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Etymological Dictionary of Arabic
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ṣād صاد 
ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ 
R₁ 
The letter ṣ of the Arabic alphabet. 
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ṢBː (ṢBB) صبّ/صبب 
ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 4Apr2023
√ṢBː (ṢBB) 
“root” 
▪ ṢBː (ṢBB)_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢBː (ṢBB)_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢBː (ṢBB)_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to pour out; remnant; a group; love, to be in love’ 
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ṢBʔ صبأ 
ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 4Apr2023
√ṢBʔ 
“root” 
▪ ṢBʔ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢBʔ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢBʔ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to emerge, to well out, (of the stars) to spring forth, to appear; to renege one’s faith for another faith’ 
▪ BAH2008: »Arab philologists derive the form al-ṣābiʔūn (which occurs three times in the Qur’an) from this root or from the root ↗ṢBW ‘to incline’. Some western scholars attribute it to a borrowing from Aram, Gz or SAr. Hughes attributes the word to »the Hbr word tsābā ‘a host’ (Gen. ii.1, i.e., ‘Those who worship the hosts of heaven’)«.
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ṢBḤ صبح 
ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṢBḤ 
“root” 
▪ ṢBḤ_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ ṢBḤ_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘morning, dawn, daylight, to reach morning time, (of the morning) to arrive; (of a woman) comely; lantern’ 
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ṣubḥ صُبْح 
ID 490 • Sw – • BP 1967 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṢBḤ 
n. 
… – WehrCowan1979. 
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ṣabāḥ صَباح 
ID 489 • Sw – • BP 449 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṢBḤ 
n. 
… – WehrCowan1979. 
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ṢBR صبر 
ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṢBR 
“root” 
▪ ṢBR_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ ṢBR_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘confinement, restraint, killing by detention; patience, endurance’ 
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ṣabr صَبْر 
ID 491 • Sw – • BP 1163 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṢBR 
n. 
… – WehrCowan1979. 
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ṢBʕ صبع 
ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṢBʕ 
“root” 
▪ ṢBʕ_1 ‘finger; toe’ ↗ʔiṣbaʕ
▪ ṢBʕ_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘finger, toe, to point to; good influence’ 
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ʔiṣbaʕ إِصْبَع , pl. ʔaṣābiʕᵘ 
ID 492 • Sw – • BP 2619 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṢBʕ 
n. 
1 finger; 2 toe (also ~ al-qadam); 3 a linear measure (Eg. ; = 3.125 cm); 4 key (of a piano); 5 popsicle; 6 lollipop – WehrCowan1979. 
▪ Kogan2011: prot(W)Sem *ʔiṣbaʕ‑ ‘finger’.
▪ From Sem *ṣ˅bʕ(-at)-, *ʔ˅-ṣbaʕ- ‘finger’ (from AfrAs *c̣ib˅ʕ- ‘id.’), often also meaning ‘toe’.
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▪ eC7 Q 71:7 wa-ʔinnī kulla-mā daʕawtu-hum li-taġfira la-hum ǧaʕalū ʔaṣābiʕa-hum fī ʔāḏāni-him ‘and every time I call them, so that You may forgive them, they put their fingers in their ears’ 
▪ SED/StarLing: Akk neṣbettu,1 ; Ebl iš-ba-um; Ug u͗ṣbʕ (Tropper2008: /ʔuṣbaʕu/ < *ṣ˅baʕu); Hbr ʔäṣbaʕ; EmpAram ʔṣbʕ, BiblAram ʔäṣbəʕān (pl.f.), JudAram ṣibʕā, ʔäṣbaʕ, Syr ṣebʕā, Mand ṣibita, ʕṣba, ṣbata, ṣbita; Ar ʔaṣbaʕ, ʔiṣbaʕ, ʔaṣbiʕ, ʔaṣbuʕ, ʔiṣbiʕ, ʔiṣbuʕ, ʔuṣbuʕ, ʔuṣbiʕ, ʔuṣbūʕ, YemAr ṣabiʕ, ṣbūʕ, ṣābiʕ; Mhr ṣ̌əbáʔ, Ḥrs ḥaṣ̌báʔ, Jib ʔiṣbaʕ, Soq ʔéṣbaḥ, ṣóbeḥ; Gz ʔaṣbāʕ(ə)t, Te č̣əbʕət, Tña ʔaṣabəʕti (pl.), Amh ṭat (< *ṣ˅bʕ-at-), Arg ṭad, Har aṭābiñña.
▪ Outside Sem (as in StarLing): Eg ḏbʕ (Copt tēēbe) ‘finger’, [Omot] WMao (Hozo) zaba, (Sezo) zaabi, Nao zaba ‘finger’, perh. also [LEC] Som ʕeḍib-, Rend ḍábḍáb ‘heel’ 
▪ SED #256 reconstructs Sem *ṣ˅bʕ(-at)-, *ʔ˅-ṣbaʕ- | *c̣˅bʕ(-at)-, *?˅-c̣baʕ- ‘finger’. The underlying protoforms are presumably *ṣibʕ(-at)-, *ʔa-ṣibʕ . – Often also with the meaning ‘toe’.
▪ StarLing: Sem *ṣibʕ-(at-), *ʔa-ṣibaʕ- ‘finger’, Eg ḏbʕ ‘finger’ (pyr), Omot *ʒaHab- ‘finger’, (?) Berb *ḍabH- ‘fingerring’, (?) LEC *ʕeḍib- ‘heel’, all from AfrAs *c̣ib˅ʕ- ‘finger’.
▪ Cf. also ↗ṭābaʕ ‘signet-ring, seal’. 
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► ʔiṣbaʕ min al-baṭāṭis, n., French fried potatoes
► ʔiṣbaʕ al-ʔaḥmar, n., lipstick
► ʔaṣābiʕ al-suǧuq, n.pl., frankfurters
► baṣmaẗ al-ʔaṣābiʕ, n.f., fingerprint
► ṭābaʕ al-ʔaṣābiʕ, n., fingerprint
► la-hū ʔiṣbaʕ fī hāḏā ’l-ʔamr, expr., he has a hand in this matter

 ► ṣabaʕa, a (ṣabʕ), vb. I, 1 to point with the finger (ʕalà, bi‑ at); 2 to insert one’s finger (DO into the hen, so as to ascertain whether she is going to lay an egg): with all likelihood denom.

► ṣubāʕ (eg.), n., 1 finger; 2 toe (also ~ al-qadam): var. of ʔiṣbaʕ
► ʔuṣbūʕ, pl. ʔaṣābīʕᵘ, n., 1 finger; 2 toe: var. of ʔiṣbaʕ
► muṣabbaʕ, n., gridiron, grill: PP/n.loc. II, lit. *‘the fingered thing’
 
ṢBĠ صبغ 
ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 3Apr2023
√ṢBĠ 
“root” 
▪ ṢBĠ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢBĠ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢBĠ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘dye; to colour; to dip one’s hand in water, dip a bit of bread in relish such as oil and the like; relish, a dip such as sauce and olive oil; to become oriented towards s.th.’ 
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ṢBW صبو 
ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 3Apr2023
√ṢBW 
“root” 
▪ ṢBW_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢBW_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢBW_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘youth, youthfulness, youthful propensity’ 
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ṢḤː (ṢḤḤ) صحّ / صحح 
ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṢḤː (ṢḤḤ) 
“root” 
▪ ṢḤː (ṢḤḤ)_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ ṢḤː (ṢḤḤ)_2 ‘…’ ↗…
 
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ṣiḥḥaẗ صِحَّة 
ID 493 • Sw – • BP 458 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṢḤː (ṢḤḤ) 
n.f. 
… – WehrCowan1979. 
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ṣaḥīḥ صَحِيح 
ID 494 • Sw –/117 • BP 364 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṢḤː (ṢḤḤ) 
adj. 
… – WehrCowan1979. 
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ṢḤB صحب 
ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṢḤB 
“root” 
▪ ṢḤB_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ ṢḤB_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to keep company, associate with, consort with, to be a comrade, companion or fellow to; to defend, to guard; companionship, fellowship; belonging, ownership’ 
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ṣaḥābaẗ صَحابَة 
ID 495 • Sw – • BP 3898 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṢḤB 
n.f. 
… – WehrCowan1979. 
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ṢḤF صحف 
ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṢḤF 
“root” 
▪ ṢḤF_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ ṢḤF_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘flat dish or a like object, such as the side of a scroll’ 
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ṣaḥīfaẗ صحيفة 
ID 499 • Sw – • BP 486 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṢḤF 
n.f. 
… – WehrCowan1979. 
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ṣuḥufī صُحُفِيّ , var. ṣaḥafī 
ID 498 • Sw – • BP 939 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṢḤF 
n. 
… – WehrCowan1979. 
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ṣaḥāfaẗ صَحافَة , var. ṣiḥāfaẗ 
ID 496 • Sw – • NahḍCon • BP 1418 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṢḤF 
n.f. 
… – WehrCowan1979. 
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ṣaḥāfī صَحافِيّ 
ID 497 • Sw – • BP 1751 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṢḤF 
¹adj.; ²n. 
… – WehrCowan1979. 
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muṣḥaf مُصْحَف , var. maṣḥaf 
ID 500 • Sw – • BP 4975 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṢḤF 
n. 
… – WehrCowan1979. 
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ṢḪː (ṢḪḪ) صخّ/صخخ 
ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 3Apr2023
√ ṢḪː (ṢḪḪ) 
“root” 
▪ ṢḪː (ṢḪḪ)_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢḪː (ṢḪḪ)_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢḪː (ṢḪḪ)_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘deafening sound, a cry that deafens by its vehemence; to pierce; calamity’ 
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ṢḪR صخر 
ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 3Apr2023
√ṢḪR 
“root” 
▪ ṢḪR _1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢḪR _2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢḪR _3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘(no verbal root) [generic noun occurring once] rock, rocks’ 
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ṢDː (ṢDD) صدّ/صدد 
ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 4Apr2023
√ ṢDː (ṢDD) 
“root” 
▪ ṢDː (ṢDD)_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢDː (ṢDD)_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢDː (ṢDD)_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘(of a road) to take a side turn; to turn away from, to shun, to be averse to; to cause s.o. to turn away from, to go back, to reject; blockage, hindrance, aversion’. 
▪ BAH2008: The form taṣdiyaẗ ‘clapping with the hands’ is classified under this root and also under the root ↗ṢDY.
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ṢDR صدر 
ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṢDR 
“root” 
▪ ṢDR_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ ṢDR_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘breast, front piece, that which fronts or faces one; initial part; to place in the front or on the highest place; to return, or go back; to issue forth, to proceed’ 
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ṣadr صَدْر 
ID 501 • Sw – • BP 786 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṢDR 
n. 
… – WehrCowan1979. 
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ṢDʕ صدع 
ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 4Apr2023
√ṢDʕ 
“root” 
▪ ṢDʕ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢDʕ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢDʕ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to cleave, split; to cause a headache; to disperse, scatter; to traverse, cross from one side to the other, to journey; crack, fissure, cleavage; scattering, standing out; to comply with, attain to’ 
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ṢDF صدف 
ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 4Apr2023
√ṢDF 
“root” 
▪ ṢDF_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢDF_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢDF_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘side of a mountain, two mountains meeting together; one side of an oyster shell; to find to be equal; to lean to one side, to turn away, to shun; to encounter, to come upon’ 
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ṢDQ صدق 
ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṢDQ 
“root” 
Ultimately, all items in this “root” go back to the same Sem etymon. But some are probably inner-Sem loans.

▪ ṢDQ_1 ‘to speak the truth’ ↗ṣadaqa
▪ ṢDQ_2 ‘(voluntarily given) alms’ ↗ṣadaqaẗ
▪ ṢDQ_3 ‘strictly veracious, upright’ ↗ṣiddīq .
▪ ṢDQ_4 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to say, tell, utter, speak the truth; to fulfil one’s promise; (of the morning) to shine clearly; to be true to (principles or friends); the truth; steadfastness; to befriend, friendship; charity, alms, to give alms to the poor; dowry’ 
▪ The root does not seem to be attested in ESem and therefore has to be regarded as a WSem innovation. Huehnergard 2011 reconstructs WSem *ṣdq ‘to be(come) just, righteous’.
▪ While [v1] in Ar is directly from the Sem, [v2] and [v3] are used in specific contexts, which is why they are likely to be inner-Sem borrowings. 
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See ↗ṣadaqa, ↗ṣadaqaẗ, ↗ṣiddīq. 
See ↗ṣadaqa, ↗ṣadaqaẗ, ↗ṣiddīq. 
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ṣadaq‑ صَدَقَ , u (ṣadq , ṣidq) 
ID 502 • Sw – • BP 2301 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṢDQ 
vb., I 
to speak the truth, be sincere; to tell (DO s.o.) the truth (ʕan about); to prove to be true, turn out to be correct, come true; to be right; to fit exactly (ʕalà s.o. or s.th.), apply (to), hold true (of) – WehrCowan1979. 
▪ The root does not seem to be attested in ESem and therefore has to be regarded as a WSem innovation. Huehnergard 2011 reconstructs WSem *ṣdq ‘to be(come) just, righteous’. 
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BDB1906: Hbr ṣādēq ‘to be righteous, just’, ṣädäq ‘rightness, righteousness; justice’, ṣaddīq ‘just, righteous’, etc.; Phn ṣdq ‘just, right’; oAram ṣdq ‘righteousness, loyalty’, Nab ʔṣdq ‘authorized’, Palm zdqtʔ renders Grk ‘eusebḗs’, Syr zāḏeq ‘it is right’, zadīqā ‘righteous’, zadīqūṯā ‘righteousness’; Sab2 ṣdq ‘to get o.’s right; to justify, make right; to fulfil (a duty); to favour, endow, grant’, ṣdq ‘right, justice, righteousness; right (adj.)’; Gz ṣadəqa ‘to be just, righteous’. — Outside Sem: Saho sadaq ‘to be true, clear’. 
▪ Badawi2008 gives as the major values of the root in ClassAr: ‘to say, tell, utter, speak the truth; to fulfil o.’s promise; (of the morning) to shine clearly; to be true to (principles or friends); the truth; steadfastness; to befriend, friendship; charity, alms, to give alms to the poor; dowry’ 
▪ Huehnergard2011/EtymOnline: Engl Sadducee is not from Ar but, via lLat sadducaei (pl.) < Grk zaddoukaios, from Mishnaic Hbr ṣədûqî ‘Sadducee’, which is from the same WSem root *ṣdq ‘to be(come) just, righteous’ to which also Ar ṣadaqa goes back. Hbr ṣədûqî is formed after ṣādôq ‘Zadoq/Tzadhoq, just, righteous’, a high priest in the time of David and Solomon, whose name is based on the vb. Hbr ṣādaq ‘to be(come) just, righteous’. From Zadoq the priesthood of the captivity claimed descent. »According to Josephus, the sect denied the resurrection of the dead and the existence of angels and spirits; but later historians regard them as more the political party of the priestly class than a sect per se« – EtymOnline. – Cf. also other names known from the Bible, such as Melchizedek and Zedekiah. 
► ṣadaqa waʕdahū or ~ fī waʕdih, vb., to keep, or fulfill, one’s promise

► BP#989ṣaddaqa, vb. II, to deem (s.o., s.th.) credible, accept (s.th.) as true, give credence (DO to s.o., to s.th.), believe, trust; to consider or pronounce s.th. to be true, right, correct or credible; to believe (bi‑ in); to give one’s consent, to consent, assent, agree (ʕalà to s.th.), approve (of s.th.), grant, license, sanction, certify, confirm, substantiate, attest, ratify; (officially) to certify (ʕalà the correctness of a translation, signature, or copy):.
► ṣādaqa, vb. III, to treat as a friend; to maintain one’s friendship (DO with s.o.); to be or become friends (with), befriend (s.o.): associative, denom. from ṣadīq; to give one’s consent, to consent, assent, agree (ʕalà to s.th.), approve (of), grant, license, sanction, certify, confirm, substantiate; (officially) to certify (ʕalà see II):.
► ʔaṣdaqa, vb. IV, to fix a (bridal) dower (‑hā for a woman): denom. from ṣadāq ?
► taṣaddaqa, vb. V, ↗ṣaqadaẗ ‘alms’.

► BP#1637ṣidq, n., truth, trueness, truthfulness; sincerity, candor; veracity, correctness (of an allegation); efficiency: vn. I.
► ṣadaqaẗ, n.: ↗s.v..
► ṣadāq, ṣidāq, pl. ṣuduq, ʔaṣdiqaẗ, n., (bridal) dower; – (pl. ʔaṣdiqaẗ) marriage contract (tun.):.
► BP#2206ṣadāqaẗ, pl. ‑āt , n., friendship: n.abstr., from ṣadīq.
► BP#398ṣadīq, pl. ʔaṣdiqāʔᵘ, ṣudaqāʔᵘ, ṣudqān, n., friend; adj., friendly, connected by bonds of friendship: pseudo-PA / ints.
► ṣadūq, adj., veracious, truthful, honest, sincere: ints.
► ṣiddīq, adj., strictly veracious, honest, righteous, upright; al-~, epithet of the first Caliph, Abū Bakr: ints., but see also ↗s.v..
► BP#4628ʔaṣdaqᵘ, adj., truer, sincerer; more reliable; more truthful: elat.
► miṣdāq, n., confirmation, corroboration, substantiation; touchstone, criterion: n.instr. (?).
► BP#3519miṣdāqiyyaẗ, n.f., credibility: abstr. in iyyaẗ, from miṣdāq.
► taṣdīq, n., belief, faith (bi‑ in); consent, assent, agreement (ʕalà to), approval, sanctioning, licensing, certification, confirmation, attestation, ratification; (official) certification: vn. II.
► muṣādaqaẗ, consent, assent, agreement, concurrence (ʕalà in); approval, sanctioning, certification, confirmation, attestation, ratification; (official) certification: vn. III.
► taṣāduq, n., legalization, authentication (ʕalà of a document): vn. VI.
► BP#1392ṣādiq, adj., true, truthful, veracious, sincere, candid; reliable; accurate, true, genuine, faithful, authentic: PA I.
► muṣaddiqaẗ, certificate, certification, attestation: lexicalized PA II.f.
► muṣaddaq, credible, believable, reliable, trustworthy: lexicalized PP II. 

ṣadaqaẗ صَدَقَة , pl. ‑āt 
ID 503 • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṢDQ 
n.f. 
alms, charitable gift; almsgiving, charity, voluntary contribution of alms, freewill offering; legally prescribed alms tax (Isl. Law) – WehrCowan1979. 
▪ As a religious technical term, the word is taken from Hbr ṣdāqāh ‘law, right behaviour, alms’. Sem ṢDQ to which the Hbr etymon belongs, has however successors also in Ar, cf. ↗ṣadaqa and derivatives.
▪ It seems that the word was borrowed in early Islamic times to provide an Islamic counterpart to old Arabian charity as practised by clan/tribe chiefs through individual acts of generosity. Through ṣadaqa, the old ideal/norm could be integrated into Islam in a modified, ‘milder’, less excessive and self-destructive form while at the same time a new notion of collective charity (↗zakāt) could be introduced and was given priority over individual charity. The old Arabian ideals however continued into Islamic times not only as ṣadaqa (↗jūd, ↗karam, ↗saḫāʔ). 
▪ eC7 Q 2:196,263, 4:114, 9:103, 58:12 ‘alms, tithes’. Derivatives: (taṣaddaqa) 2:280; 5:45; 12:88, ( ʔaṣṣaddaqa) 4:92; 9:75; 63:10, (muṣaddiq, mutaṣaddiq) e.g. 2:41; 33:35. 
▪ BDB1906: Hbr ṣədāqâh ‘righteousness(also ethically); righteous acts’, TellAm ṣaduq ‘innocent’, Syr zedqṯā ‘alms’. 
▪ Jeffery1938, 194: The Qur’anic »[p]assages are all late, and the word is used only as a technical religious term, just like Hbr ṣᵊdāqâh, Phoen ṣdq, Syr zdqā. – The Muslim authorities derive the word from ṣadaqa ‘to be sincere’ and say that alms are so called because they prove the sincerity of one’s faith. The connection of the [word] with √ṢDQ is sound enough, but as a technical word for ‘alms’ there can be no doubt that it came from a Jewish or Christian source. Hirschfeld, Beiträge, 89, argues for a Jewish origin,1 which is very possible. The Syr zdqā with z for ṣ would seem fatal to a derivation from a Christian source, but in the Christian-Palestinian dialect we find ṣdqā translating [Grk] eleēmosýnē in common use in several forms,2 which makes it at least possible that the source of the Ar word is to be found there.«
▪ Pennacchio2014, 168: the word seems to be a borrowing from Hbr ṣᵊdāqâh, »concept spécifique au judaïsme. Il es fréquent dans le texte biblique mais il n’a pas seulement le sens de ‘charité, aumône’. […] C’est dans la littérature rabbinique que ṣədāqā ‘pureté, vertu, équité’ a le sens d’‘aumône’.«3
▪ Kerr2014: »The ‘voluntary donation’ ṣadaqaẗ has a specific meaning and thus is certainly of foreign origin. In Amor, Ug, (older) Hbr, Sab, Gz, etc. this semantic domain encompasses ‘justice, to be righteous, to be documented as true’ (compare the Tzaddik; Sadducee)—from which the classical commentators derived the Ar term. The development of ‘to be righteous’ > ‘that which is right(eous)’ > ‘that which is proper (to give)’ > ‘to give charitably’ > ‘to give a portion, toll’ was completed in Aram. Syr which renders here the /ṣ/ with {z} is less relevant here. However, here we do find a similar semantic development: zadūṯā (<√ZDQ !) ‘beneficium, eleemosyne’, for example, as in Matthew 6:2, where this word expresses the Greek eleēmosýnē […]. The unaltered root √ṢDQ found in WAram is, however, in all likelihood the source of the Ar borrowing. So for example ChrPal ṣdqʔ as well as the Hbr word borrowed by Jewish dialects ṣəḏāqāʰ ‘liberality, especially almsgiving’. Although the exact Aram source of this word is not clear, it is most likely the same one which lent this word into ClassEth [Gz] ṣadəqāt (pl.; sg. ṣadəq). In any case, the particular semantic development of the root √ṢDQ here, from ‘righteousness’ to ‘alms(giving)’ is somewhat convoluted so as to preclude the same semantic development having occurred twice independently. The precedence of this development in Aram certainly shows that it was borrowed by Ar. The fact that it […] seems to have been borrowed from a Jewish WAram dialect could indicate that it is an Islamic continuation of an originally Jewish custom, possibly a relic of Islam’s Jud-Chr origins.« 
– 
► ṣadaqat al-fiṭr, n., almsgiving at the end of Ramadan (Isl. Law)

► taṣaddaqa, vb. V, to give alms (ʕalà to s.o.); to give as alms, donate (bi‑ s.th., ʕalà to s.o.): denom. 

ṣiddīq صِدِّيق 
ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṢDQ 
adj. 
strictly veracious, honest, righteous, upright; al-~, epithet of the first Caliph, Abū Bakr – WehrCowan1979. 
▪ Jeffery thinks this word, which is a standard epithet of the first caliph, is a borrowing from JudAram ṣaddîqāh ‘pious’, while Paret makes Hbr ṣaddīq ‘pious’ the etymon proper. Sem ṢDQ to which the Aram and Hbr words belong, has however successors also in Ar, cf. ↗ṢDQ, ↗ṣadaqa and derivatives.
▪ In the Qur’an, the sg. is an epithet of prominent figures like Abraham, Idris and Joseph. In the pl., the word denotes a rank of pious and holy people. 
▪ … 
… 
Jeffery1938, 194-5: »Obviously it may be taken as a genuine Ar formation from ṣadaqa on the measure fiʕʕīl, though this form is not very common. — As used in the Qurʔān, however, it seems to have a technical sense, being used in the sg. only of Biblical characters, and in the pl. as ‘the righteous’, and for this reason it has been thought that we can detect the influence of the Hbr-Aram ṣaddīq. Thus Fleischer, Kleinere Schriften, ii, 594, says: “Das Wort ist dem Hbr-Aram ṣaddîq entlehnt, mit Verwandlung des Vocals der ersten Silbe in i nach dem bekannten reinarabischen اتباع.” – In the OT [Hbr] ṣaddîq means ‘just, righteous’, and is generally rendered by [Grk] díkaios in the LXX. In the Rabbinic ṣaddîqâ the sense of ‘piety’ becomes even more prominent and it is used in a technical sense for ‘the pious’, as in Succa, 45, b. It is precisely in this sense that Joseph, Abraham, and Idris are called ṣiddīq and the Virgin Mary ṣiddīqaẗ in the Qurʔān, and there can be little doubt that both the Ar and the Eth [Gz] ṣādəq are of this Aram origin.«4  
– 
— 
ṢDY صدي 
ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 4Apr2023
√ṢDY 
“root” 
▪ ṢDY_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢDY_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢDY_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘intense thirst, to become thirsty; clapping of the hands, echo; to soothe, to coax; to endeavour; human corpse, skull’ 
▪ … 
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. 
– 
– 
ṢRː (ṢRR) صرّ/صرر 
ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 4Apr2023
√ ṢRː (ṢRR) 
“root” 
▪ ṢRː (ṢRR)_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢRː (ṢRR)_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢRː (ṢRR)_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘freezing cold, frost; (sound) screeching, grating, creaking; (of a buzzard) to cry; to tie up, to purse, to constrict; to persist’ 
▪ From CSem *√ṢRR ‘to be(come) narrow, restricted, distressed, to bind, tie’ – Huehnergard2011.
▪ …
 
– 
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. 
– 
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ṢRḤ صرح 
ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 4Apr2023
√ṢRḤ 
“root” 
▪ ṢRḤ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢRḤ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢRḤ_3 ‘tower’ ↗ṣarḥ

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to be, or become, pure, sheer, clear, unmixed; purity; tower, high building; a court or an open area, in a house’ 
▪ … 
– 
. 
. 
– 
– 
ṣarḥ صَرْح 
ID – • Sw – • BP 4652 • APD … • © SG | 3Jun2023
√ṢRḤ
 
n. 
tower – Jeffery1938
 
▪ … 
▪ eC7 Q xxvii, 44; xxviii, 38; xl, 38 – Jeffery1938.
 
. 
▪ Jeffery1938: »The Lexicographers were not very sure of its meaning. They generally take it to mean ‘palace, magnificent building’ (Ǧawharī), or the name of a castle (TA, ii, 179), while some say it means ‘glass tiles’, balāṭ min qawārīr. All these explanations, however, seem to be drawn from the Qurʔānic material, and they do not explain how the word can be derived from √ṢRḤ. / Nöldeke, Neue Beiträge, 51, pointed out that in all probability the word is from Eth [Gz] ṣərḥ ‘room’, sometimes used for ‘templum’, sometimes for ‘palatium’, but as Dillmann, Lex, 1273, notes, always for aedes altiores conspicuae. This is a much likelier origin than the Aram ṣryḥ, which, though in the Targum to Jud. ix, 49, it means ‘citadel, fortified place’, usually means a ‘deep cavity in a rock’, and is the equivalent of Arab ḍarīḥ, not of ṣarḥ.5 It is doubtful if the word occurs in the genuine old poetry, but it is found in the SAr inscriptions, where ṣrḥt = ‘aedificium elatum’ (Rossini, Glossarium, 225).«
 
– 
– 
taṣrīḥī تَصْريحيّ 
Sw – • NahḍCon • BP … • APD … • © SG | created 7Jun2023
√ṢRḤ 
adj. 
. 
▪ nsb-formation from taṣrīḥ, vn. II 
. 
. 
. 
. 
. 
ṢRḪ صرخ 
ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṢRḪ 
“root” 
▪ ṢRḪ_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ ṢRḪ_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to scream, shriek, to call for help, yell, loud cry’ 
▪ … 
– 
▪ …
▪ … 
▪ …
▪ … 
– 
– 
ṣārūḫ صارُوخ 
ID 504 • Sw – • BP 1489 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṢRḪ 
n. 
… – WehrCowan1979. 
▪ … 
▪ … 
▪ …
▪ … 
▪ …
▪ … 
– 
► 
ṣaraḫ‑ صَرَخَ 
ID 505 • Sw – • BP 1894 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṢRḪ 
vb., I 
… – WehrCowan1979. 
▪ … 
▪ … 
▪ Bergsträsser1928: (*‘to cry, shout’) Akk ṣrḫ (u), Hbr ṣrḥ, Syr (caus. ṣrḥ), Gz ṣrḫ – (ā).
▪ … 
▪ …
▪ … 
– 
► 
ṢRṢR صرصر 
ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 4Apr2023
√ṢRṢR 
“root” 
▪ ṢRṢR_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢRṢR_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢRṢR_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘screeching, or creaking, sound of a cricket, cricket; to be vehemently noisy; to be extremely frosty’ 
▪ … 
– 
. 
. 
– 
– 
ṢRṬ صرط 
ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṢRṬ 
“root” 
▪ ṢRṬ_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ ṢRṬ_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): sirāṭ is recognised as a borrowing from ancient Grk through Lat. 
▪ … 
– 
▪ …
▪ … 
▪ …
▪ … 
– 
– 
ṣirāṭ صِراط 
ID 506 • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṢRṬ 
n.m./f. 
way, path, road – WehrCowan1979. 
▪ According to Gutas (EALL, »Greek Loanwords«), the word is one of the few cases where Grk acted as intermediary for the transmission of a Lat loanword.
▪EI² (C. Rabin, »ʕArabiyya«) ṣirāṭ might belong to a group of »some military terms« that »may have come directly from Latin.« 
▪ eC7 Occurs some forty-five times in the Q, e.g. 1:6,7, 2:142,213, etc. ‘a way’
▪ eC7 1 (road, highway, pathway) Q 7:86 wa‑lā taqʕudū bi‑kulli ṣirāṭin tūʕidūna ‘and do not sit in every pathway, threatening [wayfarers]’; *Q 1:6 (ĭ)hdi‑nā ’l‑ṣirāṭa ’l‑mustaqīma ‘guide us to the straight path [also interpreted as: the true religion, the way of the righteous, the religion of Islam]’; 2 (an undertaking, promise) Q 15:41 qāla hāḏā ṣirāṭun ʕalayya mustaqīmun ‘He said: This is a promise from Me [that will be kept]’; 3 (with def.art.: the Path, the bridge spanning Hell which all humankind would have to cross on the Day of Judgement – in 1 interpretation of) Q 33:66 wa‑law našāʔu la‑ṭamasnā ʕalā ʔaʕyunihim fa‑’stabaqū ’l‑ṣirāṭa fa‑ʔannā yubṣirūna ‘had We willed, We would obliterate their eyes, then they would race to get to the Path, but how could they see [it]?’
▪ … 
▪ …
▪ … 
▪ EI² (C. Rabin, »ʕArabiyya«): ṣirāṭ might belong to a group of »some military terms« that »may have come directly from Latin.«
▪ Gutas (EALL, »Greek Loanwords«) specifies: < Aram ĭsṭrātiyā < Grk στράτα < Lat strata.
▪ Jeffery1938, 195-96: »The word is used only in a religious sense, usually with the adj. mustaqīm, and though frequently used by Muḥammad to indicate his own preaching, it is also used of the teaching of Moses (37:118) and Jesus (3:51), and sometimes means the religious way of life in general (cf. 7:16). / The early Muslim authorities knew not what to make of the word. They were not sure whether it was to be spelled ṣirāṭ, sirāṭ, or zirāṭ6 and they were equally uncertain as to its gender, al-Akhfash propounding a theory that in the dialect of Hijaz it was fem. and in the dialect of Tamīm masc. Many of the early philologers recognized it as a foreign word, as we learn from as-Suyūṭī, Itq, 322, Muzhir, i, 130, Mutaw 50. They said it was Grk, and are right in so far as it was from the Hellenized form of the Lat strata that the word passed into Aram and thence into Ar. / The word was doubtless first introduced by the Roman administration into Syria and the surrounding territory, so that [Lat] strata became [Grk] stráta (cf. Procopius, ii, 1), and thence Aram ʔsṭrṭyʔ, ʔsṭrṭyʔ, ʔysrṭyʔ, srṭyʔ,7 Syr ĭstrāṭā.8 From Aram it was an early borrowing into Ar, being found in the early poetry.9
▪ … 
▪ Cf. Engl street, oEngl stret (Mercian, Kentish), stræt (West Saxon) ‘street, high road’, from lLat strata, used elliptically for via strata ‘paved road’, from fem. PP of Lat sternere ‘to lay down, spread out, pave’, from protIE *stre-to‑ ‘to stretch, extend’, from root *stere‑ ‘to spread, extend, stretch out’, from nasalized form of protIE root *stere‑ ‘to spread’. / One of the few words in use in England continuously from Roman times. An early and widespread Germ borrowing (oFris strete, oSax strata, mDu strate, Du straat, oHGe straza, Ge Straße, Sw stråt, Da sträde ‘street’). The Lat is also the source of Span estrada, oFr estrée, It strada – EtymOnline. 
► 
ṢRʕ صرع 
ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 4Apr2023
√ṢRʕ 
“root” 
▪ ṢRʕ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢRʕ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢRʕ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to knock down, to wrestle; epilepsy’ 
▪ … 
– 
. 
. 
– 
– 
ṢRF صرف 
ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṢRF 
“root” 
▪ ṢRF_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ ṢRF_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to divert the direction, to avert, to repel; to cause to turn, or to shift, from one state to another, to dissuade; to dismiss; to creak, to grate; to exchange’ 
▪ … 
– 
▪ …
▪ … 
▪ …
▪ … 
▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl silver, prob. ultimately from Akk ṣarpu ‘refined, silver’, vb.adj. of ṣarāpu ‘to refine’. 
– 
ṣirf صِرْف 
ID 507 • Sw – • BP??? • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṢRF 
adj. 
… – WehrCowan1979. 
▪ … 
▪ … 
▪ …
▪ … 
▪ …
▪ … 
– 
► 
ṢRM صرم 
ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 4Apr2023
√ṢRM 
“root” 
▪ ṢRM_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢRM_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢRM_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to cut off, to sever, to separate, plucking off; to forsake; to pass away; the first and last parts of the night, the night; sharp, decisive’ 
▪ … 
– 
. 
. 
– 
– 
ṢʕD صعد 
ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 4Apr2023
√ṢʕD 
“root” 
▪ ṢʕD_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢʕD_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢʕD_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to climb up, to ascend, to surface; high land, the upper crust of the earth, clean soil; (of breath) to labour, to undergo difficulty, distress’ 
▪ … 
– 
. 
. 
– 
– 
ṢʕR صعر 
ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 4Apr2023
√ṢʕR 
“root” 
▪ ṢʕR_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢʕR_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢʕR_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘(in camels) a disease that causes a distortion and twisting of the neck to one side; to turn away one’s check from people out of contempt arising from pride’ 
▪ … 
– 
. 
. 
– 
– 
ṢʕQ صعق 
ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 4Apr2023
√ṢʕQ 
“root” 
▪ ṢʕQ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢʕQ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢʕQ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘thunderbolt, to smite with a thunderbolt, be thunderstruck; to fall down unconscious, to stupefy’ 
▪ … 
– 
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. 
– 
– 
ṢĠR صغر 
ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṢĠR 
“root” 
▪ ṢĠR_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ ṢĠR_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘youth, being youthful; small, to be small, little, slight, to shrink; to be small in the eyes of others; to be base, contemptible’ 
▪ … 
– 
▪ …
▪ … 
▪ …
▪ … 
– 
– 
ṣaġīr صَغِير 
ID 508 • Sw 15/140 • BP 230 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṢĠR 
adj. 
… – WehrCowan1979. 
▪ … 
▪ … 
▪ …
▪ … 
▪ …
▪ … 
– 
► 
ṢĠW صغو 
ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 4Apr2023
√ṢĠW 
“root” 
▪ ṢĠW_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢĠW_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢĠW_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘inclination, or twisting, of the mouth; to incline, to swerve’ 
▪ … 
- 
. 
. 
- 
- 
ṢFː (ṢFF) صفّ/صفف 
ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 4Apr2023
√ ṢFː (ṢFF) 
“root” 
▪ ṢFː (ṢFF)_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢFː (ṢFF)_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢFː (ṢFF)_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to arrange in ranks, lines, or rows, to set side by side, to arrange in a straight line; to stand in ranks, line up’ 
▪ … 
– 
. 
. 
▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl sofa, from Ar ↗ṣuffaẗ ‘sofa’, from Aram ṣippā, abs. form of ṣippᵊtā, a mat, perh. akin to ṣippā, ṣuppā ‘carded wool’, cf. Ar ↗ṣūf.
▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl Sufi, from Ar ↗ṣūfī, ‘(man) of wool’, from ↗ṣūf ‘wool’, perh. from Aram ṣippā, ṣuppā ‘carded wool’; both perh. from Akk ṣuppu ‘solid, massive, compacted (textile)’, vb.adj. of ṣuppu ‘to press down, rub down a horse’, derived stem of *ṣâpu, cf. ↗ṢFː (ṢFF). 
– 
ṢFḤ صفح 
ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 6Apr2023
√ṢFḤ 
“root” 
▪ ṢFḤ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢFḤ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢFḤ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘width or broad side of a mountain; the side, or lateral, or outward part, face, or surface, flatness or wide smooth expanse; to turn away from s.o.’s crime, to forgive, to let off, to set free; to take s.o.’s hand in salute’ 
▪ … 
– 
. 
. 
– 
– 
ṢFD صفد 
ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 6Apr2023
√ṢFD 
“root” 
▪ ṢFD_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢFD_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢFD_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘shackles, fetters, thongs, chains; to bind; to give freely’ 
▪ … 
– 
. 
. 
– 
– 
ṢFR صفر 
ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṢFR 
“root” 
▪ ṢFR_1 ‘to whistle; bird’ ↗…
▪ ṢFR_2 ‘yellow’ ↗ʔaṣfar

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘whistle, to whistle, to utter a whistle-like sound; to become empty, void or vacant; to become yellow, (of plants) to wither away to the point of becoming yellow’ 
▪ [v1] Kogan2011: Ar ṣāfir ‘(birds other than birds of prey)’ can be traced back untio protWSem *ṣ˅p(p)˅r‑ ‘bird’ (but Akk ṣibāru ‘sparrow’).
▪ … 
– 
▪ …
▪ … 
▪ …
▪ … 
▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl cipher, zero, decipher, from Ar ṣifr ‘empty’ (loan translation of Skr śūnyam ‘cipher, dot’), from ṣafira ‘to be(come) empty, vacant’; Safar, from Ar ṣafar ‘Safar’, prob. from ṣafira (see above).↗ 
– 
ʔaṣfarᵘ أَصْفَرُ 
ID 509 • Sw 89/200 • BP 2099 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṢFR 
adj. 
… – WehrCowan1979. 
▪ … 
▪ … 
▪ …
▪ … 
▪ …
▪ … 
– 
► 
ṢFṢF صفصف 
ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 6Apr2023
√ṢFṢF 
“root” 
▪ ṢFṢF_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢFṢF_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢFṢF_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to be empty, deserted or vacant; a level tract of land with no herbage or water’ 
▪ … 
– 
. 
. 
– 
– 
ṢFN صفن 
ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 6Apr2023
√ṢFN 
“root” 
▪ ṢFN_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢFN_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢFN_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘(of horses) to stand on three legs with the edge of one of the front hoofs just touching the ground (a sign of a thoroughbred), to set the feet side by side, to stand confronting a party of people; to compact dry herbage into a nest; nest, waterskin’ 
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ṢFW صفو 
ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 6Apr2023
√ṢFW 
“root” 
▪ ṢFW_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢFW_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢFW_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to purify, purity, pure; to choose, to select above others, the choice, the elite, the select; hard smooth rock’ 
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*ṢQ‑ (*ṢḲ‑) 
ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṢQ- 
cons. “root nucleus” 
Basic meaning *‘to beat’ – Ehret1995. 
According to Ehret1995#902, *ṢḲ- is a pre-pSem 2-consonantal base with the meaning ‘to beat’ from which several 3-radical roots are formed by extension, see section DERIV below. 
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▪ …
▪ … 
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► + “extendative” *‑b = ṣaqb ‘to beat with the fist’, cf. (?) ↗ṣāqaba ‘to approach, go/come near, be neighbours, adjacent’.
► + “diffusive” *‑r = ṣaqr ‘to beat; break stones’, cf. ↗ṢQR. Cf. also (though not related) ↗ṣaqr ‘falcon, hawk’, and ↗ṣāqūr ‘stone axe’.
► + “partive” *‑ʕ = ṣaqʕ ‘to beat’ (earlier: ‘to break by beating’?), cf. (?) ↗ṣaqʕaẗ ‘frost, ice, hoarfrost’.
► + “noun suffix?” *‑l = ṣaql ‘to beat’ (earlier n. ‘beating’?), cf. (?) ↗ṣaqala ‘to smooth, polish, burnish, cut’.
 
ṢQR صقر 
ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṢQR 
“root” 
▪ ṢQR_1 ‘saker, falcon, hawk’ ↗ṣaqr
▪ ṢQR_2 ‘stone axe’ ↗ṣāqūr

Other values, now obsolete, include:
  • ṢQR_3 ‘to strike, break stones’: †ṣaqara
  • ṢQR_4 ‘to light (a fire)’: †ṣaqara, †ṣaqqara
  • ṢQR_5 ‘to scorch, be scorching (sun)’: †ṣaqara, †ʔaṣqara
  • ṢQR_6 ‘very sour milk’: †ṣaqr
  • ṢQR_7 ‘sharp-sighted’: †ṣāqir
  • ṢQR_8 ‘treacle of dates, grapes’: †ṣaq(a)r
  • ṢQR_9 ‘blasphemer, unbeliever’: †ṣaqqār
  • ṢQR_10 ‘lies’: in the expression ǧāʔa bi’l-†ṣuqar wa’l-buqar or bi’l-†ṣuqārà wa’l-buqārà ‘he came with lies’
 
For 2 out of the 10 values listed above, foreign etymologies have been suggested (ṣaqr ‘falcon’ < Pers šikara ‘birds of prey trained to hunt’, perh. also oTu suŋkur ‘id.’; ṣāqūr ‘stone axe’ < Lat secūris ‘axe, hatchet, cleaver’). But there may be overlapping with ṢQR_3 ‘to beat, strike, (hence?) break stones’. There is large diversity also among the other 8 values (all become obsolete in MSA). Although far from obvious, some of these may be related to each other (figurative use?). The diversity may, however, also be due to convergence of earlier SQR with ṢQR, initial s having become emphatic ṣ through influence from following q. 
– 
See DISC below. 
▪ Although foreign etymologies have been suggested for both ṢQR_1 ‘falcon, hawk’ and ṢQR_2 ‘stone axe’ (see below), the evidence of the ClassAr vb. I †ṣaqara (u, ṣaqr) ‘to strike (bi- with a stick), break stones (bi- with a hammer etc.)’ (ṢQR_3) as well as the attribute †ṣāqir ‘sharp-sighted’ (ṢQR_7) in ṣaqr ṣāqir ‘sharp-sighted falcon’ may suggest that the ‘stone axe’, ṣāqūr, could be akin to †ṣaqara ‘to break stones’ and also the ‘falcon’, ṣaqr, might be related to this vb. (perh. *‘the striking one’). Folk etymology may have overshadowed true origins.
▪ Ehret1995#902 gives both ‘to beat’ and (hence?) ‘to break stones’ as the two values of the vb. †ṣaqara, which according to him is an extension in “diffusive” *-r from a bi-consonantal “pre-Proto-Semitic” (pPS, i.e. preSem) root *ṣḳ- ‘to beat’, from AfrAs *-tl’ok’- ‘to beat’. – For other extensions from the same preSem root cf. ↗*ṢQ- (*ṢḲ-), ↗ṣāqaba ‘to approach, go/come near, be neighbours, adjacent’, ↗ṣaqʕaẗ ‘frost, ice, hoarfrost’, and ↗ṣaqala ‘to smooth, polish, burnish, cut’.
▪ Furthermore, if one assumes for ṢQR a basic value of ‘to beat, strike’, then not only ṢQR_1 ‘falcon, hawk’ and ṢQR_2 ‘stone axe’ can be seen as developments from this value (*‘the striking one’ and *‘instrument for breaking stone by striking it’), but also most of the others that are listed as distinct values above: ṢQR_4 ‘to light (a fire)’ (by ‘striking’ firestones against each other?), ṢQR_5 ‘to be scorching (sun)’ (i.e., *‘beating, striking’?), ṢQR_6 ‘sour (milk)’ (i.e., of a *‘striking, biting taste’?), and ṢQR_7 ‘sharp-sighted’ (i.e., being endowed with a *‘striking’ sight). Only ṢQR_8-10 would be difficult to connect to an original *‘beating’ or *‘striking’. But given the fact that there seems to be some overlapping with, or contamination by, other roots (see below), all this is highly speculative.
▪ ṢQR_1: cf. also the old denom. vb. V, †taṣaqqara ‘to hunt with a hawk’. – Perhaps under the influence of †ṣaqara ‘to beat, strike’ from Pers šekara ‘rapacious birds trained to hunt’ (or/from oTu suŋkur ‘id.’?) (rather than from Lat sacer ‘falcon, harrier’, as suggested by Fraenkel1886, or from Eg zkr ‘Sokar(is)’, a falcon-headed deity, as mentioned, though at the same time doubted, by Calice1936#788). For details see ↗ṣaqr.
▪ ṢQR_2: Unless akin to †ṣaqara ‘to beat, strike, (?hence also:) break stones’, the ‘stone axe’, ṣāqūr, (*‘stone-breaker’?) is perhaps (Fraenkel1886: »without doubt«), mediated by Aram sqūriyā, (Brockelmann1895:) Syr sīqūrā ‘id.’, from Lat secūris ‘axe, hatchet, cleaver’ (which is also the source of Engl saw, etc.), with Lat [z] > Syr [s] > Ar [ṣ] (as perhaps in ṢQR_1). The ‘un-Arabic’ fāʕūl pattern supports the assumption of a foreign etymology. The meaning ‘to break stones’ of ṢQR_3 †ṣaqara may then be denominative from ṣāqūr.
▪ ṢQR_3: If the obsol. vb. I †ṣaqara (u, ṣaqr) ‘to strike (bi- with a stick), break stones (bi- with a hammer etc.)’ represents the major basic value, then many others in this root may be derived from it (see discussion above). For the second value, ‘to break stones’, one could, however, also assume a denom. formation from ṣāqūr (see preceding paragraph, ṢQR_2). – The obsol. n.f. †ṣāqiraẗ ‘misfortune, calamity’, actually a PA of vb. I, is with all probability fig. use (misfortune = *‘the striking one’).
▪ ṢQR_4: The obsol. value ‘to light (a fire)’ (I †ṣaqara, II †ṣaqqara) is probably a special use of ṢQR_3 ‘to strike, beat’ (sc. fire-stones to produce sparks). – Cf. also †ĭṣṭaqara, vb. VIII, ‘to be lighted (fire)’. – But cf. also ṢQR_5.
▪ ṢQR_5: Likewise, the obsol. value ‘to scorch, be scorching (sun)’ of †ṣaqara u (ṣaqr, ṣaqraẗ) and †ʔaṣqara, vb. IV, seem to be fig. use of ṢQR_3 ‘to strike, beat’. Cf., however, also ↗saqar (with non-emphatic s) ‘heat of the sun, sunburn, sunstroke; Hell-fire’, of which ṢQR_5 may be just a phonetic var. if we assume emphatic ṣ < non-emphatic s due to following q (partial assimilation).
▪ ṢQR_6: Is also the value ‘very sour milk’ of †ṣaqr (pl. ṣuqūr, ṣiqār) such a metaphorical use of ṢQR_3 ‘to strike, beat’ (the sour taste being experienced as *‘striking’)? The meaning ‘undeserved curse’ seems to be fig. use of ‘sour milk’, while the vb. ‘to be very sour’ (I †ṣaqara, IV †ʔaṣqara) obviously is denominative.
▪ ṢQR_7: The adj. †ṣāqir ‘sharp-sighted’, grammatically a PA of an obsol. vb. I *‘to be sharp-sighted’ and preserved only in the phraseme ṣaqr ṣāqir ‘sharp-sighted saker, falcon’, is interesting because one may perhaps have to compare (in spite of s instead of ṣ) Syr sqūriyā ‘the evil eye, looking askance’, sqūrātiyā ‘one looking with the evil eye’, and the corresponding vb. Syr sqar, nesqūr (PA: sāqar, sāqrā) ‘to look awry, askance, look with the evil eye, envy, grudge, spite’ (PayneSmith1903), although Brockelmann1895 gives Ar SQR (cf. ↗saqar ‘hell’), not ṢQR as cognate of Syr sqar. The oscillation between s and ṣ can be observed also in ṢQR_5 ‘to scorch (sun)’, which also appears as †saqara (u, saqr), ṢQR_8 (†ṣaqir ‘sweet’ vs. †ʔasqara ‘to bear sweet dates (palmtree)’) and ṢQR_9 (†ṣaqqār ~ saqqār ‘blasphemer’). ‒ Thus, it is possible that we are dealing with a primary SQR here whose initial S, under the influence of neighbouring Q, has undergone partial assimilation, resulting in emphatic Ṣ.
▪ ṢQR_8: Besides †ṣaqr, var. ṣaqar, pl. ṣuqūr, ṣiqār, n., ‘treacle of dates, grapes’, cf. also †ṣaqir, adj., ‘sweet (grape, date)’, †ṣaqqār, n., ‘seller of treacle’, †muṣaqqar, adj., ‘preserved in treacle’. ‒ Like for ṢQR_7, Hava1899 here, too, lists a corresponding item with s instead of ṣ : ʔasqara, vb. IV, ‘to bear sweet dates (palm-tree)’. Are the forms of ṢQR_8 the result of assimilation/emphatisation, developed from primary SQR?
▪ ṢQR_9: Like the preceding items, also †ṣaqqār ‘blasphemer, unbeliever’ has a variant saqqār ‘impious; blasphemer’ with initial s rather than ṣ (Hava1899). ‒ Any relation to (or figurative use of) some of the items ṢQR_1 through ṢQR_8?
▪ ṢQR_10: The element †ṣuqar or †ṣuqārà in the phraseme meaning ‘to come with lies’ seems to be a Syriansim, cf. (with š, not ṣ) Syr šûqrâ ‘lie’, šaqārâ ‘lying, false, perfidious’ (Sem ŠQR ‘deceive’, Akk šugguru ‘to cheat, lie’, tašgirtu ‘deceit, treachery’, Hbr šäqär ‘deception, disappointment, falsehood’, denom. vb. šāqar ‘to do/deal falsely’). 
▪ ↗ṣaqr. 
– 
ṣaqr صَقْر , pl. ṣuqūr , ʔaṣqur , †ṣuqūraẗ , †ṣiqār 
ID 510 • Sw – • BP 6283 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṢQR 
n. 
saker, falcon, hawk – WehrCowan1979. 
Fraenkel1886 suggested Lat sacer ‘falcon, harrier’ as the etymon of Ar ṣaqr; but it is more likely that the word is of Pers origin (related to the idea of Pers šekār ‘hunting’). Perhaps also oTu suŋkur should be considered as a possible source. 
▪ … 
See DISC below. 
▪ Fraenkel1886 rightly states that, given a conspicuous lack of cognates in other Sem languages, ṣaqr with all likelihood is a foreign word. (For genuine Sem bird names, cf., e.g., ↗nasr, ↗ġurāb, ↗ǧawzal).
▪ Calice1936#788 mentions Eg zkr ‘Sokar(is)’, the name of a falcon-shaped god of the dead in Memphis, often written with a falcon determinative, as a possible parallel (if not origin) of Ar ṣaqr, not without adding, however, that this juxtaposition is “lautlich nicht einwandfrei” (phonologically problematic, not sound). – For both phonological and geographical reasons, this etymology is indeed rather weak.
▪ Fraenkel1886 thinks ṣaqr is the oldest example of Ar borrowing of bird names from outside Sem. He suggests (late) Lat sacer ‘falcon, harrier’ as the etymon. According to the author, the var. †zaqr, mentioned by Ibn Durayd, certainly is the more original form (still preserving the voicedness of initial Lat {s}), which then developed into ṣaqr. See however following paragraph. – The meaning ‘falcon’ of the Lat word is secondary, transferred to the bird on account of its ‘holiness’. Lat here shows the same transfer (sacer ‘holy’, then also ‘the sacred one’), and for the same reason, as Grk hiérax ‘falcon, hawk’, which is from hierós ‘holy’.
▪ Given the fact that most of the Ar terminology of falconry (†bayzaraẗ) is clearly borrowed from Pers (cf. Ar ↗bāz, ↗bāšaq, ↗zurayq, ↗šāhīn), a Pers origin of ṣaqr, too, is more probable than a Lat one. Palmer1882 suggests a Pers šakrah [sic!] ‘falcon’ as the etymon, which I was unable to find in the dictionaries at hand; but Steingass1884 has, e.g., Pers šikara ‘rapacious birds trained to hunt’ – S.G. If this etymology is correct, then Ar ṣaqr ‘falcon’ is related to the idea of ‘prey, game; chase, hunting; plunder, booty [etc.]’ of Pers šikār.10
▪ Perhaps, however, also Tu sungur ‘falcon, hawk’ (oTu suŋkur11 ) should be considered as a possible source. 
▪ Lokotsch1927#1799: Ar ṣaqr ‘falcon (used in hawking), Falco sacer’ gave mLat sacer ‘id.’, mGrk sákre, Cat Span Port sacre, Fr sacre, It sacro, sagro, Port çafaro ‘falcon, hawk’; Ge Sacker(-falk), Engl saker, sacre (< mFr sacre); Ru sokol, Ukr Pol sokoł, Cz sokol, Serb soko, Bulg sokol ‘falcon’. According to Bertau20141 , folk-etymology identified m/lLat sacer ‘falcon’ with Lat sacer ‘holy sacred’ (perh. in analogy to Grk híerax ‘falcon, hawk’ < hierós ‘holy, sacred’). 
► al-ṣuqūr, n.pl., the hawks (pol.) 
ṣāqūr صاقُور 
ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṢQR 
n. 
stone axe – WehrCowan1979. 
With all probability via Aram/Syr from Lat secūr-is ‘axe, hatchet, cleaver’ (cf. oEngl seax ‘knife’, No saks ‘scissors’, Ge Säge ‘saw’). 
▪ … 
See DISC. 
▪ It seems to be safe to follow Fraenkel1886 who has no doubts that Ar ṣāqūr goes back, via Aram sqūriyā [Brockelmann1895: Syr sîqûrâ ] to Lat secūr-is ‘axe, hatchet, cleaver (battle axe, tomahawk, etc.)’, from sec-āre ‘to cut, amputate’, from IE (W/Eur) *sek- ‘to cut’ (pGerm *sago ‘a cutting tool’ > oHGe sega, saga > Ge Säge ‘saw’; oEngl sagu > Engl saw; cf. also oEngl seax ‘knife’, No saks ‘scissors’). »Auffallend kann nur das Eine sein, dass das aramäische s durch ṣ transcribiert wurde, was sonst nicht leicht vorkommt« (the only thing that may raise some doubt is that Aram s has been made into ṣ, which does not happen easily); however, taking into consideration some other evidence, it is safe to assume that this does not affect the correctness of the etymology. 
▪ Ar ṣāqūr is not in itself the source of, but derived from the same Lat etymon as Eur words for ‘saw’, ‘knife’, or ‘scissors’, cf. DISC above. 
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ṢQLB صقلب
 
ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 26Feb2023
√ṢQLB 
“root” 
▪ ṢQLB_1 ‘Slav’ ↗ṣaqlab

Other values, now obsolete, include (BK1860):

▪ †ṢQLB_2 ‘hard; strong, robust, eating much (camel); hard and strong (head, skull)’: †¹ṣiqlāb
▪ †ṢQLB_3 ‘white’: †²ṣiqlāb
▪ †ṢQLB_4 ‘red’: †³ṣiqlāb
 
▪ [v1] : ? With partly retrograde assimilation (ṣ‑ < s under the influence of following q), from ↗saqlab(ī) ‘Slav’?
▪ [v2] : ? Cf. ↗ṣulb ? Meaning first attested eC8. – Any relation to [v1] ‘Slav’ (sometimes also ‘slave’)?
▪ [v3] : etymology obscure. – Any relation to the fact that the Slavs (who often served as slaves) were of white complexion? In contrast, ‘Ethiopians’ could be termed ṣaqālibaẗ al-zanǧ ‘the negro\black Slavs (= slaves?)’.
▪ [v4] : etymology obscure. – Like [v3] ‘white’, also ‘red’ may have emerged as an attribute of Slavic slaves.
▪ …
 
▪ [v2] : first attestation in the expression bayna maqaḏḏay raʔsihī l-ṣiqlābi, by Ǧandal b. Muṯannà al-Ṭuhawī (dated 709 in DHDA).
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▪ ...
 
▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ ...
 
▪ [v1] Not from Ar ṣaqlab but from the same source are Eur words for the ‘Slavs’; see ↗saqlabī.
▪ ...
 
–
 
ṣaqlab صَقْلَب , pl. ṣaqālibaẗ
 
ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 26Feb2023
√ṢQLB 
n.
 
Slav – WehrCowan1976
 
▪ ? With partly retrograde assimilation (ṣ‑ < s under the influence of following q), from ↗saqlab(ī) ‘Slav’?
▪ …
 
▪ BK1860: †ṣiqlāb and ṣaqālibaẗ ‘Slaves (peuple : nom générique donné par les Arabes aux peuples du nord-est de l’Europe)’; †ṣaqālibaẗ al-zanǧ ‘Éthiopiens’
▪ ...
 
▪ – (loanword), see ↗saqlabī.
▪ ...
 
▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ ...
 
▪ Not from Ar ṣaqlabī but from the same source are Eur words for ‘Slavs’, see ↗saqlabī.
▪ ...
 
– . For the overall picture, see root entry ↗ṢQLB. – Cf. also ↗saqlabī.
 
ṢKː (ṢKK) صكّ/صكك 
ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 6Apr2023
√ ṢKː (ṢKK) 
“root” 
▪ ṢKː (ṢKK)_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢKː (ṢKK)_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢKː (ṢKK)_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to slap with the hand, violent strike with a ringing sound; to shut, close’ 
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ṢLB صلب 
ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṢLB 
“root” 
▪ ṢLB_1 ‘hard, solid, stiff; steel’ ↗ṣulb
▪ ṢLB_2 ‘cross; to crucify’ ↗ṣalīb
▪ ṢLB_3 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘the backbone, the spine; the loins; to become hard, rigid, firm, solid, tough, stiff; to become strong; to place two pieces of wood cross-wise, to crucify’ 
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ṣalab‑ صَلَبَ , i (ṣalb) 
ID 511 • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṢLB 
vb., I 
to crucify – WehrCowan1979. 
Jeffery1938 holds that »the verb is denominative from ↗ṣalīb [‘cross’].« 
▪ eC7 Q 4:157, 5:37, 7:124, 12:41, 20:71, 26:49 ‘to crucify’. 
▪ …
▪ … 
Jeffery1938: »The [Qurʔānic] passages are all relatively late. Once it refers to the crucifixion of our Lord (iv, 156), once to the crucifixion of Joseph’s prison companion (xii, 41), and in all the other passages to a form of punishment which Muḥammad seems to have considered was a favourite pastime of Pharaoh, but which in v, 37, he holds out as a threat against those who reject his mission. – The word cannot be explained from Ar, as the verb is denominative from ↗ṣalīb. […]« 
– 
► ṣallaba, vb. II, to crucify; to make the sign of the cross; to cross o.s.; to cross, fold (one’s arms): rather denominative from ṣalīb than intensive of ṣalaba.
► ṣalb, n., crucifixion: vn.
► BP#4955ṣalībī ↗ṣalīb
► ṣalībiyyaẗ ↗ṣalīb
► ṣalbūt, n., (representation of the) crucifixion, crucifix:.
► muṣallab, n., crossing, interjunction (of roads): n.loc. II. 
ṣulb صُلْب ; – (pl. ʔaṣlub , ʔaṣlāb) 
ID 512 • Sw – • BP 2323 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṢLB 
¹adj.; ²n. 
I adj., hard, firm, solid, stiff, rigid; II n., 1 steel; – 2 (pl.) a spinal column, backbone; b loins – WehrCowan1976. 
▪ ? Cf. also ↗†ṢQLB_2 ?
▪ … 
▪ … 
▪ …
▪ … 
▪ …
▪ … 
– 
► ṣaliba, a, and ṣaluba, u (ṣalābaẗ), vb. I, to be or become hard, firm, solid, stiff, or rigid, solidify, harden, set, stiffen: denominative.
► ṣallaba, vb. II, to make hard, firm, solid, stiff, or rigid, harden, solidify, stiffen, indurate; to support, prop, shore up; to harden (the heart): caus. from I, or denominative, directly from ṣulb.
► taṣallaba, vb. V, = I; to show o.s. hard or severe: denominative.
► ṣulbaẗ, n.: ṣ. al-ʕayn sclera (anat.):.
► ṣalīb, adj., hard, firm, solid, stiff, rigid: adj.intens. – For another meaning (from the homonymous root) ↗ṣalīb.
► ṣalābaẗ, n.f., hardness, callousness; hardening, induration; firmness, solidity, stiffness, rigidity; stubbornness, obstinacy, unyieldingness; intolerance: vn. I.
► taṣallub, n., hardness, callousness, hardening: vn. V. | t. al-šarāyīn, t. širyānī arteriosclerosis.
► mutaṣallib, adj., unyielding, inflexible, relentless, hard: PA V. 
ṣalīb صَلِيب , pl. ṣulbān , ṣulub 
ID 513 • Sw – • BP 3826 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṢLB 
n. 
cross – WehrCowan1979. 
From Aram ṣlībā, Syr ṣlīḇā ‘cross’, probably from an Iranian source, cf. Pers čalīpā. 
lC6 al-Nābiġaẗ, ʕAdiyy b. Zayd (cf. Jeffery’s references in "DISC" below).
▪ eC7 Q 4:157 wa-qawlihim ʔinnā qatalnā ’l-masīḥa ʕīsā bna maryama rasūla ’ḷḷāhi wa-mā qatalū-hu wa-mā ṣalabū-hu walākin šubbiha lahum ‘As for their saying: We slew the Messiah, Jesus son of Mary, Allah’s messenger - they slew him not nor crucified him, but it appeared so unto them’ 
Cf. ↗ṢLB. 
Jeffery1938: »[…] ṣalīb occurs in the old poetry, e.g. al-Nābiġa, ii, 10 (Ahlwardt, Divans, p. 4), and ʕAdī b. Zayd (Aġānī, ii, 24), etc., and is doubtless derived from Aram ṣlībā; Syr ṣlīḇā, as Fraenkel, Fremdw, 276, claims. The word is not original in Aram, however, and perhaps came originally from some Iranian source from a root represented by the Pers čalīpā (Vollers, ZDMG, 1, 614). Mingana, Syriac Influence, 86, claims that it was from Syr rather than from JudAram that the word came to Ar, and as the Eth [Gz] taṣalləba seems to be of this origin,12 it may be so.13 « 
– 
► al-ṣalīb al-ǧanūbī, n., the Southern Cross (astron.).
► al-ṣ. al-ʔaḥmar, n., the Red Cross.
► ṣalīb maʕqūf, n., swastika.

► ṣalaba, i (ṣalb), vb. I, to crucify: denominative from ṣalīb.
► ṣallaba, vb. II, to crucify; to make the sign of the cross; to cross o.s.; to cross, fold (one’s arms): denominative from ṣalīb.

► ṣalb, n., crucifixion: vn. I.
► BP#4955ṣalībī, adj., in al-ḥurūb al-ṣalībiyyaẗ the crusades: nsb-adj from ṣalīb; al-ṣalībiyyūn the crusaders: nominalized nsb-adj.
► ṣalībiyyaẗ, n.f., pl. ‑āt crusade: n.abstr. in ‑iyyaẗ from ṣalīb.
► ṣalbūt, n., (representation of the) crucifixion, crucifix:.
► muṣallab, n., crossing, interjunction (of roads): n.loc. II. 

ṢLḤ صلح 
ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṢLḤ 
“root” 
▪ ṢLḤ_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ ṢLḤ_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to be or become, good, uncorrupt, right, just, virtuous, righteous, honest; to be in a good, healthy or proper state; to be fit, or, suitable for; to senle differences amicably; reconciliation; peace’ 
▪ … 
– 
▪ …
▪ … 
▪ …
▪ … 
▪ Engl garam masala ↗maṣlaḥaẗ. 
– 
maṣlaḥaẗ مَصْلَحَة 
ID 515 • Sw – • BP 484 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṢLḤ 
n.f. 
… – WehrCowan1979. 
▪ … 
See ṣalaba. 
▪ …
▪ … 
▪ …
▪ … 
▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl garam masala, from Ar maṣāliḥ, pl. of maṣlaḥaẗ ‘benefit, good’, from ṣalaḥa ‘to be(come) good, useful’, in derived stem ʔaṣlaḥa, vb. IV, ‘to improve, make suitable’. 
► 
ʔiṣlāḥ إِصْلاح 
ID 514 • Sw – • NahḍCon • BP 945 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṢLḤ 
n. 
… – WehrCowan1979. 
▪ … 
▪ … 
▪ …
▪ … 
▪ …
▪ … 
– 
► 
ṢLD صلد 
ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 6Apr2023
√ṢLD 
“root” 
▪ ṢLD_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢLD_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢLD_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘hard, smooth, thick rock, to be hard and smooth; to be niggardly’ 
▪ … 
– 
. 
. 
– 
– 
ṢLṢL صلصل 
ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 6Apr2023
√ṢLṢL 
“root” 
▪ ṢLṢL_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢLṢL_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢLṢL_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘noisy ass; the sound of a bell; dry clay on the ground that makes a ringing sound when it is struck’ 
▪ … 
– 
. 
. 
– 
– 
ṢLW صلو 
ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṢLW 
“root” 
▪ ṢLW_1 ‘to pray’ ↗ṣallà, ‘places of worship’ ↗ṣalawāt
▪ ṢLW_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘the small of the back; the two bones surrounding the root of the tail of an animal, to hit a camel on that part; to come at the rear of; to bend, to bend in supplication, to pray, to perform prayers; to adhere to’ 
▪ Philologists classify ṣalāẗ with the meaning ‘synagogue’, which is a form borrowed from Hbr, under this root – BAH2008 
– 
▪ …
▪ … 
▪ …
▪ … 
– 
– 
ṣallà / ṣallay‑ صَلَّى / صَلَّيْـ 
ID 517 • Sw – • BP 470 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021, last update 3Jun2023
√ṢLW 
vb., II 
▪ to pray – Jeffery1938
▪ … – WehrCowan1979. 
▪ … 
▪ eC7 Of very frequent occurrence in the Q – Jeffery1938.
 
▪ …
▪ … 
▪ Jeffery1938: »Besides the verb we find in the Qurʔān ṣalāẗ ‘prayer’, muṣalliⁿ ‘one who prays’, and muṣallàⁿ ‘place of prayer’. ṣallà, however, is denominative from ṣalāẗ, as Sprenger, Leben, iii, 527, n. 2, had noted,14 and ṣalāẗ itself seems to have been borrowed from an Aram source (Nöldeke, GdQ, 255, 281).
The origin, of course, is from [Aram] ṣlwtʔ = [Syr] ṣlōṯā, as has been generally recognized,15 for the Eth [Gz] ṣalōt is from the same source (Nöldeke, Neue Beiträge, 36). It may have been from JudAram but more probably from Syr,16 for the common phrase [Ar] ʔaqāma ’l-ṣalāẗ, as Wensinck, Joden, 105, notes, is good Syr. It was an early borrowing (Horovitz, JPN, 185), used in the early poets and thus quite familiar in pre-Islamic days,17 and the substantive [SAr] ṣlw ‘preces’ is found in the SAr inscriptions (Rossini, Glossarium, 224).«
▪ … 
– 
► 
ṣalāẗ صَلاة 
ID 516 • Sw – • BP 635 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṢLW 
n.f. 
… – WehrCowan1979. 
▪ … 
▪ … 
▪ …
▪ … 
▪ …
▪ … 
– 
► 
ṣalawāt صَلَوات 
ID – • Sw – • BP (635) • APD … • © SG | 3Jun2023
√ṢLW
 
n. (non-hum.pl.) 
places of worship – Jeffery1938
 
▪ … 
▪ eC7 Q xxii, 41 – Jeffery1938.
 
. 
▪ Jeffery1938: »Though the Commentators are not unanimous as to its meaning they are in general agreed that it means the synagogue of the Jews, and as such many of them admit that it is a borrowing from Hbr (Bayḍ. and Zam. on the passage:18 al-Ǧawālīqī, Muʕarrab, 95; al-Suyūṭī, Itq, 322; al-Ḫafāǧī, 123; al-Siǧistānī, 201). This idea that it is Hbr is derived, of course, from the notion that the word means synagogues. ṣlwtʔ which means ‘prayer’, but the theory of Ibn Ǧinnī in his Muḥtasab, quoted by al-Suyūṭī, Mutaw, 55, that it is Syr, is much more likely,19 for though ṣlwtʔ means ‘prayer’, the commonly used byt ṣlwtʔ means a ‘place of prayer’, i.e. proseuχḗ, which Rudolph, Abhängigkeit, 7, n.,20 would take as the reference in the Qurʔānic passage. As we find [SAr] ṣlwt = ‘chapel’ in a SAr inscription,21 however, it is possible that the word first passed into SAr and thence into the northern language.«
 
– 
– 
ṢLY صلي 
ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 6Apr2023
√ṢLY 
“root” 
▪ ṢLY_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢLY_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢLY_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to roast, broil, fry (meat, flesh), burn; to cause to suffer; to slander; to delude; to warm o.s. before a fire; suffering, hardship’ 
▪ … 
– 
. 
. 
– 
– 
ṢMː (ṢMM) صمّ/صمم 
ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 6Apr2023
√ ṢMː (ṢMM) 
“root” 
▪ ṢMː (ṢMM)_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢMː (ṢMM)_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢMː (ṢMM)_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to be solid, compact, dense; to close, seal; to be deaf; to be determined’ 
▪ … 
– 
. 
. 
– 
– 
ṢMT صمت 
ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṢMT 
“root” 
▪ ṢMT_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ ṢMT_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to be silent, to be speechless; to be rugged; silence’ 
▪ … 
– 
▪ …
▪ … 
▪ …
▪ … 
– 
– 
ṣāmit صامِت 
ID 518 • Sw – • BP 2437 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṢMT 
adj. 
… – WehrCowan1979. 
▪ … 
▪ … 
▪ …
▪ … 
▪ …
▪ … 
– 
► 
ṢMD صمد 
ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 6Apr2023
√ṢMD 
“root” 
▪ ṢMD_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢMD_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢMD_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘hard, rugged, elevated ground; to be solid; support, a source of strength; to make for, to direct o.s. towards, to aim at; to endeavour to reach or attain; to seek power from’ 
▪ … 
– 
. 
. 
– 
– 
ṢMʕ صمع 
ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 6Apr2023
√ṢMʕ 
“root” 
▪ ṢMʕ_1 ‘monk’ cell, hermitage; silo (for grain storage); (MorAr) minaret’ ↗ṣawmaʕaẗ
▪ ṢMʕ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢMʕ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘high tapering building; to be of small ears, be sharp and tapering at the end; to be courageous’. 
▪ ṣawmaʕaẗ is classified by the philologists under this root, but it could be a borrowing from Gz.
 
– 
. 
. 
– 
– 
ṢNː (ṢNN) صنّ/صنن 
ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Jul2021
√ṢNː (ṢNN) 
“root” 
▪ ṢNː (ṢNN)_1 ‘basket’ ↗ṣann
▪ ṢNː (ṢNN)_2 ‘odor emanating from the armpit’ ↗ṣunān
▪ ṢNː (ṢNN)_ ‘…’ ↗… 
▪ [v1] : Accord. to Klein1987 from Aram ṣinnâ ‘basket’. – (?) Cf. also Ar ↗mišannaẗ (√ŠNː(ŠNN)) ‘basket without handles’?
▪ [v2] : (?) Cf. postBiblHbr ṣᵊnûn ‘radish’? Accord. to Klein1987 prob. so called because of its bad odor and related to Ar ṣunān ‘bad odor’.
 
▪ …
 
▪ [v1] : Aram ṣinnâ, postBiblHbr ṣēnâ ‘basket’, (?) Ar ↗mišannaẗ ‘basket without handles’.
▪ [v2] : (?) postBiblHbr ṣᵊnûn ‘radish’.
▪ [v3] : …
 
▪ [v1] : Aram ṣinnâ ‘basket’, which accord. to Klein1987 is the etymon of Ar ṣann, is believed by some to be orig. a *‘basket made of thorns’, cf. Hbr ṣēn ‘thorn’ (perh. related to NewSyr ṣurṣīnā ‘thistle’22 ).
▪ [v2] : see above, section CONC. – Any relation with †ṣanbaraẗ ‘ground that has become rough by reason of urine and of dung, of oxen or sheep, and the like’ (Lane iv 1872)?
▪ [v3] : …
 
– 
– 
ṣann صَنّ 
ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Jul2021
√ṢNː (ṢNN) 
n. 
basket – WehrCowan1976. 
▪ Accord. to Klein1987 from Aram ṣinnâ ‘basket’.
▪ (?) Cf. also Ar ↗mišannaẗ (√ŠNː(ŠNN)) ‘basket without handles’?
▪ …
 
▪ 791 ṣann ‘container made to carry food, resembling a covered basket’: Ḫalīl b. ʔAḥmad al-Farāhīdī, K. al-ʕAyn – DHDA.
▪ …
 
▪ Aram ṣinnâ, postBiblHbr ṣēnâ ‘basket’. – (?) Ar ↗mišannaẗ ‘basket without handles’?
▪ …
 
▪ Aram ṣinnâ ‘basket’, which accord. to Klein1987 is the etymon of Ar ṣann, is believed by some to be orig. a *‘basket made of thorns’, cf. Hbr ṣēn ‘thorn’ (perh. related to NewSyr ṣurṣīnā ‘thistle’23 ).
▪ …
 
– 
– 
ṣunān صُنان 
ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Jul2021
√ṢNː (ṢNN) 
n. 
odor emanating from the armpit – WehrCowan1976. 
▪ (?) Cf. postBiblHbr ṣᵊnûn ‘radish’? Accord. to Klein1987 prob. so called because of its bad odor and related to Ar ṣunān ‘stink, stench’.
▪ …
 
▪ 694 ṣunān ‘stink, stench’ – DHDA. – 715 †ṣinn ‘urine of the wabr (very fetid)’: al-Farazdaq – DHDA.
▪ …
 
▪ (?) postBiblHbr ṣᵊnûn ‘radish’?
▪ …
 
▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ Any relation with †ṣanbaraẗ (↗√ṢNBR) ‘ground that has become rough by reason of urine and of dung, of oxen or sheep, and the like’ (Lane iv 1872)?
▪ …
 
– 
►ṣinnaẗ, n.f., odor emanating from the armpit
 
ṢNBR صنبر 
ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Jul2021
√ṢNBR 
“root” 
▪ ṢNBR_1 ‘(water) faucet, tap’ ↗ṣunbūr
▪ ṢNBR_2 ‘stone pine’ ↗ṣanawbar

Other values, now obsolete, include (BK1860, Lane iv 1872, Hava1899):

▪ †ṢNBR_3 ‘solitary (palm-tree), slender in its lower part; (hence) lonely, solitary, without offspring or other assistance; (hence) young, little, child, weak; (hence?) mean, ignoble’: †ṣanbar, †ṣunbūr
▪ †ṢNBR_4 ‘ground that has become rough’: †ṣanbaraẗ
▪ †ṢNBR_5 ‘cold wind’: †ṣinnabr, pl. ṣanābirᵘ
▪ †ṢNBR_ ‘…’:

 
▪ [v1] : Fraenkel1886: 88-89 speculates that Ar ṣunbūr ‘(water) faucet, tap’, which is hardly connected to any of the other values, may have developed from an earlier *ṣannūr which could be related to Hbr ¹ṣinnôr ‘spout, waterjet; (postBiblHbr) conduit, canal; pipe’. Accord. to the author, the dissimilation of *‑nn- > -nb‑ could be the result of the influence of ↗ʔanbūb.
▪ [v2] : WehrCowan1976 seems to be reluctant to treat ṣanawbar ‘stone pine’ as deriving from √ṢNBR and rather asks the user to look up the word alphabetically, under ṢNWBR. But why shouldn’t it be an intensive formation corresponding to FawʕaL (cf. Barth1894: 169 §116.2), coined from [v3] †ṣanbar through the insertion of -w-? If this is correct, the ‘pine tree’ is originally the *‘(very) slender one’ or the *‘solitary one’ (often standing alone). – Or is there a Pers suffix *-bar ‘bearing, carrying’ hidden in the second part of ṣanawbar? If so, what could be the first part? ↗ṣinw ‘one of two, twin brother’ seems highly unlikely.
▪ †[v3] : ‘solitary, slender in its lower part (palm-tree)’ is the value that has produced most fig. meanings and derivations, among these perh. also [v2] ‘pine-tree’. – Of unknown etymology. The value ‘weak, mean, ignoble’ may be unrelated, perh. akin to ↗šanār ‘disgrace, infamy; any shameful transaction’ (which in turn is prob. of Pers origin).
▪ †[v4] : In ClassAr dictionaries, the meaning of †ṣanbaraẗ is specified as ‘ground that has become rough by reason of urine and of dung, of oxen or sheep, and the like’ – Lane iv 1872. Etymology obscure. – Any relation to †ṣinn ‘urine of the wabr’, ↗ṣunān ‘stink, stench of the armpit’?
▪ †[v5] : For †ṣinnabr ‘cold wind’, which has no obvious etymology, should one (with Klein1987) perh. connect Hbr ṣinnāʰ ‘coolness, cold’ (hapax in the Bible), mHbr ṣānûn ‘cool, cold’ (PP of *ṣānan), ṣinnûn ‘cooling, cold’ (vn. of ṣinnēn, D-stem, ‘to cool, cool off’) < Aram ṣnan ‘to be(come) cold’, all from *ṢNN? – There is also the conspicuously similar †ṣinnawr ‘niggardly man, of evil disposition’ (↗ṢNR) – but what would be the semantic relation between ‘cold wind’ and ‘niggardly’? A relation with ↗sinnawr ‘cat’ (initial s, then w!) can prob. be excluded as well.
▪ …
 
▪ [v1] ṣunbūr ‘the tube, pipe, that is in the [kind of leathern vessel, or bag, for water, called] ʔidāwaẗ, of iron, lead, or brass, or of other material, from which one drinks. – [aperture called] maṯʕab of a watering-trough or tank [from which the water runs out; hole\ perforation thereof, from which the water issues when it is washed; pipe (of copper or brass) by which the water runs from one tank to another in a bath; mouth of a water-pipe’ – Lane iv 1872.
▪ [v2] ṣanawbar 540 ‘pine tree’ – DHDA.
▪ [v3] ṣunbūr 620 ‘weak, vile’ (man), 791 ‘slender in its lower part, and scanty in its fruit’ (palm tree) – DHDA. – For ClassAr, cf. Lane iv 1872: ṣanbara, vb. I, ‘to become solitary, apart from others (palm-tree); to become slender in its lower part, and bared of the stumps of its branches, and scanty in its fruit’, ṣanbar or ṣunbūr (both probably correct) ‘anything slender and weak (animals, trees etc.)’; (pl.) ṣanābirᵘ ‘slender arrows’; ṣunbūr ‘solitary palm-tree, apart from others; the lower part of which becomes slender, stripped of the external parts [or the stumps of the branches]; palm-tree slender in its lower part, and bared of the stumps of it branches, scanty in its fruit; also ṣunbūraẗ, a palm-tree that comes forth from the root, or lower part, of another palm-tree, without being planted; little palm-tree that does not grow from its mother-tree; (hence, applied to a man) solitary; lonely; without offspring or brother; weak, vile, ignominious, having no family nor offspring nor assistant; mean, ignoble; young, little, weak, boy, child’. (It was applied as an epithet to Moḥammad, by the unbelievers, as also [its dimin.] ṣunaybīr, or they called him ṣunbūr meaning that he had no offspring nor brother, so that, when he should die, his name would be lost; likening him to a [solitary] palm-tree, of which the lower part had become slender, and the branches few, and which had become dry […]’.
▪ [v4] : Lane iv 1872 registers also fig. use: †ṣanbaraẗ ‘ground that has become rough by reason of urine and of dung, of oxen or sheep, and the like’; ʔaḫaḏtu ’l-šayʔ bi-ṣanbaratih~ṣanbūratih ‘I took the thing altogether’.
▪ [v5] : 539 ṣinnabr ‘cold clouds, cold wind (with mist or clouds)’, 694 ‘second of the days called ʔayyām al-ʕaǧūz (towards the end of winter)’ – DHDA. – Lane iv 1872, summarizing ClassAr dictionaries: ṣinnabr, originally ṣinabr, as also ṣinnibr and ṣinnabir: also ‘intense cold (of winter); hot\cold’; ṣunbūr ‘cold wind; hot wind; (hence also:) calamity, misfortune’.
▪ …
 
▪ [v1] : (?) Cf. Hbr ¹ṣinnôr ‘spout, waterjet; (postBiblHbr) conduit, canal; pipe’ – Fraenkel1886: 88-89. Ug ṣnr ‘Wasserrinne, ‑leitung (aus Stein)’ – Tropper2008. – Cf. also Ar ↗šann ‘(water)skin’?
▪ [v2] : prob. ↗[v3].
▪ [v3] : ?
▪ [v4] : ?
▪ [v5] †ṣinnabr ‘cold wind’: should one connect Hbr ṣinnāʰ ‘coolness, cold’ (hapax in the Bible), mHbr ṣānûn ‘cool, cold’ (adj.), ṣinnûn ‘cooling, cold’ (vn. Dt-stem) (ṣnan ‘to be\come cold’), all from *√ṢNN? – Or perh. also †ṣinnawr ‘niggardly man, of evil disposition’ (↗√ṢNR) or even ↗sinnawr ‘cat’ (√SNR)?
▪ …
 
▪ [v1] : Accord. to Klein1987, the BiblHbr ¹ṣinnôr ‘spout, waterjet’ occurs only Sam.II 5:8 and Ps. 42:8 and its meaning in these passages is much disputed. Of uncertain origin. Aram ṣinnōrā is prob. a Hbr loan word, cp. postBiblHbr ¹ṣinnôrāʰ ‘waterjet’, and BiblHbr ṣantêr ‘pipe, tube’ (hapax in the Bible, Zech. 4:12), perh. derived from ¹ṣinnôr ‘spout, waterjet’ through the insertion of a ‑t‑, cf. ṣanṭᵊrâʰ. BDB1906 lists the pl. ṣanṭᵊrôt ‘pipes feeding lamps with oil’ s.r. √ṢNR. – Should one also consider influence of, or relation with, Ar ↗šann ‘(water)skin’?
[v2] : See above, section CONC. – Any influence from †ṣinār, ṣinnār(aẗ) (< Pers čanār, Tu çınar) ‘plane-tree, platanus’ (↗ṢNR)? – Also, could the last part of the word, -bar, be an originally Pers component meaning *‘bearing, bearer of…’?
▪ [v3] : Cf. also †ṣinnawr ‘niggardly man, of evil disposition’ (> OttTu ṣinnevr ‘morose and niggardly’ – Redhouse1890) (↗ṢNR)?
▪ [v4] : See above, section CONC.
▪ [v5] : See above, section CONC.
▪ …
 
– 
– 
ṣunbūr صُنْبور , pl. ṣanābīrᵘ 
ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Jul2021
√ṢNBR 
n. 
(water) faucet, tap – WehrCowan1976. 
▪ Fraenkel1886: 88-89 speculates that Ar ṣunbūr ‘(water) faucet, tap’, which is hardly connected to any of the other values found in the root ↗√ṢNBR, may have developed from an earlier *ṣannūr which could be related to Hbr ¹ṣinnôr ‘spout, waterjet; (postBibl) conduit, canal; pipe’. Accord. to the author, the dissimilation of *‑nn- > -nb‑ could be the result of the influence of ↗ʔanbūb.
▪ Should one also consider influence of Ar ↗šann ‘(water)skin’?
▪ …
 
▪ Lane iv 1872 gives the values as in ClassAr dictionaries: ṣunbūr ‘the tube, pipe, that is in the [kind of leathern vessel, or bag, for water, called] ʔidāwaẗ, of iron, lead, or brass, or of other material, from which one drinks. – [aperture called] maṯʕab of a watering-trough or tank [from which the water runs out; hole\ perforation thereof, from which the water issues when it is washed; pipe (of copper or brass) by which the water runs from one tank to another in a bath; mouth of a water-pipe’.
▪ …
 
▪ (?) Hbr ¹ṣinnôr ‘spout, waterjet; (postBibl) conduit, canal; pipe’ – Fraenkel1886: 88-89. – Ug ṣnr ‘Wasserrinne, ‑leitung (aus Stein)’ – Tropper2008.
▪ (?) (Influence of?) Ar ↗šann ‘(water)skin’?
▪ …
 
▪ Accord. to Klein1987, the possible cognate BiblHbr ¹ṣinnôr ‘spout, waterjet’ occurs only in Sam.II 5:8 and Ps. 42:8 and its meaning in these passages is much disputed. Of uncertain origin. Aram ṣinnōrā is prob. a Hbr loan word. – Cf. also postBiblHbr ¹ṣinnôrāʰ ‘waterjet’, as well as perh. BiblHbr ṣantêr ‘pipe, tube’ (hapax in the Bible, Zech. 4:12), perh. derived from ¹ṣinnôr ‘spout, waterjet’ through the insertion of a ‑t‑, cf. ṣanṭᵊrâʰ. BDB1906 lists the pl. ṣanṭᵊrôt ‘pipes feeding lamps with oil’ s.r. √ṢNR.
▪ Ar ↗šann ‘(water)skin’ is close in meaning but prob. too far from ṣunbūr to have had any influence.
▪ …
 
– 
For other values attached to the “root”, see ↗ṣanawbar and, for the whole picture, “root” entry ↗√ṢNBR.
 
ṣanawbar صَنَوْبَر 
ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Jul2021
√ṢNBR 
n. 
stone pine (Pinus pinea; bot.) – WehrCowan1976. 
▪ WehrCowan1976 seems to be reluctant to treat ṣanawbar ‘stone pine’ as deriving from √ṢNBR and rather asks the user to look up the word alphabetically, under √ṢNWBR. But why shouldn’t it be an intensive formation corresponding to the 3-rad. FawʕaL (cf. Barth1894: 169 §116.2), coined from †ṣanbar ‘solitary, slender in its lower part (palm-tree)’ (↗√ṢNBR) through the insertion of -w-? If this is correct, the ‘pine tree’ is originally the *‘(very) slender one’ or the *‘solitary one’ (often standing alone).
▪ Any influence from †ṣinār, ṣinnār(aẗ) (< Pers čanār, Tu çınar) ‘plane-tree (platanus)’ (↗ṢNR)?
▪ Also, could the last part of ṣanawbar be an originally Pers component -bar *‘bearing, bearer of…’? If so, what could be the first component?
▪ …
 
▪ 584 ‘pine tree’ in a verse by a pre-Islamic poet – DHDA.
▪ Lane explains in detail: ṣanawbar ‘pine tree, certain kind of tree from (the roots of) which ↗zift [i.e., pitch] is obtained, green in winter and summer, the fruit of which is like small ↗lawz […]; fruit [i.e., the cone] of that tree […]’. Cf. also al-ẓill al-ṣanawbarī ‘the cone-shaped shade of the earth, on entering which the moon becomes eclipsed’.
▪ …
 
▪ Probably akin to ↗†ṣanbar, †ṣunbūr in the sense of ‘solitary (palm-tree), slender in its lower part; (hence also) lonely, solitary, without offspring or other assistance; (hence) young, little, child, weak; (hence?) mean, ignoble’.
▪ …
 
▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ …
 
▪ Unrelated to Engl cinnabar, Fr cinabre, Ge Zinnober, etc., which are akin to Ar ↗zinǧafr.
▪ …
 
►ḥabb al-ṣanawbar, n., pine nut, piñon

 ►ṣanawbarī, adj., pine (adj.), piny, pinelike; pineal | al-ġuddaẗ al-ṣanawbariyyaẗ, n.f., pineal gland

For other values attached to the “root”, see ↗ṣunbūr and, for the whole picture, “root” entry ↗√ṢNBR.
 
ṢNDQ صندق 
ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Jul2021
√ṢNDQ 
“root” 
▪ ṢNDQ_1 ‘box, chest, trunk’ ↗ṣundūq
▪ ṢNDQ_2 ‘…’ ↗ …
 
▪ [v1] : While Lokotsch1927 thought the word may come from an ultimately Ind source, Rolland2014 and Nişanyan2019_06Sept2019 posit a Grk origin.
▪ [v2] : …

 
▪ [v1] ↗ṣundūq
▪ [v2] ↗ …
 
▪ [v1] : Aram ṣəndūḳā (Nişanyan_06Sept2019)
▪ [v2] : …
 
▪ [v1] : Lokotsch1927 #1826 assumes a prob. Ind origin but does not give further details. – Rolland2014a thinks the etymon is Grk sundókos ‘recipient, container’, from prefix sun‑ ‘together’ + déχ-omai ‘to receive, take, accept’, from IE *dek‑ ‘dto.’ (cf. also ↗funduq < Grk pan-doχeîon); reimported into Grk as sánduks ‘case, suitcase’ (classified by Beekes2010 simply as »Pre-Greek«). Instead of sun‑ + déχ-omai, Nişanyan_06Sept2019 posits Grk συνθήκη sunthḗkē, from sun‑ + tíθ-emi, θe- ‘to put’.
▪ [v2] : …
 
▪ Tu sandık ‘chest’, Tu sanduka ‘coffin’ ↗ṣundūq
▪ …
 
– 
ṣundūq صُنْدوق , var. ṣandūq, pl. ṣanādīqᵘ 
ID … • Sw – • BP 1069 • APD … • © SG | 15Jul2021
√ṢNDQ 
n. 
1a crate, box; b chest; c trunk, suitcase; d case, cabinet; e money box, till, coffer; 2a pay office, treasurer’s office; b any public institution where funds are deposited and disbursed for a special purpose (e.g., sock fund, health insurance, etc.) – WehrCowan1976. 
▪ [v1] : While Lokotsch1927 thought the word may come from an ultimately Ind source, Rolland2014 and Nişanyan2019_06Sept2019 posit a Grk origin (< syn- ‘together’ + déχomai ‘to receive, take, accept’ or tíθemi, θe- ‘to put’, respectively).
▪ [v2] : = modern fig. meanings.
 
▪ 660 ṣundūq ‘wooden container’ in a saying by ʕAlī b. ʔAbī Ṭālib – DHDA.
▪ …
 
▪ Aram ṣəndūḳā (Nişanyan_06Sept2019)
▪ …
 
▪ Lokotsch1927 #1826 assumes a prob. Ind origin but does not give further details. Rolland2014a thinks the etymon is Grk sundókos ‘recipient, container’, from prefix sun‑ ‘together’ + déχ-omai ‘to receive, take, accept’, from IE *dek‑ ‘dto.’ (cf. also ↗funduq < Grk pan-doχ-eîon); reimported into Grk as sánduks ‘case, suitcase’ (classified by Beekes2010 simply as »Pre-Greek«).
▪ Instead of sun‑ + déχ-omai, Nişanyan_06Sept2019 posits Grk συνθήκη synthḗkē, from sun‑ + tíθemi, θe- ‘to put’.
▪ …
 
▪ Tu sandık ‘chest’: <1250? Edīb Aḥmed, ʕAtebet-ül Ḥaḳāyıḳ: kalur munda kiḏiŋ säpäd ṣandūḳuŋ; 1303 Codex Cumanicus: capsia = Pers sanduk = Tu sinduk – Nişanyan_06Sept2019.
▪ Tu sanduka ‘coffin, sarcophagus’: 1665 Evliyā Çelebī, Seyāḥatnāme: türbe-i pür-envārdan bir el ẓāhır olup bu şeyχi dāmeninden çeküp sandūka yanıŋda oturdup. In Tu, sandık is usually ‘chest’, while sanduka mainly renders ‘coffin’ – Nişanyan_15Sept2014.
▪ Lokotsch1927 #1826: [?oInd >] Ar ṣanduq > Tu sandık > several Slav langs
▪ Believed to have been re-imported into Grk as sánduks ‘case, suitcase’ by Rolland2014a, but Beekes2010 (who also registers a var. sendoúkē, dimin. sendoúkion) has »Pre-Greek«.
▪ …
 
►ṣundūq al-barīd, n., post-offixe box
►ṣundūq al-makātīb, n., mailbox
►ṣundūq al-naqd al-duwalī, n., International Monetary Fund
►ṣundūq al-tawfīr, n., savings bank
►ʔabū ṣundūq, n., (fig.) hunchback
►ʔamīn al-ṣundūq, n., treasurer
►daftar al-ṣundūq, n., cashbook

 
ṢNDL صندل 
ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Jul2021
√ṢNDL 
“root” 
▪ ṢNDL_1 ‘sandalwood’ ↗¹ṣandal
▪ ṢNDL_2 ‘sandals’ ↗²ṣandal
▪ ṢNDL_3 ‘(freight) barge, lighter; (EgAr) pontoon’ ↗³ṣandal

Other values, now obsolete, include (Lane iv 1872, Hava1899, LandbergZetterstein1942):

▪ †ṢNDL_4 ‘big-headed (ass, camel): †⁴ṣandal, †ṣunādil
▪ †ṢNDL_5 ‘a thing resembling the boot, in the sole of which are nails’: †⁵ṣandal
▪ †ṢNDL_6 ‘skiff, rowboat’: †⁶ṣandal
▪ ṢNDL_7 ‘homme brave et courageux’: DaṯAr ṣandīl (LZ1942)
▪ †ṢNDL_8 ‘chemistry, pharmacy’: †ṣandalaẗ
▪ †ṢNDL_9 ‘…’: †…

 
▪ [v1] : ultimately from Skr čandana-m ‘the sandalwood tree’.
▪ [v2] : BadawiHinds1986: from Engl sandal(s), from Lat, from Grk sándalon ‘sandal’ (which, accord. to most sources, is of Pers origin – but see DISC below).
▪ [v3] : BadawiHinds1986 marks ³ṣandal ‘(freight) barge, lighter; (EgAr) pontoon’ as »Grk Pers Tu It« without giving any details, and words of this meaning do not seem to exist in the languages indicated. – Prob. identical with †[v6] ‘skiff, rowboat’.
▪ †[v4] †⁴ṣandal, †ṣunādil ‘big-headed (ass, camel)’: accord. to Rolland2014a « probablement d’origine sémitique ». No details given.
▪ †[v5] †⁵ṣandal ‘a thing resembling the boot, in the sole of which are nails’: accord. to Ar lexicographers (as summarized in Lane iv 1872), the word is from a Pers sandal. – Prob. identical with [v2] ‘sandal(s)’.
▪ †[v6] †⁶ṣandal ‘skiff, rowboat’: Rolland2014a thinks this is metaphorical use of [v2] (or [v5]?), the small boat (and also the name of a flat fish) being likened to a shoe (boot). « Le […] sens […] relève d’une dérivation métaphorique habituelle entre les noms de poissons, de chaussures et d’embarcations ; une datation des occurrences devrait permettre de vérifier quels rôles ont joués le grec et le turc dans le sémantisme de l’arabe. » – See also below, section DISC.
▪ [v7] DaṯAr ṣandīl ‘homme brave et courageux’ (LandbergZetterstein1942): akin to †[v4]?
▪ †[v8] : †ṣandalaẗ for ‘chemistry, pharmacy’ is a var. of the now more common ↗ṣaydalaẗ. But ṣaydalī < ṣandalī ‘pharmacist, seller of drugs’ (which still can take the pl. ṣanādilaẗ instead of ṣayādilaẗ!) is perh. originally a *‘seller of sandal powder’ (used in medicine, etc.) – Rolland2014a.
▪ †[v9] ‘…’: †…
 
▪ [v1] : 626 ṣandal ‘tree with fine-smelling wood’ (ʔUmayyaẗ b. ʔAbī l-Ṣalt) – DHDA.
▪ [v4] : 595 ṣandal ‘big-headed’ (ass, camel), 762 ṣunādil ‘id.’ (Ruʔbaẗ b. al-ʕAǧǧāǧ) – DHDA.
▪ …
 
▪ …
 
▪ [v1]-[v8] : see above, section CONC.
▪ [v2] ‘sandal(s)’: Rolland2014a thinks that Grk sándalon on which the Engl is based is orig. a *‘sandale de bois fixée par des courroies passant sur le pied; nom d’un poisson plat’ and may therefore be based on [v1] ‘sandalwood’: « Les sandales originelles ont dû être fabriquées avec du bois de santal. » (For the name of the flat fish, see below, [v6].) LiddellScott1901, too, give ‘wooden sole, firmly bound on by straps round the instep and ankle’ as the meaning of Grk sándalon. Rolland, however, goes a step farther, assuming that the word therefore is based on ‘sandal wood’. Is that likely? Etymologists of Grk (Chantraine, Beekes) usually think that Grk sándalon is from a non-Grk source, but they do not identify this source with a word meaning ‘sandal wood’. Accord. to Jastrow1904 (reprod. also by Nişanyan_23Mar2018), the Grk sándalon is attested as early as -C7, and in TargAram (sandal) from C1 onwards, both with the meaning ‘sole with straps, shoe’ and (hence also) ‘flat fish like the sole or turbot’, and both are poss. from a common Pers source, specified by Jastrow as Pers sandal and translated as ‘calceus’.24 If the sole really was wooden, could there be an influence of Grk sanís (Gen -ídos) ‘board, plank, wooden scaffold, etc.’ (cf. also nGrk sanidénios ‘wooden, plank‑…’)?
▪ [v6] : Accord. to Nişanyan_23Mar2018, the meaning ‘skiff, rowboat’ (tabanı düz kayık ‘boat with flat deck’) of Tu sandal is metaphorical use of [v2], i.e., *‘flat like a sandal’. – But isn’t there also Grk sanís (Gen -ídos) ‘board, plank, wooden scaffold, etc.; also: deck (of a ship)[!]’, dimin. sanídion ‘small plank, board’, nGrk sanídi ‘plank’, sanidénios ‘wooden, plank‑…’? Cf. also Tu sandalî ‘throne’ and sandalya~sandalye ‘chair’ which are hardly from ‘sandal(s)’ (but perh. from ‘sandal wood’ – see below, NB in section WEST).
▪ …
 
▪ [v1] : Engl sandalwood (1510s), earlier sandell (c1400), saundres (eC14), from oFr sandale, from mLat sandalum, from lGrk santalon, ultimately from Skr čandana-m ‘the sandalwood tree’, perh. lit. ‘wood for burning incense’, related to candrah ‘shining, glowing’ and cognate with Lat candere ‘to shine, glow’ (cf. Engl candle) – etymonline. || Ge Sandelholz (C15), from It sandalo, from Ar ṣandal, from Pers čandal, from oInd čandana-m ‘the sandalwood tree’, of unclear Drav origin – Kluge2002 / Lokotsch1927 #1825. || from Ital santalo, mLat santalum, from Grk sántalon, Ar ṣandal, from Skr čandana – DWDS. || Tu sandal (<1421?): sandal ve akakyā ve kızıl gül ve inebü’s-saleb (Yadigâr-ı İbni Şerif), from Skr čandana – Nişanyan_19Sept2017.
▪ [v2] : Engl sandal ‘type of shoe’ (lC14), from oFr sandale, from Lat sandalium ‘a slipper, sandal’, from Grk sandálion, dimin. of sándalon ‘sandal’, of unknown origin, perh. from Pers – etymonline. || Ge Sandale, enGe Sandaly (pl., c1500), from Lat sandalia, pl. of Lat sandalium ‘strap shoe’, from Grk sandálion, dimin. of Grk sándalon, of unknown (Pers? Eg?) origin – DWDS. || Fr sandale (c1160 sandaires, c1170 sçandales): from mLat sandalium ‘sandal’, from Grk sandálion, dimin. of sándalon ‘sandale de bois, fixée par des courroies passant sur le pied’ – CNRTL. || Tu sandal ‘sandal (shoe)’ (Redhouse1968): 1680 Meninski, Thesaurus: »sendel vulg. sandal: Başmak. Calceamenti genus« – Nişanyan_23Mar2018; Tu sandalet ‘small sandal, open shoe’: 1941 Cumhuriyet (newspaper): »bilumum yalın kat ayakkabı, sandalet, ağaç çivili kadın ve erkek ayakkabı satanlar...« < Fr sandalette, dimin. of Fr sandale etc., see above – Nişanyan_19Sept2017.
▪ [v3] : ³ṣandal ‘(freight) barge, lighter; (EgAr) pontoon’: accord. to BadawiHinds1986 also in »Grk Pers Tu It«, but no details given; prob. same as [v6], below.
▪ †[v5] †⁵ṣandal ‘a thing resembling the boot, in the sole of which are nails’: accord. to Ar lexicographers (as summarized in Lane iv 1872), the word is from a Pers sandal. – Prob., however, it is identical with [v2] ‘sandal(s)’.
▪ †[v6] Ar †⁶ṣandal ‘skiff’ ≈ Tu (Redhouse1968) sandal ‘rowboat’, sandalcı ‘boatman’: 1354 Görir bindi birkaç kişi ṣandala / deŋizden çıkup mīşeye girdiler – Mesʿūd b. Aḥmed, Süheyl ü Nevbahār terc. (Nişanyan_23Mar2018).
▪ †[v8] : †ṣandalaẗ ‘chemistry, pharmacy’.

▪ NB: Tu ³sandal ‘a kind of silk or satin cloth, brocade, sendal’ does not seem to have anything to do with [v1]-[v8]; rather, it is from Fr cendal (c1150), from mLat cendalum, prob. of Ital origin, prob. from Lat sindon, -onis ‘light, fin tissue, musselin’ – CNRTL. – Cf. Ar ↗sundus.
▪ NB: Is Tu sandalî ‘throne’ (Redhouse1890) originally a nisba-adj. coined from [v1] and thus meaning ‘made of sandalwood’? And shouldn’t one also put Tu sandalya, sandalye ‘chair’ here? (Earliest attestations: <1377 Erzurumlu Darir, Ḳıṣṣa-i Yūsuf terc.: »sandaluŋ üstinde Yūsuf oturur / bir münādi geldi gavgā getürür«; Ḳıṣṣa-i Yūsuf terc.: »kodılar bir ṣandalī hem ʕūd-ı ḫām / kim otura üzerinde ol ʔimām«; 1574 Hoca Saʕdeddīn Ef., Tācü't-Tevārīḫ: »bir muraṣṣaʕ sandali koydiler« – Nişanyan_26Sept2017, Nişanyan_23Mar2018.) If so one will also have to compare sandalya in the meaning of ‘office, post’ (e.g., sandalya kavgası ‘struggle for a post or position’).
▪ …
 
– 
¹ṣandal صَنْدَل 
ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Jul2021
√ṢNDL 
n. 
1 sandalwood; 2 ↗²ṣandal; 3 ↗³ṣandal – WehrCowan1976.
 
▪ (Via Pers čandal?) ultimately from Skr čandana-m ‘the sandalwood tree’.
▪ (Rolland2014a:) ¹ṣandal ‘sandal wood’ is likely to be the source of ↗ṣaydalī < †ṣandalī ‘pharmacist, druggist, apothecary’, orig. prob. *‘seller of sandal powder’ (used for medical and other purposes), cf. OttTu ṣandalānī ‘dealer in sandal wood, druggist and perfumer’ (Redhouse1890).
▪ Some scholars believe that also ↗²ṣandal ‘type of shoe, sandal(s)’ and ↗³ṣandal ‘(freight) barge, lighter; (EgAr) pontoon’ as well as other (now obsolete) values like †‘skiff, rowboat’ ultimately derive from ‘sandal wood’.
▪ …
 
▪ 626 ʔUmayyaẗ b. ʔAbī l-Ṣalt: ṣandal ‘tree with fine-smelling wood’ – DHDA.
▪ …
 
▪ …
 
▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ …
 
▪ Engl sandalwood (1510s), earlier sandell (c1400), saundres (eC14), from oFr sandale, from mLat sandalum, from lGrk sántalon, ultimately from Skr čandana-m ‘the sandalwood tree’, perh. lit. *‘wood for burning incense’, related to candrah ‘shining, glowing’ and cognate with Lat candere ‘to shine, glow’ (cf. Engl candle) – etymonline.
▪ Ge Sandelholz ‘sandal wood’ (C15), from It sandalo, from Ar ṣandal, from Pers čandal, from Skr čandana-m ‘the sandalwood tree’, of unclear Drav origin – Kluge2002 / Lokotsch1927 #1825. || from Ital santalo, mLat santalum, from Grk sántalon, Ar ṣandal, from Skr čandana – DWDS.
▪ Tu sandal ‘sandal wood’: (<1421?) Yadigâr-ı İbni Şerif: »sandal ve akakyā ve kızıl gül ve inebü’s-saleb«, from Skr čandana – Nişanyan_19Sept2017.
▪ Is Tu sandalî ‘throne’ (Redhouse1890) originally a nisba-adj. coined from Ar ¹ṣandal and thus meaning ‘made of sandalwood’? And should one also put Tu sandalya, sandalye ‘chair’ here? (Earliest attestations: <1377 Erzurumlu Darir, Ḳıṣṣa-i Yūsuf terc.: »sandaluŋ üstinde Yūsuf oturur / bir münādi geldi gavgā getürür«; Ḳıṣṣa-i Yūsuf terc.: »kodılar bir ṣandalī hem ʕūd-ı ḫām / kim otura üzerinde ol ʔimām«; 1574 Hoca Saʕdeddīn Ef., Tācü't-Tevārīḫ: »bir muraṣṣaʕ sandali koydiler« – Nişanyan_26Sept2017, _23Mar2018.) If so one will also have to compare sandalya in the meaning of ‘office, post’ (e.g., sandalya kavgası ‘struggle for a post or position’).

▪ NB: Tu sandal ‘a kind of silk or satin cloth, brocade, sendal’ does not seem to have anything to do with ¹ṣandal ‘sandalwood’; rather, it is from Fr cendal (c1150), from mLat cendalum, prob. (via Ital?) from Lat sindon, ‑onis ‘light, fin tissue, musselin’ – CNRTL. – Cf. Ar ↗sundus.
▪ …
 
For other values attached to the root, see ↗²ṣandal and ↗³ṣandal as well as, for the overall picture, “root” entry ↗√ṢNDL.
 
²ṣandal صَنْدَل 
ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Jul2021
√ṢNDL 
n. 
1 ↗¹ṣandal; 2 sandals; 3 ↗³ṣandal – WehrCowan1976.
 
▪ (BadawiHinds1986:) From Engl sandal(s), via Lat from Grk sándalon ‘sandal’ (which, accord. to most sources, is of Pers origin – see DISC below).
▪ Rolland2014a thinks that Grk sándalon ‘sandal’ on which the Engl sandal is based is orig. a *‘sandale de bois fixée par des courroies passant sur le pied’ and may therefore be based on ‘sandalwood’ (↗¹ṣandal): « Les sandales originelles ont dû être fabriquées avec du bois de santal. » – But why should shoes be made from sandal wood in particular? Unlikely. See below, section DISC.
▪ Grk sándalon may be the etymon of ↗³ṣandal ‘(freight) barge, lighter; (EgAr) pontoon’ and the perh. identical †⁶ṣandal ‘skiff, rowboat’ (↗√ṢNDL), see below, section DISC.
▪ …
 
▪ …
 
▪ …
 
▪ Is Grk sándalon ‘sandal(s)’ related to ‘sandal wood’ (↗¹ṣandal)? Rolland thinks that the Grk ‘sandals’ orig. were a *‘wooden sole, firmly bound on by straps round the instep and ankle’ (LiddellScott1901) and that the word therefore is based on ‘sandal wood’. But is that likely? Etymologists of Grk (Chantraine, Beekes) usually think that Grk sándalon is from a non-Grk source, but they do not identify this source with a word meaning ‘sandal wood’. Accord. to Jastrow1904 (reprod. also by Nişanyan_23Mar2018), the Grk sándalon is attested as early as -C7, and in TargAram (sandal) from C1 onwards, both with the meaning ‘sole with straps, shoe’ and (hence also) ‘flat fish like the sole or turbot’, and both are poss. from a common Pers source, specified by Jastrow as Pers sandal and translated as ‘calceus’.25 If the sole really was wooden, could there be an influence of Grk sanís (Gen -ídos) ‘board, plank, wooden scaffold, etc.’ (cf. also nGrk sanidénios ‘wooden, plank‑…’)?
▪ A relation, likewise assumed by Rolland2014a, between Grk sándalon ‘sandals’ and ↗³ṣandal ‘(freight) barge, lighter; (EgAr) pontoon’/†⁶ṣandal ‘skiff, rowboat’ seems to be more likely than a dependence of ‘sandal(s)’ on ‘sandal wood’, as the small boat (and also the name of a flat fish) are easily conceivable as metaphorical use of ‘sandals’, as all are flat and open. « Le […] sens […] relève d’une dérivation métaphorique habituelle entre les noms de poissons, de chaussures et d’embarcations ; une datation des occurrences devrait permettre de vérifier quels rôles ont joués le grec et le turc dans le sémantisme de l’arabe. » – Cf., however, further discussion s.v. ↗³ṣandal.
▪ …
 
▪ NB: The items given below are not from Ar ²ṣandal. Rather, they are registered with the aim of giving an overview of the etymologies, suggested in various sources, of the European words from which Ar ²ṣandal was borrowed.

▪ Engl sandal ‘type of shoe’ (lC14), from oFr sandale, from Lat sandalium ‘a slipper, sandal’, from Grk sandálion, dimin. of sándalon ‘sandal’, of unknown origin, perh. from Pers – etymonline.
▪ Ge Sandale, enGe Sandaly (pl., c1500), from Lat sandalia, pl. of Lat sandalium ‘strap shoe’, from Grk sandálion, dimin. of Grk sándalon, of unknown (Pers? Eg?) origin – DWDS.
▪ Fr sandale (c1160 sandaires, c1170 sçandales): from mLat sandalium ‘sandal’, from Grk sandálion, dimin. of sándalon ‘sandale de bois, fixée par des courroies passant sur le pied’ – CNRTL.
▪ Tu sandal ‘sandal (shoe)’: 1680 Meninski, Thesaurus: »sendel vulg. sandal: Başmak. Calceamenti genus« – Nişanyan_23Mar2018; Tu sandalet ‘small sandal, open shoe’: 1941 Cumhuriyet (newspaper): »bilumum yalın kat ayakkabı, sandalet, ağaç çivili kadın ve erkek ayakkabı satanlar...« < Fr sandalette, dimin. of Fr sandale etc., see above – Nişanyan_19Sept2017.
▪ …
 
For other values attached to the root, see ↗¹ṣandal and ↗³ṣandal as well as, for the overall picture, “root” entry ↗√ṢNDL.
 
³ṣandal صَنْدَل , pl. ṣanādilᵘ 
ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Jul2021
√ṢNDL 
n. 
1 ↗¹ṣandal; 2 ↗²ṣandal; 3 (freight) barge; lighter, barge – WehrCowan1976.
 
▪ BadawiHinds1986 marks ³ṣandal ‘(freight) barge, lighter; (EgAr) pontoon’ as »Grk Pers Tu It« without giving any details, and words of this meaning do not seem to exist in the languages indicated. Prob., the item is identical with †⁶ṣandal (↗√ṢNDL) ‘skiff, rowboat’ which, accord. to Rolland2014a, is metaphorical use of the etymon of ↗²ṣandal ‘sandal(s)’, namely Grk sándalon ‘sandal(s)’, the small boat being likened to a shoe (boot). Accord. to Jastrow1904 (reprod. also by Nişanyan_23Mar2018), the Grk sándalon is attested as early as -C7, and in TargAram (sandal) from C1 onwards, both with the meaning ‘sole with straps, shoe; hence also: flat fish like the sole or turbot’, and both are poss. from a common Pers source, specified by Jastrow as Pers sandal ‘calceus’.1 Accord. to Rolland2014a, the likening of (flat-soled) sandals, flat fish and flat boats seems to stem from habitual association: « Le […] sens […] relève d’une dérivation métaphorique habituelle entre les noms de poissons, de chaussures et d’embarcations ; une datation des occurrences devrait permettre de vérifier quels rôles ont joués le grec et le turc dans le sémantisme de l’arabe. »
▪ Rolland2014a further assumes a dependence of Grk sándalon on ‘sandalwood’ (↗¹ṣandal) – an assumption we find hard to follow; see discussion s.v. ↗¹ṣandal and ↗²ṣandal.
▪ However, we should perh. not exclude poss. influence of Grk sanís (Gen -ídos) ‘board, plank, wooden scaffold, etc.; also: deck (of a ship)[!]’, dimin. sanídion ‘small plank, board’ (> nGrk sanídi ‘plank’, sanidénios ‘wooden, plank‑…’) on the development of ³ṣandal.
▪ …
 
▪ …
 
▪ …
 
▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ …
 
▪ Ar †⁶ṣandal ‘skiff’ ≈ Tu (Redhouse1968) sandal ‘rowboat’, sandalcı ‘boatman’: 1354 Mesʿūd b. Aḥmed, Süheyl ü Nevbahār terc.: »Görir bindi birkaç kişi ṣandala / deŋizden çıkup mīşeye girdiler« – Nişanyan_23Mar2018.
▪ …
 
For other values attached to the root, see ↗¹ṣandal and ↗²ṣandal as well as, for the overall picture, “root” entry ↗√ṢNDL.
 
ṢNR صنر 
ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Jul2021
√ṢNR 
“root” 
▪ ṢNR_1 ‘hook, fishhook’ ↗ṣinnāraẗ

Other values, now obsolete, include (BK1860, Lane iv 1872, Steingass1884, Hava1899):

▪ †ṢNR_2 ‘plane-tree, platanus’: †ṣin(n)ār
▪ †ṢNR_3 ‘leathern handle, kind of shield | ganse de cuir à l’aide de laquelle on tient ou l’on accroche le fouet’: †²ṣinnāraẗ
▪ †ṢNR_4 ‘ear | oreille’: †³ṣinnāraẗ
▪ †ṢNR_5 ‘niggardly, of evil disposition’: †ṣinnawr

 
▪ [v1] : Hist. also ‘head-piece of the spindle’. – Prob. borrowed from Syr ṣenārtā, ṣenār, ṣennūrtā ‘fishing hook, fishing line’, Aram ṣinnōrā, TargAram ṣînnôrâ ‘hook’ (related to Hbr ²ṣinnôr ‘hole [for the door], door socket, hinge-socket; [postBibl also:] fork’, postBiblHbr ²ṣinnôrāʰ ‘knitting needle; hook’?), which are of unknown provenience. – Cf. perh. also ṣinnāʰ (√ṢNN!) ‘fishing hook’ (hapax in the Bible; of uncertain origin, perh. orig. meaning ‘large basket’ and related to Aram ṣinnâ ‘basket’, Ar ↗ṣann2 – Klein1987). See below, section DISC. – There is also a var. spelling ↗sinnāraẗ (with /s/, not /ṣ/), of the same meaning.
▪ †[v2] : From Pers čanār ‘platanus’ – Rolland2014a. – Accord. to Nişanyan, Tu çınar is from Pers čanār~čanāl < mPers čnār, which, accord. to the author, is in turn from Chin »ç’un« (= ?; a modChin word for plane-tree is xuánlíngmù, i.e., *‘tree of the hanging bells’, where the first component, xuán, signifies the notion of ‘hanging’; phonologically, it could be the background of Pers čanār, but see DISC below). – May have influenced, or been influenced by, ↗ṣanawbar ‘pine tree’.
▪ †[v3] : ? = †sanawwar (with /s/) ‘coat made of thongs, worn in war, like a coat of mail, any weapon (of iron) or arms’ (Lane iv 1872)? For the latter, Ḍinnāwī2004 assumes an origin in Syr sanūrā ~ sanwartā ‘crown of the head; head-covering, headband, cap, helmet’ (PayneSmith1903). – Or rather related to Hbr ṣinnāʰ ‘large shield (covering the whole body); protective wall; (nHbr) barrel shield of a revolver’, thus from Hbr √ṢNN which prob. means *‘to preserve, keep’, poss. related to Ar ↗ṣāna (√ṢWN) – so Klein1987’s suggestion for ṣinnāʰ…
▪ †[v4] †³ṣinnāraẗ ‘ear | oreille’ : ?
▪ †[v5] : Cf. also BK1860 †⁴ṣinnāraẗ (pl. ṣanānīrᵘ) ‘homme qui, malgré sa bonne naissance, n’est ni lettré ni bien élevé; rustre’. Similar/identical values are attested not only for †ṣinnawr and †⁴ṣinnāraẗ (√ṢNR), but also for †ṣanbar and †ṣunbūr (↗√ṢNBR). – Any relation to ↗šanār (< Pers?) ‘disgrace, ignominy’? Is †ṣinnawr perh. Pers *šanār-bar (not attested)?
▪ …
 
▪ [v1] : 609 ‘iron spindle head’ – DHDA.
▪ †[v2] : 709 ‘kind of tree with large and broad leaves, also called dulb’ – DHDA.
▪ †[v3] : (?) 540 sanawwar [initial s!] ‘weapon worn in war’ – DHDA.
▪ †[v4] : …
▪ †[v5] : …
▪ …
 
▪ [v1] : Cf. prob. Aram ṣinnôrâ, TargAram ṣînnôrâ ‘hook’, Syr ṣennūrtā, postBiblHbr ²ṣinnôr ‘door socket; fork’, ²ṣinnôrāʰ ‘knitting needle; hook’, modHbr ṣinnôrît ‘knitting needle’ (perh. also Hbr ²ṣinnôr ‘hole [for the door], door socket, hinge-socket) – Fraenkel1886, Klein1987. – (?) Cf. also Hbr ṣinnāʰ ‘fishing hook’ (hapax in the Bible) – Klein1987?
▪ †[v2] : borrowed from mPers.
▪ †[v3] : (?) perh. Syr sanūrā ~ sanwartā ‘crown of the head; head-covering, headband, cap, helmet’; see †sanawwar (initial /s/!) ‘coat made of thongs, worn in war, like a coat of mail, any weapon (of iron) or arms’ in ↗√SNR. – Cf. perh. also Hbr ṣinnāʰ ‘large shield (covering the whole body); protective wall’ (Hbr √ṢNN), see above, section CONC.
▪ †[v4] : ?
▪ †[v5] : perh. borrowed, or related to a borrowing, from Pers, see above, section CONC.
▪ …
 
▪ [v1] : Accord. to Fraenkel1886, the Aram items listed above are perh. of Pers origin (no details given though). – The word exists also as ↗sinnāraẗ, with initial /s/ instead of /ṣ/. – BadawiHinds1986 mark EgAr ṣunnāraẗ~ṣinnāraẗ ‘fishhook’ as a borrowing from a Tu sinare ‘fishhook’, but the latter is hardly genuine Tu. Redhouse1968 thinks OttTu sināraʰ~sināreʰ (with /s/, and also written /sī…/) is of Grk origin,26 but there is only modGrk tsiggáli ‘hook’ which comes phonologically close (and does not look original Grk either). Could there be a relation to Tu sinarit~sinağrit ‘(a species of) fish, dentex dentex’, which is from modGrk συναγρίδα sinagrída < oGrk συναγρίς synagrís ‘dentex’ (Nişanyan_02Dec2014)? A metonymical transfer from the fish to the hook with which it is caught is actually not less likely than the other alternatives discussed above; and there is also the variant spelling with /s/, not /ṣ/ (↗sinnāraẗ), likewise meaning ‘fishhook’.
▪†[v2] : « Du persan čanār ‘platane’. L’accommodation du [Pers] č par [Ar] ṣ exceptionnelle, pourrait signifier que l’emprunt s’est plutôt fait du pehlevi [mPers] » – Rolland2014a. – Accord. to Nişanyan, the mPers čnār is in turn from Chin »ç’un« (= xuán ‘hanging, suspended’ in a modChin word for ‘plane-tree’, xuánlíngmù, lit. *‘tree of the hanging bells’?) – a rather unlikely assumption (though phonologically perh. possible), as the plane-tree does not seem to be native to China. The Oriental plane (Platanus orientalis, Old World sycamore)’s distribution ranged from the Mediterranean to Iran, perh. Kashmir, but not farther to the east.
▪ †[v3]-†[v5] : see above, section CONC.
▪ …
 
– 
– 
ṣinnāraẗ صِنّارة 
ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Jul2021
√ṢNR 
n.f. 
hook, fishhook – WehrCowan1976. 
▪ Hist. also ‘head-piece of the spindle’. – Prob. borrowed from Syr ṣenārtā, ṣenār, ṣennūrtā ‘fishing hook, fishing line’, Aram ṣinnōrā, TargAram ṣînnôrâ ‘hook’ (related to Hbr ²ṣinnôr ‘hole [for the door], door socket, hinge-socket; [postBibl also:] fork’, postBiblHbr ²ṣinnôrāʰ ‘knitting needle; hook’?), which are of unknown provenience. – Cf. perh. also Hbr ṣinnāʰ (√ṢNN!) ‘fishing hook’ (hapax in the Bible; of uncertain origin, perh. orig. meaning ‘large basket’ and related to Aram ṣinnâ ‘basket’, Ar ↗ṣann3 – Klein1987). See below, section DISC.
▪ There is also ↗sinnāraẗ (with /s/, not /ṣ/), of the same meaning.
▪ …
 
▪ 609 ‘iron spindle-head’ – DHDA.
▪ …
 
▪ Cf. prob. Aram ṣinnôrâ, TargAram ṣînnôrâ ‘hook’, Syr ṣennūrtā, postBiblHbr ²ṣinnôr ‘door socket; fork’, ²ṣinnôrāʰ ‘knitting needle; hook’, modHbr ṣinnôrît ‘knitting needle’ (perh. also Hbr ²ṣinnôr ‘hole [for the door], door socket, hinge-socket’) – Fraenkel1886, Klein1987.
▪ Cf. also Hbr ṣinnāʰ ‘fishing hook’ (hapax in the Bible) (Klein1987)?
▪ …
 
▪ Accord. to Fraenkel1886, the Aram items listed above are perh. of Pers origin (no details given though).
▪ The word exists also as ↗sinnāraẗ, with initial /s/ instead of /ṣ/.
▪ BadawiHinds1986 mark EgAr ṣunnāraẗ~ṣinnāraẗ ‘fishhook’ as a borrowing from a Tu sinare ‘fishhook’, but the latter is hardly genuine Tu. Redhouse1968 thinks OttTu sināraʰ~sināreʰ (with /s/, and also written /sī…/) is of Grk origin,27 but there is only modGrk tsiggáli ‘hook’ which comes phonologically close (and does not look original Grk either). Could there be a relation to Tu sinarit~sinağrit ‘(a species of) fish, dentex dentex’, which is from modGrk συναγρίδα sinagrída < oGrk συναγρίς synagrís ‘dentex’ (Nişanyan_02Dec2014)? A metonymical transfer from the fish to the hook with which it is caught is actually not less likely than the other alternatives discussed above; and there is also the variant spelling with /s/, not /ṣ/ (↗sinnāraẗ), likewise meaning ‘fishhook’.
▪ …
 
– 
– 
ṢNʕ صنع 
ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 6Apr2023
√ṢNʕ 
“root” 
▪ ṢNʕ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢNʕ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢNʕ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to look after, to groom, to do, commit; to make, fashion, build, produce, manufacture; to be dextrous; to take for o.s.; place where rainwater gathers’ 
▪ From WSem *√ṢNʕ ‘to be(come) strong, do (something) skillfully, build, produce, make’ – Huehnergard2011.
▪ …
 
– 
. 
. 
▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl arsenal, from Ar al-ṣināʕaẗ ‘the manufacture, industry’, or from dār al-ṣināʕaẗ ‘place of manufacture’, from ↗ṣināʕaẗ ‘manufacture, industry’, from ↗ṣanaʕa, vb. I, ‘to make, produce’. 
– 
ṢNM صنم 
ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṢNM 
“root” 
▪ ṢNM_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ ṢNM_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘idol, to shape or form or picture an idol for worship’. – The philologists, however, are inclined to regard ṣanam as a borrowing from Hbr (also said to be from Pers). 
▪ … 
– 
▪ …
▪ … 
▪ …
▪ … 
– 
– 
ṣanam صَنَم 
ID 519 • Sw – • BP??? • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṢNM 
n. 
… – WehrCowan1979. 
▪ … 
▪ … 
▪ …
▪ … 
▪ …
▪ … 
– 
► 
taṣnīm تَصْنِيم 
ID 520 • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṢNM 
n. 
… – WehrCowan1979. 
▪ … 
▪ … 
▪ …
▪ … 
▪ …
▪ … 
– 
► 
ṢNW صنو 
ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṢNW 
“root” 
▪ ṢNW_1 ‘one of two, twin brother’ ↗ṣinw

Other values, now obsolete, include (BK1860, Hava 1899):

▪ †ṢNW_2 ‘ashes’: †ṣanan (det. ṣanā), ṣanāʔ; cf. also the denom. vb.s †ʔaṣnà (IV) and taṣannà (V) ‘to be stained with ashes (ṣanan) (cook) (se dit d’un homme qui fait la cuisine et se frotte contre la marmite)’

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘peer, equal, similar to; a full brother; two saplings growing together from the root of one tree’. 
▪ [v1] : Related to √ṮNY (↗ʔiṯnān ‘two’)? – Historically, several values are attested which evidently are related to [v1], all sharing the basic idea of *‘forming a group of two (or more: trees, mountains, people, …), resembling each other, belonging together, not standing alone’; for details see ↗ṣinw.
▪ [v2] : †ṣanan~ṣanāʔ ‘ashes’ does not seem to have cognates in Sem. Any relation with ↗ʔušnān ‘potash; saltwort’? There is the vb. V, †taṣannà ‘to be stained with ashes (ṣanan) (said of a cook who touches the cooking-pot)’, and there is †taʔaššana, vb. V, ‘to wash one’s hands with ʔušnān’…
▪ …
 
▪ …
 
▪ …
 
▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ …
 
– 
– 
ṣinw صِنْو , pl. ṣinwān, ʔaṣnāʔ 
ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṢNW 
n. 
one of two, twin brother – WehrCowan1976. 
▪ Historically, several values are attested which evidently are related to the modern meaning of ṣinw which seems to be reduced to ‘one of two, twin brother’. The older values share with the modern one the basic idea of *‘forming a group of two (or more: trees, mountains, people, …), resembling each other, belonging together, not standing alone’; for details see below, section HIST.
▪ Related to √ṮNY (↗ʔiṯnān ‘two’)?
▪ …
 
▪ The older values mentioned above in section CONC include: †ṣinw~ṣunw (du. ṣanwāni~ṣinwāni~ṣunwāni, ṣanyāni~ṣinyāni~ṣunyāni) ‘semblable, pareil; qui n’est pas isolé, mais qui forme un groupe, une grappe ou une touffe (arbre, plante, fruit, etc., p.ex. rakiyyatāni ṣinwāni, deux puits voisins alimentés par la même source); groupe, bouquet d’arbres; pl. ṣinwān, ʔaṣnāʔ, qui forme un groupe avec un autre | one of a pair or of more than two (p.ex., naḫīl ṣinwān wa-ġayr ṣinwān, palmiers formant des groupes et des palmiers isolés); (hence also term for family members such as:) brother; son; cousin; uncle; nephew’, †ṣinwaẗ ‘f. of ṣinw; sister; daughter; aunt’, †ṣanw (pl. ṣunuww) ‘intertwisted trees | arbres touffus dont les branches s’entrelacent dans un ravin entre deux montagnes; water | petite quantité d’eau qui coule entre deux montagnes; stones between two mountains (so also dimin. †ṣunayy)’, †ṣināyaẗ ‘the whole | totalité, le tout (ʔaḫaḏahū bi-ṣināyatih, expr., il a pris la chose tout entière)’.
▪ eC7 (two palm trees growing out of a common root, clustering, growing in pairs) Q 13:4 wa-ǧannātun min ʔaʕnābin wa-zarʕun wa-naḫīlun ṣinwānun wa-ġayru ṣinwānin ‘and gardens of vineyards, plantations, and palm trees, both those growing, two from a single root, and those which are not’.
▪ …
 
▪ …
 
▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ …
 
– 
For other values attached to the “root”, see ↗√ṢNW.
 
ṢHR صهر 
ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 6Apr2023
√ṢHR 
“root” 
▪ ṢHR_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢHR_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢHR_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to melt down, heat up, roast; to bring near; to marry into (a family), in-laws’ 
▪ … 
– 
. 
. 
– 
– 
ṢHYN صهين 
ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṢHYN 
“root” 
▪ ṢHYN_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ ṢHYN_2 ‘…’ ↗…
 
▪ … 
– 
▪ …
▪ … 
▪ …
▪ … 
– 
– 
ṣahyūniyyaẗ صَهْيُونِيَّة 
ID 521 • Sw – • BP 4473 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṢHYN 
n.f. 
… – WehrCowan1979. 
▪ … 
▪ … 
▪ …
▪ … 
▪ …
▪ … 
– 
► 
ṢWB صوب 
ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṢWB 
“root” 
▪ ṢWB_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ ṢWB_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘(of rain) to pour down, torrential rain; to strike, to hit; to aim; to afflict, to befall; to do correctly, to be right, to be true’ 
▪ … 
– 
▪ …
▪ … 
▪ …
▪ … 
– 
– 
ʔiṣābaẗ إِصابَة 
ID 522 • Sw – • BP 816 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṢWB 
n.f. 
… – WehrCowan1979. 
▪ … 
▪ … 
▪ …
▪ … 
▪ …
▪ … 
– 
► 
ṢWT صوت 
ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 6Apr2023
√ṢWT 
“root” 
▪ ṢWT_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢWT_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢWT_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘sound, voice, noise; to emit a sound; to cause to make a sound; fame, renown’ 
▪ … 
– 
. 
. 
– 
– 
ṢWR صور 
ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṢWR 
“root” 
▪ ṢWR_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ ṢWR_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to cause to incline or lean towards, to incline to; to shape, form, fashion, to represent; sculpture, picture; to imagine, conceive; to cut into pieces; to disperse; to prepare; trumpet’. – ṣur-hunna is classified under this root, although some philologists and commentators derive it from the root ṢYR and still others derive it from ṢRY. 
▪ …
▪ …
▪ Kogan2011: (ṣawr ‘side of the neck; bank of a river’) an alternative term for ‘neck’ for which protSem *ṣawar‑ can be reconstructed. The basic Sem term for ‘neck’, protSem *kišād‑, does not seem to have left reflexes in Ar. – Cf. also ↗ʕunq, √ʕNQ.
▪ … 
– 
▪ …
▪ … 
▪ …
▪ … 
– 
– 
ṣūraẗ صُورَة 
ID 523 • Sw – • BP 120 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṢWR 
n.f. 
… – WehrCowan1979. 
▪ … 
▪ … 
▪ …
▪ … 
▪ …
▪ … 
– 
► 
muṣawwir مُصَوِّر 
ID 524 • Sw – • BP 4265 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṢWR 
n. 
… – WehrCowan1979. 
▪ … 
▪ … 
▪ …
▪ … 
▪ …
▪ … 
– 
► 
ṢWʕ صوع 
ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 6Apr2023
√ṢWʕ 
“root” 
▪ ṢWʕ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢWʕ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢWʕ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to gather together, collect; to measure, estimate, a dry measure; to drive; to prepare; to dry up; to disperse’ 
▪ … 
– 
. 
. 
– 
– 
ṢWF صوف 
ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 6Apr2023
√ṢWF 
“root” 
▪ ṢWF_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢWF_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢWF_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘wool, to grow wool; to swerve, to avert; to dry up’ 
▪ … 
– 
. 
. 
▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl sofa, from Ar ↗ṣuffaẗ ‘sofa’, from Aram ṣippā, abs. form of ṣippᵊtā, a mat, perh. akin to ṣippā, ṣuppā ‘carded wool’, cf. Ar ↗ṣūf.
▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl Sufi, from Ar ↗ṣūfī, ‘(man) of wool’, from ↗ṣūf ‘wool’, perh. from Aram ṣippā, ṣuppā ‘carded wool’; both perh. from Akk ṣuppu ‘solid, massive, compacted (textile)’, vb.adj. of ṣuppu ‘to press down, rub down a horse’, derived stem of *ṣâpu, cf. ↗ṢFː (ṢFF). 
– 
ṢWM صوم 
ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṢWM 
“root” 
▪ ṢWM_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ ṢWM_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to abstain, to observe a particular kind of abstinence, particularly taking food or drink, to fast; (of certain birds and animals) to empty the belly’ 
▪ … 
– 
▪ …
▪ … 
▪ …
▪ … 
– 
– 
ṣawm صَوْم 
ID 525 • Sw – • BP 4223 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṢWM 
n. 
abstention, abstinence, abstemiousness; ‎fasting, fast; al-ṣ. ‏fasting during the month of Ramadan, one of the five principal duties of the ‎Muslim – WehrCowan1979. 
Most probably a loan from Syr ṣawmā ‘fasting’ (as Retsö, “Aramaic/Syriac Loanwords”, in EALL holds4 ), rather than from Hbr ṣōm ‘fasting’ (as Schall1982 assumed). 
▪ eC7 Q 2:178, 2:183-185, 2:187, 2:196, 4:92, 5:89, 5:95, 19:26, 58:4. 
▪ …
▪ … 
▪ Jeffery 1938: »The verb occurs in ii, 180, 181, and the participle in xxxiii, 35, [the vb.] ṣāma being obviously denominative from ṣawm. – It will be noticed that the passages are all late, and that the word is a technical religious term, which was doubtless borrowed from some outside source. That there were Jewish influences on the Qur’ānic teaching about fasting has been pointed out by Wensinck, Joden, 120 ff.,28 while Sprenger, Leben, iii, 55 ff., has emphasized the Christian influence thereon. In Nöldeke-Schwally, i, 179-180, attention is drawn to the similarity of the Qur’ānic teaching with fasting as practised among the Manichaeans, and Margoliouth, Early Development, 149, thinks its origin is to be sought in some system other than the Jewish or Christian, though doubtless influenced by both, so it is not easy to determine the origin of the word till we have ascertained the origin of the custom. – Fraenkel, Vocab, 20, would derive it from the Hbr ṣōm,29 but it is more likely to have come from Aram ṢWM, Syr ṣawmā, which is also the source of the Eth [Gz] ṣōma (Nöldeke, Neue Beiträge, 36), and the Arm com.30 The Syr form is the nearer phonologically to the Ar and may thus be the immediate source, as Mingana, Syriac Influence, 86, urges. The word would seem to have been in use in Arabia before Muḥammad’s day,31 but whether fasting was known in other Arab communities than those of the Jews and Christians is uncertain.32 « 
– 
► ṣāma, ṣum-, ū (ṣawm, ṣiyām), vb. I, to abstain (ʕan from s.th.); to abstain from food, drink, and sexual intercourse; to fast: denominative
► BP#3470ṣiyām, n., fasting, fast: vn. I
► ṣiyāmī, adj., Lenten fare: nsb-formation, from prededing vn.
► ṣāʔim pl. ‑ūn, ṣuwwam, ṣuyyam, ṣiyām, adj., fasting: PA I; n., faster, one who fasts: nominalized adj. 
ṢWMʕ صومع 
ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 3Jun2023
√ṢWMʕ
 
"root" 
▪ ṢWMʕ_1 ‘cloister’ ↗ṣawmaʕaẗ
 
▪ … 
– 
. 
. 
– 
– 
ṣawmaʕaẗ صَوْمَعة , pl. ṣawāmiʕᵘ 
ID – • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 3Jun2023
√ṢMʕ, ṢWMʕ
 
n.f. 
cloister – Jeffery1938
 
▪ … 
▪ eC7 Q xxii, 41 – Jeffery1938.
 
. 
▪ Jeffery1938: »The Commentators differ among themselves as to whether it stands for a Jewish, a Christian, or a Sabian place of worship. They agree, however, in deriving it from ṣamaʕa (cf. Ibn Durayd, 166), and Fraenkel agrees,33 thinking that originally it must have meant a high tapering building.34 The difficulty of deriving it from ṣamaʕa, however, is obvious, and al-Ḫafāǧī, 123, lists it as a borrowed word. / Its origin is apparently to be sought in SArabia, from the word that is behind the Eth [Gz] ṣomāʕt ‘a hermit’s cell’ (Nöldeke, Beiträge, 52),35 though we have as yet no SAr word with which to compare it.«
 
– 
– 
ṢWN صون 
ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṢWN 
“root” 
▪ ṢWN_1 ‘to preserve, keep, protect, save, defend’ ↗ṣāna; ‘cupboard, case’ ↗ṣiwān
▪ ṢWN_2 ‘flint; granite’ ↗ṣawwān
▪ ṢWN_ ‘…’ ↗ṣwn

 
▪ [v1] : Scarcely attested in Sem. Huehnergard2011 nevertheless reconstructs WSem *√ṢWN ‘to protect’. – (?)Any relation with †²ṣinnāraẗ ‘leathern handle, kind of shield | ganse de cuir à l’aide de laquelle on tient ou l’on accroche le fouet’ (↗√ṢNR), †sanawwar ‘coat made of thongs, worn in war, like a coat of mail, any weapon (of iron) or arms’ (< Syr sanūrā ~ sanwartā ‘crown of the head; head-covering, headband, cap, helmet’) (↗√SNR), and/or Hbr ṣinnāʰ ‘shield’ (↗√ṢNː(ṢNN))?
▪ [v2] : Based on Ar and an alleged Hs cognate, OrelStolbova1994 reconstruct AfrAs *c̣awan‑ ‘flint, stone’.
 
▪ [v1] : …
▪ [v2] : …
 
▪ [v1] : ḤaḍrAr taṣawwana ‘to take shelter’, YemAr ṣawān ‘guarantor, surety’, Gz ṣawwana, ḍawwana ‘to protect, defend, preserve, shelter’, ṣawan ‘fortress, castle, stronghold; garrison, fortification; refuge, asylum, shelter, consolation’, Te mäč̣wan ‘black veil’, Amh ṣāwān (< Gz) ‘refuge’; rel. to Hbr ṣinnāʰ ‘shield’ – Leslau2006.
▪ [v2] : OrelStolbova1994 suggest (outside Sem:) Hs c̣auni ‘hill, pile’.
 
▪ [v1] : …
▪ [v2] : Based on only the Ar and Hs evidence, OrelStolbova1994 #428 reconstruct Sem *ṣawān‑ ‘flint, quartz’ and WCh *c̣aw(˅)n‑ ‘hill, pile’, both from a hypothetical AfrAs *c̣awan‑ ‘flint, stone’.
 
▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl Zion, see Ar ↗ṣāna. 
– 
ṣān‑ / ṣun‑ صان/صُنْـ , ū (ṣawn, ṣiyānaẗ) 
ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṢWN 
vb., I 
1a to preserve, conserve, keep, retain, maintain, sustain, uphold; b to maintain (e.g., a machine, an automobile); 2a to protect, guard, safeguard, keep, save (s.o., s.th., ʕan from); b to defend (s.o., s.th., ʕan against) – WehrCowan1976. 
▪ Scarcely attested in Sem. Huehnergard2011 nevertheless reconstructs WSem *√ṢWN ‘to protect’. – (?)Any relation with †²ṣinnāraẗ ‘leathern handle, kind of shield | ganse de cuir à l’aide de laquelle on tient ou l’on accroche le fouet’ (↗√ṢNR), †sanawwar ‘coat made of thongs, worn in war, like a coat of mail, any weapon (of iron) or arms’ (< Syr sanūrā ~ sanwartā ‘crown of the head; head-covering, headband, cap, helmet’) (↗√SNR), and/or Hbr ṣinnāʰ ‘shield’ (↗√ṢNː(ṢNN))?
▪ …
 
▪ …
 
▪ ḤaḍrAr taṣawwana ‘to take shelter’, YemAr ṣawān ‘guarantor, surety’, Gz ṣawwana, ḍawwana ‘to protect, defend, preserve, shelter’, ṣawan ‘fortress, castle, stronghold; garrison, fortification; refuge, asylum, shelter, consolation’, Te mäč̣wan ‘black veil’, Amh ṣāwān (< Gz) ‘refuge’; rel. to Hbr ṣinnāʰ ‘shield’ – Leslau2006.
▪ …
 
▪ See above, section CONC.
▪ …
 
▪ (Huehnergard2011:) Engl Zion, from Hbr ṣiyyôn, prob. originally meaning ‘stronghold, fortress’, derived from a root akin to Ar ṣāna ‘to protect’. 
►taṣawwana, vb. V, 1 to uphold one’s honour, live chastely, virtuously (woman); 2a to shut o.s. off; b to seclude o.s., protect o.s.: Dt-stem, self-ref.

►ṣawn, n., 1a preservation, conservation, guarding, keeping; b susten(ta)tion, upholding; c maintenance, upkeep, care; d protection, safeguard(ing), securing, defense; 2 chastity, respectability: vn. I | ṣāḥibaẗ al-ṣawn, n.f., hononary title of ladies of high social standing.
►ṣiwān, ṣuwān, pl. ʔaṣwinaẗ, n., cupboard, case.
►ṣiyānaẗ = ṣawn; BP#2557maintenance vn. I | malak al-ṣiyānaẗ, n., guardian angel (Chr.).
►ṣāʔin, n., 1 preserver, sustainer, maintainer, keeper, guardian, protector; 2 adj., protective: PA I.
►maṣūn, adj., 1 well-protected, well-kept, well-guarded, sheltered; 2a chaste, virtuous (woman); b also an epithet for women: PP I.

For other values attached to the “root”, see ↗ṣawwān as well as, for the overall picture, “root” entry ↗√ṢWN.
 
ṣiwān صِوان , var. ṣuwān, pl. ʔaṣwinaẗ 
ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṢWN 
n. 
cupboard, case – WehrCowan1976. 
▪ ↗ṣāna
 
▪ …
 
▪ ↗ṣāna
 
▪ …
 
– 
For other values attached to the “root”, cf. ↗ṣāna and ↗ṣawwān as well as, for the overall picture, “root” entry ↗√ṢWN.
 
ṣawwān صَوّان 
ID … • Sw – • BP … • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṢWN 
n.coll.; n.un. ة 
flint; granite – WehrCowan1976. 
▪ Based on Ar and an alleged Hs cognate, OrelStolbova1994 reconstruct AfrAs *c̣awan‑ ‘flint, stone’.
▪ …
 
▪ …
 
▪ OrelStolbova1994 suggest (outside Sem:) Hs c̣auni ‘hill, pile’.
▪ …
 
▪ Based on only the Ar and Hs evidence, OrelStolbova1994 #428 reconstruct Sem *ṣawān‑ ‘flint, quartz’ and WCh *c̣aw(˅)n‑ ‘hill, pile’, both from a hypothetical AfrAs *c̣awan‑ ‘flint, stone’.
▪ …
 
– 
►ṣawwānī: ʔadawāt ṣawwāniyyaẗ, nonhum.pl., flint implements.

For other values attached to the “root”, cf. ↗ṣāna and ↗ṣiwān as well as, for the overall picture, “root” entry ↗√ṢWN.
 
ṢYḤ صيح 
ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṢYḤ 
“root” 
▪ ṢYḤ_1 ‘…’ ↗…
▪ ṢYḤ_2 ‘…’ ↗…

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to yell, to shout, to cry out, to hail; to dry up, (of grains) to ripen’ 
▪ … 
– 
▪ …
▪ … 
▪ …
▪ … 
– 
– 
ṣāḥ‑ / ṣiḥ‑ صاحَ / صِحْـ 
ID 526 • Sw – • BP 2823 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ṢYḤ 
vb., I 
… – WehrCowan1979. 
▪ … 
▪ … 
▪ …
▪ … 
▪ …
▪ … 
– 
► 
ṢYD صيد 
ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 6Apr2023
√ṢYD 
“root” 
▪ ṢYD_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢYD_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢYD_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘hunting, fishing, game, catch of all kinds’ 
▪ … 
– 
. 
. 
– 
– 
ṢYDL صيدل 
ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021 | last update 15Jul2021
√ṢYDL 
“root” 
▪ ṢYDL_1 ‘pharmacist, druggist, apothecary’ ↗ṣaydalī
▪ ṢYDL_2 ‘…’ ↗…

 
▪ [v1] Today, ṣaydalī is more common than †ṣandalī for ‘chemist, pharmacist’. But ṣaydalī (which still can take the pl. ṣanādilaẗ!) is originally a *‘seller of sandal powder’ (used in medicine) – Rolland2014a. (A variant of †ṣandalī, †ṣandalānī, is attested, for instance, in Wahrmund1887 or, for OttTu, in Redhouse1890 with the meaning ‘dealer in sandal wood, druggist and perfumer’.) Thus, ṣaydalī is based on ↗ṣandal ‘sandal wood’ (which is of ultimately Ind origin).
▪ [v2] …
 
– 
▪ [v1] ↗ṣandal.
▪ [v2] …
 
▪ [v1] ↗ṣandal.
▪ [v2] …
 
– 
– 
ṣaydalī صَيْدَليّ , pl. ṣayādilaẗ 
ID 527 • Sw – • BP 6852 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021 | latest update 15Jul2021
√ṢYDL 
n. 
pharmacist, druggist, apothecary – WehrCowan1976. 
▪ Today, ṣaydalī is more common than †ṣandalī for ‘chemist, pharmacist’. But ṣaydalī (which still can take the pl. ṣanādilaẗ!) is originally a *‘seller of sandal powder’ (used in medicine) – Rolland2014a. (A variant of †ṣandalī, †ṣandalānī, is attested, for instance, in Wahrmund1887 or, for OttTu, in Redhouse1890 with the meaning ‘dealer in sandal wood, druggist and perfumer’.) Thus, ṣaydalī is based on ↗ṣandal ‘sandal wood’ (which is of ultimately Ind origin).
▪ …
 
▪ … 
▪ ↗ṣandal.
▪ …
 
▪ ↗ṣandal.
▪ …
 
– 
►ṣaydalaẗ, n.f., apothecary’s trade; pharmacy, pharmacology
►ṣaydalānī, n., pharmacist, druggist, apothecary
►ṣaydaliyyaẗ, pl. ‑āt, n.f., pharmacy; drugstore
►ṣaydaliyyāt, non-hum.pl., drugs, pharmaceutics
 
ṢYR صير 
ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 6Apr2023
√ṢYR 
“root” 
▪ ṢYR_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢYR_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢYR_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘to become, to change from one condition to another, reach a state; to return to; to go to; conclusion, destiny; to ripen, dry up’ 
▪ … 
– 
. 
. 
– 
– 
ṢYṢ صيص 
ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 6Apr2023
√ṢYṢ 
“root” 
▪ ṢYṢ_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢYṢ_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢYṢ_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘long sharp cow-horn; spearhead; fortress, stronghold’ 
▪ … 
– 
. 
. 
– 
– 
ṢYF صيف 
ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 6Apr2023
√ṢYF 
“root” 
▪ ṢYF_1 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢYF_2 ‘...’ ↗...
▪ ṢYF_3 ‘...’ ↗...

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘summer, summertime, to spend the summer, the heat of day; to veer, to turn away from’ 
▪ … 
– 
. 
. 
– 
– 
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