Bibliotheca Polyglotta

♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘flying thing/creature, bird, insect; to fly, fly away; to hasten; to rejoice; to scatter, spread out; bad omen, augury; deed’

▪ All values given for Sem ṬYR in DRS are represented in Ar, though two of them are dialectal use only and therefore not treated in EtymArab.
▪ ṬYR_1 and ṬYR_2 are etymologically the same item. However, given the more or less equal distribution of both values in Sem, it seems difficult to decide which was first. As a hypothesis, one may assume a priority of ‘bird’ and think of ‘to augur’ as secondary development, lit., *‘to take the way a bird flies as a (bad) omen’.
▪ Within ṬYR_1, we tacitly take etymological priority of ‘bird’ over ‘to fly’ for granted and therefore make the n. the main entry, classifying the vb. under DERIV. But this priority has still to be proven.
▪ ṬYR_3 YemAr ʔaṭār, ṭayyar ‘to pierce, perforate’ : etymology obscure (but perh. related to ṬYR_1?)
▪ ṬYR_4 YemAr ṭayyar ‘to appear, sprout, start to break through (plants, etc.)’ : etymology obscure (but perh. related to ṬYR_1?)

–

▪ DRS 10 (2012)#ṬYR-1 JP ṭayyār, Syr ṭayrā, Ar ṭayr, Soq ṭaireh ‘oiseau’; Ar ṭāra ‘voler’; JP ṭᵉyārā ‘science des augures’, Ar Gz taṭayyara ‘prédire par le vol des oiseaux’. -2 YemAr ʔaṭār, ṭayyar ‘percer, perforer’, Te ṭäyyärä ‘périr, être perdu’, Amh ṭarä ‘être affligé, souffrant, agonisant; s’appliquer de tout son cœur à ce qu’on fait’. -3 YemAr ṭayyar ‘apparaître, poindre, commencer à sortir de terre (plantes, etc.)’.
▪ SED II#235: Syr ṭayrā, Ar ṭayr ‘bird’; pBiblHbr ṭayir, ṭəyār ‘divination from birds, augury’, JudAram ṭyr (pa, itpa.) ‘to augur’, Ar ṭayyār ‘Vogel, besonders ein solcher, dessen man sich beim Wahrsagen… bediente’, ṭayr ‘augure, surtout mauvais’, Gz taṭayyara ‘to divine by observing the flight of birds’
▪ Zammit2002: Hbr ṭiyyūr ‘divination’, Aram ṭayyār ‘bird’, ṭayyēr ‘to espy, augur’, Syr ṭayrā ‘avis, aves’, (pa.) ‘volare fecit (mentem)’, (af.) ‘volare fecit’, Ar ṭāra ‘to fly’, Gz ṭayyara ‘to fly’ (< Ar), taṭayyara ‘augurari, auspicia/omina captare’ (< Ar)

▪ Huehnergard2011 reconstructs CSem *ṬYR ‘to fly’.
▪ SED II#235: protSem *ṭayr- ‘bird’ is »[a]ttested as a faunal term in Aram and Ar only [… but is t]o be nevertheless reconstructed as a protSem animal name in view of clearly related forms connected with divination from birds whose attestation is not confined to Aram and Ar«. – »No AfrAs parallels found. Supposed cognates adduced in CHVAL no. 203 and HSED No. 2443 (*ṭaʔür-) are all erroneous or highly doubtful.«

▪ Engl Altair ↗ṭayr.

–

ṭār‑ / ṭir‑ طارَ / طِرْـ , i (ṭayarān)

ID 551 • Sw 64/54 • BP 2395 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ṬYR

vb., I

1 to fly; 2 to fly away, fly off, take to the wing; 3 to hasten, hurry, rush, fly (ʔilà to); 4 to be in a state of commotion, be jubilant, exult, rejoice; 5 ṭāra bi‑, to snatch away, carry away, carry off (s.o., s.th.) – WehrCowan1979.

Denom. from ↗ṭayr — or is ṭayr from ṭāra ?

▪ eC7 ṭāra (to fly) Q 6:38 ṭāʔirin yaṭīru bi-ǧanāḥay-hi ‘a bird that flies with its [two] wings’

↗ṭayr.

▪ ↗ṭayr.

ṭāra bi-ḫayāli-hī ʔilà, vb., to let one’s imagination wander to
ṭāra la-hū ṣīt fī ’l-nās, expr., his fame spread among people, he became well-known
ṭāra ṭāʔiru-hū, vb., to become angry, blow one’s top
ṭāra ʕaqlu-hū, vb., to lose one’s mind, go crazy
ṭāra fuʔādu-hū (rūḥu-hū) šaʕāʕan, expr., his mind became confused, he became all mixed up
ṭāra faraḥan, vb., to be beside o.s. with joy, be overjoyed
ṭāra šawqan, vb., to be ecstatic with anticipation, be overjoyed
ṭāra bi-lubbi-hī, vb., to drive s.o. out of his mind
ṭāra bi-ṣawābi-hī, vb., to drive s.o. out of his mind; to make s.o. unconscious.

For other items, cf. ↗ṭayr.

ṭayr طَيْر , pl. ṭuyūr , ʔaṭyār

ID 554 • Sw 20/12 • BP 1233 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021

√ṬYR

n.coll.

1 birds, bird; 2 augury, omen. – pl. ṭuyūr : 3 poultry; 4 fowl – WehrCowan1979.

▪ From Sem *ṭayr‑ ‘bird’, or — deverb. — from (CSem) *ṬYR ‘to fly’?
▪ EtymArab^© assumes an etymological priority of [v1] ‘bird’ over [v2] ‘(to take as bad) omen’, which is almost equally widespread in Sem, i.e., we consider a development *‘bird’ > ‘(to take a bird’s flying as a bad) omen’ > ‘augury’ as more probable than the reverse order.
▪ For the value ‘evil omen’ cf. also individual entry ↗ṭīraẗ.

▪ eC7 ṭayr (birds, insects) Q 16:79 ʔa-lam yaraw ʔilà ’l-ṭayri musaḫḫarātin fī ǧawwi ’l-samāʔi mā yumsiku-hunna ʔillā ’llāhu ‘do they not consider the birds, sustained in the air [of the sky], nothing holding them up except God’
▪ eC7 ṭāra (to fly) Q 6:38 ṭāʔirin yaṭīru bi-ǧanāḥay-hi ‘a bird that flies with its [two] wings’
▪ eC7 ṭāʔir 1 (bird/s; insect/s) Q 6:38 wa-mā min dābbaẗin fī ’l-ʔarḍi wa-lā ṭāʔirin yaṭīru bi-ǧanāḥay-hi ʔillā ʔumamun ʔamṯālu-kum ‘there is not a creature of the earth nor a bird that flies with its [two] wings but are communitiers like yourselves’. – 2a (deed; destiny) and 2b (bad omen): ↗ṭīraẗ.
▪ eC7 mustaṭīr (of evil in particular: spreading far and wide) Q yūfūna bi’l-naḏri wa-yaḫāfūna yawman kāna šārru-hū mustaṭīran ‘they fulfil their vows; and fear a day whose harm is widespread’

▪ DRS 10 (2012)#ṬYR-1 JP ṭayyār, Syr ṭayrā, Ar ṭayr, Soq ṭaireh ‘oiseau’; Ar ṭāra ‘voler’; JP ṭᵉyārā ‘science des augures’, Ar Gz taṭayyara ‘prédire par le vol des oiseaux’.
▪ SED II#235: Syr ṭayrā, Ar ṭayr ‘bird’; pBiblHbr ṭayir, ṭəyār ‘divination from birds, augury’, JudAram ṭyr (pa, itpa.) ‘to augur’, Ar ṭayyār ‘Vogel, besonders ein solcher, dessen man sich beim Wahrsagen… bediente’, ṭayr ‘augure, surtout mauvais’, Gz taṭayyara ‘to divine by observing the flight of birds’
▪ Zammit2002: Hbr ṭiyyūr ‘divination’, Aram ṭayyār ‘bird’, ṭayyēr ‘to espy, augur’, Syr ṭayrā ‘avis, aves’, (pa.) ‘volare fecit (mentem)’, (af.) ‘volare fecit’, Ar ṭāra ‘to fly’, Gz ṭayyara ‘to fly’ (< Ar), taṭayyara ‘augurari, auspicia/omina captare’ (< Ar)

▪ SED II#235: protSem *ṭayr- ‘bird’ is »[a]ttested as a faunal term in Aram and Ar only [… but is t]o be nevertheless reconstructed as a protSem animal name in view of clearly related forms connected with divination from birds whose attestation is not confined to Aram and Ar«. – »No AfrAs parallels found. Supposed cognates adduced in CHVAL no. 203 and HSED No. 2443 (*ṭaʔür-) are all erroneous or highly doubtful.«
▪ Huehnergard2011 reconstructs CSem *ṬYR ‘to fly’.
▪ Not without reservation, Hoch1994 compares (as a borrowing from Sem) nEg t3rr3 */darra/?, */ṭallil/?, */ṭarir/ ‘to race; to go for an outing’. »Gardiner translated the word as ‘to sail around’, probably connecting it with BiblHbr TWR ‘to travel around; to spy’, Akk târu ‘to go around’. This derivation is somewhat questionable on semantic grounds. Waard proposed a link with Akk darāru ‘emancipation’, but the derivation is semantically even more dubious. Other possibilities include mHbr ṭwl ‘to walk about, enjoy o.s.’, Syr ṭwl (D-stem) ‘to walk to and fro, pace about for pleasure’, TargAram ṭll ‘to sport, play, have fun’, Syr ṭwr ‘to fly’, Ar ṭāra ‘to fly; to hurry, rush’, Gz ṭayyara ‘to fly’.

▪ Engl Altair, C16, a bright star in the constellation Aquila, from Ar (al-nasr) al-ṭāʔir ‘the flying (eagle)’, from ṭāʔir ‘flying’, PA of ṭāra ‘to fly’ – Huehnergard2011, EtymOnline .

► ṭuyūr ǧāriḥaẗ, n.pl., predatory birds, birds of prey
► ʕilm al-ṭuyūr, n., ornithology
► ka-ʔanna ʕalà ruʔūsi-him al-ṭayr, expr., motionless or silent with awe

► ^BP#2395ṭāra, ṭir-, i (ṭayarān), vb. I, 1 to fly; 2 to fly away, fly off, take to the wing; 3 to hasten, hurry, rush, fly (ʔilà to); 4 to be in a state of commotion, be jubilant, exult, rejoice; 5 ṭāra bi‑, to snatch away, carry away, carry off (s.o., s.th.) : denom. from ṭayr —or is ṭayr from ṭāra ? | ~ bi-ḫayāli-hī ʔilà, vb., to let one’s imagination wander to; ~ la-hū ṣīt fī ’l-nās, expr., his fame spread among people, he became well-known; ~ ṭāʔiru-hū, vb., to become angry, blow one’s top; ~ ʕaqlu-hū, vb., to lose one’s mind, go crazy; ~ fuʔādu-hū (rūḥu-hū) šaʕāʕan, expr., his mind became confused, he became all mixed up; ~ faraḥan, vb., to be beside o.s. with joy, be overjoyed; ~ šawqan, vb., to be ecstatic with anticipation, be overjoyed; ~ bi-lubbi-hī, vb., to drive s.o. out of his mind; ~ bi-ṣawābi-hī, vb., to drive s.o. out of his mind; to make s.o. unconscious
► ṭayyara, vb. II, 1 to make or let fly (s.o., s.th.), to fly, send up (a s.th., e.g., a balloon, a kite); 2 to pass on promptly, dispatch posthaste, forward without delay, rush, shoot (s.th., esp. a report, a message, ʔilà to); 3 to knock out (s.th., e.g., an eye, a tooth): D-stem, caus. | ~ raʔsa-hū, vb., to chop off s.o.’s head, behead s.o.
► ʔaṭāra, vb. IV, 1 to make or let fly (s.o., s.th.), to fly (s.th.); 2 to blow away (s.th.; of the wind); 3 to make (s.th.) disappear at once, dispel (s.th.): Š-stem, caus.
► taṭayyara, vb. V, to see an evil omen (min or bi‑ in): tD-stem, denom. from ṭayr in the fig. sense of ‘evil omen’; cf. also ↗ṭīraẗ.
► taṭāyara, vb. VI, 1 to be scattered, be dispersed, scatter, disperse, spread, diffuse; 2 to be exuded, rise (fragrance); 3 to fly apart, fly about, fly in all directions (esp. sparks); 4 to vanish, disappear, be dispelled: tL-stem.
► ĭstaṭāra, vb. X, 1 to make fly, cause to fly (s.th.): Št-stem, caus. refl./autoref.; 2 to knock (s.th.) out of s.o.’s hand; to alarm or upset seriously (s.o.), agitate, excite (s.o., s.th.): fig. use of [v1]; 3 = VI; 4 ŭstuṭīra, to be terrified: pass., fig. use; cf. also ↗ṭīraẗ. | ~ ʕaqlu-hū, expr., to go out of one’s mind (with astonishment or fright)
► ṭayraẗ, n.f., 1 commotion, agitation (of anger, wrath); 2 flight: quasi-n.vic.; 3 female bird: f. of ṭayr.
► ṭīraẗ, var. ṭiyaraẗ, n.f., evil omen, portent, foreboding: quasi-n.vic., fig., lit. *‘the flight of a bird (which is interpreted as an evil omen)’; cf. also ↗s.v..
► ṭayyār, adj., 1 flying; 2 evanescent, fleeting; 3 volatile (liquid); 4 floating, wafting, hovering. – n., 5 pl. ‑ūn, flyer, aviator, pilot: ints. formation, in [v5] used as n.prof. | zuyūt ~aẗ, n.pl., volatile oils; ~ ʔawwal, n., first lieutenant of the Air Force (formerly, Eg.); ~ musāʕid, n., copilot.
► ṭayyāraẗ, pl. ‑āt, n.f., 1 aviatrix, woman pilot: n.prof.f.; 2 airplane, aircraft; 3 kite (toy): neolog., properly an ints. formation, quasi-PA I, f. | ~ riyāḍiyyaẗ, n.f.,sport plane; ~ qaḏḏāfaẗ, n.f., bomber; ~ māʔiyyaẗ, n.f., seaplane
► ^BP#1463ṭayarān, n., 1 flying, flight; 2 aviation, aeronautics: vn. I | ~ bahlawānī, n., stunt flying; ~ širāʕī, n., glider flying, gliding; ḫuṭūṭ al-~, n., airlines; silāḥ al-~, n., airforce; wazīr al-~, n., minister of aviation
► ^BP#1349maṭār, pl. ‑āt, n., airfield, airport: n.loc. | ~ ʕāʔim, n., (tech.) aircraft carrier
► maṭāraẗ, n.f., aircraft carrier: n.loc.f.
► maṭīr, n., airfield, airport: n.loc.
► taṭayyur, n., pessimism: vn. V; cf. also ↗ṭīraẗ.
► ^BP#2403ṭāʔir, 1 adj., flying. – n., 2 flyer, aviator, pilot; 3 (pl. ‑āt, ṭayr) bird: PA I, from ṭāra ‘to fly’; 4 omen, presage: prob. fig. use, a ‘flying one’ (bird) being taken as a (bad) omen; cf. also ↗ṭīraẗ. | sukūn al-~, n., graveness, sedateness; ʕalà al-~ al-maymūn, expr., good luck! Godspeed! (said to s.o. setting out on a journey); ṭāra ṭāʔiru-hū, vb., to become angry, blow one’s top
► ^BP#973ṭāʔiraẗ, pl. ‑āt, n.f., airplane, aircraft: neolog., properly a PA I f. | ʕalà matn al-~, adv., aboard the airplane; by (air)plane (e.g., traveling); ~ baḥriyyaẗ, n.f., seaplane; ~ dawriyyaẗ, n.f., (tech.) (short-range) reconnaissance plane, observation plane; ~ širāʕiyyaẗ, n.f., sailplane, glider; ~ al-muṭāradaẗ, n.f., fighter, pursuit plane, interceptor; ~ ʕamūdiyyaẗ, n.f., helicopter; ~ al-qitāl, n.f., light bomber, combat plane; ~ al-muqātalaẗ, n.f. (do.); ~ al-ĭnqiḍāḍ or ~ ĭnqiḍāḍiyyaẗ, n.f. (tech.), dive bomber; ~ māʔiyyaẗ, n.f., seaplane; ~ naffāṯaẗ, n.f., jet plane; ~ al-naql, n.f., transport (plane); ~ hilīkōbtir, n.f., helicopter; ḥāmilaẗ al-ṭāʔirāt and nāqilaẗ al-ṭāʔirāt, n.f., aircraft carrier
► mutaṭayyir, n., pessimist: PA V.
► mustaṭīr, adj., 1 imminent, impending, threatening (of disaster); 2 scattered, dispersed; 3 spread out, spread all over, scattered about; 4 widespread; 5 pessimist: PA X.

ṭīraẗ طِيرَة

√ṬYR

n.f.

evil omen, portent, foreboding – WehrCowan1979.

▪ The word seems to be dependent on Sem *ṭayr‑ ‘bird’ (or *ṬYR ‘to fly’, cf. ↗ṭayr). EtymArab^© assumes a semantic development *‘bird’ > ‘(to take a bird’s flying as a bad) omen’ > ‘augury’.

▪ eC7 taṭayyara (to take as an evil omen, augur evil) Q 36:18 ʔinnā taṭayyarnā bi-kum ‘we augur evil from you’
▪ eC7 ĭṭṭayyara (to take as an evil omen) Q 27:47 qālū ’ṭṭayyarnā bi-ka wa-bi-man maʕa-ka ‘they said, “We augur ill of you and those with you”’
▪ eC7 ṭāʔir 1 (bird/s; insect/s) ↗ṭayr. – 2a (deed; destiny) Q wa-kulla ʔinsānin ʔalzamnā-hu ṭāʔira-hū fī ʕunuqi-hī ‘and every human—We have bound his destiny (or: deeds) to his neck’; 2b (bad omen) Q 27:47 qālū ’ṭṭayyarnā bi-ka wa-bi-man maʕa-ka qāla ṭāʔiru-kum ʕinda ’ḷḷāhi ‘they said, “We augur ill of you and those with you”; he replied, “Your augury is with God.”’

↗ṭayr.

–

► taṭayyara, vb. V, to see an evil omen (min or bi‑ in): tD-stem, denom.
► ĭstaṭāra, vb. X, 1 2 3 ↗ṭayr; 4 ŭstuṭīra, to be terrified: pass. of Št-stem, belonging here or rather to ‘bird; to fly’ (↗ṭayr)?; literally probably *‘to be made to interpret the flight of a bird as an evil omen’.
► ^BP#1233ṭayr, pl. ṭuyūr, ʔaṭyār, n., 1 ↗s.v.; 2 augury, omen: fig. use of ↗ṭayr ‘bird’ (or of vn. I); 3 4 ↗s.v.
► taṭayyur, n., pessimism: vn. V.
► ^BP#2403ṭāʔir, n., 1 2 3 ↗ṭayr; 4 omen, presage: formally PA I; fig. use of [v3] ‘bird’ of ṭāʔir, cf. ↗ṭayr. | ʕalà al-~ al-maymūn, expr., good luck! Godspeed! (said to s.o. setting out on a journey).
► mutaṭayyir, n., pessimist: PA V.
► mustaṭīr, adj., 1 2 3 4 ↗ṭayr; 5 pessimist: PA X.

ṭāʔir طائِر

√ṬYR

adj., n.

1 flying; 2 flyer, aviator, pilot; 3 (pl. -āt, ṭayr) bird; 4 omen, presage – WehrCowan1979.

▪ Grammatically a PA, from ṭāra, vb. I, ‘to fly’ (↗ṭayr). [v1] is the primary meaning.
▪ [v2] neolog., nominalized adj.
▪ [v3] lit., *‘the flying one’.
▪ [v4] prob. fig. use, a ‘flying one’ (bird) being taken as a (bad) omen; cf. also ↗ṭīraẗ

▪ …

↗ṭayr, ↗ṭīraẗ

► sukūn al-ṭāʔir, n., graveness, sedateness
► ʕalà al-ṭāʔir al-maymūn, expr., good luck! Godspeed! (said to s.o. setting out on a journey)
► ṭāra ṭāʔiru-hū, vb. I, to become angry, blow one’s top

For other items from this root, see ↗ṭayr, ↗ṭīraẗ; for the general picture, ↗ṬYR.

ṭāʔiraẗ طائِرَة , pl. ‑āt

√ṬYR

n.f.

airplane, aircraft – WehrCowan1979.

▪ neolog., properly a PA f., from ṭāra, vb. I, ‘to fly’ (↗ṭayr).

▪ …

↗ṭayr.

–

► ʕalà matn al-ṭāʔiraẗ, adv., aboard the airplane; by (air)plane (e.g., traveling)
► ṭāʔiraẗ baḥriyyaẗ, n.f., seaplane
► ṭāʔiraẗ dawriyyaẗ, n.f., (tech.) (short-range) reconnaissance plane, observation plane
► ṭāʔiraẗ širāʕiyyaẗ, n.f., sailplane, glider
► ṭāʔiraẗ al-muṭāradaẗ, n.f., fighter, pursuit plane, interceptor
► ṭāʔiraẗ ʕamūdiyyaẗ, n.f., helicopter
► ṭāʔiraẗ al-qitāl and ṭāʔiraẗ al-muqātalaẗ, n.f., light bomber, combat plane
► ṭāʔiraẗ al-ĭnqiḍāḍ or ṭāʔiraẗ ĭnqiḍāḍiyyaẗ, n.f. (tech.), dive bomber
► ṭāʔiraẗ māʔiyyaẗ, n.f., seaplane
► ṭāʔiraẗ naffāṯaẗ, n.f., jet plane
► ṭāʔiraẗ al-naql, n.f., transport (plane)
► ṭāʔiraẗ hilīkōbtir, n.f., helicopter
► ḥāmilaẗ al-ṭāʔirāt and nāqilaẗ al-ṭāʔirāt, n.f., aircraft carrier

For other items from this root, see ↗ṭayr, ↗ṭīraẗ; for the general picture, ↗ṬYR.

Permanent link

http://www2.hf.uio.no/common/apps/permlink/permlink.php?app=polyglotta&context=ctext&uid=d96b6a96-06ff-11ee-937a-005056a97067

Choose languages

Choose images, etc.

Choose languages

Choose display