▪ ʕLM_1 ‘knowledge; to know; knowing, scholar’ ↗ʕilm, ↗ʕalima, ↗ʕālim ▪ ʕLM_2 ‘sign, token; flag; eminent personality, authority’ ↗ʕalam ▪ ʕLM_3 ‘tender (adj.); well with abundant water’ ↗ʕaylam ▪ ʕLM_4 ‘singer, chanteuse, belly dancer’ ↗ʕālimaẗ ▪ ʕLM_5 ‘world, universe’ ↗ʕālam♦ Semantic value spectrum in ClassAr (acc. to BAH2008): ‘mountain, landmark, mark, flag; a notch, slit, harelip; to mark; to know, learn, be acquainted, to inform, knowledge, learning, cognition and a learned person; the world, the universe’. – It has been suggested by some scholars that the word ʕālam, meaning the world or the universe, which philologists derive from this root, is a very early borrowing from either Hbr or Syr.