▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl shin, from Hbr šîn, from Phoen *šinn ‘tooth, twenty-first letter of the Phoen alphabet’, akin to Hbr šēn, Ar ↗sinn ‘tooth’. (The use of the word for ‘tooth’ for this letter is the result of folk etymology and is based on the shape of the letter, which resembles a row of pointed teeth. The letter originally depicted a composite bow, a powerful kind of bow that is made of layers of different materials such as horn and wood and usually has the tips curving away from the archer when unstrung. The earlier name of the letter was *šann < *ṯann ‘composite bow’).
▪ ŠʔN_1 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ŠʔN_2 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ŠʔN_3 ‘...’ ↗...♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘tear ducts; watercourses branching over the face of a mountain; affair, situation, concern’
►šabaq, n., lewdness, lechery, licentiousness, lust: vn. I ►šabiq, adj., lewd, lecherous, lustful, licentious
For other values associated with the ‘root’, cf. ↗šubuq and ↗šawbaq as well as, for the overall picture, root entry ↗ŠBQ.
▪ ŠBH_1 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ŠBH_2 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ŠBH_3 ‘...’ ↗...♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘likeness or similarity between two objects, to resemble, be(come) like, be assimilated, to compare; confusion’
▪ ŠTW_1 ‘…’ ↗… ▪ ŠTW_2 ‘…’ ↗…♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘winter, to spend the winter, to enter the winter season, to be or become cold, a place where one spends the winter; to experience drought’
▪ ŠǦR_1 ‘…’ ↗… ▪ ŠǦR_2 ‘…’ ↗…♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘trees, plants in general; stock, origin; to branch off, to intertwine, to become knit together; to raise, to fall into dispute, to contend’
▪ ŠḤː (ŠḤḤ)_1 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ŠḤː (ŠḤḤ)_2 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ŠḤː (ŠḤḤ)_3 ‘...’ ↗...♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to be niggardly, stingy; to be tenacious; to contend over; paucity, scarcity’
▪ ŠḪṢ_1 ‘…’ ↗… ▪ ŠḪṢ_2 ‘…’ ↗…♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘the body of a being, prominently elevated entity; to materialise; (of eyes) to be transfixed, to be fixedly open (in terror); to raise; to go forth’
▪ ŠDː (ŠDD)_1 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ŠDː (ŠDD)_2 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ŠDː (ŠDD)_3 ‘...’ ↗...♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to harden, become tough, strength, vigour; to intensify; to be tenacious’
▪ ŠRː (ŠRR)_1 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ŠRː (ŠRR)_2 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ŠRː (ŠRR)_3 ‘...’ ↗...♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘sparks of fire; evil, to be(come) evil, be depraved, be wicked; to slander; to cleave, split, sharpen’
Usually derived from ↗šariba ‘to drink’, but sometimes also seem as a root in its own right.
For a hypothetical connection to ↗rabb ‘lord, master’ (√RBB ‘to be high, elevated’) see DISC s.v. ↗ĭšraʔabba.
If a connection to RBB can be established and corroborated, then also ↗šārib ‘moustache’ and ↗šarrābaẗ ‘tassel’, which usually are derived from ↗šariba ‘to drink’, should be checked.
1 to stretch one’s neck in order to see (li‑ or ʔilà s.th.), crane one’s neck (li‑ or ʔilà for). – 2 to carry one’s head high (out of vanity); to leer (ʔilà at) – WehrCowan1979.
▪ In dictionaries of ClassAr often interpreted as a var. of form XI, ĭšrābba, of ↗šariba and therefore connected to the notion of ‘drinking’; cf., e.g., Lane iv (1872): ‘to raise one’s head like the camel that has satisffied his thirst on the occasion of drinking, stretch forth one’s neck to look, in preparing to drink water’. Lane thinks it is »not improbabl[e]« that the vb. derives from šariba. ▪ Freytag1830 would not exclude that it is a form IV of a 4-rad. root ŠRʔB (with id. meaning). ▪ Perhaps, however, ĭšraʔabba ~ ĭšrābba is neither from ŠRB nor from ŠRʔB, but (ultimately) from RBB, cf. Aram šarbēḇ, lHbr širbēḇ ‘to stretch out, prolong’.
▪ …
▪ Klein1987 does not mention Ar ĭšraʔabba, but the postBiblHbr širbēḇ ‘1 to stretch out, prolong, enlarge; 2 to draw down, let down’ is conspicuously close in meaning. – Cognates of Hbr širbēḇ, as given by Klein1987: Aram šarbēḇ ‘to prolong, let hang down, let down’ and Akk šurbubu ‘to lower, make low, to humble’1
▪ According to Klein1987, postBiblHbr širbēḇ ‘1 to stretch out, prolong, enlarge; 2 to draw down, let down’1
is from a root ŠRBB ‘to stretch out, prolong, let hang down, let down’ that is borrowed from Aram šarbēḇ ‘to prolong, let hang down, let down’), a šap̄ʕēl (archaic Š-stem) of √RBB, »yet not in the sense ‘to grow, be great’, but in the meaning ‘to be low’, which occurs only in Akk šurbub ‘to lower, make low, to humble’«.2
Should Ar ĭšraʔabba ~ ĭšrābba be akin to these items rather than to šariba ‘to drink’? In this case, its closest relatives in Ar would be ↗rabb ‘lord, master’ and ↗rabā (√RBW) ‘to grow, increase’. ▪ The theme of ‘hanging down’ or ‘letting hang down’ (= [v2] of Š-RBB in Aram and lHbr, present also in Akk šurbubu) returns also in two other words that are usually derived from to šariba ‘to drink’, namely ↗šārib ‘moustache’ and šarrābaẗ ‘tassel’. Are these, literally, *‘the hanging ones’ rather than *‘the drinkers’?
†ŠRB_9 ‘palm-tree that grows from the date stone’: šarbaẗ (pl. ‑āt, šarāʔibᵘ, šarābībᵘ) (Lane)
†ŠRB_10 ‘people, or party, dwelling upon the side of a river, and to whom belongs the water thereof’: šāribaẗ (Lane)
†ŠRB_11 ‘soft, plain land, in which is always herbage’: mašrabaẗ ; ‘id.; side of a valley’ ↗šarabbaẗ (Lane)
†ŠRB_12 ‘way, mode, or manner of being, or acting etc.’: šarabbaẗ (Lane)
†ŠRB_13 ‘tangled and dense, one part above another (herbage)’ (adj.): šurbub (Freytag), šurbubb (Lane)
ŠRB_14 ‘(EgAr, rur) dried mud’: širb
ŠRB_15 ‘(EgAr, carp) to plane (wood)’: šarrab
†ŠRB_16 ‘to understand, apprehend (a discourse): šaraba, u (šarb).
♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘1a to drink, imbibe, absorb; to inhale (= ŠRB_1); 1b to irrigate (caus. of ŠRB_1). – 2 to raise the head’ (=ŠRB_2)’.
▪ ŠRB_1 šariba ‘to drink, inhale, absorb’: from Sem *śrb (or *śrṗ) ‘to sip, absorb, drink’ ▪ ŠRB_2 ĭšraʔabba ‘to raise the head’, usually seen as derived from ŠRB_1 ‘to drink’ and explained as *‘to crane o.’s neck, reach out to obtain s.th. to drink’ or ‘to raise the head in order to swallow (of birds, animals, etc.)’; may however also be from a 4-cons. √ŠRʔB, or from an archaic Š-stem of RBB with the value ‘to stretch out, prolong; to let down’. ▪ ŠRB_3 šārib (mostly du.det.: al-šāribān) ‘moustache’: usually regarded as derivation from ŠRB_1 ‘to drink’ in the sense of *‘the (co-)drinker(s), the two hairy parts through which water etc. is imbibed’ or (Gabal2012:) *‘hair that flows down into the mouth’; but cf. ŠRB_2, ŠRB_4 and ŠRB_13. ▪ ŠRB_4 šarrābaẗ ‘tassel, tuft, bob’: related to ŠRB_2 ‘to raise the head’ and ŠRB_3 ‘moustache’? Cf. also ŠRB_13. ▪ ŠRB_5 mašrabiyyaẗ ‘(oriel window with) turned wooden latticework’: probably from n.loc. (ŠRB_1) mašrab ‘drinking place, esp. room in an upper floor’; such rooms often had oriels overlooking the street or garden (hence probably influence of mašraf ‘elevated site’, ↗ŠRF) with niches, often made from turned wooden latticework, in which earthen jars (also called mašrabiyyaẗ ‘[vessel] from which to drink’) were put in order to cool. Semantic development thus probably: ‘drinking place’ > ‘oriel (of a drinking place)’ > ‘wooden lattice work (of oriels of drinking rooms)’. – Cf. however ŠRB_15, an EgAr vb. II for ‘to plane (wood)’! ▪ ŠRB_6 šūrbaẗ ‘soup’: (via Tu çorba?) from Pers šōrbā ‘meat stock, soup’. ▪ ŠRB_7 šurrāb ‘stocking, sock’: from Tu çorap ‘id.’ (< Pers ǧorāb ‘id.’ ?). ▪ †ŠRB_8 širbaẗ, pl. širab, n., ‘doe, hind’: etymology obscure. ▪ †ŠRB_9 šarbaẗ, pl. ‑āt, šarāʔibᵘ, šarābībᵘ, n., ‘palm-tree that grows from the date stone’: probably akin to ‘water’ and ‘drinking’, thus to ŠRB_1, lit. *‘plant that drinks much’ (?). ▪ †ŠRB_10 šāribaẗ, n., ‘people, or party, dwelling upon the side of a river, and to whom belongs the water thereof’: morphologically a PA I f. (ŠRB_1), lit., *‘the drinking (side)’. ▪ †ŠRB_11 mašrabaẗ, n., ‘soft, plain land, in which is always herbage’: lit., *‘place/land that absorbs (much water)’; šarabbaẗ , with very rare morphological structure, is said to have the same meaning, more generally also ‘side of a valley’; for yet another meaning see next item. ▪ †ŠRB_12 šarabbaẗ, n., ‘way, mode, or manner of being, or acting etc.’: ? ▪ †ŠRB_13 šurbub(b), adj., ‘tangled and dense, one part above another (herbage)’: usually seen as derived from ŠRB_1; but cf. ŠRB_2, ŠRB_3 and ŠRB_4. ▪ ŠRB_14 (EgAr, rur) širb, n., ‘dried mud (BadawiHinds), lumps of soil left after ploughing (Corriente2008)’: from Copt čalp ‘mass, lump’ (Crum1939) – Corriente2008 (following Behnstedt 1981:92). ▪ ŠRB_15 (EgAr, carp) šarrab, vb. II, ‘to plane (wood)’: denom. from mašrabiyyaẗ (ŠRB_5)? Or should one assume that mašrabiyyaẗ, contrary to common belief, has nothing to do, etymologically, with ‘to drink’ (ŠRB_1) but with carpentry and planing wood? ▪ †ŠRB_16 šaraba, u (šarb), vb. I, ‘to understand, apprehend (a discourse) (still mentioned in Hava1899): fig. use of ŠRB_1 ‘to drink’, i.e., lit., *‘to absorb an idea’?
–
See references given in section CONCISE above.
See references given in section CONCISE above.
▪ Engl sherbet, shrub, sorbet, syrup, (and also serpent ?) : see Ar ↗šariba.
▪ Kogan2011: from protSem *śrb ‘to sip, absorb’. – The basic verb for ‘drinking’ in protSem, *šty, has left no trace in Ar. ▪ … protSem *śrb (or *śrṗ) ‘to sip, absorb, drink’.
▪ eC7šariba Q 56:68 ʔa-fa-raʔaytum-u ’l-māʔa ’llaḏī tašrabūna ‘do you see the water that you drink?’. – šarāb (drink) Q 16:69 yaḫruǧu min buṭūni-hā šarābun muḫtalifun ʔalwānu-hū fī-hi šifāʔun lil-nāsi ‘from their bellies comes a drink of diverse hues, wherein is healing for mankind’; (the act of drinking) 35:12 hāḏā ʕaḏbun furātun sāʔiġun šarābu-hū ‘this [body of water] is sweet, agreeable for drinking’. – mašrab (drinking place) Q 7:160 qad ʕalima kullu ʔunāsin mašraba-hum ‘each tribe knew their drinking-place’, (drinking place; source of drinking, drinks) 36:73 wa-la-hum fī-hā manāfiʕu wa-mašāribu ‘in them there are benefits for them and (diverse) drinks (or, source of drinking)’
▪ Zammit2002, Kogan2011: Akk sarāpu, pBiblHbr śrp, Syr srp, Gz śrb ‘to sip, absorb, swallow’, Ar šrb ‘to drink’. ▪ Militarev&Kogan SED-I, cxiii:2
Akk sarāpu ‘to suck, imbibe’ (with s‑ instead of š‑), pBiblHbr śrp ‘to absorb, quaff, sip, suck’, JudAram srp id., Syr srp ‘suxit, sorbsit’, Mand srp ‘to swallow; gulp down’ ~ Ar šrb ‘to drink’, Gz śaraba, saraba ‘to drink, drink up, absorb, sip’, saraṗa ‘to celebrate Mass, bless an object, sip’ (»the sipping of the blessed wine being a part of the Mass«), Te šärbä ‘to devour, suck up’, Amh särräbä ‘to draw up, to suck up water’. ▪ Dolgopolsky2012#2223: mHbr √śrp (= √srp) ‘to suck, imbibe, drink’, JudAram √śrp (= √srp) ‘einschlürfen, Flüssigkeit an sich ziehen’, JudEAram √śrp (= √srp) ‘to gulp down, consume, quaff’, Syr √srp ‘to sup up, swallow up, absorb’, sarbā ‘syrop’, Mand √srp ‘to swallow, gulp down’, Ar √šrb ‘to drink, suck’, Gz √śrb ‘to drink, absorb, sip’; cf. also Ar (< Aram) √srf ‘donner trop de lait à son enfant, le nourrir de lait à l’excès’, Akk (< Aram) sarāpu ‘to sip’. – Outside Sem: [IE] (in addition to Arm and Alb forms) Grk 1sg rhoph-éō, rhyph-éō ‘to sup greedily, gulp down’; oChSl inf. srъbati, Ru inf. serbat’, Cz inf. střebati, Pol inf. sarbać, serbać ‘to sup’; mHG sür(p)feln, Swed sörpla ‘to sip’, as well as nHG schlürfen ‘to sip; to eat/drink noisily’, Engl slurp ‘to eat greedily, noisily’3
.) ▪ While most sources juxtapose NSem *ŚRP and Ar ŠRB, Klein1987 thinks that the Ar root corresponding to Hbr *ŚRP is (with metathesis) Ar RŠF ‘to suck, sip, drink’ (↗rašafa).
▪ Huehnergard2011, Kogan2011: from Sem *śrb ‘to sip, to absorb’. ▪ Militarev&Kogan SED-I, cxiii:3
From Sem *śrṗ ‘to sip, absorb, drink’. ▪ Ehret1989: Ar šariba ‘to drink’ is an extension in extendative *‑b from a 2-consonantal pre-pSem root *ɬr ‘to take a bite, take a sip’. For other extensions from the same base, cf. ↗šarisa ‘to be vicious, malicious, etc.’ (Ehret: *šaras, vn., ‘to devour’), ↗šariqa ‘to swallow the wrong way’, ↗šariha ‘to be greedy for food or drink, eat or drink greedily’. ▪ Dolgopolsky2012#2223: Sem *śrb ‘to drink’ (and, among others, IE *serbʰ‑ / *sorbʰ‑ /*sr̥bʰ‑ ‘to sip, sup, drink’), from Nostr *ś˹o˺rub˅ ‘to drink, gulp, sup, suck’. – The devoicing *b > p in Aram (> mHbr, Akk, Ar) (just as other cases of the variation *b ~*p in Sem) is still to be explained. ▪ Klein1987 points to the fact that NSem *ŚRP has its counterpart in (with metathesis) Ar RŠF ‘to suck, sip, drink’ (↗rašafa), with regular Sem *p > Ar f. So it is not (as Dolgopolsky has it) a devoicing of Sem *b > Aram p that has to be explained, but rather the ‑b in Ar √šrb from Sem *‑p in *√śrp. (This is the reason why some, as Militarev&Kogan, above, assume Sem *śrṗ rather than *śrb).
▪ Engl sherbet, c1600, zerbet, ‘drink made from diluted fruit juice and sugar’, and cooled with fresh snow when possible, from Tu şerbet,1
from Pers šarbat, from Ar šarbaẗ ‘a drink’ – EtymOnline. ▪ Engl shrub, from Ar šurb ‘a drinking, drink’ – Huehnergard2011. ▪ Engl sorbet, 1580 s, ‘cooling drink of fruit juice and water’, from Fr sorbet (C16), probably from Ital sorbetto, from Tu şerbet, etc. (see sherbet, above). Perhaps influenced in form by Ital sorbire ‘to sip’. Meaning ‘semi-liquid water ice as a dessert’ first recorded 1864 – EtymOnline. ▪ Engl syrup (formerly also sirup, sirop), lC14, ‘thick, sweet liquid’, from oFr sirop ‘sugared drink’ (C13), and perhaps from Ital siroppo, both from Ar šarāb ‘beverage, wine’. Span jarabe, jarope, and oProv eissarop are directly from Ar; Ital sciroppo is via mLat sirupus – EtymOnline. ▪ Klein1987 connects Engl serpent ‘limbless reptile’ (c1300), the tempter in Gen. iii:1-5, to the lHbr śārap̄ that is usually seen as cognate to Ar šariba. In other etymological dictionaries of Engl, however, incl. Klein’s own CEDEL, this connection is not mentioned. Rather, serpent is traced back, via oFr serpent, serpant, to Lat serpēns, lit. ‘creeping’, from Lat serpere ‘to creep’, cognate to Grk hérpein ‘to creep’, herpetón ‘serpent’ (cf. Engl herpes), oInd sárpati ‘he creeps’, sarpáḥ ‘serpent’, from IE *serp‑ ‘to crawl, creep’ – EtymOnline.
►šariba ’l-duḫān, vb., to smoke. ► šariba sīgāraẗ etc., to smoke a cigarette etc. ►šarraba, vb. II, to give to drink, make or let drink; to drench, soak, saturate, impregnate; to inculcate, imbue: D-stem, caus. ►šāraba, vb. III, to drink in s.o.’s company, have a drink with s.o.: L-stem, associative. ►ʔašraba, vb. IV, to give to drink, make or let drink; to drench, soak, saturate, impregnate; to inculcate, imbue; ʔušriba, vb. pass., to be or become full, be filled, imbued, infused, be dominated, permeated: Š-stem, caus. ►tašarraba, vb. V, to soak up, absorb, imbibe; to be permeated, imbued, infused (bi with s.th.); to be full, be filled, replete (bi with): tD-stem, intr. ►ĭšraʔabba, 1 to stretch one’s neck in order to see (li‑ or ʔilà s.th.), crane one’s neck (li‑ or ʔilà for); 2 to carry one’s head high (out of vanity); to leer (ʔilà at): sometimes interpreted as a var. of form XI, ĭšrābba, and therefore connected to šariba; cf., however, ↗s.v.►BP#2369šurb, n., drinking, drink; absorption: vn. I. ►šarbaẗ, n.f., 1 drink; sip, draught, swallow: n.vic. – 2 dose, potion (of a medicine); 3 laxative, purgative, aperient: specialisations of [v1]. ►šurbaẗ, n.f., 1 drink; sip, draught, swallow: n.vic. – 2 dose, potion (of a medicine): specialisation of [v1]. – 3 see ↗šūrbaẗ. ►BP#3442šarāb, pl. ʔašribaẗ, n., 1 beverage, drink; 2 wine; 3 fruit juice, fruit syrup, sherbet: quasi-PP I. ►šarrāb, n., drunkard, heavy drinker: ints. formation. ►šarīb, adj., drinkable, potable: quasi-PP I. ►šarrābaẗ, var. šurrābaẗ, pl. šarārībᵘ, n., tassel, tuft, bob: similar idea (‘to hang down’) as in ↗šārib ‘moustache’, which may also be related to ↗ĭšraʔabba (ŠRB_2 and ŠRB_3, respectively, both s.v. ↗ŠRB); cf. also adj. †šurbub(b) ‘tangled and dense, one part above another (herbage)’ (ŠRB_13 s.v. ↗ŠRB). | ~ al-rāʕī, n., (European) holly (Ilex aquifolium; bot.). ►širrīb, n., drunkard, heavy drinker: ints. formation. ►mašrab, n., 1 drink (as opposed to food): vn., meaning transfer from action to object of drinking. – 2 (pl. mašāribᵘ) drinking place, water hole, drinking trough, drinking fountain; restaurant, bar: n.loc. – 3 inclination, taste; movement, school (e.g., in philosophy): fig. use (similar to ↗maḏhab; cf. also †šarabbaẗ, n., way, mode, or manner of being, or acting etc., = ŠRB_12 s.v. ↗ŠRB). ►mašrabaẗ, pl. mašāribᵘ, n., 1 drinking place, water hole, drinking trough, drinking fountain: n.loc. – 2 = mašrabiyyaẗ, [v1] (see below). ►mašrabiyyaẗ, var. mušrabiyyaẗ, n., 1 moucharaby, projecting oriel window with a wooden latticework enclosure; wooden oriel; attic room: nisba formation, lit. most probably *‘(the oriel) pertaining to the mašrab(aẗ), i.e., to the drinking place, more specifically, the room on an upper floor where drinks are served’; perhaps contaminated, or overlapping, with mašrafiyyaẗ (from mašraf ‘elevated site’, ↗ŠRF, ↗šurfaẗ ‘balcony’ ); or from the earthen jars, likewise called mašrabiyyaẗ (see [v2]), that were put on an small external platforms projecting from the oriels in order to cool; or perhaps from a tech. term used in carpentry for ‘to plane (wood)’ (EgAr šarrab, vb. II, cf. ŠRB_15 s.v. ↗ŠRB), after the turned wooden latticework that is a characteristic arch. feature of the oriels; but the EgAr vb. may also be denom., called after the latticework used in the decoration of oriels. – 2 a kind of drinking vessel: nominalized nsb-adj., lit., ‘the one from which to drink, pertaining to drinking’; vase, pot for flowers: extended meaning of the former. ►tašrīb, n., absorption, soaking up, imbibing: vn. II. ►šārib, pl. -ūn, šarb, šurūb, n., 1 drinking; drinker: PA I. – 2 (pl. šawāribᵘ) mustache, frequently dual: šāribān : usually regarded as derivation from šariba ‘to drink’ in the sense of *‘the (co-)drinker(s), the two hairy parts through which water etc. is imbibed’ or (Gabal2012:) *‘hair that flows down into the mouth’; given the old value, mentioned by Dozy, of †‘lip, upper lip’ (lit., the drinking one), the value ‘moustache’ may also be the result of a transfer of meaning from the lip to the hair on it; there is, however, also some semantic affinity with šarrābaẗ (see above), a moustache hanging down from the lip like a ‘tassel, tuft, bob’ (which may be related to ↗ĭšraʔabba = ŠRB_2 in disambiguation entry ↗ŠRB); cf. also the obsol. adj. †šurbub(b) ‘tangled and dense, one part above another (herbage)’ (†ŠRB_13 s.v. ↗ŠRB). ►BP#4894mašrūb, pl. ‑āt, drink, beverage: nominalized PP I. | ~āt rūḥiyyaẗ, n.pl., alcoholic beverages, liquors.
1 beverage, drink. – 2 wine. – 3 fruit juice, fruit syrup, sherbet – WehrCowan1979.
Quasi-PP I, from ↗šariba ‘to drink’. [v2] and [v3] are specialisations, perh. under the influence of the meanings the word took when it was loaned into Pers and Tu.
▪ eC7 (drink) Q 16:69 yaḫruǧu min buṭūni-hā šarābun muḫtalifun ʔalwānu-hū fī-hi šifāʔun lil-nāsi ‘from their bellies comes a drink of diverse hues, wherein is healing for mankind’; (the act of drinking) 35:12 hāḏā ʕaḏbun furātun sāʔiġun šarābu-hū ‘this [body of water] is sweet, agreeable for drinking’.
↗šariba.
See ↗šariba.
▪ Engl syrup (formerly also sirup, sirop), lC14, ‘thick, sweet liquid’, from oFr sirop ‘sugared drink’ (C13) and perhaps Ital siroppo, both from Ar šarāb ‘beverage, wine’. Span jarabe, jarope, and oProv eissarop are directly from Ar; Ital sciroppo is via mLat sirupus – EtymOnline.
šurrāb seems to be borrowed into MSA (probably via EgAr or LevAr) from Tu çorap, OttTu ǧūrāb ‘stocking, sock’, which most probably is from Pers ǧorāb, Ar ǧūrāb ~ ǧurāb ‘id.’
Nişanyan (13Nov2014) s.v. Tu çorap : OttTu cūrāb ‘stocking’, first attested in Meninski’s Thesaurus (1680).
See ↗ǧurāb; but cf. also ↗ǧawrab and ↗ǧirāb.
▪ Phonology and semantics of ǧurāb are almost impossible to disentangle because of mutual influence, and also interference from, and overlapping with, ↗ǧawrab (also meaning ‘socks, stockings’, but having a short ‑a‑ in the second syllable) and ↗ǧirāb ‘traveling bag, knapsack’.
▪ Like also ↗šārib ‘moustache’, šarrābaẗ (vocalised šurrābaẗ and said to be »probably post-classical« by in Lane iv 1872), is usually regarded as deriving from ↗šariba ‘to drink’. The semantic relation however is nowhere explained in detail and remains rather doubtful. ▪ Therefore, instead of trying to link šārib and šarrābaẗ to ↗šariba, is it not possible that we are dealing with reflexions of another etymon here? I suggest to put šārib and šarrābaẗ together with ↗ĭšraʔabba ~ ĭšrābba ‘to stretch/crane one’s neck’, which seems to be cognate to lHbr širbēḇ ‘1 to stretch out, prolong, enlarge; 2 to draw down, let down’, Aram šarbēḇ ‘to prolong, let hang down, let down’, Š-stems belonging to the complex of Sem *rabb‑ ‘big’ (cf. Ar ↗rabb ‘lord, master’). šārib ‘moustache’ as well as šarrābaẗ ‘tassel’ could then be explained as *‘hanging down’. The unusual phonology—the regular correspondance would be (Sem *š >) Hbr š, Aram š ~ Ar s, and (Sem *ś >) Hbr ś, Aram s, Ar š —could be explained as the result of a late development. – Should it be possible to corroborate this hypothetic etymology, then also ↗mašrabiyyaẗ may have to be reconsidered, see s.v.
According to Lane the word is postClassAr.
No direct cognates, but perh. akin to the complex treated s.v. ↗ĭšraʔabba and ↗šārib (partly also ↗mašrabiyyaẗ).
See section CONCISE above, as well as ↗ŠRB, ↗šariba, ↗ĭšraʔabba, ↗šārib, ↗mašrabiyyaẗ.
1 moucharaby, projecting oriel window with a wooden latticework enclosure; wooden oriel; attic room. – 2 a kind of drinking vessel; vase, pot for flowers – WehrCowan1979.
▪ Morphologically, mašrabiyyaẗ is a nominalized nsb-adj., formed from mašrab(aẗ), which in MSA is either a ‘drink, s.th. to drink’ or a ‘drinking place’ (n.loc.). ▪ [v2] is derived from mašrab in the sense of ‘drink’ and thus literally means *‘belonging to drinking’, hence ‘drinking vessel’, whence also generalised to mean *‘vessel, vase (in the form of a drinking jar)’. ▪ The case of [v1] is a bit more complicated, see section DISC below.
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▪ [v1]: While in WehrCowan the meaning of mašrabiyyaẗ is only that of a place (window, oriel, attic), other sources identify the word with a certain technique of turning wood and a characteristic feature of Middle Eastern, esp. Cairo, architecture. In EI², e.g., we find the following description (and etymology): mašrabiyyaẗ »designates a technique of turned wood used to produce lattice-like panels, like those which were used in the past to adorn the windows in traditional domestic architecture. […] The term derives from Ar šariba ‘to drink’. The connection between the turned wood technique and drinking was established last century by E. W. Lane, who describes the mašrabaẗ as a niche attached to such lattice wooden windows and used to keep the water jars cool and fresh for drinking. This interpretation is confirmed by waqf documents, which since the 10th/16th century refer to such niches as mašrabaẗ and also to the turned wood technique as mašrabiyyaẗ. Muḥammad ʕAlī is said to have prohibited the use of mašrabiyyaẗ windows, in order to replace traditional by European architecture. The mašrabiyyaẗ technique is a speciality of Cairo, where it was used with a multitude of patterns and combinations […]« – D. Behrens-Abouseif, art. “Mashrabiyya”, in EI². ▪ Thus, according to the EI² entry, the famous ‘Islamic’ technique of turned wood is called mašrabiyyaẗ after the niches in the windows called mašrabaẗ, these having their name from the drinking jars (= [v2]) that were put into the niches to cool their contents. ▪ Other possible etymologies:
from mašrab(aẗ), but not in the sense of ‘drinking vessel’ (= [v2]) but in that of ‘drinking place’ (= [v1]), more specifically, ‘room on an upper floor where drinks are served’. The nisba formed from mašrab(aẗ) would then refer to s.th. ‘pertaining to the drinking room, mašrab(aẗ) ’, particularly the oriel projecting from this room to the garden or street. Signifying ‘oriel’, mašrabiyyaẗ overlaps, and may have been influenced by, mašrafiyyaẗ, the proper term for ‘projecting balcony enclosed by lattice-like wooden screens’ (BadawiHinds1986), from mašraf ‘elevated site’, cf. ↗ŠRF, ↗šurfaẗ ‘balcony’;
the fact that an oriel is ‘stretching out, projecting, overhanging’ from a fassade relates it semantically to other items of ŠRB such as ↗šārib ‘moustache’ (properly only ‘what overhangs from a moustache into the mouth’), ↗šarrābaẗ ‘tassel’ (hanging down from the roof etc.), and ↗ĭšraʔabba ~ ĭšrābba ‘to stretch/crane one’s neck’. Traditionally, these items too are believed to derive from to ↗šariba ‘to drink’, but it is perhaps more appropriate to link them, and also mašrabiyyaẗ as *‘(niche in) the overhanging one’ to lHbr širbēḇ ‘1 to stretch out, prolong, enlarge; 2 to draw down, let down’ and Aram šarbēḇ ‘to prolong, let hang down, let down’, archaic Š-stems (šap̄ʕel forms) belonging to the complex of Sem *rabb‑ ‘big’ (cf. Ar ↗rabb ‘lord, master’). The unusual phonology—the regular correspondence would be (Sem *š >) Hbr š, Aram š ~ Ar s, and (Sem *ś >) Hbr ś, Aram s, Ar š —could be explained as the result of a late development;
the EgAr vb. II, šarrab ‘to plane (wood)’ (BadawiHinds1986) can also suggest that mašrabiyyaẗ is derived from a tech. term in carpentry for turning wood in a specific way. In this case, the meaning ‘(niche in an) oriel’ would be secondary, taken from the wooden latticework with which the oriels often were ornated. EgAr šarrab may however be denom. itself, from the latticework used. The modern use as documented in WehrCowan does not give any hint here: even in its most specific technical meaning, as ‘to impregnate’, vb. II šarraba is clearly a causative (*‘to make drink, absorb’), from vb. I, šariba ‘to drink’. Hava1899 gives, in addition to ‘to impregnate, saturate’, also ‘to purify (a new skin)’, a meaning however that seems to belong to tanning rather than carpentry;
EgAr širbaẗ ‘breeze, fresh air’ (BadawiHinds1986) is probably not an original value attached to ŠRB either.
▪ Engl mashrabiya, arch. moucharaby, from Ar mašrabiyyaẗ.
1 (pl. ‑ūn, šarb, šurūb) ↗šariba . – 2 (pl. šawāribᵘ) moustache, frequently dual: šāribān – WehrCowan1979.
▪ Like also (post-classical) ↗šarrābaẗ ~ šurrābaẗ ‘tassel’, šārib ‘moustache’ is usually regarded as derivation from ↗šariba ‘to drink’. The semantic relation however is nowhere explained convincingly in detail and remains rather doubtful. ▪ Therefore, instead of trying to link šārib and šarrābaẗ to ↗šariba, is it not possible (and also more likely) that we are dealing with reflexions of another etymon here? I suggest to put both together with ↗ĭšraʔabba ~ ĭšrābba ‘to stretch/crane one’s neck’, which seems to be cognate to lHbr širbēḇ ‘1 to stretch out, prolong, enlarge; 2 to draw down, let down’, Aram šarbēḇ ‘to prolong, let hang down, let down’, Š-stems belonging to the complex of Sem *rabb‑ ‘big’ (cf. Ar ↗rabb ‘lord, master’). šārib ‘moustache’ as well as šarrābaẗ ‘tassel’ could then be explained as *‘hanging down, projecting, overhanging’. The unusual phonology—the regular correspondence would be (Sem *š >) Hbr š, Aram š ~ Ar s, and (Sem *ś >) Hbr ś, Aram s, Ar š —could be explained as the result of a late development. – Should it be possible to corroborate this hypothetic etymology, then also ↗mašrabiyyaẗ may have to be reconsidered, see s.v.
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▪ The fact that ClassAr dictionaries often explain šārib as ‘long portions [of hair] on the two sides of the sabalaẗ [moustache]’ (Lane iv 1872) could corroborate the idea that šārib originally did not signify the moustache itself but only what was ‘overhanging’ from it. Morphologically a PA I, šārib could be seen as derived from a vb. *šar˅b‑ ‘to overhang’. ▪ See section CONCISE above, as well as ↗ŠRB, ↗šariba, ↗ĭšraʔabba, ↗šarrābaẗ, ↗mašrabiyyaẗ.
▪ ŠRḤ_1 ‘…’ ↗… ▪ ŠRḤ_2 ‘…’ ↗…♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to slice, to cut into thin pieces; to dilate; to expound; to manifest, to reveal, to lay open, to display’
▪ ŠRD_1 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ŠRD_2 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ŠRD_3 ‘...’ ↗...♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to bolt, break loose; to roam, go astray; to disperse, scatter; to be absent-minded’
▪ ŠRṬ_1 ‘…’ ↗… ▪ ŠRṬ_2 ‘…’ ↗…♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to slit the ear of a camel; sign, token, mark; condition, to stipulate; to perform well’
▪ ŠRʕ_1 ‘…’ ↗… ▪ ŠRʕ_2 ‘…’ ↗…♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to enter into, to begin to do, (of cattle) to come to water to drink, paths leading to drinking spots, to drink with the hand; (of houses) to have the door open; to make plain or manifest, to strip off; to be similar, to be equal; to reach for; ways; law’
▪ ŠRQ_1 ‘…’ ↗… ▪ ŠRQ_2 ‘…’ ↗…♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to slit the ear of a goat; sunrise, (of the sun) to rise or to give light, to take an easterly direction, (of meat) to dry in the sun; to choke’
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▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl Saracen, sarsen, sirocco, from Ar ↗šarq ‘east, sunrise’, from ↗šaraqa, vb. I, ‘to rise, shine’.
▪ ŠRK_1 ‘to share, be(come) partner\associate, participate, subscribe to’ ↗šarika, ‘(to give God a partner >) polytheism, idolatry’ ↗širk, ‘company, firm, business’ ↗širkaẗ, ‘socialist’ ↗ĭštirākī, ‘socialism’ ↗ĭštirākiyyaẗ ▪ ŠRK_2 ‘net, snare, trap’ ↗šarak ▪ ŠRK_3 ‘spurious, unsound, phony, false’ ↗šuruk ▪ ŠRK_4 ‘shoelace’ ↗širāk ▪ ŠRK_5 ‘sesame cake (EgAr)’ ↗šurayk Other values, now obsolete, include (Hava1899): ▪ †ŠRK_6 ‘swift (walk); repeated (slap)’: †šur(r)akī ▪ †ŠRK_7 ‘musical tune’: LevAr †šārikaẗ ▪ †ŠRK_ ... ♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘snare; thongs of sandals; side road, to branch off; to share, to become a partner, to make as partner, or associate, partnership’
▪ [v1] : Ar ↗šarika ‘to share, etc.’ has cognates in Ug, Aram Syr, and Gz and thus seems to be traceable back to at least WSem layers. Perh. also Hbr śārak ‘to twist’ belongs here, and, if so, may represent the original value: *‘to twist = to make (twigs etc.) adhere to each other > to associate, make into\be partner > to share’. If this connection is valid, then perh. also [v2] ‘net, snare, trap’ (*< ‘twisted twigs, etc.’?) and [v4] ‘shoelace’ (*< ‘sandal-thong = what holds things together’) are related to [v1] and have preserved aspects of the primary notion ‘to twist’. – From the (secondary?) base *‘to share’, several new values are derived. In the religious field, on the one hand, the idea of *‘giving God a partner’ has produced the meaning ‘polytheism, idolatry’ (↗širk), while in Christian contexts the f. form, ↗širkaẗ, was use in the more positive sense of ‘communion’; in MSA, and prob. as a calque from Fr companie, associaton, širkaẗ became used for ‘company, firm, business’. The self-referential Gt-stem (VIII), ĭštaraka ‘to share, participate’ is at the basis of calques like ↗ĭštirākī ‘socialist’ and ↗ĭštirākiyyaẗ ‘socialism’. ▪ [v2] : šarak ‘net, snare, trap’ looks rather old, but does not seem to have obvious cognates in Sem. Perhaps akin to Hbr śārak ‘to twist’? Cf. also [v4]. ▪ [v3] : Ar šuruk ‘spurious, unsound, phony, false’ is borrowed from Tu çürük ‘rotten’. ▪ [v4] : Perhaps, širāk ‘shoelace’ and [v2] šarak ‘net, snare, trap’ go back to the notion of *‘twisting, plaiting’ that is nowhere else preserved in Ar, but well attested in Hbr śārak ‘to twist’. Ar širāk seems to have a rather close relative in Hbr śᵊrôk ‘(sandal-) thong’. ▪ [v5] : The EgAr term šurēk (šurayk) for a ‘sesame cake, type of bun’ is from Tu çörek ‘bun, muffin’, orig. ‘nigella’, a seed used as spice or condiment on that type of pastry. ▪ †[v6] : The obsol. adj. †šur(r)akī used to qualify a ‘swift’ walk or a ‘repeated’ slap is of obscure etymology; perh. from the onomatopoetic Tu şark şark şark ‘sound of slapping’ (Tietze2019 vii: 562)? ▪ †[v7] : The obsol. LevAr term †šārikaẗ /šārke/ for a ‘musical tune’ looks like a reimport from Tu şarkı ‘musical tune, melody, song’, which, accord. to Tietze2019, goes back to Ar ↗šarqī and thus signifies, originally, s.th. ‘Eastern’. The same Tu word is also applied to a string instrument. Nişanyan doubts this theory; see DISC below.
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▪ [v1] Zammit2002: Ug šrk ‘to team up with, join’, Hbr śārak ‘to twist’, Aram srak ‘to clutch, hold fast, hang to’, Syr srek ‘to adhere, stick’, (Pa) ‘to cohere’, SAr šrk ‘to share out, apportion; to make a crop-sharing agreement (?)’, Ar šāraka ‘to share with’ ▪ [v1] BDB1906: TalmAram sārak ‘to adhere’, cf. Syr srak, srek; Ar šaraka ‘to share, participate’; cf. perh. also Hbr śārak ‘to twist’, Hbr śᵊrôk ‘(sandal-) thong’ (< śārak ‘to twist’, as *‘crossed and twisted (over the foot)’?), Ar širāk ‘sandal-thong’, Ar šarak ‘snare’. ▪ [v2] : Cf. perhaps akin to Hbr śārak ‘to twist’? See also [v4]. ▪ [v3] : – borrowed from Tu. ▪ [v4] : Hbr śᵊrôk ‘(sandal-) thong’, perh. from Hbr śārak ‘to twist’. Both perh. akin to šarak ‘net, snare, trap’ [v2], and possibly even to [v1]. ▪ [v5] : – borrowed from Tu. ▪ †[v6] : ? ▪ †[v7] : If re-imported, see ↗šarq. ▪ …
▪ †[v7] : Assuming Tu şarkı as the origin of LevAr †šārikaẗ /šārkeʰ/ ‘musical tune’ is one thing (and a pure hypothesis). The other is the etymology of the Tu term şarkı itself. The common opinion (e.g., E.G. Ambros in EI², Tietze2019) would derive it from Ar šarqī, thus *‘the eastern, oriental (tune)’. Nişanyan_16Sep2022, however, doubts this etymology. Given that şarkı means ‘song belonging to art music’ is opposed, in a way, to türkü ‘folk tune’, he thinks that şarkı possibly is adapted from a word meaning ‘urban’ in the dialects of Anatolia, corresponding to türkī as the ‘native, from the countryside’, a hypothesis that the author sees supported by a note in Evliyā Çelebī where the traveler says that, in the Türkmen language, şarık-dı (sic!) meant ‘it was urban’. Nişanyan therefore speculates – with a due caveat – that şarkı perhaps originates from Tu çağırgı ‘invocation’ (< çağır-mak ‘to call’). In Arm, šark‘ means a ‘maqam’, and šarakan is ‘a kind of maqam-based ilahi (religious song)’, meanings that would support the ‘urban’ (i.e., art music) hypothesis. Cf., however, the fact that in a textual attestation from the 2nd half of C17, ʕAlī ʔUfḳî Bey’s Mecmūʿa-i Sāz u Söz from 1665, şarkı is defined as a türküye benzer bir müzik formu, i.e., ‘a musical genre resembling the türkü’. – At the end of the day, both Nişanyan and Tietze may be right: the şarkı is indeed associated with an urban, ‘civilised’ (art music) tradition, while the türkü is the ‘folk tune’; however, the urban “high brow” tradition of the şarkı may have been labelled *‘Oriental’ by the Anatolian Turks who would localize non-Turkish tradition in the countries east of Anatolia. ▪ …
▪ For Tu şirk (müşrik), şirket, şerik (şürekâ), teşrik, iştirak (müşterek) see s.v. ↗šarika, širk, and širkat ~ šarikaẗ ▪ …
to share (-h with s.o., fī s.th.), participate (fī in), be or become partner, participant, associate – WehrCowan1976
▪ Ar šarika ‘to share, etc.’ has cognates in Ug, Aram Syr, and Gz and thus seems to be traceable back to at least WSem layers. Perh. also Hbr śārak ‘to twist’ belongs here, and, if so, may represent the original value: *‘to twist = to make (twigs etc.) adhere to each other > to associate, make into\be partner > to share’. If this connection is valid, then perh. also ↗šarak ‘net, snare, trap’ (*< ‘twisted twigs, etc.’?) and ↗širāk ‘shoelace’ (*< ‘sandal-thong = what holds things together’) are related to šarika and have preserved aspects of the primary notion ‘to twist’. ▪ From *‘sharing, associating, etc.’ several new values are derived. In the religious field, the idea of *‘giving God a partner’ has produced the meaning ‘polytheism, idolatry’ (↗širk), a prominent concept in the Qur’ān, while in Christian contexts the f. form of the vn. I, ↗širkaẗ, was used in the more positive sense of ‘communion’; in MSA, and prob. as a calque from Fr companie, associaton, širkaẗ became used for ‘company, firm, business, commercial enterprise’. The self-referential Gt-stem (VIII), ĭštaraka ‘to share, participate’, is at the basis of calques like ↗ĭštirākī ‘socialist’ and ↗ĭštirākiyyaẗ ‘socialism’. ▪ …
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▪ Zammit2002: Ug šrk ‘to team up with, join’, Hbr śārak ‘to twist’, Aram srak ‘to clutch, hold fast, hang to’, Syr srek ‘to adhere, stick’, (Pa) ‘to cohere’, SAr šrk ‘to share out, apportion; to make a crop-sharing agreement (?)’, Ar šāraka ‘to share with’. – (BDB1906:) Cf. perh. also TalmAram sārak, Syr srak, srek ‘to adhere’; Ar šaraka ‘to share, participate’; cf. perh. also Hbr śārak ‘to twist’, Hbr śᵊrôk ‘(sandal-) thong’ (< śārak ‘to twist’, as *‘crossed and twisted (over the foot)’?), Ar širāk ‘sandal-thong’, Ar šarak ‘snare’. ▪ …
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▪ Tu şirk: [ʿĀşıḳ Paşa, Ġarīb-nāme, 1330] seçdi dīnden küfr ü şirk ü şekleri – Nişanyan_21Apr2015. – müşrik: [ʿĀşıḳ Paşa, Ġarīb-nāme, 1330] seçdi dīnden küfr ü şirk ü şekleri / virdi destūr kırmağa müşrikleri – Nişanyan_3Jul2021. – şirket: [ʿĀşıḳ Paşa, Ġarīb-nāme, 1330] bağ u çift ü şirket ü bazār / ögi ussı durmadın anı düzer [‘...are related, are associates, are companions’] – Nişanyan_21Apr2015. – şerik: [ʿĀşıḳ Paşa, Ġarīb-nāme, 1330] nī şerīk ü nī vezīr ü nī nedīm – Nişanyan_27Apr2015. – şürekâ: [Meninski, Thesaurus, 1680] şürekā: ortaklar – Nişanyan_3Jul2021. – iştirak [Düsturnâme-i Enveri, 1465] şeh ferīdūn ḳıldı ẓaḥḥāki helāk / kāvelige ḳıldı ḳılmaz iştirāk– Nişanyan_24Sep2022. – teşrik: [Meninski, Thesaurus, 1680] teşrīk: associare, consortem aut participem facere – Nişanyan_11Aug2014. –müşterek: [anon., Muḳaddimetü'l-Edeb terc., c1300] muştarak lafıẓnı bir maʕnaga ḫāṣṣ ḳıldı [ortak sözcüğü tek anlama özgüledi] – Nişanyan_23Sep2014. ▪ …
►BP#672šāraka, vb. III, 1a to share (‑h with s.o., ‑h or fī s.th.), participate, be or become partner, participant, associate; b to associate o.s. (‑h with s.o.), enter into partnership (‑h with s.o.), form a partnerhip, join, combine; c to sympathize (‑h with s.o.) | šāraka-hū raʔya-hū, to share s.o.’s opinion: L-stem, assoc. ►ʔašraka, vb. IV, 1a to make (‑h s.o.) a partner, participant, associate (fī in), give a share, have (‑h s.o.) share (fī in); b to tie s.th. closely (bi‑ to s.th.), associate (‑h s.th. bi‑ with s.th.): *Š-stem, caus. | ʔašraka-hū bi-’llāh, to make s.o. the associate or partner of God (in His creation and rule); ʔašraka-hū bi-’llāh, to set up or attribute associates to God, i.e., to be a polytheist, an idolator ►tašāraka, vb. VI, 1a to enter into partnership (maʕa with s.o.); b to participate together (fī in), share with one another: tL-stem, recipr. ►BP#2874ĭštaraka, vb. VIII, 1a to enter into partnership, to cooperate (maʕa with s.o.); b to participate (maʕa with s.o., fī in), share, collaborate, take part (fī in), contribute (fī to); 2 to subscribe (fī to); 3 to partake of the Lord’s Supper, communicate (Copt.-Chr.): Gt-stem, self-ref. ►širk, n., polytheism, idolatry | ʔahl al-širk, the polytheists, the idolators: vn. I ►BP#118širkaẗ, šarikaẗ, n.f., 1 partnership; 2 communion (Chr.); 3a (pl. šarikāt) association, companionship; b company, corporation (com.); c commercial enterprise (Isl. Law); d establishment, firm, business: ¹vn. I and ²³concretisations | š. al-taʔmīn, insurance company; š. tiǧāriyyaẗ, trading company, firm; š. al-ʔiḏāʕaẗ, broadcasting corporation; š. al-musāhamaẗ, joint-stock company, corporation; š. sihāmiyyaẗ, do.; š. al-šarikāt, trust (com.) ►BP#1599šarīk, n., pl. šurakāʔᵘ, ʔašrāk, 1a sharer, participant, partner, co-partner; b associate, companion, confederate, ally; c co-owner, coproprietor (Isl. Law); d accomplice, accessory (in a crime): quasi-PP I | šarīk mūṣiⁿ, silent partner (com.) ►šarīkaẗ, n.f., pl. šarāʔikᵘ, woman partner, woman participant, etc. (see šarīk): f. of šarīk ►BP#2646širākaẗ, n.f., partnership [BuckwalterParkinson2011]: quasi-vn. I or III ►tašrīk, n.: siyāsaẗ al-tašrīk, policy of alliances: vn. II ►BP#339mušārakaẗ, n.f., 1a partnership, co-partnership, participation (fī in); b cooperation, collaboration; 2 communion (Chr.); 3 complicity, accessoriness (jur.): vn. III ►BP#2970ĭštirāk, n., 1a partnership, copartnership, coparcenary; b participation, sharing, joining, co-operation, collaboration (fī in); c jointness, community; 2 communion (Chr.); 3 interference (fī in); 4a subscription (fī to); b (pl. ‑āt) subscription rate; c participation fee: ¹vn. VIII and ²³⁴extensions | bi’l-ĭštirāk, jointly, in concurrence, together (maʕa with); ĭštirāk šahrī, monthly subscription; monthly fee or contribution ►BP#3149ĭštirākī, 1a adj. socialist, socialistic; b n. (pl. ‑ūn) a socialist: neolog., nsb-formation from preceding ►ĭštirākiyyaẗ, n.f., socialism: neolog., abstr. formation in ‑iyyaẗ, based on preceding ►BP#1076mušārik, 1 n., participant; 2 adj., participating [BuckwalterParkinson2011]: PA III ►mušrik, n., pl. -ūn, polytheist: PA IV ►BP#1351muštarik, n., pl. -ūn, 1 participant; 2 subscriber: PA VIII ►BP#823muštarak, adj., common, joint, combined, concurrent, collective, co-: PP VIII | al-ʔamn al-muštarak, collective security; balāġ muštarak, joint communique; al-sūq al-muštarak, the Common Market; al-šuʕūr al-muštarak, community spirit, communality, solidarity; al-ḍamān al-muštarak, collective security For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗šarak, ↗šuruk, ↗širāk, (EgAr) ↗šurayk.
to associate anyone with God, to give God a partner – Jeffery1938 polytheism, idolatry – WehrCowan1979.
▪ The original meaning of the term širk, which is an important religious concept in the Qur’ān, is that of a vn. of ↗šarika, viz., ‘giving a partner, a companion.’ As a religious term, this ‘giving a partner’ developed the specific meaning of ‘venerating other gods alongside with (the one) God’, i.e., ‘polytheism, idolatry’. ▪ …
▪ eC7 Q Used very frequently in the Q, cf. xxxv, 38; xxxi, 12 – Jeffery1938 ▪ …
▪ ↗šarika ▪ …
▪ Jeffery1938: »In the Qurʔān the word has a technical sense with reference to what is opposed to Muḥammad’s conception of monotheism. Thus we find ʔašraka ‘to give partners to God’, i.e., to be a polytheist, mušrik ‘one who gives God a partner’, i.e. a polytheist, šurakāʔ ‘those to whom the polytheists render honour as partners with God’, terms which, we may note, are not found in the earliest Sūras. / The root √ŠRK is ‘to have the shoe strings broken’, so širāk means ‘sandal straps’, and ʔašraka is ‘to put leather thongs in sandals’, with which we may compare Hbr śārak ‘to lay cross wise, interweave’, Syr srak ‘to braid’. From this the words [Ar] šarak ‘net’ and šarikaẗ ‘partnership’, i.e. the interweaving of interests, are easily derived. In the technical sense of ‘associating partners with God’, however, the word seems to be a borrowing from SArabia. In an inscription published by Mordtmann and Müller in WZKM, x, 287, there occurs the line w-bn šrk l-mrʔm mbʔsm w-mrḍym ‘and avoid giving a partner to a Lord who both bringeth disaster, and is the author of well being’. Here šrk is used in the technical Qurʔānic sense of širk,4
and there can be little doubt that the word came to Muḥammad, whether directly or indirectly, from some SAr source.« ▪ …
▪ Tu şirk: [ʿĀşıḳ Paşa, Ġarīb-nāme, 1330] seçdi dīnden küfr ü şirk ü şekleri – Nişanyan_21Apr2015. – müşrik: [ʿĀşıḳ Paşa, Ġarīb-nāme, 1330] seçdi dīnden küfr ü şirk ü şekkleri / virdi destūr kırmağa müşrikleri – Nişanyan_3Jul2021. – şerik: [ʿĀşıḳ Paşa, Ġarīb-nāme, 1330] nī şerīk ü nī vezīr ü nī nedīm – Nişanyan_27Apr2015
►ʔahl al-širk, the polytheists, the idolators ►ʔašraka, vb. IV, 1a to make (‑h s.o.) a partner, participant, associate (fī in), give a share, have (‑h s.o.) share (fī in); b to tie s.th. closely (bi‑ to s.th.), associate (‑h s.th. bi‑ with s.th.): *Š-stem, caus. | ʔašraka-hū bi-’llāh, to make s.o. the associate or partner of God (in His creation and rule); ʔašraka-hū bi-’llāh, to set up or attribute associates to God, i.e., to be a polytheist, an idolator ►mušrik, n., pl. -ūn, polytheist: PA IV For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗šarika, ↗širkaẗ~šarikaẗ, ↗ĭštirākī, ↗ĭštirākiyyaẗ, ↗šarak, ↗šuruk, ↗širāk, (EgAr) ↗šurayk.
▪ šarak ‘net, snare; trap’ looks rather old, but does not seem to have obvious cognates in Sem. Perhaps the item, like also ↗širāk ‘shoelace’, is akin to Hbr śārak ‘to twist’? The latter may be related, in one way or other, to Ar ↗šarika ‘to share, etc.’ ▪ …
▪ ...
▪ ...
▪ ...
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►naṣaba la-hū šarakᵃⁿ, to lay a trap for s.o., trap s.o. For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗šarika, ↗širk, ↗širkaẗ ~ šarikaẗ, ↗ĭštirākī, ↗ĭštirākiyyaẗ, ↗šuruk, ↗širāk, (EgAr) ↗šurayk.
▪ spurious, unsound, phony, false – WehrCowan1976 ▪ unfit, unsound (particularly with respect to military service)’ – BadawiHinds1986
▪ from Tu çürük ‘rotten’ – Hava1899, BadawiHinds1986, Rolland2014. – Attestation in Hava1899 suggests that the word was in use (in the Levant) mostly in connection with false money, as opposed to ‘sound’ (ṣāġ < Tu sağ) coins. Usage in modEgAr covers ‘unfitness’ with regard to military service, but also ‘counterfeit’ money and ‘unsound’ cars. ▪ …
▪ Hava1899: SyrAr †šuruk ‘of a bad (opp. to ṣāġ) standard, deficient (coin)’ ▪ ...
– (loanword)
▪ The obsol. vb. I †šarika (a, šarak) ‘to have the strings of the shoes broken’ (Hava1899) does prob. not represent an original value but is most likely denom. back-formation, either from šuruk or from ↗širāk ‘shoelace, leather thongs’. ▪ ...
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(all examples of usage in modEgAr, accord. to BadawiHinds1986): ►EgAr ʕarabiyyaẗ šuruk, unsound car; ►EgAr filūs šuruk, counterfeit money; ►EgAr šarrak, vb. II, 1 to render unsound or useless; 2 to reject as medically unfit for military service: D-stem, caus./declarative For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗šarika, ↗širk, ↗širkaẗ~šarikaẗ, ↗ĭštirākī, ↗ĭštirākiyyaẗ, ↗šarak, ↗širāk, (EgAr) ↗šurayk.
1 partnership; 2 communion (Chr.); 3a (pl. šarikāt) association, companionship; b company, corporation (com.); c commercial enterprise (Isl. Law); d establishment, firm, business – WehrCowan1976
▪ The basic meaning of the f. form of the vn. of vb. I ↗šarika ‘to share, associate, participate in’ etc. is [v1] ‘partnership’. In Christian contexts, this ‘partnership’ was used in the sense of ‘communion’ [v2]. In MSA, and prob. as the result of a calque from Fr companie, associaton, širkaẗ also became used for [v3] ‘company, firm, business, commercial enterprise’. ▪ …
▪ …
▪ ↗šarika
▪ …
▪ Tu şirket: [ʿĀşıḳ Paşa, Ġarīb-nāme, 1330] bağ u çift ü şirket ü bazār / ögi ussı durmadın anı düzer [‘...are related, are associates, are companions’] – Nişanyan_21Apr2015. – For şerik (şürekâ), teşrik, iştirak (müşterek), see ↗šarika.
►širkaẗ al-taʔmīn, insurance company; ►širkaẗ tiǧāriyyaẗ, trading company, firm; širkaẗ al-ʔiḏāʕaẗ, broadcasting corporation; širkaẗ al-musāhamaẗ, joint-stock company, corporation; širkaẗ sihāmiyyaẗ, do.; širkaẗ al-šarikāt, trust (com.) For values related to ‘sharing, participation, etc.’ in general, see ↗šarika. For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗širk, ↗ĭštirākī, ↗ĭštirākiyyaẗ, ↗šarak, ↗šuruk, ↗širāk, (EgAr) ↗šurayk.
▪ Perhaps, širāk ‘shoelace’ – and also ↗šarak ‘net, snare, trap’? – go back to the notion of *‘twisting, plaiting’ that is nowhere else preserved in Ar, but well attested in Hbr śārak ‘to twist’ (which, in its turn, may be related to ↗šarika ‘to share, participate’ etc.). Ar širāk seems to have a rather close relative in Hbr śᵊrôk ‘(sandal-) thong’.
▪ Hava1899: †šarraka (II) ‘to put leather thongs to sandals’, D-stem, denom. – See also below, section DISC.
▪ Klein1987 (et al.): Ar širāk ‘shoelace’, Hbr śᵊrôk ‘(sandal-) thong’, prob. Hbr śārak ‘to twist, plait’.
▪ The obsol. vb. I †šarika (a, šarak) ‘to have the strings of the shoes broken’ (Hava1899) does prob. not represent an original value but is most likely denom., either from širāk or, more probably, from ↗šuruk ‘broken, rotten, unsound’ (< Tu çürük), having “fused” with širāk.
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For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗šarika, ↗širk, ↗širkaẗ~šarikaẗ, ↗ĭštirākī, ↗ĭštirākiyyaẗ, ↗šarak, ↗šuruk, (EgAr) ↗šurayk.
▪ EgAr šurēk (šurayk) ‘sesame cake, type of bun’ is from Tu çörek ‘bun, muffin’, orig. ‘nigella’, a seed used as spice or condiment on that type of pastry – BadawiHinds1986. ▪ …
▪ ...
– (loanword)
▪ ...
▪ ...
For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗šarika, ↗širk, ↗širkaẗ~šarikaẗ, ↗ĭštirākī, ↗ĭštirākiyyaẗ, ↗šarak, ↗šuruk, ↗širāk.
1 adj. socialist, socialistic; 2 n. (pl. ‑ūn) a socialist – WehrCowan1976
▪ neologism, nsb-formation based on ĭštarāk, vn. of ĭštaraka (VIII) ‘to share, participate’, Gt-stem with self-referential notions, from ↗šarika ‘to share, etc.’ Thus, a ‘socialist’ is *‘s.o. adhering to (the principle) of sharing’
▪ …
▪ ↗šarika
▪ … ▪ …
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►ĭštirākiyyaẗ, n.f., socialism: neolog., abstr. formation in ‑iyyaẗ. For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗šarika, ↗širk, ↗širkaẗ~šarikaẗ, ↗šarak, ↗šuruk, ↗širāk, (EgAr) ↗šurayk.
▪ neologism (C19), abstract formation in -iyyaẗ, based on ĭštarāk, vn. of ĭštaraka (VIII) ‘to share, participate’, Gt-stem with self-referential notions, from ↗šarika ‘to share, etc.’ Thus, ‘socialism’ is *‘the idea/ideology of sharing’
▪ …
▪ ↗šarika
▪ … ▪ …
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For other values attached to the root, cf. ↗šarika, ↗širk, ↗širkaẗ~šarikaẗ, ↗šarak, ↗šuruk, ↗širāk, (EgAr) ↗šurayk.
▪ ŠRY_1 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ŠRY_2 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ŠRY_3 ‘...’ ↗...♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to sell, buy, give for a price, to barter; to speed up; to spread, creep, scatter, increase; arteries’
▪ ŠṬː (ŠṬṬ)_1 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ŠṬː (ŠṬṬ)_2 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ŠṬː (ŠṬṬ)_3 ‘...’ ↗...♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to be remote, far off, or beyond the acceptable limits; to act unjustly; side of a camel’s hump; bank or side of a river’
▪ ŠṬʔ_1 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ŠṬʔ_2 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ŠṬʔ_3 ‘...’ ↗...♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to slice lengthwise; to overfill with water; side or bank of a river; to overburden; to put forth shoots, sprout, put out branches’
▪ ŠṬR_1 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ŠṬR_2 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ŠṬR_3 ‘...’ ↗...♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to split or divide in halves, a half; to squint at; (of a house) to be distant, distance o.s.; direction’
▪ Rolland2014: from Phlv čatrang ‘chess’, from Skr caturaŋga ‘the four army corps’, lit. ‘the four members’, from IE *kʷetwer‑ ‘four’ + *ank‑ ‘courbe, recourbé’ ▪ Nişanyan_03Apr2015: (Tu satranç, from) Ar šaṭranǧ, from mPers čatrang, from Skr चतुर्ङ्ग cáturaṅga ‘four wings/columns (of an army)’, the army consisting of four elements, composed of Skr cátur ‘four’ + Skr aṅgam ‘arm, member’
▪ Earliest attestation in HDAL660 AD (ʕAlī b. ʔAbī Ṭālib, in Sunan al-Bayhaqī)
▪ … ▪ …
▪ … ▪ …
▪ Tu 1069 [Kutadgu Bilig] nard u šaṭranǧ bilir erse ‘if he knew tavla and chess’, 1680 [Meninski, Thesaurus] šaṭrenǧ vul. šatranǧ
▪ ŠṬN_1 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ŠṬN_2 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ŠṬN_3 ‘Satan’ ↗šayṭān (arranged s.r. ↗ŠYṬN) ♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘fastening tightly; being exceedingly, or audaciously, proud, corrupt, rebellious or insolent’ –
▪ [v1] From NWSem *√ŚṬN ‘to be(come) hostile, accuse’ – Huehnergard2011. ▪ [v2] … ▪ [v3] : (BAH2008:) Philologists derive the word ↗šayṭān either from the root ŠṬN […] or from the root ↗ŠYṬ (‘singeing, scorching, burning’).
▪ ŠʕB_1 ‘…’ ↗… ▪ ŠʕB_2 ‘…’ ↗…♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to unite, to gather together; to disperse, scatter, separate, divide; to branch out; a mountain road; tribe, race’
▪ ŠʕR_1 ‘…’ ↗… ▪ ŠʕR_2 ‘…’ ↗… Several themes with the same root can be found in MSA:▪ ŠʕR_1 ‘hair’ ↗šaʕr ▪ ŠʕR_2 ‘to feel, know intuitively; (compose) poetry’ ↗šiʕr ▪ ŠʕR_3 ‘scrub country’ ↗šaʕrà ▪ ŠʕR_4 ‘Sirius, Dog Star’ ↗al-šiʕrà ▪ ŠʕR_5 ‘password, slogan, motto’ ↗šiʕār ▪ ŠʕR_6 ‘barley’ ↗šaʕīr ▪ ŠʕR_7 ‘rite, cultic practice’ ↗šaʕīraẗ ▪ ŠʕR_8 ‘goats’ ↗šaʕārà ▪ ŠʕR_9 ‘male dancer in female roles’ ↗šaʕʕār ▪ ŠʕR_10 ‘attacks, diatribes’ (pl) ↗šawāʕirᵘ ▪ ŠʕR_11 ‘split; mad, crazy’ ↗mašʕūr♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to know, to be cognisant of, to perceive by means of any of the senses; poetry, to write poetry; hair, wool, fur, to be covered in hair; innermost garment; sign, rites’. – al-šiʕrà is said to be a corrupted borrowing from Grk.
▪ The main items in this root are ŠʕR_1 ‘hair’ and ŠʕR_2 ‘to perceive; to feel, know intuitively’. ▪ Does the latter depend on the former? ▪ Many of the other values derive probably from ŠʕR_1 and ŠʕR_2, but ŠʕR_4 ‘Sirius, Dog Star’ may be from Grk. ▪ ŠʕR_1 : (Kogan2015 Sw#36:) from protSem *śaʕr‑ ‘hair’ (SED I #260). Passim except modEthSem and modSAr. ▪ ŠʕR_2 … ▪ ŠʕR_3 … ▪ ŠʕR_4 … ▪ ŠʕR_5 … ▪ ŠʕR_6 … ▪ ŠʕR_7 … ▪ ŠʕR_8 … ▪ ŠʕR_9 … ▪ ŠʕR_10 … ▪ ŠʕR_11 …
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▪ BDB1906 #ŚʕR–1 Akk šārtu ‘hairskin’, Hbr śēʕār ‘hair’, Aram seʕrā, Syr saʕrā, sʕartā, Ar šaʕ(a)r ‘hair’, šaʕira ‘to be hairy’, Gz śəʕərt ‘hair’; Hbr (denom.) śāʕar ‘to bristle (with horror)’, śāʕîr ‘he-goat, buck’, śāʕîr ‘satyr, demon (with he-goat’s form, or feet)’, śəʕōrāh ‘barley’, śəʕōrîm ‘priests [the bearded ones?]’ 4
; perhaps also n.pr. Śēʕîr (designating either the land of Edom, a specif. mountain, or the Edomites), seen by some together with Hbr śāʕîr ‘goat’, others compare ClassAr †al-ʔašʕar ‘the hairy’, i.e. “well-wooded”, cf. †šaʕār ‘trees’. – –2 Hbr *śāʕar perh. ‘to be acquainted with’, Ar šaʕara ‘to perceive’, Aram Syr sʕar ‘to visit, inspect’
▪ From ŠʕR_1 ‘hair’ seem to be derived many of the other values: ŠʕR_3 ‘scrub country’ seems to be the *‘country with the hairy bushes’ (ClassAr has also †šaʕrān with the same meaning). ŠʕR_6 ‘barley’ is obviously *‘bearded grain’ (but the word is old, having PSem, perhaps even AfrAs ancestors, see s.v.). ŠʕR_8 ‘goats’ is probably properly *‘the hairy animal’ (cf. ClassAr †šaʕiraẗ ‘[sheep or goat] having hair growing between the two halves of its hoof, which in consequence bleed’ – Lane iv 1872). ▪ Also ŠʕR_2 ‘to perceive, know (in minute detail), to feel, know intuitively’ may originally be *‘to have knowledge about, or be sensitive for, things so thin/fine as a hair’, and from this is the value ‘(to compose) poetry’, a poet being endowed with deeper insight, a special sensibility for the nuances of life, as fine as a hair. ▪ ŠʕR_4 ‘Sirius, Dog Star’ is perhaps of Grk origin (see s.v.), but it may also be another derivation from ŠʕR_2 ‘to feel, know intuitively’ or directly from ŠʕR_1 ‘hair’. ▪ ŠʕR_5 ‘password, slogan, motto’ is originally *‘sign by means of which one can know, or make known, s.th. or s.o., marker’, i.e., it is derived from ŠʕR_2 ‘to (get to) know’. The same holds for ŠʕR_7 ‘rite, cultic practice’, which seems to be *‘(practice of things that can be accepted as) signs/markers of obedience to God/a deity)’. ▪ ŠʕR_9 ‘male dancer in female roles’, ŠʕR_10 ‘attacks, diatribes’ (pl), and ŠʕR_11 ‘split; mad, crazy’ are more difficult to connect to any fo the values mentioned so far and must, for the moment, remain unexplained.
to learn or understand intuitively (bi‑ s.th., ʔanna that), to realize, notice (bi‑ s.th., ʔanna that); to perceive, feel, sense, be conscious, be aware (bi‑ of s.th.) — (šiʕr) to make or compose poetry, poetize, versify – WehrCowan1979.
▪ Originally probably *‘to possess intuitive insight, to perceive (of) s.th. intuitively’, the vb. came to mean ‘to feel, notice, understand, etc.’. The notion of being endowed with a deeper insight is more present today in the n. šāʕir ‘poet’ (originally, a PA I meaning ‘knowing, the one with a special “antenna” to the world, the universe) than in the vb. itself, which as a rule means ‘to understand intuitively, realize’. ▪ In the Q, the šāʕir ‘poet, seer’ is a rather negative person, associated with pagan practice. ▪ Depending on ↗šaʕr ‘hair’?
▪ eC7 Q 16:26 wa-ʔatā-humu ’l-ʕaḏāba min ḥayṯu lā yašʕurūna ‘punishment came upon them from directions that they had not perceived/expected’, 2:9 yuḫādiʕūna ’ḷḷāha wa-'llaḏīna ʔāmanū wa-mā yaḫdaʕūna ʔillā ʔanfusa-hum wa-mā yašʕurūna ‘they seek to deceive God and the believers but they only deceive themselves, though they do not realise’
BDB1906 #ŚʕR-3: Hbr *śāʕar perh. ‘to be acquainted with’, Aram sʕar ‘to visit, examine’, Syr sʕar ‘to visit, inspect, look after’, Ar šaʕara ‘to perceive’, (Zammit2002:) SAr šʕr ‘to know, be aware/conscious of’
BDB1906 and Zammit2002 separate the values ‘hair’ (↗šaʕr) and ‘to perceive, feel intuitively’ from each other. Is the latter dependent on the former nevertheless? ‘To perceive, know (in minute detail), to feel, know intuitively’ may originally be *‘to have knowledge about, or be sensitive for, things so thin/fine as a hair’…
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►ʔašʕara, vb. IV, to make feel, let notice; to notify, inform (bi‑ about): caus. ►ĭstašʕara, vb. X, to feel, sense, notice, perceive, realize, be conscious, be aware (of); to be filled (*with a feeling):… ►BP#568šiʕr, n., poetry; versification; pl. ʔašʕār, n.pl., poems; poetic works: specialisation of vn. I; Q 36:69 | ~ manṯūr, n., prose poetry, free verse; layta ~ī, I wish I knew…!, would that I knew…! ►BP#1932šiʕrī, adj., poetic(al): nsb-adj of šiʕr. ►BP#1329šiʕār, pl. ‑āt, ʔašʕiraẗ, n., password, watchword; slogan; catchword, catchphrase (pol.); motto, device; coat of arms; symbol; distinguishing mark or feature; emblem, badge:… | ~ tiǧārī, n., trade mark; ~ al-dawlaẗ, n., official stamp, state emblem; taḥta ~ (+ gen.), adv., under the motto… ►šaʕīraẗ, pl. šaʕāʔirᵘ, n., religious ceremony, rite, cultic practice; pl. also: places of worship, cultic shrines: pseudo-PP, f., *‘place which can give a proof of the worshippers obeying the rules’ or ‘the marked one, place marked for worshippers’; Q 2:158. ►BP#1111šuʕūr, n., knowledge, cognizance; consciousness, awareness; perception, discernment; perceptive faculty; sensation; sentiment; feeling; perceptiveness, sensitivity, sensibility; mood: vn. I, partly with semantic extension | al-~ bi’l-nafs/ḏāt, n., self-oonsciousness; diqqaẗ al-šuʕūr, n., sensitivity, sensibility; al-~ al-muštarak, n., community spirit, communality, solidarity; ʕadīm al-~, adj., unfeeling, insensitive; al-lā-~, n., the unconscious (psych.). ►šuʕūrī, adj., conscious; emotional: nsb-adj of šuʕūr | lā-~, adj., unconscious, subconscious. ►šuʕrūr, n., poetaster, versiner, rhymester: pejor., dimin. ►šuwayʕir, n., poetaster, versifler, rhymester: dimin. ►BP#1104mašʕar, pl. mašāʕirᵘ, n., ritual site, esp. in and near Mecca, involved in the religious rites of the hadj; sensory organ: n.loc., *‘place where the presence of deity is intuitively felt, where one becomes aware of the deity’s presence’ (?); pl., senses, feelings, sensations; religious rites, customs, ceremonies: n.loc., *‘places where man receives impressions from the world, feels it’; Q 2:198 | al-~ al-ḥarām, n., the hadj station of Muzdalifa east of Mecca. ►ʔišʕār, pl. ‑āt, notification, information (bi‑ of, about), notice: vn. IV. BP#636šāʕir, knowing (by instinctive perception), endowed with deeper insight, with intuition; (pl. šuʕarāʔᵘ) poet; (common designation for) popular storyteller, narrator: PA I; Q 69:41 ►šāʕiraẗ, pl. ‑āt, šawāʕirᵘ, n., poetess: PA I, f. ►šāʕirī, adj., poetic(al) : nsb-adj, from šiʕr. ►šāʕiriyyaẗ, pl. ‑āt, poetic power or capacity; the realm of creative poetry; poetic character: n.abstr. in iyyaẗ. For other items of the root, see ↗ŠʕR.
hair; bristles; fur, pelt; cracks, haircracks (e.g., in a vase) (obs.) – WehrCowan1979.
▪ Kogan2011: from protSem *śaʕr‑ ‘hair’, (Orel&Stolbova1994:) prob. from AfrAs *ĉaʕar‑ ‘id.’. ▪ From the protSem ancestor may be derived notions like ‘to perceive, feel intuitively, know minute details’, ‘sheep, goats’, ‘barley’, and others; see ↗ŠʕR.
▪ eC7 Q 16:60 wa-min ʔaṣwāfi-hā wa-ʔawbāri-hā wa-ʔašʕāri-hā ʔaṯāṯan wa-matāʕan ʔilà ḥīnin ‘and of their wool, their fur, and of their hairs, [He made for you] furnishings and comfort for a while’.
▪ Bergsträsser1928: Akk šārtu, Hbr śēʕār, Aram saʕrā, Gz śəʕərt ‘hair’. ▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#528: Akk šārtu, Hbr śēʕār, śaʕarā, Syr šaʕrō, Gz śeʕert, Soq ṣaʕihor ‘hair’)5
. – Outside Sem: WCh *ĉaHar‑ ‘hair on the chest of a ram; hair’, Omot *šaHar‑ ‘hair’. ▪ Elmedlaoui 2012: Berb a-zzar ‘hair’.
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#528: from Sem *śaʕr‑ ‘hair’ (so also Kogan2011), from AfrAs *ĉaʕar‑ ‘hair’, which is the ancestor also of non-Sem cognates such as WCh *ĉaHar‑ ‘hair on the chest of a ram; hair’ and Omot *šaHar‑ ‘hair’. ▪ …
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►†šaʕar-, a, vb. I, to be hairy: denom. ►šaʕrī, adj., hairy, hirsute; hair (in compounds); capillary: nsb-adj. ►šaʕriyyaẗ, n.f., wire grill, wire netting, lattice work; capillarity: nominalized nsb-adj. ►šiʕriyyaẗ (Eg.), šaʕriyyaẗ (ir.), n.f., vermicelli; spaghetti: nominalized nsb-adj. ►šaʕrānī, adj., hairy, hirsute, shaggy: intns.adj. ►šuʕayraẗ, n.un., little hair: dimin. ►šaʕīriyyaẗ, n.f., vermicelli: nominalized nsb-adj. ►ʔašʕarᵘ, adj., hairy, hirsute, long-haired, shaggy: denom. ►mušʕarānī, adj., hairy, hirsute, shaggy:… For other items of the root cf. ↗ŠʕR.
poetry; versification; pl. ʔašʕār, n.pl., poems; poetic works – WehrCowan1979.
▪ Vn. of ↗šaʕara ‘to perceive, feel (intuitively)’. ▪ Etymologically perhaps connected to ↗šaʕr ‘hair’.
▪ eC7 Q 36:69 wa-mā ʕallamnā-hū ’l-šiʕra wa-lā yanbaġī la-hū ‘We have not taught him [the Prophet] the art of poetry, nor is it fitting for him (or: nor does it fall within his ability) to be a poet’
▪ … ▪ …
▪ See ↗šaʕara. ▪ …
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►šiʕr manṯūr, n., prose poetry, free verse. ►layta šiʕrī, exclam., I wish I knew…!, would that I knew…! ►BP#1932šiʕrī, adj., poetic(al): nsb-adj, from šiʕr. ►šuʕrūr, n., poetaster, versiner, rhymester: pejor./dimin. ►šuwayʕir, n., poetaster, versifler, rhymester: dimin. ►BP#636šāʕir, knowing (by instinctive perception), endowed with deeper insight, with intuition; (pl. šuʕarāʔᵘ) poet; (common designation for) popular storyteller, narrator: PA I. ►šāʕiraẗ, pl. ‑āt, šawāʕirᵘ, n., poetess: PA I, f. ►šāʕirī, adj., poetic(al): nsb-adj from šāʕir. ►šāʕiriyyaẗ, pl. ‑āt, poetic power or capacity; the realm of creative poetry; poetic character: n.abstr. in iyyaẗ. For other items of the root, see ↗ŠʕR.
Unless just another of the many derivations of ↗šaʕara ‘to know in detail, feel, perveive’ or directly from ↗šaʕr ‘hair’, the name of the Dog Star, widely worshipped in pre-Islamic Arabia, may go back to its Grk counterpart, Seírios. Until recently, this has been a common assumption. But it has been contested by the theory that it is the other way round and the Grk name is a borrowing from the East.
▪ eC7 Q 53:49 wa-ʔanna-hū huwa rabbu ’l-šiʕrà ‘and that He it is Who is the Lord of Sirius’
▪ … ▪ …
▪ Rolland2014: »Peut-être du Grk Seírios, à moins que ce ne soit l’inverse.« 5 ▪ Jeffery1939: »The common explanation of the philologers is that it is from √ŠʕR and means ‘the hairy one’, but there can be little doubt that it is derived from the Grk Seírios,6
whose r, as Hess shows, is regularly rendered by Arab ʕ. The word occurs in the old poetry7
and was doubtless known to the Arabs long before Islam.«
A lexical item of particular importance for the history of agriculture in the Middle East. The word goes back to Sem *śaʕār‑ or/and *śaʕīr‑ (▪ Kogan2011: protCSem *ś˅ʕ˅r‑) ‘barley’ (from AfrAs *ĉar‑ /*ĉaʕ˅r‑ ‘dto.’), which probably is akin to ‘hair’, cf. ↗šaʕr (*‘the hairy, bearded grain’).
▪ …
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#544: Ug šʕr, Hbr śeʕorā, Syr sǝʕārǝtā, Sab śʕr. – Outside Sem: Eg šr.t ‘barley’ (MK). ▪ …
▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#544 reconstructs Sem *śaʕār‑ or/and (with derivative vocalism) *śaʕīr‑ ‘barley’ < AfrAs *ĉar‑ /*ĉaʕ˅r‑ ‘barley’. Given a form without Sem ‑ʕ‑ in Eg, one could think of Sem *śaʕār‑ /*śaʕīr‑ as being secondary formations, stemming from an original AfrAs *śar‑ which became influenced by or contaminated with Sem *śaʕar‑ ‘be hairy’ (↗šaʕr). If this was the case, the variant AfrAs *ĉaʕ˅r‑ will have to be completely dismissed in favour of *ĉar‑. ▪ …
▪ ŠĠF_1 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ŠĠF_2 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ŠĠF_3 ‘...’ ↗...♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘the membrane enclosing the heart (the pericardium); the centre; to smite, pierce; to infatuate, be smitten with love, ardent love, passion’
▪ ŠĠL_1 ‘…’ ↗… ▪ ŠĠL_2 ‘…’ ↗…♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to occupy, to employ, to make busy, engagement, toil, occupation, concern; to divert; to occupy (a place)’
▪ ŠFʕ_1 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ŠFʕ_2 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ŠFʕ_3 ‘...’ ↗...♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘pair, double, two things; to make a single thing into a pair, or one of a pair, be coupled with; to add a deed to another; to aid another against; to intercede’
▪ ŠFQ_1 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ŠFQ_2 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ŠFQ_3 ‘...’ ↗...♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to be niggardly or covetous; to be afraid, be concerned, be worried; to be affectionate, be tender-hearted; to be weary; kindness; worry; redness on the horizon after sunset’
▪ ŠFH_1 ‘…’ ↗… ▪ ŠFH_2 ‘…’ ↗…♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘lip; to speak face to face; (of food and water) to be craved; (of property) to be sought after; to consume’
▪ ŠFW_1 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ŠFW_2 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ŠFW_3 ‘...’ ↗...♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to be near, appear from a distance, to approach; to recover, restore (to good health); to be on the brink, extreme edge, brink, rim’
▪ ŠFY_1 ‘…’ ↗… ▪ ŠFY_2 ‘…’ ↗…♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to restore to good health, to cure; to satisfy one’s curiosity, to reassure o.s.’
▪ ŠQW/Y_1 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ŠQW/Y_2 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ŠQW/Y_3 ‘...’ ↗...♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to be(come,) in a state of distress, adversity, straits, difficulty, misery; to struggle, or labour, alongside; wretchedness, misery’
▪ ŠKː(ŠKK)_1 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ŠKː(ŠKK)_2 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ŠKː(ŠKK)_3 ‘...’ ↗...♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to pierce, to puncture; to limp; to stick out; to doubt, to be confused, to be dubious, to waver in opinion; to attire o.s. completely with arms and weapons’
▪ ŠKR_1 ‘…’ ↗… ▪ ŠKR_2 ‘…’ ↗…♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to become bountiful, (of camels) to be fattened on good pasture; to thank, to praise, to commend, gratitude, acknowledgement of favours; shoots growing on the base of a tree, to put forth branches’
▪ ŠKS_1 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ŠKS_2 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ŠKS_3 ‘...’ ↗...♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to be stubborn in disputing, be perverse, ill-natured, cross and quarrelsome’
▪ ŠKL_1 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ŠKL_2 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ŠKL_3 ‘...’ ↗...♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to bind; to shape, fashion, sculpt; to be similar, be homogeneous, likeness, resemblance, similitude’
▪ ŠKW_1 ‘…’ ↗… ▪ ŠKW_2 ‘…’ ↗…♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to grieve, to show, or reveal, one’s grief or sorrow, to complain’
Although »contacts between Arabs and speakers of Turkic languages go back to the first half of the 9th century, when the Abbasid caliphs began recruiting Turks from Central Asia as Praetorian guards«, and although Arabic was influenced by a Turkic dialect during the Mamluk period too (C13-C16), most loans from Turkish stem from the Ottoman period, esp. C18-C19. Ar šalabī is an example of these loans, the majority of which fall into the domains of »administration and government, army and war, crafts and tools, house and household, dress, and food and dishes. The influence of Turkish on Arabic in these particular categories is obviously the consequence of the presence of the Ottoman bureaucracy and army in the Arab world in particular, and of the influence of centuries-long relations on everyday life in general.«1
.
▪ EALL (S. Procházka, »Turkish Loanwords«): from Tu çelebi ‘gentleman, prince; citoyen’. ▪ Derived from šalabī is the concept of ↗šalbana, lit. the ‘šalabī -dom’. ▪ Did the meaning ‘dandyish, foppish’ which the word took on in Ar after having been loaned from Tu, arise when the çelebi s began to imitate European dress and lifestyle and thus became a ‘Europeanizers’ (mutafarniǧ, ↗tafarnuǧ)?
▪ ŠMT_1 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ŠMT_2 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ŠMT_3 ‘...’ ↗...♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘gloating, rejoicing over the misfortune of s.o., particularly an adversary; to disappoint’
▪ ŠMḪ_1 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ŠMḪ_2 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ŠMḪ_3 ‘...’ ↗...♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘(of a mountain) to be high; to be lofty, tower over; to behave proudly’
▪ ŠMZ_1 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ŠMZ_2 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ŠMZ_3 ‘...’ ↗...♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to contract and shrink in aversion, be disdainful, be disgusted, abhor’
▪ ŠMS_1 ‘sun’ ↗šams ▪ ŠMS_2 ‘…’ ↗…♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘the sun, intense heat, glaring light, to become sunny; (of a horse) to disobey and refuse to be mounted’
šanna ġāraẗan: 1a to make a raid, an invasion; b to make an attack, launch an attack (ʕalà against, on) – WehrCowan1976.
▪ …
▪ …
▪ …
▪ See above, section CONC. ▪ …
–
►ʔašanna, vb. IV, = I For other values attached to the “root”, cf. ↗šann, ↗mišannaẗ, and ↗ʔušnān as well as, for the overall picture, “root” entry ↗√ŠNː(ŠNN).
▪ ŠNʔ_1 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ŠNʔ_2 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ŠNʔ_3 ‘...’ ↗...♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to hate, abhor, stay aloof from unclean things; hatred; ugliness; evil-doers; to give s.o. what is due to him; to disclose’
▪ [v1] : (?) From Pers šanār ‘disgrace, infamy; any shameful transaction’? ▪ [v2] : …
▪ [v1] 554 – DHDA. ▪ [v2] : …
–
▪ [v1] : Rolland2014a thinks the word is borrowed from Pers šinār ʻaffront, déshonneur, ignominie, honte’. In contrast, Pers šanār ‘disgrace, infamy; any shameful transaction’ is marked as an Arabism in Steingass1892. – Cf. also †ṣanbar, †ṣunbūr ‘mean, ignoble’ (= †[v3] in root entry ↗ṢNBR) and/or †ṣinnawr ‘niggardly man, of evil disposition’ (= [v5] in root entry ↗ṢNR). Could †ṣinnawr or †ṣanbar be based on a (non-attested) Pers *šanār-bar ‘bearer\carrier of disgrace’? ▪ [v2] : …
▪ From Pers šanār ‘disgrace, infamy; any shameful transaction’? ▪ …
▪ 554 – DHDA ▪ …
–
▪ Rolland2014a thinks the word is borrowed from Pers šinār ʻaffront, déshonneur, ignominie, honte’. In contrast, Pers šanār ‘disgrace, infamy; any shameful transaction’ is marked as an Arabism in Steingass1892. ▪ Cf. also †ṣanbar, †ṣunbūr ‘mean, ignoble’ (= †[v3] in root entry ↗ṢNBR) and/or †ṣinnawr ‘niggardly man, of evil disposition’ (= [v5] in root entry ↗ṢNR). Could †ṣinnawr or †ṣanbar be based on a (non-attested) Pers *šanār-bar ‘bearer\carrier of disgrace’? ▪ …
–
►šannara, vb. II, to blame, censure, revile, slander, abuse (ʕalà s.o.): D-stem, denom.
▪ ŠHB_1 ‘…’ ↗… ▪ ŠHB_2 ‘…’ ↗…♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘the encroachment of white into black, or light into dark, or vice versa; (of cold) to change the colour of trees; to be of ashen hues; barren land; to be difficult; a shooting star’
▪ ŠHD_1 ‘…’ ↗… ▪ ŠHD_2 ‘…’ ↗…♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘landmark; presence, to witness, to testify to what one has witnessed, seen or beheld with one’s own eyes; to be or become a martyr’
▪ ŠHR_1 ‘…’ ↗… ▪ ŠHR_2 ‘…’ ↗…♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘new moon, lunar month; to make manifest or public; fame, famous, to make famous; to make notorious’
▪ ŠHQ_1 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ŠHQ_2 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ŠHQ_3 ‘...’ ↗...♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘final part of braying of a donkey; inhaling, breathing in; (of a mountain) to rise high’
▪ ŠHW_1 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ŠHW_2 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ŠHW_3 ‘...’ ↗...♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to desire, long for, lust after; to resemble’
▪ ŠWR_1 ‘…’ ↗… ▪ ŠWR_2 ‘…’ ↗…♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to gather, or extract, honey from hives or combs; to exhibit, to expose, to point out, to point to; to gather opinions, to consult, consultation’
Etymologically not related to (though often considered to be derived from) ↗šariba ‘to drink’, but either directly, or indirectly via Tu çorba ‘soup’, from Pers šorbā ‘meat stock, soup’, itself composed of šor ‘salt, salty’ and suffix ‑bā , indicating how s.th. (a meal) is prepared.
▪ The Tu word is first attested as šorbā in Muḳaddimetü ’l-ʔEdeb (<1300). As çorba first in Filippo Argenti, Regola del Parlare Turco (1533) – Nişanyan.
▪ … ▪ …
▪ EALL (S. Procházka, »Turkish Loanwords«): from Tu çorba ‘soup’. ▪ Nişanyan: modTu çorba < OttTu şorbā < Pers šōrbā, composed of šōr ‘1 salt, salty, 2 turbid, dim, mixed, troubled, confounded’ + bā (v. for bād), a kind of gruel or other species of spoon-meat; kind of soup. ▪ Rolland2014: From Pers šorbā ‘meat stock, soup’.
▪ ŠWẒ_1 ‘smokeless fire, a tongue of pure fire’ ↗šuwāẓ ▪ ŠWẒ_2 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ŠWẒ_3 ‘...’ ↗...♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘(this word, which occurs once in the Qur’an, has no verbal root) smokeless fire, a tongue of pure fire (55:35), a tongue of fire and copper will be released upon you’
▪ ŠWK_1 ‘…’ ↗… ▪ ŠWK_2 ‘…’ ↗…♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘thorn, spike, point, to pierce, to prick; arms, armoury, power, force’
▪ ŠWY_1 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ŠWY_2 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ŠWY_3 ‘...’ ↗...♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to roast, scald, fry (meat), boil water; exterior of the scalp, or of skin in general, limbs, extremities’
▪ ŠYB_1 ‘…’ ↗… ▪ ŠYB_2 ‘…’ ↗… ▪ ŠYB_3 ‘…’ ↗…♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to become white-haired, greyness or whiteness of hair’
▪ ŠYḪ_1 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ŠYḪ_2 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ŠYḪ_3 ‘...’ ↗...♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to become old, advance in years, an old or elderly man’
▪ ŠYD_1 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ŠYD_2 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ŠYD_3 ‘...’ ↗...♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘plaster, gypsum, to plaster (a wall) with gypsum or the like; to erect a building, or raise a building, high, tall constructions; to strengthen, acclaim, proclaim’
▪ ŠYṬ_1 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ŠYṬ_2 ‘...’ ↗... ▪ ŠYṬ_3 ‘Satan’ ↗šayṭān (arranged s.r. ↗ŠYṬN) ♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘singeing, scorching, burning’
▪ [v1] ‘…’ ↗… ▪ [v2] ‘…’ ↗… ▪ [v3] : (BAH2008:) Philologists derive the word ↗šayṭān either from the root ↗ŠṬN ‘fastening tightly; being exceedingly, or audaciously, proud, corrupt, rebellious or insolent’ or from ŠYṬ […]«.
▪ Jeffery1938 (summary): »[…] it is from the Eth [Gz] śayṭān […] that many scholars have sought to derive the Ar šayṭān. Whether this is so it is now perhaps impossible to determine, but we may take it as certain that the word was in use long before Muḥammad’s day, and he in his use of it was undoubtedly influenced by Christian, probably Abyssinian Christian, usage.« ▪ BAH2008: »Philologists derive the word either from the root √ŠṬN, associated with the basic concepts of ‘fastening tightly; being exceedingly, or audaciously, proud, corrupt, rebellious or insolent’ or from the root √ŠYṬ associated with the basic concepts of ‘singeing, scorching, burning’. Because the word existed in Ar, Syr, Aram and Eth [Gz] long before the advent of Islam, it has been suggested that it is the source of various other derivations.« ▪ …
▪ eC7 Of frequent occurrence in the Q, cf., e.g., 2:36,168,208,268,275, 4:83, etc. – It occurs (a) as a personal name for the Evil One—[Grk] ho Satanâs, cf. 2:36, 4:38, etc., (b) in the pl. šayāṭīn for the hosts of evil, cf. 2:102, 6:121, etc.; (c) metaphorically of evil leaders among men, cf. 2:14, 3:175, 6:112, etc.; (d) perhaps sometimes merely for mischievous spirits, cf. 6:71; 21:82, 23:97. ▪ eC71 (devil, demon) Q 4:117 ʔin yadʕūna min dūnihī ʔillā ʔināṯan wa‑ʔin yadʕūna ʔillā šayṭānan marīdan ‘they only invoke a rebellious devil’; 2 (devilish, evil impulse or company) Q 43:36 wa‑man yaʕšu ʕan ḏikri ’l‑raḥmāni nuqayyiḍ lahū šayṭānan fa‑huwa lahū qarīnun ‘whoever is blind to the remembrance of the Merciful, We assign to him a devil and then he becomes his comrade for him’; 3 (jinn, powerful spirits) Q 21:82 wa‑min‑a ’l‑šayāṭīni man yaġūṣūna lahū ‘and of the devils some dive for him’; 4 (devilish beings, fiends, evil forces) Q 6:112 wa‑ka‑ḏālika ǧaʕalnā li‑kulli nabiyyin ʕaduwwan šayāṭīna ’l‑ʔinsi wa’l‑ǧinni ‘in the same way We assigned to each prophet an enemy, the evil humans and the evil jinn’; 5 (with def.art.: the Devil, Satan, Iblis) Q 19:44 yā‑ʔabat‑i lā taʕbud‑i ’l‑šayṭāna ʔinna ’l‑šayṭāna kāna lil‑raḥmāni ʕaṣiyyan ‘father, do not worship Satan – Satan is a rebel against the Merciful’. ▪ …
▪ … ▪ …
▪ Jeffery1938, 187-90: »The Muslim authorities were uncertain whether to derive the word from šaṭana ‘to be far from’, or from šāṭa ‘to burn with anger’ (cf. Rāġib, Mufradāt, 261, and LA, xvii, 104; TA, ix, 253). The form FayʕāL, however, is rather difficult. It is true, as the philologers state, that we do get forms like ḥayrān ‘perplexed’, but this is from √ḤYR where the n is no part of the root, and, like the haymān, ġaymān quoted as parallels in LA, is really a form FaʕLān not FayʕāL, and is a diptote whereas šayṭān is a triptote. The real analogy would be with such forms as hayḏār ‘babbler’, hayṣār ‘mangled’, hayḏām ‘courageous’, quoted by Brockelmann, Grundriss, i, 344, but these are all rare adjectival forms and hardly parallel the Qurʔānic šayṭān. / Now we learn from the Lexicons that šayṭān has the meaning of ‘snake’ (ḥayyaẗ lahū ʕurf) (LA, xvii, 104, 105), and we find this meaning in the old poets, e.g., in a Rejez poet […] and in a verse of Ṭarafaẗ […]. / Moreover, we find Šayṭān used as a personal name in ancient Arabia.8
The Aġānī, xv, 53, mentions al-Šayṭān b. Bakr b. ʕAwf among the ancestors of ʕAlqamaẗ, and Ibn Durayd mentions a ʕĀhān b. al-Šayṭān (240, 1.4) and a Šayṭān b. al-Ḥāriṯ (243, 1.3).9
As a tribal name we find a sub-tribe of the Banū Kindaẗ called in Banū Šayṭān in Aġānī, xx, 97, and in Yāqūt, Muʕǧam, iii, 356, we have mention of a branch of the Banū Tamīm of the same name. This use is probably totemistic in origin, for we find several totem clans among the ancient Arabs, such as the Banū Ḥayyaẗ who in the early years of Islam were the ruling caste of the Ṭayyiʔ (Aġānī, xvi, 50, 1.7), the Banū ʔAfʕà (Hamdānī, 91, 1.16), the Banū Ḥanaš, a sub-tribe of ʔAws (Ibn Durayd, 260, 2), etc.10
The serpent was apparently an old Sem totem,11
and as a tribal name associated with one of the many branches of the Snake totem. Van Vloten and Goldziher take šayṭān to be an old Ar word.12
/ That the Arabs believed serpents to have some connection with supernatural powers, was pointed out by Nöldeke in the Zeitschrift für Völkerpsychologie, i, 412 ff., and van Vloten has shown that they were connected with demons and evil,13
so that the use of the name šayṭān for the Evil One could be taken as a development from this. The use of šayṭān in the Qurʔān in the sense of mischievous spirits, where it is practically equivalent to ↗ǧinn, can be paralleled from the old poetry, and would fit this early serpent connection, but the theological connotations of Šayṭān as leader of the hosts of evil is obviously derived from Muḥammad’s Jewish or Christian environments. In the Rabbinic writings [Hbr] Śāṭān is used in this sense, as are the Grk Satân and the Syr sāṭānā.14
From the Syr come the Arm satanay,15
and also the Phlv ideogram ???? (PPGl, 209), the Šidān of the Paikuli fragment,16
iii,2, but it is from the Eth [Gz] śayṭān which occurs beside sayṭān for [Grk] ho diábolos, that many scholars have sought to derive the Ar šayṭān.17
Whether this is so it is now perhaps impossible to determine, but we may take it as certain that the word was in use long before Muḥammad’s day,18
and he in his use of it was undoubtedly influenced by Christian, probably Abyssinian Christian, usage. (Fischer, Glossar, 165, thinks that the word is from [Hbr] śāṭān but influenced by the genuine Ar šayṭān meaning ‘demon’.)« ▪ …
▪ Engl Satan, proper name of the supreme evil spirit in Christianity, oEngl Satan, from lLat Satan (in Vulgate in OT only), from Grk Satanâs, from Hbr śāṭān ‘adversary, one who plots against another’, from śāṭan ‘to show enmity to, oppose, plot against’, from root ś-ṭ-n ‘one who opposes, obstructs, or acts as an adversary’. / In Septuagint (Grk) usually translated as diábolos ‘slanderer’, literally ‘one who throws (something) across’ the path of another (see devil), though epíboulos ‘plotter’ is used once – EtymOnline. ▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl Satan, from Hbr śāṭān ‘adversary, Satan’, from śāṭan ‘to accuse, act as adversary’; shaitan, from Ar šayṭān ‘Satan’, from Gz śayṭān, from Aram sāṭānā, from Hbr śāṭān (see above).
►tašayṭana, vb. II, to behave like a devil: t-stem, denom.►šayṭānī, adj., satanic, devilish, fiendish; demonic, demoniac, hellish, infernal: nisba formation. ►šayṭanaẗ, n.f., devilry, villainy, dirty trick: vn., denom. from *šayṭana, vb. I.
▪ ŠYʕ_1 ‘…’ ↗… ▪ ŠYʕ_2 ‘…’ ↗…♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to spread, to scatter, to disperse; to become widely known; to make one thing follow another, to follow a guest to bid him farewell; to approximate, in number/quantity, to another; to go along with the ideas of another, to be of the same persuasion; bias, partisan, sect, sectarianism’
▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl Shia, Shiite, from Ar šīʕaẗ ‘followers, disciples, faction’ (meaning influenced by Aram siʕā, abs. form of siʕtā ‘troop, company’), from Ar šāʕa, vb. I, ‘to spread, become known.↗’
Complete text
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