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Click to Expand/Collapse OptionEtymArab
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ẒHR ظهر 
ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ẒHR 
“root” 
▪ ẒHR_1 ‘back, rear part; upper part, top; to endorse, support, help, assist’ ↗¹ẓahr
▪ ẒHR_2 ‘noon, midday’ ↗ẓuhr
▪ ẒHR_3 ‘to appear, seem, become visible, evident’ ↗ẓahara
▪ ẒHR_4 ‘cast iron’ ↗²ẓahr
▪ ẒHR_5 ‘Dhahran’ ↗ẓahrān

Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘back, rear; backer, to back up; to neglect, to turn one’s back on; to carry on one’s back; outside, exterior, external, outward; to be apparent, perceptible, manifest, plain, evident; to assist, to gang up on; appearances; to travel from one place to another; to overpower, to conquer; noon, midday’ 
DRS 10 (2012)#ẒHR: »Les valeurs les plus fréquentes sont fondées sur la notion de ‘dos’: surface supérieure, prêter le dos, adosser, tourner le dos, etc. Les dictionnaires arabes montrent bien les rapports entre ces usages métaphoriques, fréquents d’ailleurs dans bien d’autres langues.« 
– 
DRS 10 (2012)#ẒHR-1 Akk ṣēr‑ ‘dos, dessus, steppe’, Ug ẓr ‘dos, sommet’, Hbr ṣohᵃr ‘toit’, Ar ẓahr ‘dos, dessus, surface d’une chose’, SAr b-θ̣hr ‘sur le dos de, sur’, Jib źähər, Mhr źāhər, Ḥrs ẓahr, źahr ‘dos, dos de chameau’, Mhr ẓār, Jib ẓer, Soq ṭhar ‘sur’. – Ar ẓahara, ẓāhara ‘servir d’appui, aider, assister’, Soq ṣwr ‘porter’, Gz ṣora, Amh ṭorä, ṭäwwärä ‘entretenir, pourvoir aux besoins de ses parents’, Arg ṭora ‘porter’, Gur ṭäwärä ‘porter sur le dos ou sur la tête, pourvoir au besoins de qn (particulièrement de ses parents)’.
DRS 10 (2012)#ẒHR-2 Hbr ṣāḫārayim, Aram ṭēhᵃrā, Syr ṭahrā, Ar ẓuhr, Mhr Ḥrs ẓahr, Jib ẓohur ‘midi’.
DRS 10 (2012)#ẒHR-3 Ar ẓahara ‘paraître, apparaître; manifester, rendre évident, divulguer’, ʔaẓhara ‘proclamer, témoigner hautement’, YemAr ʔiẓhār ‘annonce publique, proclamation’, Sab hθ̣hr ‘attester, certifier’, θ̣hr ‘document, acte’, Mhr źəhēr, Ḥrs ẓehōr, ẓehār, lehōr, Jib źähär ‘apparaître’.
▪ Two other values, but not represented in Ar. 
▪ …
▪ … 
– 
– 
ẓahar‑ ظَهَرَ , a (ẓuhūr
ID … • Sw – • BP 611 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ẒHR 
vb., I 
to be or become visible, perceptible, distinct, manifest, clear, apparent, evident, obvious, come to light, appear, manifest itself, come into view, show, emerge, crop up; to appear, seem; to break out (disease); to come out; to enter, appear (on the stage; theat.); to appear, be published (book, periodical); to arise, result (min from). – For other meanings ↗ẓahr, ẓuhr – WehrCowan1979. 
▪ According to DRS 10 (2012)#ẒHR, »[l]es valeurs les plus fréquentes [of the root ẒHR] sont fondées sur la notion de ‘dos’ [↗ẓahr ]: surface supérieure, prêter le dos, adosser, tourner le dos, etc. Les dictionnaires arabes montrent bien les rapports entre ces usages métaphoriques, fréquents d’ailleurs dans bien d’autres langues.«
▪ According to Orel&Stolbova1994#498, the vb. could go back via Sem *ṯ̣˅har‑ ‘to appear, be evident’ to AfrAs *č̣ahar‑ ‘to show’. 
– 
DRS 10 (2012)#ẒHR-3. Ar ẓahara ‘paraître, apparaître; manifester, rendre évident, divulguer’, ʔaẓhara ‘proclamer, témoigner hautement’, YemAr ʔiẓhār ‘annonce publique, proclamation’, Sab hθ̣hr ‘attester, certifier’, θ̣hr ‘document, acte’, Mhr źəhēr, Ḥrs ẓehōr, ẓehār, lehōr, Jib źähär ‘apparaître’. ▪ Cf. also other items of ↗√ẒHR. ▪ Orel&Stolbova1994#498: Mhr ẓahar, Soq ṭahar ‘to appear, be evident’. – Outside Sem: a vb. a-čäřmeaning ‘to show’ in one CCh language. 
▪ …
▪ … 
– 
BP#1024ʔaẓhara, vb. IV, to make visible, make apparent, show, demonstrate, present, produce, bring to light, expose, disclose, divulge, reveal, manifest, announce, proclaim, make known, expound, set forth (s.th,); to develop (film; phot.); to articulate fully: caus. – For other meanings ↗ẓahr, ẓuhr.
taẓāhara, vb. VI, to manifest, display, show outwardly, exhibit, parade (bi‑ s.th.); to feign, affect, pretend, simulate (bi‑ s.th.), act as if, make out as if (bi‑); to demonstrate, make a public demonstration:. – For other meanings ↗ẓahr.
ĭstaẓhara, vb. X, to show, demonstrate, expose (s.th.); to memorize, learn by heart; to know by heart:. – For other meanings ↗ẓahara and ↗ẓuhr.

ẓahīr, pl. ẓahāʔirᵘ, n., (mor.) decree, edict, ordinance: *‘the published one’ – For other meanings ↗ẓahr.
BP#1507ẓuhūr, n., appearance; appearance, entry on the stage (theat.); visibility, conspicuousness; pomp, splendor, show, ostentation, window-dressing: vn. I | ḥubb al-ẓ. ostentatiousness, love of pomp; ʕīd al-ẓ., n., Epiphany (Chr.); badaʔa fī ‘l-ẓ., vb., to become visible, come into view.
bayna ẓahrān ayhim, adv., in their midst, among them: ?.
ẓihāraẗ, n.f., outside, right side (of a garment); blanket (e.g., of a mule):.
ʔaẓharᵘ, adj., more distinct, more manifest, clearer: elat.
BP#1831maẓhar, pl. maẓāhirᵘ, n., (external) appearance, external make-up, guise; outward bearing, comportment, conduct, behavior; exterior, look(s), sight, view; semblance, aspect; bearer or object of a phenomenon, object in which s.th. manifests itself; phenomenon; symptom (med.); pl. manifestations, expressions: n.loc. | maẓāhir al-ḥayāẗ, n.pl., manifestations of life (biol.); fī ‘l-m., adv., externally, in outward appearance, outwardly.
BP#2723muẓāharaẗ, pl. ‑āt, n., (public) demonstration, rally: vn. III. – For another meaning ↗ẓahr.
BP#3598ʔiẓhār, n., presentation, exposition, demonstration, exhibition, disclosure, exposure, revelation, announcement, declaration, manifestation, display; developing (phot.): vn. IV.
taẓāhur, n., dissimulation, feigning, pretending, pretension; hypocrisy, dissemblance; (pl. ‑āt) (public) demonstration, rally: vn. VI.
BP#3596taẓāhuraẗ, pl. ‑āt, n., (public) demonstration: n.vic. of vn. VI.
BP#1832ẓāhir, adj., (of God) mastering, knowing (ʕalà s.th.); visible, perceptible, distinct, manifest, obvious, conspicuous, clear, patent, evident, apparent; external, exterior, outward; seeming, presumed, ostensible, alleged; outside, exterior, surface; outskirts, periphery (of a city); (gram.) substantive; (pl. ẓawāhirᵘ) external sense, literal meaning (specif., of Koran and Prophetic Tradition): PA I. | ẓāhiran, adv., externally, outwardly; seemingly, presumedly, ostensibly, allegedly; ẓ. al-lafẓ the literal meaning of an expression; al-ẓ. ʔanna, it seems, it appears that…; ḥasab al-ẓ., adv., in outward appearance, externally, outwardly; fī ‘l-ẓ., adv., apparently, obviously, evidently; fī ‘l-ẓ. and fī ‘l-ẓ. al-ʔamr, adv., seen outwardly, externally; outwardly; min al-ẓ., adv., from outside :.
ẓāhirī, adj., outer, outside, external, exterior, outward; superficial; appararent, seeming (in contrast with ḥaqīqī real); Zahiritic, interpreting the Koran according to its literal meaning: nsb-adj from ẓāhir.
BP#1057ẓāhiraẗ, pl. ẓawāhirᵘ, n., phenomenon, outward sign or token, external symptom or indication: PA I, f. | ẓawāhir al-ḥayāẗ, n.pl., biological phenomena (biol.); ʕilm al-ẓawāhir al-ǧawwiyyaẗ, n., meteorology; satara ‘l-ẓawāhir, vb., to keep up appearances.
ẓāhirātī, adj., phenomenological | al-falsafaẗ al-ẓāhirātiyyaẗ, n., phenomenology (philos.): nsb-adj from ẓāhirāt, a pl. of ẓāhiraẗ.
BP#3944mutaẓāhir, pl. ‑ūn, n., demonstrator: PA VI.

For other items of the root cf. ↗√ẒHR, ↗ẓahr, ↗ẓuhr

ĭstaẓhar- اِسْتَظْهَرَ 
Sw – • NahḍConBP … • APD … • © SG | created 7Jun2023
√ẒHR 
vb., X 
▪ *Št-stem, … 
¹ẓahr ظَهْر , pl. ẓuhūr , ʔaẓhur 
ID 557 • Sw –/6 • BP 1373 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ẒHR 
n. 
back; rear, rear part, rear side, reverse; flyleaf; deck (of a steamer); upper part, top, surface; ẓuhūrāt (as a genit.; eg.) pro tempore, provisional, temporary – WehrCowan1979. 
▪ Kogan2011: from protSem *ṯ̣ahr‑ ‘back’.
▪ … 
▪ … 
DRS 10 (2012)#ẒHR–1: Akk ṣēr‑ ‘dos, dessus, steppe’, Ug ẓr ‘dos, sommet’, Hbr ṣohᵃr ‘toit’, Ar ẓahr ‘dos, dessus, surface d’une chose’, SAr b-θ̣hr ‘sur le dos de, sur’, Jib źähər, Mhr źāhər, Ḥrs ẓahr, źahr ‘dos, dos de chameau’, Mhr ẓār, Jib ẓer, Soq ṭhar ‘sur’. – Ar ẓahara, ẓāhara ‘servir d’appui, aider, assister’, Soq ṣwr ‘porter’, Gz ṣora, Amh ṭorä, ṭäwwärä ‘entretenir, pourvoir aux besoins de ses parents’, Arg ṭora ‘porter’, Gur ṭäwärä ‘porter sur le dos ou sur la tête, pourvoir au besoins de qn (particulièrement de ses parents)’.
▪ Kogan2011: Akk ṣēru, Ug ẓr, Ar ẓahr, Mhr ẓār, Jib ẓér, Soq ṭhar. Hbr ṣōhar is only preserved as a designation of Noah’s Ark in Genesis 6:16, but the adverb ṣú-uḫ-ru-ma ‘on the back’ is well attested in AmarnaCan.
▪ Cf. also other items of ↗√ẒHR. 
▪ Fronzaroli#2.65, and others after him, reconstruct Sem *ẓahr‑ ‘back’.
▪ …
▪ … 
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silsilaẗ al-ẓahr, n., spine, vertebral column.
ẓahran li-baṭnin, adv., upside down, topsy-turvy.
ẓahran ʕalà ʕaqibin, adv., from the ground up, radically, entirely, completely.
bi-ẓahr al-ġayb, adv., behind s.o.’s back, insidiously, treacherously; secretly, stealthily, clandestinely.
bayna ʔaẓhurihim, adv., in their midst, among them.
min bayni ʔaẓhurinā, adv., from our midst, from among us.
ʕalà ẓahr, prep., on (e.g., on the ground, on the water, etc.).
ʕalà ẓahr al-bāḫiraẗ, adv., on board the steamer.
ʕan ẓahr al-qalb, ʕan ẓahr qalbin or ʕan ẓahr al-ġayb, adv., by heart.
mustaḫdam ẓuhūrāt, n., temporary employee.

ẓahara, a (ẓuhūr), vb. I, to ascend, climb, mount; to gain the upperhand, to triumph (ʕalà over), get the better (ʕalà of), overcome, overwhelm, conquer, vanquish (ʕalà s.o.); to get (ʕalà s.th.) into one’s power; to gain or have knowledge (ʕalà of), come to know (ʕalà s.th.), become acquainted (ʕalà with); to know (ʕalà s.th.); to learn, receive information (ʕalà about); to be cognizant (ʕalà of); to learn (ʕalà s.th.) : denom. from ẓahr (*‘to get on top of s.th.’), or from ẓuhr (*‘to rise above s.th. like the sun at noon’)? – For other meanings ↗ẓahara ‘to appear, seem, become visible, evident’.
ẓahhara, vb. II, to endorse (a bill of exchange): denom. (‘to back s.o.’)
ẓāhara, vb. III, to help, assist, aid, support (s.o.): benefactive (*‘to lend one’s support to s.o., back s.o.’).
ʔaẓhara, vb. IV, to grant victory (ʕalà over), render victorious; to acquaint (s.o. ʕalà with s.th.), initiate (s.o. ʕalà into s.th.), give knowledge or information (ʕalà about), inform, enlighten, explain; to let (s.o.) in on s.th. (ʕalà), make (s.o.) realize (ʕalà s.th.); to show, reveal (ʕalà s.th.): (caus., semantics not clear, may also be from ↗ẓahara ‘to appear, seem, become visible’ or from ↗ẓuhr ‘noon, midday’). – For other meanings of the vb. ↗ẓahara.
taẓāhara, vb. VI, to help one another, make common cause (ʕalà against): reciprocal (to support/back each other). – For other meanings ↗ẓahara.
ĭstaẓhara, vb. X, to seek help, assistance, or support (bi‑ with), appeal for help, for assistance (bi‑ to s.o.): properly, *‘to ask for s.o.’s backing, support’. – For other meanings ↗ẓuhr and ↗ẓahara

ẓihrī: nabaḏa hū (ṭaraḥa-hū) ẓihriyyan, vb., to pay no attention to s.th., not to care about s.th., disregard s.th.: a nsb-adj?
ẓahīr, n., helper, assistant, aid, supporter; partisan, backer; back (in soccer): lit., *‘the one who lends s.o. his/her support/backing’. – For another meaning ↗ẓahara.
bayna ẓahrān ayhim, adv., in their midst, among them: ?.
taẓhīr, n., endorsement, transfer by endorsement (of a bill of exchange; fin.): vn. II., denom.
ẓihār, n., pre-Islamic form of divorce, consisting in the words of repudiation, ‘you are to me like my mother’s back’ (ʔanti ʕalayya ka-ẓahri ʔummī): vn. III, denom.
muẓāharaẗ, n.f., assistance, support, backing: vn. III. – For another meaning ↗ẓahara.
muẓahhir, pl. ‑ūn, n., endorser (of a bill of exchange; fin.): PA II.

For other items of the root cf. ↗√ẒHR, ↗ẓuhr, ↗ẓahara

²ẓahr ظَهْر 
ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ẒHR 
n. 
cast iron – WehrCowan1979. 
Probably confused with ↗zahr (with non-emphatic z). 
▪ … 
▪ Cf. also other items of ↗√ẒHR. 
Probably confused with ↗zahr
– 
ẓahr al-ḥadīd and ḥadīd al-ẓahrzahr 
ẓuhr ظُهْر , pl. ʔaẓhār 
ID 558 • Sw – • BP 1425 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ẒHR 
n. 
noon, midday; (f.) midday prayer (Isl. Law) | baʕd al-ẓ., adv., in the afternoon, p.m.; qabl al-ẓ., adv., in the forenoon, a.m.; qabl ẓ. ʔams, adv., yesterday morning – WehrCowan1979. 
According to DRS 10 (2012)#ẒHR, »[l]es valeurs les plus fréquentes [of the root ẒHR] sont fondées sur la notion de ‘dos’ [↗ẓahr ]: surface supérieure, prêter le dos, adosser, tourner le dos, etc. Les dictionnaires arabes montrent bien les rapports entre ces usages métaphoriques, fréquents d’ailleurs dans bien d’autres langues.« 
▪ … 
DRS 10 (2012)#ẒHR-2. Hbr ṣāḫārayim, Aram ṭēhᵃrā, Syr ṭahrā, Ar ẓuhr, Mhr Ḥrs ẓahr, Jib ẓohur ‘midi’.
Cf. also other items of ↗√ẒHR. 
▪ …
▪ … 
– 
ẓahara, a (ẓuhūr), vb. I, to ascend, climb, mount; to gain the upperhand, to triumph (ʕalà over), get the better (ʕalà of), overcome, overwhelm, conquer, vanquish (ʕalà s.o.); to get (ʕalà s.th.) into one’s power; to gain or have knowledge (ʕalà of), come to know (ʕalà s.th.), become acquainted (ʕalà with); to know (ʕalà s.th.); to learn, receive information (ʕalà about); to be cognizant (ʕalà of); to learn (ʕalà s.th.) : denom. from ẓahr (to get on top of s.th.) or from ẓuhr (to rise above s.th. like the sun at noon)? – For other meanings ↗ẓahara ‘to appear, seem, become visible, evident’.
ʔaẓhara, vb. IV, to grant victory (ʕalà over), render victorious; to acquaint (s.o. ʕalà with s.th.), initiate (s.o. ʕalà into s.th.), give knowledge or information (ʕalà about), inform, enlighten, explain; to let (s.o.) in on s.th. (ʕalà), make (s.o.) realize (ʕalà s.th.); to show, reveal (ʕalà s.th.): (caus., but semantics not clear, may also be from ↗ẓahara ‘to appear, seem, become visible’ or from ↗ẓahr ‘back; top’). – For other meanings ↗ẓahara.
ĭstaẓhara, vb. X, to overcome, surmount, conquer, vanquish (ʕalà s.o., s.th.), have or gain the upperhand (ʕalà over), get the better (ʕalà of): t-stem of IV. – For other meanings ↗ẓahr and ↗ẓahara.

BP#4925ẓahīraẗ, n.f., noon, midday, midday heat: ints.f.

For other items of the root cf. ↗√ẒHR, ↗ẓahr, ↗ẓahara

muẓāharaẗ مُظاهَرَة , pl. ‑āt 
ID 559 • Sw – • BP 2723 • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ẒHR 
n.f. 
1 assistance, support, backing. – 2 pl. ‑āt, n., (public) demonstration, rally – WehrCowan1979. 
Essentially a vn. III, the two values of the word relate to (v1) the n. ↗ẓahr ‘back, rear’ and (v2) the vb. ↗ẓahara ‘to appear, become visible’, respectively. 
▪ … 
↗√ẒHR, ↗ẓahr, ↗ẓahara
Since there is an overlapping between the three main values of ↗√ẒHR (‘back, rear’, ‘noon, midday’, and ‘to appear, become visible’), the value ‘(public) demonstration, rally’ may be derived from both ↗ẓahr and/or ↗ẓahara. In the first case, the proper meaning would be ‘mutual backing, support’, in the second the aspect of publicity (‘becoming visible together with s.o.’) would be prominent. 
– 
See also:
ẓāhara, vb. III, to help, assist, aid, support (s.o.): benefactive (*‘to lend one’s support to s.o., back s.o.’).
taẓāhara, vb. VI, to help one another, make common cause (ʕalà against); to manifest, display, show outwardly, exhibit, parade (bi‑ s.th.); to demonstrate, make a public demonstration.
BP#3596taẓāhuraẗ, pl. ‑āt, n., (public) demonstration: n.vic. of vn. VI.
BP#3944mutaẓāhir, pl. ‑ūn, n., demonstrator: PA VI. 
al-Ẓahrān الظَّهْران 
ID … • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ẒHR 
n.prop.loc. 
Dhahran (town in extensive oil region of E Saudi Arabia) – WehrCowan1979. 
Connection to other items of ↗√ẒHR unclear. 
– 
▪ Cf. also other items of ↗√ẒHR. 
▪ …
▪ … 
– 
– 
ʕayn عين 
ID – • Sw – • BP – • APD … • © SG | 15Feb2021
√ 
R₁ 
The letter ʕ of the Arabic alphabet. 
▪ … 
▪ … 
▪ …
▪ … 
▪ …
▪ … 
– 
 
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