unharmed from a conflict, [v5]) and thus achieving ‘peace’ [v3], is also close to that of committing o.s. to a new religion, cf. ↗ʔaslama, ↗ʔislām.
▪ [v2] : of unclear etymology.

▪ ^†salam_3 ▪ eC7 (peace, end of hostility) Q 4:90 fa-ʔin-i ’ʕtazalū-kum fa-lam yuqātilū-kum wa-ʔalqaw ʔilay-kum-u ’l-salama fa-mā ǧaʕala ’ḷḷāhu la-kum ʕalay-him sabīlan ‘so if they leave you alone and do not fight you, and offer you peace, then God gives you no way against them’.
▪ ^†salam_4 ▪ eC7 (quasi-PP: wholly devoted to, wholly belonging) Q 39:29 ḍaraba ’ḷḷāhu maṯalan raǧulan fī-hi šurakāʔu mutašākisūna wa-raǧulan salaman li-raǧulin ‘God sets forth a parable—of a man belonging to partners who are at odds with one another, and a man belonging wholly to one man’.
▪ It seems that [v3]-[v5] have become obsolete due to overlapping with ↗salām, ↗ʔaslama (with ʔislām), and ↗ĭstaslama. Only the special meaning as a legal term in Isl. Law made [v1] survive into MSA.

▪ For salam_1 cf. ↗s.v. and, for the wider context as well as [v3]-[v5], ↗salima.
▪ For [v2] cf. ↗salam_2.

▪ Cf. above as well as ↗salam_1 and ↗salam_2.

–

↗salam_1, ↗salam_2.

¹salam سَلَم

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SLM

forward buying (Isl. Law) – WehrCowan1979. – For other values cf. ↗salam_2 and ↗salam (disambig.).

The word belongs to the larger semantic complex of ↗salima (< Sem √ŠLM ‘to be whole, sound, remain unharmed’). Morpho-phonologically it is very close to Hbr šäläm which signifies a ‘sacrifice for alliance or friendship, “peace offering”’, given to a ruler or deity in order to obtain their benevolence. In Ar, it acquired the specific meaning of ‘advance payment’ (as a technical term in Islamic law), i.e., a payment made to ‘pacify’ the seller and give him a guarantee, but also to obtain a guarantee from the seller to deliver the paid product in due time.

▪ It seems that earlier values of salam (see ↗salam_disambig.), such as ^†‘peace, end of hostility’, ^†‘wholly devoted to, wholly belonging’, and ^†‘surrender, submission; captivity, prisoner’ have become obsolete due to overlapping with ↗salām, ↗ʔaslama (with ʔislām), and ↗ĭstaslama. Only the special meaning as a legal term in Isl. Law made salam_1 survive into MSA.

▪ The closest cognates are well Ug šlm ‘tributes, presents’ and Hbr šäläm ‘sacrifice for alliance or friendship, “peace offering”’. Semantically closely related are, however, also Akk šulmānu (var. šullumānu) (CAD:) ‘1 well-being, health; 2 present, gift (exchanged between kings of equal ranks; sent by vassals or clients to patrons and high officials; offered to Gods); 3 retaining fee, gratuity (presented to official to ensure their patronage)’, šulmānūtu ‘gift, present’, Ug šlm (*šillūmu, *šullūmu) (vn. of D-stem) ‘retribution, requital, recompense’, Hbr šillûm ‘requittal, retribution; reward, bribe’.

▪ The idea of making a payment (though not in advance but ex post) is also already present, as a special meaning among other more general ones, in the Akk G-stem šalāmu ‘[…];¹¹ 6. to obtain financial satisfaction, receive full payment’ and in the corresponding D-stem šullumu ‘[…] 12. to pay in full, repay, compensate, to deliver in full, make good, make restitution, make up a loss, repair a damage right a wrong’.
▪ According to Zimmern1914, this Akk šullumu was taken, with identical meaning as a technical term, into Hbr as šillēm, Aram šallem (and Ar ↗sallama, probably from the Aram form).

11. The other values are (CAD:) ‘1. to stay well; 2. to be in a good condition, intact, arrive safely, become safe, og safely through the river ordeal; 3. to be favourable, propitious; 4. to be successful, prosper, succeed; 5. to be completed, be completely carried out, reach completion’.

–

²salam سَلَم

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SLM

a variety of acacia – WehrCowan1979. – For another value cf. ↗salam_1

Of obscure etymology.

▪ …

▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#2182 / StarLing: no cognates in Sem, but outside: sòlmò, sólmó ‘kind of tree (very hard)’ in 2 ECh langs.
▪ …

▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#2182 / StarLing find what they think to be cognates of Ar ^†salām (not salam !) in 2 ECh langs and reconstruct, on this evidence, Sem *šalām‑ ‘kind of tree’ and ECh *s[a]l˅m‑ ‘id. (very hard)’, both from AfrAs *salam‑ ‘tree’. – Ar ^†salām, a var. of ^†silām ‘a bitter tree’ (Lane) (see SLM_21 s.v. ↗SLM). Lane says that the ints.adj. ^†maslūmāʔᵘ, as in ʔarḍ maslūmāʔᵘ ‘a land abounding with the tree called salam, is from salam_2; but it may, of course, also be from ^†silām / ^†salām. – Cf. also, with a similar value, ^†salāmān ‘a kind of tree (resembling the myrtle, grows in the sands and the deserts)’ (= SLM_22 s.v. ↗SLM).
▪ Should one also compare Akk silammu ‘(a grass); plant list’, which has been identified with ‘darnel’, a grass-like weed – CAD ? If so, then also a number of similar items should be considered (all in Lane): ^†salam ‘mimosa flava, used as tan’ (=SLM_20 s.v. ↗SLM), ?= ^†salmà, a certain plant which becomes green in the [season called] ṣayf [app. here meaning ‘spring’], ?= ^†salamaẗ (or ^†salmaẗ ?) pl. ʔaslām, spiny/thorny plant (Wahrmund). – Does also the vb. ^†salama i (salm) ‘to tan (o.’s skin)’ belong here?
▪ …

–

sullam سُلَّم , pl. salālimᵘ , salālīmᵘ

ID 414 • Sw – • BP 3270 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SLM

ladder; (flight of) stairs, staircase; stair, step, running board; (mus.) scale; means, instrument, tool (fig.) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

▪ eC7 (ladder) Q 52:38 ʔam la-hum sullamu yastamiʕūna fī-hi ‘or do they have a ladder from which they [are able to] eavesdrop’

▪ Pennacchio2011: Akk simmiltu ‘ladder, stair; rack’, Ug slm ‘stairs’, Hbr sullām, Aram swlmʔ, Ar sullam , Syr sebbeltā, nSyr sīmeltā ‘ladder’.
▪ …

▪ Jeffery1938, 177: »The word is clearly an Aram borrowing, for it has no root in Ar and can only be explained from Aram סולםא, as Schwally has noticed (ZDMG, liii, 197). The word does not occur in Syr, but its currency in NArabia is evidenced by a Palm inscription - ועבד בסלםא דנה עםודין שבעא ‘and he has made along with this stairway seven columns’ (De Vogue, No. 11, line 3). ¹² It would probably have been a fairly early borrowing, and as the word seems to be originally Akk,¹³ one cannot lose sight of the possibility of the Ar word having been an early borrowing from Mesopotamia.«
▪ Pennacchio2011, 7: »Some of Jeffery’s demonstrations are incomplete, as it is the case for sullam ‘ladder’. The scholar devotes only a few lines to it and fails to connect this word to Jacob’s ladder, which must have a common origin with the Qur’ānic verse in which the word appears. Jeffery doesn’t mention Zuhayr’s Muʕallaqa or the Akk sources either. Nowhere does he highlight the phonological variations of the word: sullām in Hbr, sullam in Ar, and swlmʔ in Aram, on the one hand; and simmiltu in Akk, sebbeltā in Syr, and sīmeltā in Neo-Syr on the other hand. Jeffery believes that the Ar word was either borrowed from the Aram sulamaʔ or was an older borrowing from Akk. Phonologically, the latter hypothesis seems unlikely. The Ar word sullam may be a common Sem word; the existence of the Ug word slm ‘stairs’ could prove this proposition.«
▪ Klein1987: Hbr sullām ‘ladder’ (hapax leg. in the Bible) is formed from √SLL ‘to lift up’. Syr säbbaltā and sämmaltā are borrowed from Hbr.
▪ Obviously not connected to other items of ↗√SLM.

12. There is some doubt, however, as to whether the reading should be סלםא or צלםא, though in the facsimile it certainly looks like s and not ṣ. 13. See Schwally, ZDMG, liii, 197; Horovitz, JPN, 210.

–

► sullam mutaḥarrik, n., escalator.

► sullamaẗ, n.f., step, stair: n.un. (?).

salām سَلام

ID 413 • Sw – • BP 188 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SLM

1 soundness, unimpairedness, intactness, well-being. – 2 peace, peacefulness. – 3 safety, security. – 4 — (pl. ‑āt) greeting, salutation. – 5 salute; military salute. – 6 national anthem – WehrCowan1979.

▪ While Jeffery1938 still thought that Ar salām had taken its specific meaning of ‘peace’ from Aram, there is actually no need to assume such a borrowing. Together with its many Sem cognates, the word goes back to Sem *šalām‑ , originally meaning ‘unharmed state (Dolgopolsky), health (Fronzaroli), well-being, welfare (Huehnergard)’, perhaps also already ‘peace’ (Huehnergard). The primary sense (‘[v3] safety, security, immunity; [v1] freedom from faults, defects, vices, evils’), which is similar to that of the corresponding n.f. ↗salāmaẗ, is still preserved in MSA as one of the values salām can take besides ‘peace’. The latter must be seen as a secondary development along the line ‘unharmed state > safety, security > well-being, welfare > peace’.
▪ From the custom to wish someone ‘peace’ developed the general meaning [v4] ‘greeting, salutation’, which in a military context became [v5] ‘military salute’ and—given the typical use of the latter on official occasions of national relevance—also specifically [v6] ‘national anthem’ (mostly al-salām al-waṭanī, with the specifying adj.).
▪ From early times, the word had both a worldly (peace in this world, tranquillity) and a spiritual, religious meaning (peace in the next world, i.e., salvation). As a religious concept, it became particularly associated with Islam, so that the greeting ‘peace be upon you’ soon acquired a specifically Muslim connotation. As such, it spread all over the Muslim world, serving as a greeting from Morocco to Indonesia and as a favorite second component in place names, as Dār al-salām, Madīnat al-salām, Wāḥat al-salām, etc.

▪ eC7 1 (to be clear, or quit, of) Q 25:63 wa-ʔiḏā ḫāṭaba-hum-u ’l-ǧāhilūna qālū salāman ‘and when the ignorant speak to them they say: “We have nothing to do with you [lit. are quit of you]” (or, they say “in Peace”)’. – 2 (peace) Q 5:16 yahdī bi-hī ’ḷḷāhu man-i ’ttabaʕa riḍwāna-hū subula ’l-salāmi ‘with which God guides those who follow what pleases Him to the paths of peace’. – 3 (safety, security) Q 21:69 qulnā yā nāru kūnī bardan wa-salāman ʕalā ʔibrāhīma ‘[but] We said, “Fire, be coolness and safety for Abraham”’. – 4 (greeting of peace) Q 56:91 fa-salāmun la-ka min ʔaṣḥābi ’l-yamīni ‘and so “Peace be on you” [will be said to you] by the companions on the Right’.
▪ The word that, according to Lewis1988: 78-79, is »the commonest Ar word for peace, [is] also widely known in many other languages [▪ … and] figures prominently in everyday conversation« virtually everywhere in the Muslim world. »Its associations are, however, overwhelmingly nonpolitical. In Muslim usage, salām denotes ‘peace’ both in this world, i.e., tranquillity, and in the next, i.e., salvation. It figures in the commonest of all Muslim greetings, salām ʕalaykum, ‘peace be upon you,’ and its connotation is most clearly indicated by its frequent association, in such greetings, with God’s mercy and blessing. [▪ …] At an early date, [▪ …] the principle came to be universally accepted that the salutation salām should only be used between Muslims [▪ …]. – While the connotation of salām is primarily religious—indeed, the word ↗ʔislām itself is derived from the same root—it does sometimes have the sense of more mundane ‘safety’ or ‘security,’ i.e., the lack of trouble or danger. It was not, however, normally used, in classical political or legal contexts, to denote the ending of war. For this, Ar usage preferred, and in some contexts continues to prefer, the term ↗ṣulḥ, in spite of its earlier connotation of a truce of limited duration. [▪ … – ] In the last century or so [i.e., lC19-lC20], the use of ṣulḥ and salām in Ar has undergone a considerable change. In classical usage ṣulḥ alone was used for ‘peace’ as opposed to war. In early modAr ṣulḥ was confined increasingly to the sense of ‘transition from war to peace’—i.e., the process or ratification of peacemaking—while the previously nonpolitical salām acquired the broader and more general sense of ‘a state of peace,’ as opposed to a state of war. More recently, Ar usage has begun to approximate more closely to common international practice, with salām as the accepted term for a state of peace between nations.«

▪ Bergsträsser1928: (*‘salvation’) Akk šalāmu, Hbr šālōm, Syr šlāmā, Gz salā́m.
▪ NB: Only the cognates in a narrower sense are given here. For the wider context, cf. ↗salima and ↗SLM.
▪ Bergsträsser1928, Jeffery1938, Fronzaroli#4.10b: Akk šalāmu (n.) ‘1 health, (physical) wellbeing; 2 welfare of a country, a city; 3 safe course, safe completion of a journey; 4 (negated:) untruth, incorrect behaviour’ (CAD), Ug šlm ¹ , Hbr šālōm ‘soundness; peace’ (Jeffery), Aram Syr šᵊlāmā ʻsecurity; peace’² , Ar salām ‘peace’, salāmaẗ ‘soundness, intactness, health’, Gz salām ‘health’.
▪ Zammit2002 (and CAD): Akk šalāmu (vb.) (CAD:) ‘1 to stay well; 2 to be in a good condition, intact, arrive safely, become safe, og safely through the river ordeal; 3 to be favourable, propitious; 4 to be successful, prosper, succeed; 5 to be completed, be completely carried out, reach completion; 6 to obtain financial satisfaction, receive full payment’, Ug šlm ‘to be intact’, Phn šlm ‘well-being; completion’, Hbr šālēm ‘to be complete, sound’, Aram šᵉlēm ‘to be perfect, complete’, Syr šalem ‘to be complete’, šᵉlāmā ‘safety, health’, SAr stlm (t-stem) ‘to gain security (with a deity)’, Gz salām ‘incolumitas, salus’, Ar salām ‘safety’, sālim ‘one who is safe’.
▪ Dolgopolsky2012#2046: Akk šalāmu ‘health, (physical) well-being; welfare (of a country or city), safe course or completion of a journey’, Ug šlm ‘paz, salud, bienestar’, BiblHbr šālôm ‘unharmed state, well-being, peace’ (> a greeting), Phn šlm ‘peace, prosperity’, Palm šlm ‘peace’, BiblAram šᵊlām ‘peace, prosperity’ (as well as a greeting), EmpAram šlm ‘welfare, well-being, health’, JEA šᵊlām, šᵊlāmā ‘id.; soundness, health’, Ar salām‑ ‘safety, security’ (> ‘immunity, freedom from faults or vices’ > ‘obedience to God’, a greeting), Sab Min šlm ‘peace’ (> šlm ‘to sue for peace’), Gz salām ‘peace, safety’ (and a salutation);³ hence D-stem *√ŠLːM > Pun slːm ‘to accomplish’, BiblHbr Phn Palm Akk √ŠLːM ‘to (re)pay, give restitution for’, Ug šlːm ‘to pay, deliver’. ¬– For possible IE cognates and a Nostr dimension cf. SLM_1 s.v. ↗SLM. and DISC s.v. ↗salima.

1. Tropper2008: *šalāmu or šulmu ‘Frieden, Heil’. 2. Jeffery: Cf. also Gz tasālama, SAr slm, with s instead of ś / s², due to Northern influence. 3. Cf. also the vb. Akk ŠLM ‘to be completed; to stay well; to be in good condition, intact’, BiblHbr šālēm ‘to remain whole, unscathed, be(come) completed, keep quiet’, Ug ŠLM ‘estar/ir bien, estar en paz’, EmpAram √ŠLM ‘to be (re)paid’, BiblAram ŠLM ‘to be finished’, Ar SLM ‘to be(come) safe’ (> ‘to be free from vice/defect’), Min √šlm ‘être indemne’.

▪ Jeffery1938, 175-76: »The denom. vb.s sallama and ʔaslama with their deriv.s are also used not uncommonly in the Qurʔān, though the primitive vb. ↗salima does not occur therein. – The root is comSem, and is widely used in all the Sem tongues. The sense of ‘peace’, however, seems to be a development peculiar to Hbr and Aram and from thence to have passed into the SSem languages. Hbr šālôm is ‘soundness’, then ‘peace’;¹⁴ Aram šᵊlāmā ‘security’, Syr šᵊlāmā ʻsecurity; peace’. The Eth [Gz] tasālama, however, is denominative,¹⁵ so that salām doubtless came from the older religions. Similarly [SAr] slm ¹⁶ is to be taken as due to Northern influence, the s like Eth [Gz] s (instead of [SAr] ś / s2 and [Gz] ś), being parallel with the slm of the Saf inscriptions. – In the Aram area the word was widely used as a term of salutation, and in this sense we very frequently find šlm in the Nab and Sinaitic,¹⁷ and slm in the Saf inscriptions.¹⁸ From this area it doubtless came into Ar¹⁹ being used long before Islam, as Goldziher has shown (ZDMG, xlvi, 22 ff.). There can be little doubt that sallama ʻto greet’, etc., is denominative from this, though Torrey, Foundation, would take the whole development as purely Ar.«
▪ Lane: The primary acceptation of salām is synonymous with salāmaẗ, as is also salam, ‘safety, security, immnunity, or freedom, from faults, defects, in perfections, blemishes, or vices, and from evils of any kind: (TA:) or [simply] safety, security, immunity, or freedom’.
▪ van Arendonk/Gimaret:²⁰ vn. from salima ‘to be safe, uninjured’, used as subst. in the meaning of ‘safety, salvation’, thence ‘peace’ (in the sense of ‘quietness’), thence ‘salutation, greeting’ (cf. Fr salut).
▪ Fronzaroli#4.10b, Huehnergard2011, Dolgopolsky2012#2046: From Sem *šalām‑ ‘unharmed state (Dolgopolsky), health (Fronzaroli), well-being, welfare, peace (Huehnergard)’, from Sem *ŠLM ‘to be whole, sound’.
▪ Klein1987 thinks that the Hbr cognate of Ar salām, Hbr šālôm, stands to Hbr ŠLH/W as Hbr ʕērôm ‘naked’ stands to Hbr ʕRH ‘to lay bare’. Accordingly, he assumes a development of the base Hbr ŠLM from the base ŠLH/W ‘to be quiet, tranquil, at ease’²¹ through the medium of šālôm. Should one try to translate this idea into a general Sem frame? Dolgopolsky2012#2046, at least, also thinks that Sem *ŠLM perhaps is an extension in *-m from a bi-consonantal theme AfrAs *ŠLW ‘to be untroubled/safe, be at ease; to stay quietly, be at rest’.
▪ For a possible IE connection (cf., e.g., Lat salus etc.) and a Nostr dimension as assumed by Dolgopolsky2012#2046, cf. ↗SLM and ↗salima.

14. So also the šlm of the Ras Shamra tablets. 15. Dillmann, Lex, 322. 16. Hommel, Südarab. Chrest, 124; Rossini, Glossarium, 196. 17. For examples see Euting, Nab. Inschr, 19, 20; Sin. Inschr, 61 ff. 18. Littmann, Semitic Inscriptions, pp. 131, 132, 134, etc. 19. Nöldeke-Schwally, i, 33, n. See Künstlinger in Rocznik Orjentalistyczny, xi, 1-10. 20. Art. »salām« in EI². 21. BAram šᵊlê ‘to be at ease’, Aram šᵊlâ, šᵊlê ‘to be at ease, tranquil, careless, thoughtless; to err, forget; to go astray’), šālû ‘error’, Syr šᵊlâ ‘to be quiet, tranquil; to cease’, Ar ↗salā ‘to forget, be forgetful, neglectful, content, free’, cp. ŠLW, a secondary base of ŠLH.

▪ Directly from Ar salām is only Engl salaam, the short form of the Muslim greeting (al-)salāmu ʕalaykum ‘peace be upon you’ that entered the Engl lang by the 1610 s – EtymOnline.
▪ Huehnergard2011: Not directly from Ar salām, but from the latter’s Hbr cognate, šālôm ‘well-being, peace’, are the Jewish greeting shalom and its full form, shalom aleichem, as well as the names Absalom (Hbr ʔaḇšālôm, short form of ʔᵃḇī-šālôm ‘my father¹ (is) peace’, Solomon (Hbr šᵊlōmōh ‘his [God’s] peace’, from šᵊlōm, bound form of šālôm, + personal suff. 3sg.m), and Salome (from a Hbr n.prop. akin to the biblical name šᵊlōmîṯ ‘Shelomit’, from šālôm). Also the word schlemiel, attested in Engl since 1868 with the sense of ‘awkward, clumsy person’, goes perhaps back to Hbr šālôm, though only indirectly: it entered Engl via Yiddish shlemiel ‘bungler’, which is taken from the main character in Adalbert von Chamisso’s German fable The Wonderful History of Peter Schlemihl (1813). The name is probably based on the Biblical personal name šᵊlūmīʔēl ‘my well-being (is) God’ (from šᵊlūm ‘well-being’, variant bound form of šālôm, and ʔēl ‘God’, cf. Ar ↗allāh): In Num. i:6, this is the name of a chief of the tribe of Simeon, identified with the Simeonite prince Zimri ben Salu, who was killed while committing adultery – EtymOnline.
▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl schlemiel, perh. from the Hbr personal name šᵊlūmîʔēl ‘my well-being (is) God’, from šᵊlūm ‘well-being’, variant bound form of šālôm (see above; ʔēl ‘God’, cf. Ar ↗ʔilāh, ↗allāh); Solomon, from Hbr šᵊlōmōh ‘his (God’s) peace’, from šᵊlōm, bound form of šālôm (see above); Salome, from a Hbr personal name akin to šᵊlōmît ‘Shelomith’ (biblical name), from šālôm (see above).

1. Cf. Ar ↗ʔab(ū).

► al-salām al-ʕāmm, n., general welfare, commonweal.
► dār al-salām, n., Paradise; an epithet of Baghdad; Dar es Salaam (seaport and capital of Tanganyika).
► madīnaẗ al-salām, n., (the City of Peace =) Baghdad.
► nahr al-salām, n., the Tigris.
► al-salāmu ʕalay-kum, peace be with you! (a Muslim salutation).
► ʕalay-hi ’l-salāmu, upon him be peace (used parenthetically after the names of angels and of pre-Mohammedan prophets).
► yā salām, interj., exclamation of dismay, esp. after s.th. calamitous has happened: good Lord! good heavens! oh dear!
► yā salām ʕalà, interj., exclamation of amazement or grief about s.th.: there goes (go)…! what a pity for…! how nice is (are)…!
► balliġ salām-ī ʔilà, give him my kind regards! remember me to him; wa’l-salām (and) that’s all, and let it be done with that.
► ʕalà… al-salām, it’s all over with….

► ^BP#294sallama, vb. II, to greet, salute: denom. – For other meanings, cf. ↗salima and, for a value that now is obsolete, ^†SLM_24 s.v. ↗SLM.
► sālama, vb. III to keep the peace, make one’s peace, make up (with s.o.): denom.
► tasālama, vb. VI, to become reconciled with one another, make peace with one another: denom. from silm, salm, or ↗salām.
► ĭstaslama, vb. X, to surrender, capitulate; to give way, submit, yield, abandon o.s.; to give o.s. over; to lend o.s., be a party; to succumb: originally probably requestative (*‘to ask for salām, i.e., protection, safety’).

► salāmlik, n., selamlik, reception room, sitting room, parlor: from Tu selamlık, composed of Ar salām + Tu suffix ‑lık.
► ^BP#1991taslīm, n., salutation; greeting: vn. II, denom.; for other values cf. ↗salima.
► musālamaẗ, n.f., conciliation, pacification: vn. III, denom.
► ^BP#4250ĭstislām, n., surrender, capitulation; submission, resignation, self-surrender: vn. X.
► musālim, adj., peaceable, peaceful, peaceloving; mild-tempered, lenient, gentle: PA III, denom.

salāmlik سَلامْلِك

ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SLM

selamlik, reception room, sitting room, parlor – WehrCowan1979.

▪ From Tu selamlık, composed of selam (= Ar ↗salām) and Tu n. suffix ‑lık.

▪ …

…

▪ Against what is said in the CONCISE section above, Rolland2014 holds that the word derives from the common greeting, Ar salām ʕalay-k ‘peace be upon you’. However, given that similar formations in ‑lık (var. ‑lik, ‑luk, ‑lük) are a very common phenomenon in Tu (cf., e.g., gece ‘night’ => gece-lik ‘nightdress’, göz ‘eye’ => göz-lük ‘glasses’, söz ‘word’ => söz-lük ‘dictionary’), it seems more likely.
▪ In OttTu, selāmlıḳ is not only used for the ‘part of a large Muslim house reserved for males’, but also as the term for the ‘public procession of the Sultan to a mosque at noon on Fridays’ – Redhouse.

–

salāmaẗ سَلامَة

ID … • Sw – • BP 855 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√SLM

blamelessness, flawlessness; unimpaired state, soundness, integrity, intactness; well-being, welfare; safety, security; smooth progress; success – WehrCowan1979.

▪ a vn. of ↗salima, which is ultimately from Sem *ŠLM ‘to be whole, sound’.
▪ While ↗salām has developed more in the sense of ‘peace’, salāmaẗ has preserved the original meaning of *‘unharmed state’ better than its m. counterpart.

▪ …

▪ See ↗SLM, ↗salima, ↗salām.

–

► al-salāmaẗ al-ĭǧtimāʕiyyaẗ, n.f., collective security.
► salāmaẗ al-ḏawq, n., good taste.
► salāmaẗ (ʔamlāk) al-balad, n., the integrity of the country.
► salāmaẗ al-niyaẗ, n.f., sincerity, guilelessness.
► bi-salāmaẗ al-niyaẗ, adv., in good faith, bona fide.
► salāmaẗ-ak!, interj., a speedy recovery!
► maʕa ’l-salāmaẗ, interj., greeting of farewell, said by the person remaining behind) approx.: good-by! farewell!
► al-ḥamdu lillāh ʕalà ’l-salāmaẗ, interj., praised be God for your well-being! (said to the traveler returning from a journey).

For derivations from the vb. of which salāmaẗ is the vn., cf. ↗salima.

salīm سَليم , pl. sulamāʔᵘ

√SLM

adj.

correct, sound; flawless; safe – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Perhaps the etymon proper of the whole ‘unharmed, safety, peace’ complex in Ar, rather than the vb. ↗salima (which somehow looks denom.; but cf. also ↗salm, ↗silm, ↗salam_1, ↗salām, from which salīm could be formed as an ints.adj.).
▪ From Sem *šalim‑ ‘sound, intact’ (Fronzaroli, Dolgopolsky), from Sem *ŠLM ‘to be whole, sound, remain unharmed’.

▪ eC7 1 (pure, wholesome, sound, free of evil) Q 26:89 89 ʔillā man ʔatà ’ḷḷāha bi-qalbin salīmin ‘except for the one who comes before God with a pure heart’. – ? 2 (sick, heavy, troubled – in one interpretation of the verse) Q 37:84 ʔiḏ ǧāʔa rabba-hū bi-qalbin salīmin ‘when he came to his Lord with a troubled (or: a pure) heart’

▪ Fronzaroli#4.10a: Akk šalmu ‘sound, intact’,⁴ Ug šlm ‘to be intact’, Hbr šālēm, Syr šalmā, Ar salīm ‘sound, intact’, salima, SAr slm ‘to be sound, intact’.
▪ Dolgopolsky2012#2046: DERIV Sem *šalim‑ > Akk šalmu ‘whole, intact, entire, healthy, sound’, BiblHbr šālēm, JA šᵊlēm ‘complete, unmolested, peaceful’, Ar salima ‘to be safe’.
▪ Is also Ug šlm (*šalimu ?) ‘(completely) paid, settled’ directly related?

4. CAD: Akk šalmu (f. šalimtu) ‘1. healthy, sound, in good condition, whole, intact, entire, correct, proper, safe, reliable, truthfull, favorable, propitious; 2. solvent, financially sound’

▪ Huehnergard2011: Sem ŠLM ‘to be whole, sound’.
▪ Fronzaroli#4.10a: From Sem *šalim‑ ‘sound, intact’.
▪ Dolgopolsky2012#2046: From Sem *šalim‑, from Sem ŠLM ‘to be whole, sound, remain unharmed’ (cf. ↗salima).

–

No direct derivatives from the adj. For derivatives from items that are akin to salīm, cf. ↗salima, ↗silm, ↗ʔaslama / ↗ʔislām, ↗salām, etc.

sulāmà سُلامَى , pl. sulāmayāt

√SLM

1 phalanx, digital bone (of the hand or foot) – WehrCowan1979. – 2 For another meaning, now obsolete, cf. ^†SLM_27 s.v. ↗SLM.

▪ Given that a semantic relation between the main values that are known in Sem for the root ↗SLM can hardly be found, the etymology of sulāmà remains obscure so far.
▪ Interestingly enough, BAH2008 group this value (SLM_12 s.v. ↗SLM) together with SLM_3 ‘to receive’ and ‘to stroke’ (cf. ^†SLM_25). This does not seem to be very likely, but should it be correct then ‘to receive’ and ‘to stroke’ would probably have to be thought as denominative from sulāmà. Such derivations, however, do not contribute to solve the etymology of sulāmà itself.
▪ Should one consider a transfer of meaning from ↗salam_2 ‘(kind of) acacia’ to the digital bones that look like small twigs of a tree? Perhaps also the other obsolete terms of plants mentioned s.v. salam_2 have to be studied as possible origin.

▪ …

…

▪ …
▪ …

–

sulāmiyyaẗ سُلامِيّة , pl. ‑āt

√SLM

n.f.

phalanx, digital bone (of the hand or foot) – WehrCowan1979.

▪ The word seems to be a f. nsb-adj. derived from a *sulām, which however does not exist, nor does the word seem to have any cognates in Sem. Given that a semantic relation between the main values that are known in Sem for the root ↗SLM can hardly be found, the etymology of sulāmiyyaẗ, like that of its ‘sister’ with identical meaning, ↗sulāmà, remains obscure so far.
▪ Should one consider a transfer of meaning from ↗salam_2 ‘(kind of) acacia’ to the digital bones that look like small twigs of a tree? Perhaps also the other obsolete terms of plants mentioned s.v. salam_2 have to be studied as possible origin.

▪ …

…

▪ …
▪ …

–

Sulaymānᵘ سُلَيْمانُ

√SLM

n.prop.

Salomon – WehrCowan1979.

▪ From Syr Šlīmōn ‘Solomon’, belonging to the root *ŠLM ‘to be whole, sound’.
▪ BAH2008: »The Qur’an relates how Solomon was endowed with wise judgement (21:78); how God gave him command of the wind and the jinn (21:81) and enabled him to understand the speech of birds and insects (27:16); and how God tested him by placing a body on his throne and how he repented as a result (38:34). His death was noted only as a result of his body collapsing after the insects of the earth had gnawed the staff upon which he had been leaning (34:14). Stories about Solomon appear in Suras 27 and 34.«

▪ eC7 (the Prophet Solomon, 1 Kings XI:1-10) Q 27:16 wa-wariṯa Sulaymānu Dāwūda ‘and Solomon succeeded David’

…

▪ Jeffery1938: »All these references [in the Q] are to the Biblical Solomon, though the information about him in the Qurʔān is mostly derived from late legend. The name was early recognized as a foreign borrowing into Ar and is given as such by al-Jawālīqī, Muʕarrab, 85, though some were inclined to take it as genuine Ar and a diminutive of salmān from a root SLM (cf. LA, xv, 192). Lagarde, Übersicht, 86, thought the philologers were right in taking it as a diminutive from salmān, quoting as parallel zuʕayfirān from zaʕfarān, and Lidzbarski, Johannesbuch, 74, n. 1, agrees. The truth, however, seems to be that it is the Syr Šlīmōn as Nöldeke has argued.²² al-Jawālīqī, op. cit., said it was Hbr, but Grk Salṓmōn, Syr Šlīmōn, Eth [Gz] Salōmōn, beside Hbr Šᵊlōmōh, are conclusive proof of Christian origin. – The name was well-known in the pre-Islamic period, both as the name of Israel’s king, and as a personal name,²³ so it would have been quite familiar to Muḥammad’s contemporaries.«

22. ZDMG, xv, 806; ZA, xxx, 158, and cf. Brockelmann, Grundriss, i, 256; Mingana, Syriac Influence, 82; Horovitz, JPN, 167-9. 23. Horovitz, KU, 118, points out that we have evidence for it as a personal name only among the Madinan Jews. Cf. also Sprenger, Leben, ii, 335.

▪ Not from Ar Sulaymān, but from Hbr šᵊlōmōh ‘his (God’s) peace’ is the Engl form of the name, Solomon. The Hbr word is composed of šᵊlōm, bound form of šālôm ‘safety, peace’ + 3sg.m suff.pron. – Huehnergard2011. Hbr šālôm is or course akin to Ar ↗salām.

► ḥūt Sulaymān, n., salmon.¹

For sulaymānī ‘mercury chloride’ cf. s.v..

1. In MSA there is also the loanword ↗salmūn or salamūn which however (acc. to Rolland2014) is from Lat salmō, gen. salmōnis ‘salmon’, »probably originally ‘leaper’, from Lat salire ‘to leap’ […], though some dismiss this as folk etymology. Another theory traces it to Celtic. Replaced oEngl læx, from PIE *lax, the more usual word for the fish« – etymonline.com.

sulaymānī سُلَيْمانِيّ

√SLM

mercury chloride – WehrCowan1979.

▪ …

…

Rolland2014: From mLat sublimatum ‘mercury chloride’, from Lat sublimis ‘volatile’. »Le mot a clairement subi l’attraction paronymique de ↗Sulaymān ‘Salomon’, d’origine sémitique.«

–

ʔislām إِسْلام

√SLM

submission, resignation, reconciliation (to the will of God); — al-~ the religion of Islam; the era of Islam; the Muslims – WehrCowan1979.

Originally a vn. from the vb. IV ↗ʔaslama, meaning ‘total surrender, submission (to a deity)’, then specialized in the sense of ‘adherence to (< submission to) the religion taught by the prophet Muḥammad’.

▪ eC7 1 (total surrender) Q 3:19 ʔinna ’l-dīna ʕinda ’ḷḷāhi ’l-ʔislāmu ‘True Religion, in God’s eyes, it total surrender [to Him]’. – 2 (the religion of Islam) Q 5:3 al-yawma ʔakmaltu la-kum dīna-kum wa-ʔatmamtu ʕalay-kum niʕmat-ī wa-raḍītu la-kumu ’l-ʔislāma dīnan ‘today I have perfected your religion for you, completed My blessing upon you, and santioned for you Islam [the total submission to God] as religion’. – 3 (act of surrendering, submitting) Q 9:74 wa-la-qad qālū kalimata ’l-kufri wa-kafarū baʕda ʔislāmi-him ‘but they certainly did speak the word of disbelief and became disbelievers after having submitted’

▪ See ↗ʔaslama, ↗salima, ↗salām, ↗SLM.

▪ From Ar ʔislām ‘submission’ is of course Engl Islam (first attested in 1818), and Engl Muslim (1610 s as a n., 1777 as adj.) is taken from the corresponding PA IV. The older form Engl Mussulman (1560 s) has entered the lang. via Tu muslimān, vulg. musulmān (nTu müsliman, müsülman), which in turn is from the Pers form musulmān (with adj. suffix ‑ān). The old Ge form Muselman(n) (C17), with secondary likening to Mann ‘man’, came in via Ital musulmano, nFr musulman (< Tu < Pers, like the Engl term).

► ĭstaslama, vb. X, to surrender, capitulate; to give way, submit, yield, abandon o.s.; to give o.s. over; to lend o.s., be a party; to succumb: Št-stem, originally probably requestative (*‘to ask for protection, safety, salām).

► ^BP#184ʔislāmī, pl. ‑ūn, adj., Islamic; n., Islamist: nsb-adj., from ↗ʔislām.
► ʔislāmiyyaẗ, n.f., the idea of Islam, Islamism; status or capacity of a Muslim: abstr. formation in ‑iyyaẗ from ↗ʔislām.
► ʔislāmbūlī, adj.: nsb-adj., from ʔislāmbūl, pious interpretation of the name of the capital of the Ottoman Empire, Istanbul (ʔisṭānbūl, pron. ʔisṭāmbūl).
► ^BP#4250ĭstislām, n., surrender, capitulation; submission, resignation, self-surrender: vn. X.
► C ^BP#229muslim, pl. ‑ūn, adj./n., Muslim: orig. a PA IV, ↗ʔislām.

muslim مُسْلِم , pl. ‑ūn

√SLM

¹adj.; ²n.

Muslim – WehrCowan1979.

Originally a PA from the vb. IV ↗ʔaslama, then specialized in the sense of ‘following (> follower of) the religion of Islam’.

▪ eC7 1 (one who submits [to God]) Q 2:133 naʕbudu ʔilāha-ka wa-ʔilāha ʔābāʔi-ka ʔibrāhīma wa-ʔismāʕīla wa-ʔisḥāqa ʔilāhan wāḥidan wa-naḥnu la-hū muslimūna ‘we will worship your God and the God of your fathers, Abraham, Ishmael and Isaac, one single God—we submit ourselves to Him’. – 2 (one who professes the faith of Islam) Q 22:78 huwa sammā-kumu ’l-muslimīna min qablu wa-fī hāḏā ‘He has called you Muslims—both in the past and in this [Book]’. – 3 (one showing obedience) Q 27:38 ʔayyu-kum yaʔtī-nī bi-ʕarši-hā qabla ʔan yaʔtū-nī muslimīna ‘which of you can bring me her throne before they come to me in obedience [to my bidding]?’

↗ʔaslama, ↗salima, ↗salām, ↗SLM.

▪ From Ar muslim is of course Engl Muslim (first attested in 1610 s as a n., in 1777 as adj.). The older form Engl Mussulman (1560 s) has entered the lang. via Tu muslimān, vulg. musulmān (nTu müsliman, müsülman), which in turn is from the Pers form musulmān (with adj. suffix ‑ān). The corresponding early nGe form Muselman(n) (C17), with secondary likening to Mann ‘man’, came in via Ital musulmano, nFr musulman (< Tu < Pers, like the Engl term).

►

salmūn سَلْمون , var. salamūn

√SLM, SLMN, SLMWN

salmon – WehrCowan1979.

From Lat salmō (gen. salmōnis) ‘salmon’.

▪ Contrary to what one may expect, salmūn ‘salmon’ is not a modern borrowing from Engl or Fr, but (accord. to Dozy) already attested as early as C13.¹

1. In Qazwīnī II, 396, 6 a f.

–

▪ From Lat salmō (gen. salmōnis) ‘salmon’, »probably originally ‘leaper’, from Lat salire ‘to leap’ […], though some dismiss this as folk etymology. Another theory traces it to Celtic²⁴ « – etymonline.com. In Engl where the word entered via oFr salmun, it replaced oEngl læx (< PIE *lax), the more usual word for the fish (ibid.).
▪ MSA has yet another expression for ‘salmon’: ḥūt Sulaymān, lit., ‘Solomon’s (big) fish’ – a popular reinterpretation of sal(a)mūn ? For Sulaymān cf. ↗s.v..

24. Cf. Rolland2014: »mot gaulois«.

–

Permanent link

http://www2.hf.uio.no/common/apps/permlink/permlink.php?app=polyglotta&context=ctext&uid=d8fc16ff-06ff-11ee-937a-005056a97067

Choose languages

Choose images, etc.

Choose languages

Choose display